Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Name
Reg.No.
Branch
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BRANCH
SUBJECT
SUB.CODE
: EE56
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S.NO.
EXPERIMENTS
PAGE.NO.
Characteristics of SCR
Characteristics of TRIAC
13
23
31
37
42
48
56
10
62
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INDEX
S.No.
Expt.
Date
Marks
Staff
Signature
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Ex:No:
Date:
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR
AIM:
To obtain the V-I characteristics of SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) and to measure the
breakdown voltage and holding current values.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Apparatus
Ammeter
Voltmeter
RPS
Resistors
SCR
Bread Board
Wires
Range
(0-50)mA
(0-30)V
(0-30)V
1K, 1M
TN4004
-
Type
MC
MC
-
Quantity
2
1
1
1
1
1
Few
THEORY:
An SCR is a three terminal, four layer latching device. The three terminals are anode,
cathode and gate. When the anode is more positive w.r.t the cathode, junctions j1, j3 are forward
biased and the junction j2 is reverse biased. Only a small leakage current flows through the
device. The device is said to be in the forward blocking state or OFF state. When the anode to
cathode voltage is increased to break-over value, the junction j2 breaks down and device starts
conducting. The anode current must be more than a value known as latching current in order to
maintain the device in the ON state. Once SCR starts conducting, it behaves like a conducting
diode and gate has no control over the device.
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IG =
mA
IG =
mA
S.No
VAK (V)
IA (mA)
VAK (V)
IA (mA)
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RESULT:
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MODEL GRAPH:
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Ex:No:
Date:
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAC
AIM:
To obtain the V-I characteristics of TRIAC for both forward and reverse conduction.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
Range
Type
Quantity
Kit module
Voltmeter
(0-30)V
MC
Ammeter
(0-200)mA
MC
Patch chords
Few
THEORY:
A TRIAC is a bidirectional thyristor (it can conduct in both directions) with three
terminals. It is used extensively for control of power in AC circuit. When in operation, a TRIAC
is equivalent to two SCRs connected in anti-parallel. Its three terminals are usually designated as
MT1, MT2 and gate.
The V-I characteristics of a TRIAC is based on the terminal MT1 as the reference point.
The first quadrant is the region wherein MT2 is positive w.r.t MT1 and vice-versa for the third
quadrant. The peak voltage applied across the device in either direction must be less the
break over voltage in order to retain control by the gate. A gate current of specified amplitude of
either polarity will trigger the TRIAC into conduction in either quadrant, assuming that the
device is in a blocking condition initially before the gate signal is applied. The characteristics of
a TRIAC are similar to those of an SCR, both in blocking and conducting states, except for the
fact that SCR conducts only in the forward direction, whereas the TRIAC conducts in both the
directions.
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mA
VA (V)
IA (mA)
IG =
VA (V)
mA
IA (mA)
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RESULT:
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SCR
TRIAC
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MODEL GRAPH:
Output Characteristics
Transfer Characteristics
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Ex:No:
Date:
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET AND IGBT
AIM:
To obtain steady state output characteristics and transfer characteristics for both
MOSFET and IGBT.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
Range
Type
Quantity
Kit module
VPET202A
Voltmeter
(0-30)V
MC
Ammeter
(0-200)mA
MC
RPS
(0-30)V
Patch chords
Few
THEORY:
MOSFET
a) Output characteristics:
It indicate the variation of drain current ID as a function of drainsource voltage VGS as a
parameter. For low values of VDS, the graph between IDVDS is almost linear; this indicates a
constant value of on resistance RDS = VDS / ID. For given VGS, if VDS is increased, output
characteristic is relatively flat indicating that drain current is nearly constant.
b) Transfer characteristics:
This characteristic shows the variation of drain current ID as a function of gate-source
voltage VGS. Threshold voltage VGST is an important parameter of MOSFET. VGST is the
minimum positive voltage between gate and source to induce n-channel. Thus, for threshold
voltage below VGST, device is in the OFF-state. Magnitude of VGST is of the order of 2 to 3V.
IGBT
a) Output characteristics:
Output characteristics of an IGBT show the plot of collector current IC versus CollectorEmitter voltage VCE for various values of Gate-Emitter voltages. In the forward direction, the
shape of the output characteristics is similar to that of BJT. But here the controlling parameter is
Gate-Emitter voltage VGE because IGBT is a voltage controlled device. When the device is OFF,
junction j2 blocks forward voltage and in case reverse voltage appears across collector and
emitter, junction j1 blocks it. VRM is the maximum reverse breakdown voltage.
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Output Characteristics
VGS =
VDS (V)
V
ID (mA)
V GS =
VDS (V)
V
ID (mA)
VGS =
VDS (V)
V
ID (mA)
Transfer Characteristics
VDS =
VGS (V)
V
ID (mA)
VDS =
VGS (V)
V
ID (mA)
VDS =
VGS (V)
V
ID (mA)
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MODEL GRAPH:
Output Characteristics
Transfer Characteristics
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Output Characteristics
VGE =
VCE(V)
V
IC (mA)
VGE =
VCE (V)
V
IC (mA)
VGE =
VCE (V)
V
IC(mA)
Transfer Characteristics
VCE =
VGE(V)
V
IC (mA)
V CE =
VGE (V)
V
IC (mA)
VCE =
VGE (V)
V
IC (mA)
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RESULT:
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Ex:No:
Date:
Apparatus
Range
Type
Quantity
Kit module
VPET-216
CRO
Voltmeter
(0-30)V
MC
Patch chords
Few
Power chord
THEORY:
SCR
a) Turn-ON characteristics:
A forward biased thyristor is usually turned ON by applying a positive gate voltage
between gate and cathode. Thyristor turn ON time is defined as the time during which it changes
from forward blocking state to final ON state. Total turn ON time can be divided into three
intervals; 1. Delay time (td) 2. Rise time (tr) 3. Spread time (tp).
Delay time is measured from the instant at which gate current reaches 0.9 Ig to the instant
at which anode current reaches 0.1 Ia.
Rise time is the time taken by the anode current to rise from 0.1 Ia to 0.9 Ia.
Spread time is the time taken by the anode current to rise from 0.9 Ia to Ia.
b) Turn-OFF characteristics:
Thyristor turn-OFF means that it has changed from ON to OFF state and is capable of
blocking the forward voltage. This dynamic process of the SCR from conduction state to forward
blocking state is called turn OFF process. The turn OFF time is divided into two intervals;
Reverse Recovery time trr and Gate Recovery time tgr. The time required for the reversed anode
current to recover to zero or nearly zero value. The charges around junction j2 of SCR are
trapped and these only by recombination. This recombination of charges between t3 and t4 is
called gate recovery time.
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During turn ON delay time tdn, the input capacitance charges to gate threshold voltage
VGST and the drain current is zero.
During rise time period, gate voltage rises to VGSP which is the gate source peak voltage.
This voltage is sufficient to drive the MOSFET into ON state. Then drain current
increases from zero to full value of current ID.
Thus the total turn ON time is ton = tdn + tr. The turn ON time can be reduced by using low
impedance gate drive circuit.
b) Turn-OFF characteristics:
The turn OFF process is initiated by the removal of gate source voltage VGS at time t1,
because MOSFET is a majority carrier device. The turn OFF time is the sum of turn OFF delay
time tdf and fall time tf.
During this period tdf, the input capacitance discharges from over drive gate voltage V1 to
VGSP but the drain current ID does not change.
During fall time tf, the input capacitance again discharges from VGSP to threshold voltage
VGST. Then drain current fall from ID to zero. So when VGS VGST, power MOSFET turn
OFF is completed. Toff = tdf + t f.
SCR
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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MODEL GRAPH:
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RESULT:
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6. Why circuit turn OFF time is greater than the SCR turn OFF time?
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MODEL GRAPH:
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Ex:No:
Date:
5. THREE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER
AIM:
To study the operation of three phase SCR fully controlled converter using VPET-215
module.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
Kit module
VPET-215
Multimeter
Pulse chords
Few
Power chord
CRO
Connecting wires
Few
THEORY:
A three-phase fully-controlled bridge rectifier can be constructed using six SCRs. The
bridge circuit has two halves, the positive half consisting of the SCRs T 1, T3 and T5 and the
negative half consisting of the SCRs T2, T4 and T6. At any time, one SCR from each half
conducts when there is current flow. The SCRs are triggered in the sequence T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6
and T1 and so on. When the SCRs are fired at 0 o firing angle, the output of the bridge rectifier
would be the same as that of the circuit with diodes. For instance, it is seen that D1 starts
conducting only after = 30 o. In fact, it can start conducting only after = 30o, since it is
reverse-biased before = 30 o. The bias across D1 becomes zero when = 30o and diode D1 starts
getting forward biased only after =30o.
For = 0o, T 1 is triggered at = 30o, T2 at 90o, T3 at 150o and so on. For = 60o,
T1 is triggered at = 30 o + 60o = 90o, T2 at = 90o + 60 o = 150o and so on. Note that positive
group of SCRs are fired at an interval of 120 o. Similarly, negative group of SCRs are fired with
an interval of 120o. But SCRs from both the groups are fired at an interval of 60o. This means
that commutation occurs every 60o, alternatively in upper and lower group of SCRs. Each SCR
from both groups conducts for 120o.
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S.No
MODEL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
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5. Write down the expression for average output voltage of three phase full converter.
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MODEL GRAPH:
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Ex:No:
Date:
6. THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER
AIM:
To study the operation of three phase SCR half controlled converter using VPET-218
module.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
Kit module
VPET-218
Multimeter
Pulse chords
Power chord
CRO
Connecting wires
Few
THEORY:
Three phase half controlled bridge rectifier circuit consists of three SCRs in three arms
and three diodes in the other three arms.The output voltage V0 across the load terminals is
controlled by varying the firing angles of SCRs T 1, T2, T3. The diodes D1, D2 and D3 provide
merely a return path for the current to the most negative line terminal. For firing angle less than
30, the output terminal voltage of the converter is always positive, and the freewheeling diode
does not come into operation. As the firing angle is retarded beyond this point, so the load
current starts to freewheel through the diode for certain periods, thus cutting off the input line
current, and preventing the output terminal load voltage from swinging into the negative
direction. Hence the effect of the freewheeling diode is to cause a reduction of ripple voltage of
the output terminals and at the same time to divert the load current away from the input lines.
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S.No
MODEL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
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2. What is the output ripple voltage frequency of three phase half wave converters?
3. What are the two modes of operation present in the three phase half controlled rectifiers?
4. What is the use of freewheeling diode present in the three phase half controlled rectifiers?
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Buck Converter:
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Ex:No:
Date:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
Kit module
VSMPS-07A
Patch chords
Few
Voltmeter
(0-30)V
CRO
THEORY:
This experiment is intended to study the closed loop operation of Buck-Boost converter.
The set voltage to the PWM generator is set at 1V. Feedback voltage from Buck-Boost converter
power circuit is connected to the PWM generator circuit. On varying the DC input voltage
slowly from 0 to 15V, the output voltage is measured as constant. These values are tabulated.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Buck Converter :
TABULATION:
Input Voltage =
Boost Converter
Buck Converter
Set Voltage
PWM
Output
Set Voltage
PWM
Output
(mV)
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)
(mV)
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)
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RESULT:
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4. Write down the expression for average output voltage for step-down and step-up choppers?
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Ex:No:
Date:
8. IGBT BASED SINGLE PHASE PWM INVERTER
AIM:
To study the operation of the single phase bridge inverter using IGBT, with Sinusoidal
Pulse Width Modulation technique.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
Quantity
CRO
RL load
THEORY:
It consists of four IGBTs S1, S2, S3, S4 and four inverse parallel diodes D1, D2, D3, D4.
The diodes are essential to conduct the reactive current, and thereby to feed back the stored
energy in the inductor to the DC source. These diodes are known as feed back diodes. For
many industrial applications the output AC voltage of the inverter must be sinusoidal in
shape and the amplitudes and frequency must be controllable. This is achieved by PWM of
the inverter switches.
The switching sequence of the inverter switches in this case, is obtained by comparing a
sinusoidal control signal, of adjustable amplitude and frequency with a fixed frequency
triangular carrier. The frequency of the triangular carrier wave determines the switching
frequency of the inverter switches. The frequency of the sinusoidal control signal decides the
fundamental frequency of the inverter output voltage, and is also called the modulating
frequency. The sinusoidal pulse width modulation can be programmed to have either bipolar
voltage switching or unipolar voltage switching. The unipolar voltage switching has the
advantage of effectively doubling the switching frequency as compared to the bipolar voltage
switching.
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PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that the circuit breaker and pulse release ON/OFF toggle switch are in OFF
position.
2. Connect the R-L load across the output terminals Lo and No provided in the front panel.
Include an ammeter to measure the current and voltmeter to measure the voltage.
3. Connect an AC input at the input terminals L and N provided in the front panel.
4. With the pulse ON/OFF switch and circuit breaker in OFF condition give the power to
the inverter module. This will ensure the control power supply to all the control circuitry.
5. Set the amplitude of the reference sine wave to minimum value.
6. Keeping the pulse release ON/OFF switch in OFF position, switch ON the power supply
to the bridge rectifier.
7. Release the gating signals to the inverter switches by turning ON the pulse release
ON/OFF switch.
8. Observe the triangular carrier and the reference sine waveforms on the CRO. Measure the
amplitude and the frequency of the triangular carrier through CRO and note it down.
Adjust the sine wave frequency to about 50Hz.
9. Connect the CRO probes to observe the load voltage and current waveforms.
10. Observe the load voltage and load current waveforms. Sketch the waveforms on a graph
sheet to scale for one cycle period of the inverter output frequency. Measure the
amplitude of the voltage pulses.
11. Measure the output voltage either by using a digital multimeter.
12. Calculate the modulation index ma and the rms output voltage Vo.
13. Increase the amplitude of the reference sine wave and note down its value.
14. Repeat steps 8 to 13 for various amplitude of reference sine wave and tabulate the
readings. Plot the characteristics of modulation index versus output voltage.
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S.No
Vtri (V)
Vsine (V)
ma
Vo measured (V)
Vo calculated (V)
MODEL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
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Ex:No:
Date:
9. IGBT BASED THREE PHASE PWM INVERTER
AIM:
To study the operation of IGBT based three phase inverter and its switching.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
Kit module
PEC16HV2-A
PEC16HV2-B
1
1
CRO
THEORY:
The most frequently used three phase inverter circuit of three legs, one for each phase.
For this configuration, output transformer is not required. Also, this circuit uses six IGBTs. The
inverter configuration is also termed as six step bridge inverter. In inverter terminology, a step is
defined as a change in the firing from one IGBT to the next IGBT in proper sequence. For one
cycle of 360, each step would be of 60 for a six step inverter. This means that IGBTs would
be gated at regular intervals of 60.
Basically, there are two possible schemes of gating the IGBT. In one scheme, each IGBT
conducts for 180 and in the other scheme, each IGBT conducts for 120. In 180 mode
operation, pair in each leg, i.e. T1, T4; T3, T6; and T5, T2 are turned ON with the time interval of
180. It means that IGBT T1 conducts for 180 and IGBT T4 for the next 180 of a cycle. IGBTs
in the upper group, i.e. T 1, T3, T5 conduct at an interval of 120. It means that if IGBT T 1 is fired
at 0, then T3 must be triggered at 120 and T5 at 240. Same is true of lower group of IGBT.
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RESULT:
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2. Define step.
6. What is the switching sequence for three phase inverters in 180 conduction?
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MODEL GRAPH:
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Ex:No:
Date:
10. SERIES, PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTERS
AIM:
To study the series and parallel loaded resonant converter using VPET-315 module.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Components
Range
Type
Quantity
Kit module
VPET-315
Patch chords
Few
Ammeter
(0-2)A
MC
Voltmeter
(0-50)V
MC
9 pin D connector
CRO
THEORY:
Series resonant converter
The resonant converters are defined as the combination of converter topologies and switching
strategies that result in zero voltages and/or zero current switching. The series resonant converter
consist of one or two half bridges forming a half or full bridge converter. Between the output
terminals, a series resonant circuit is connected. This series resonant circuit consists of an
inductor, capacitor and resistor, with one or more of these elements actually being part of the
load. Usually, at least the resistor is part of the load.
An AC power can be delivered to the load, due to the resonant behavior of the circuit. If a
DC load is used, the resistor can be replaced by a rectifier connected to the DC load. If the load
is directly connected to the resonant circuit, i.e. without a rectifier in between, it is referred to as
a series resonant DC to DC converter.
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KHz
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTER:
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TABULATION:
Resonant frequency =
S.No
KHz
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RESULT:
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6. What are the conditions for resonant circuit behaves like a capacitive load and
inductive load in a series resonant converter?
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