Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • RC Moment Curvature

    Uploaded by

    hendjo
    13 views13 pages
    concrete

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    concrete

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    13 views13 pages

    RC Moment Curvature

    Uploaded by

    hendjo
    concrete

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 13
    oO —O (Tie No eras Load-Moment-Curvature Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Cross Sections By E. ©. PFRANG, C. P. SIESS, and M. A. SOZEN. lopment, in a usable form, of data re tomar and sarvatre for rifoend coer crotch fod is such that it dove not require extensive simplifying assumptions ing the stresestrain relationship for the concrate and the reinforce “The method is applied to several cross sections, and information is pre- ing the relationship between axial load, mo- t of several cross-sectional parameters on discuseed, Mi Ixcneasino EMPHASIS oN serviceability and limit design has created a need for a better understanding of the relationship between axial load, moment, and curvature for reinforeed concrete cross sections. Al- most all problems which are concerned with the inelastic deformation properties of reinforced conerete cross sections are unsuited to a closed form solution, and are thus dependent on one of the several numerical ‘methods for their solution. In turn, each of the several numerical methods is dependent for its application on the availability of information re- lating axial load, moment, and deformation. ‘The purpose of this paper is twofold: to describe a method for eval- uating the relationship which exists between axial load, moment, and curvature for a given concrete cross section, thus providing an analytical tool; and to present the results obtained by applying this method to several typical cross sections, thus giving some insight into the nature of the relationships and to the manner in which these relationships are affected by variations in the properties of the cross section. DESCRIPTION OF METHOD OF ANALYSIS For cross sections consisting of linearly elastic materials it is generally possible, and usually most convenient, to write a single continuous ‘expression relating axial load, moment, and curvature. Unfortunately the response of reinforeed conerete to external effects is such that it is difficult to write and evaluate an expression describing the relationship 7 Rs ey = € e © ay 764 \\ouaNaL oF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE dy 1968 eee Q eee cnoss section sean srness Forces RESULTANT fystmovion earmiurion |W THE O “ o o ” Fig. |—Method of analysis between P, M, and ¢ over the full range of their variation. Instead, it is more convenient to define the relationship between P, M, and ¢ by a number of discrete points. ‘The determination of the relation among P, M, and ¢ evolves directly from the application of ordinary principles of mechanics of materials. "The method described here differs from routine methods of stress analysis only in that the internal conditions (strains or stresses) are assumed first, and then the external effects (axial load and bending moment) are determined. ‘i ‘The P, M, and 4 coordinates of each point can be established through the following basie steps which are illustrated in Fig. 1: 1. Assume a strain distribution over the depth of the section. For purposes, of illustration, the strain distribution is taken as linear (Fig. 1b).* 12. Assume stress-strain relationships for the concrete and the reinforce iment and delermine the distribution of stresses over the eross section (Fig, eand 1d) ‘8, Sum algebraicsily the normal stress times the areas over which they act, to obtain the axlal force P. ‘4, Sum the bending moments caused by the normal stresses to obtain the resultant bending moment Mf. : 5. Determine the curvature ¢ by computing the angle between the line representing the strain distribution and the zero strain line. If a sufficient number of discrete points relating P, M, and ¢ are de- termined, then the load-moment-curvature relationship for the section to pigplty the decusion, bending te sarumed to occur about coy ong of the, princes aT AP RRUY Ate, EEE RMS fea eamduln can be contdered Ss &ie rather iss Shane LOAD.MOMENT-CURVATURE CHARACTERSTICS (>) ms ACI member EO. Pe wwato, Nowack, Dain 1961 he De" Phang ws teeny awarded «Hofonal Scenes Foundation gran for reveach Inthe Ethavor of Inlate claene Cheser P, sie profesor of cil engineering, Univesity of inci Urbane hes wan ave in ACh Sfae since (968."Aunated rewarchar aed author, Dr, Stas as won Irony hones acing the ACL Waren Maca for Mast Merteious Paper (174) and the ‘ReV"temer acal (1864) for notable reserch sd commie tern, Dr. Sins coleman SF'aCl Commit 15, Resenrch,ehseman of ACTASCE Cortes 4}, Rlnered Conerete Shit ends member of Commitee 21, Standed Bung Coco, and ACHASCE Commitee {2 Prsvoned Const. Hee an ACI member of the ACCES Collaboration Connie, "ACI member Mote. A. Sten iy profesor of cil enginering, Univesity of tno bina tbe, Soto's work hvsieetenerch In tenforeed ond preteied concate A Devote JOURNAL auThee ei coment ecreary of ACIAGCE’ Commitee 42), Reinforced Ernie Sete and" Cones sit, Rvferced Concrete Coleen, ands member of ACL Eee Comte ln i Bg ot At Ean 5, alton of Cs Bin will be described. The solution for a given cross section can be obtained easily using a slide rule. However, if a large number of solutions is required, the caleulations can be programmed for a digital computer, as has been done for the solutions presented herein. Interaction diagrams If a series of strain configurations is established, each of which has ‘a maximum concrete fiber strain ¢, equal to the ultimate concrete strain ‘and if the method of analysis described above is applied to each strain configuration, there then results a sequence of points which describe the relationship between P, M, and ¢ at ultimate concrete strain. If it is assumed that an extreme fiber strain of e, represents material failure of the cross section, then these points describe the P-M-p relationship at failure. The curve described by these points is the ultimate interaction diagram, Such a curve is shown in Fig. 2. The interaction diagram is shown as a plot of M versus P and ¢ versus P. Fig. 2 also shows general- ized strain and stress diagrams that correspond to points on the ultimate interaction diagram. If the criterion for the interaction diagram is rigidly taken as that family of strain configurations, each of which has a maximum concrete strain ¢, equal to the limiting concrete strain ¢, then the interaction diagram indicates an axial capacity less than the maximum axial capacity of the section. For the stress-strain relationships for concrete and steel used in this investigation the maximum value of P, is developed at @ strain of e and a lesser P, results for greater strains. The M versus P interaction diagram of Fig. 2 shows two branches as it approaches the P axis. The lower of these corresponds to a series of strain configura~ tions with @ maximum concrete strain equal to e,. The upper branch is for a series of strain configurations for which the middepth strain is held ey 2) nes JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN. CONCRETE INSTITUTE #D July 1964 CY rT Ty om * Fig. 2—Interaction diagrams at g It is this upper branch which is taken as the true representation of section capacity for the remainder of this discussion. ‘The failure interaction diagram is the envelope of all combinations of axial load and moment or curvature which are possible without ‘material failure of the cross section. The boundary of the interaction diagram represents the locus of all combinations of axial load and ‘moment or curvature which constitute material failure. The interaction diagram is thus a convenient means of showing the strength and ductility of the cross section, In addition to the failure interaction diagram, it is also possible to establish an interaction diagram corresponding to yield in the tension reinforcement. If values of P, M, and ¢ are determined for a series of strain configurations, each of which has a tension reinforcement strain f equal to the yield strain of the reinforcement «,, then the resulting points define the yield interaction diagram. Fig, 2 shows such a yield {interaction diagram as Line BF. Note that the balance point B is a point common to both the failure and the yield interaction diagrams. ‘The balance point represents a combination of axial load, moment, and curvature such that crushing of the extreme concrete fiber occurs simultaneously with yielding of the tension reinforcement. If for axial loads less than the balance point load, the cross section is subjected to increasing moment, the reinforcement yields before the conerete reaches, i LOAD MOMENE-CURVATURE CHARACTESHICS Cy 767 its assumed limiting strain, Such failures are referred to as tension failures. At loads above the balance point, crushing is not preceded by yielding of the tension reinforcement, and the failure is ealled a com- pression failure. It is of interest to note that fzilures somewhat below the balance point are generally characterized by considerable duc tility while failures at or above balance tend to be brittle. Contours of equal curvature If a series of strain configurations is established, such that all have ‘the same value of 4; and if the corresponding values of P and M are determined, the resulting points will define a contour of equal curva ture. Several such contours are shown in Fig. 3. Each curve defines those combinations of axial load and moment which will result in a given curvature. If a sufficient number of these curves are plotted, it js possible to establish a graphical representation of the P-M-f proper- ties of the cross section. P/tbt Fig. 3—Contours of equal curvature 18 (Yursat oF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE. INSTITUTE Moment serter latenip | iteogra ate of omivcs of egal carve ie » compete vituafthePify serscurninotworss sana i ohen sect | ISheveihrifamsin nthe fom oti cuvn ire secmrotentous | sr gl erature trl sls af canto oa GEE Siupel wave ofmeat vee cavers fr econ Milind Tee ud ives are shown ng daw or alndabre | itn id hese fo a oad boy tlie I's he pa Shain Snare Boonen fr sctnt weeny | ose ASSUMPTIONS ul ‘The analytical results reported herein are based on the following assumptions, 1 Atiner strain dstebuton over the cross section i assumed at all ood tevas as shown in Fg. 9. : i 2. Th relationship assume for concrete in compression is shown in Fi. 6 a | é fal ' 100] rt | o* tet 026 ow Wet & 100 S pros : feasts L Gf-010 oom odo 00s 00a0 aol or Fig. 4 Moment versus eurvature i uty 1968 nD aye from tests on short plain ‘This relationship was derived by Hognestad! from tests on fumns subjected to combined axial load and bending, The con- Crete is assumed to have no tensile strength. Only one concrete strength thas been considered in this paper, f.’= 3000 psi. A value of eo = 0.0019 was ‘teed in all computations; this value agrees well with results obtained by Hognestad! for f. = 3000 psi. LOADMOMENT.CURVATURE CHARACTERISTICS conerete colt PARAMETERS. j © \ =], mn [ s 7 e) aes ae ics 5 6 00 © 00 : Distribution TSE S| rs con gata and strain distribution stress, fc Strain, €, Fig. 6—Assumed stress-strain relationships for eenerete in compression UO (an m0 Jourwat oF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE duly 1964 wit Fig. 7Interaction diagrams for di 4. The steeso-strain relationship for steel is assumed to be linesrly elasto- piasue (without sirsin hardening). This assumption js made for, demon- Plasiion purposes only since the method described is general and can be aeeehih reinforcement having any given stress-strain relationship. “d The lack of an adequate theory of failure for concrete eaises consid eribie dutricaty in attempting to predict the behavior of reinforced con~ erable ibers: For a cross section subjected only to axial load and flexure, cee aera correlation with tests is achieved if it is assumed that material allure occurs at 2 limiting concrete strain ‘As a part of the investigation reported in this paper, interaction dia- grams were developed for different values of limiting strain «. to study the significance of this varlable. Fig. 7 shows P-M and P- interaction Giagrams for two values of &,, Note that the P-M interaction diagram fs unaffected by r.. A decrease in limiting strain, however, significantly reduces the curvature at ultimate, as shown by the P-g plot For the results reported herein, the value of ¢, = 0.0038 suggested by Hognestad! has been used. RESULTS OF ANALYSES ‘The results which are now presented were obtained by programming the method of analysis described above for a digital computer* The Sppendix’ contains a computer-oriented description of the method of spbiysis and the manner in which it was applied to obtain these results. Hove aialyeis ‘using the computer U LoabmomenrcunvaTuee characteristics (>) 77 Fig. 6 shows the general eross section which has been studied. Eight variations of this eross section were investigated to show the effect of ‘a few of the cross-sectional parameters on the strength and stiffness properties of the member. The variables considered are indicated in Table 1, Interaction relationships Fig. 8, 9, and 10 show several ultimate interactioa curves. Fig. 8 shows the interaction curves for four sections identical in all respects except for ratio of reinforcement. Fig. 9 shows interac:ion curves for three sections with different yield stresses, while Fig. 10 shows interaction ‘curves for three sections with different depths of cover over the com- pression reinforcement, d’. These figures show the manner in which the Strength and duetility of the cross section vary with changes in these parameters. “A study of Fig. 8 reveals the influence of the ratio of reinforcement p, on the interaction relationship. Aside from the obvious fact that the Cross section is strengthened and stiffened by the addition of reinforce ment, there are several other notable features. For the symmetrically reinforced cross section which has been chosen. for study here, the magnitude of the balance point load, as defined aerein, is independent fof the amount of reinforeement. Also, the curvature at balance is equal to: oe Bt ease Goo. proavesteoeeos oo er a2 sO Moor ” Fig. 8nteraction diagrams for different values of reinforcement ratio U mm (Tena oF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE Yoon e3aas.eoue o Fig. 9—Interaction diagrams for different values of reinforcement yield stress and is thus independent of the ratio of reinforcement. The moment corresponding to a balanced failure is markedly increased by the eddi- tion of reinforeement. It is thus apparent that at the balance load, the addition of equal amounts of reinforcement in tension and compression increases the cross-sectional stiffness but does not affect ductility. The increase in moment is directly proportional to the increase in the ratio of reinforcement. Similarly, the increase in axial load capacity of the cross section is proportional to the increase in the reinforcement ratio. Since the portion of the M-P interaction diagram between the balance point and the P axis can be satisfactorily approximated by a straight line, it can be said that the increase in moment for all load levels above balance is proportional to the increase in the ratio of rein- forcement. Fig. @ shows that this approximate proportionality also holds at load levels below balance. For load levels above balance there is an increase in ductility with Increasing p. Below the balance load, the ductility is not noticeably affected by p except for very small axial loads where some decrease in uctility results from an increase in reinforcement. Fig. 9 indicates the manner in which the interaction relationship is influenced by variations in the yield strength of the reinforcement. ‘The effect of yield strength is quite similar to that of the ratio of reinforcement, which has been discussed above. A study of Fig. 10 shows the effect of depth of cover, d’/t on the inter- action relationship. Depth of cover has no effect on the axial load ca- © LOAD MOMENT-CURVATURE CHARACTERISTICS ow tas (ease gfr008, 01,0. oo ere oa Se TSC w/aet ‘ Fig. 10—Intoraction .grams for different values of o'/t pacity of the section but does have a substantial effect on the moment at the balance point, Below balance, cover over the reinforcement has fan almost constant influence on the moment cepacity of the section. Cover has practically no influence on ductility except at very low load levels where there is a significant decrease in ductility with increased cover. Effect of axial load on moment-curvature relationship Fig. 1 and 12 show M-g curves for several levels of constant axial load, each for a different eross section. A study of these figures indicates ‘the manner in which axial load influences the relationship between moment and curvature. ‘The sections considered in this study (symmetrically reinforeed) show large amounts of ductility at low load levels. As the load level inereases, ductility decreases markedly. At the balance load, only a negligible amount of ductility remains for sections with small amounts of reinforcement, and this ductility is further reduced by increased amounts of reinforcement. For load levels grester than balance, the reduction in moment capacity with increasing Icad is greater than the reduction in curvature at failure; thus causing a slight apparent increase in ductility. ‘Most inelastic materials experience a loss of stiffness ageinst rotation with the presence of axial load. Fig. 11 and 12 show that reinforced concrete sections, with concrete assumed to have no tensile strength, become stiffer with increasing loads up to above the balance load. This VC ™ JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CONeRETE INSTIUTE aeiy ee (OY LOAD MONENE-CURVATURE CHARACTERISTCS ry | effect is most pronounced for lower ratios of reinforcement, aid essen . g tially disappears with higher values of p. poe ose [Effect of ratio of reinforcement on moment-curature relationship ox 'A comparison of Fig. 11 and 12 shows the influence of the ratio of 3 i reinforcement p, on the relationship between moment and curvature. 5 |The general character of the M-s relationship is not markedly affected g by the ratio of reinforcement; regardless of the ratio of reinforcement, oe the cross section exhibits little ductility for load levels above balance, while a certain degree of ductility always exists at load levels below balance. This ductility, however, is reduced by increasing the amount on = of reinforcement. ~ Increasing the ratio of reinforcement decidedly stiffens the section so {against rotation J om oF oe oe Effect of yield stress on moment-curvature relationship | Fig. 18a and 13b each show Af-s curves at constant axial load for three Fig. 1l—Moment versus curvatre values off, Fig. 180 is for a load level less than balance, while Fig. 130 js for a load level above balance. These figures show that for the ehosen | Toad levels, the stiffness and the ductility of a section are not greatly affected by the yield stress of the reinforcement. This observation is true at all load levels except for very small loads, where a rather pronounced decrease in ductility accompanies an increase in yield stress * os. | L Pf =028 tuo tone) feo +0:80 obo boonced bea fs60Ksi on. os Meo? 5 os = os $row au oS oer a Co ‘ °G0en08 obo 00 20 080s ase or or or Fig. 12—Moment versus curvature Fig. 13-Moment versus curvature for various values of yield stross VU UW m6 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN. CONCRETE. INSTIUTE duly 1964 Ar = 0.25 (below botonce) ghe08 iro “Ae 00 aaes ase 06 00 acs ono on or Fig. |4—Moment vorsus curvature for various values of cover Effect of cover over reinforcement on moment-curvature relationship Fig. 1a and 14b each show M-g curves for three different values of “cover” over the reinforcement, as represented by the ratio d’/t (Fig. 5). Fig. 14a shows M-g curves for a load level less than balance, while Fig. 14b shows curves for a load level greater than balance. For the range of Joads covered by these figures, an increase in the cover over the rein- forcement decreases both the stiffness and the strength of the section, ‘but does not affect its ductility. These effects can be generalized for all load levels except for very small loads. At very small levels of load, increases in d'/t result in significant decreases in ductility as can be seen from Fig. 10, CONCLUSIONS ‘The method of analysis which has been presented is simple and is easily applied to the study of a given cross section. The information which results from the application of the method of analysis is realistic since it need not be dependent on numerous simplifying assumptions. REFERENCE 1, Hognestad, E, “A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced Conerete Members,” Bulletin No. 389, University of Iilinols Engineering Experi- ‘ment Station, Urbana, TI WV LOADMOMENE CURVATURE CHARACTERETCS m - APPENDIX NOTATION Ay = bis gross area of section (Fig. fe? = compressive strength of con- 5 Grete reinforced concrete A, = steaot tensile reinforcement members Ae Z Net cheompresive winorces fj = sen sree ment fy = pleld strength of relnforing ‘Aa’ = taal area of lonltudinl reine fe 4 forcement Mo = moment b= willbe rectangular section in MO = TBO at | Tedieedon atrigitsngies to = Aan ge detin of eine EFT Or an ota rectangular section im tbe. dccton of = dlsance trom extreme cou . pressive fiber to centr of pane Fig 5) {ansln reinforcement (Pig. 3) strain ee ose niereeet e2) Concrete strains (Pig. 5) presive ter to centrod. of Steel strains (Fie 8) Touprasive reinforcement tomprestve strain in concrete ig. 5) compressive strsin in conerete E, = mofuls of elasticity of con- a ee eeeae creie : Sess Che 8) By = modal of eanticity of steer _ Smee fea eoeeee eet t= useful limit of compressive fe compressive strength of con- ‘strain in concrete (Fig. 6) L, Grete determined from 28 day ¢ = angle change per unt length cylinder tests ciate Discussion of this paper should reach ACI headguarters in triplicate by Oct. 1, 1964, for publication in the March 1965 JOURNAL. Sinopsis — Résumés — Zusammenfassung Caracteristicas Carga-Momento-Curvatura de Secciones de ‘Concreto Reforzado ‘Se presenta un método para el desarrollo, en forma utilizable, de datos reter~ entes a carga axial, momento, y curvatura para secciones de concreto reforzado. El método es tal que no require suposiciones simplificatorias extensivas refer- | entes a la relacién estuerzo-defermacién para el concreto y para el refuerzo, U moon EI métous es aplicado a varias secciones, presentindose y discutiéndose una informacién referente a la relacién entre carga axial, momento y eurvatura, ‘También se discute el efecto de varios parimetros de las secciones tranaversales sobre esta relacién, une Charge Axiale et @ un Moment ‘On expose ici une méthode qui permet d’établir certaines relations dans le cas d'un élément de béton armé, de section et de courbure queleonques, soumis A une charge axiale et & un moment. La méthode a ceci de particulier qu'elle nfoblige pas & poser des hypotheses simplifies & Yextréme pour ce qul est des rrapports entre la contrainte et la déformation du béton et de Wacier armature. ‘La méthode est appliquée & des éléments de différents types de section. Les relations entre la charge axiale, le moment et la eourbure de élément considéré sont établies et diseutées. Liinfluence de divers paramétres applicables & Ta see- tion de Télément est également analysée. Merkmale von Belastung, Moment und Kriimmung bei Stahlbetonquerschnitten Bs wird eine Methode (in brauchbarer Form) fir die Entwicklung von Daten hinsichilich Achsenbelastung, Moment und Krimmung fir Stahlbetonquer- sehnitte angegeben, Diese Methode verlangt keinerlei ausgedehnte verein= achende Voraussetzungen hinsichtlieh des Dehnungs- und Spannungsverhalt- nisses beim Beton und der Bewehrung. Die Methode wird auf verschiedene Quorschnitte angewandt, und die erhaltenen ‘Angaben bezliglich des Verhiltnisses zwischen Achsenbelastung, Moment und Kelimmung werden diskutiert. Ebentalls erértert wird der Einfluss von ver~ sehiedenen Querschnitiparametern auf dieses Verhaltnis. a Dine eree Discussion of the paper by E. 0. PFRANG, C. P, SIESS, and M. A. SOZEN i Load-Moment-Curvature i Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Cross Sections* 1 ,BYA.M.N. AMARAKONE; WEN F, CHANG and CARLOS S, TONG: ‘AP. KABAILA: K. S. RAJAGOPALAN, C. 5. CHANDRASEKHAR, and C. VEERAIAH: KT. SUNDARA RAJA TYENGAR and V. P, NARAYANASWAMY’; and AUTHORS i By A.-M. N. AMARAKONE? i | _The authors are to be complimented on their presentation of a simple | graphical method of representing the P-M-s relationships for varying rections and combinations of loads, Particulary the P-p diagrams tox gether with the PM interaction curves show elearly the magnitude of the permissible limiting curvatures Tor a given section In this connection it may be of interest to point out that considerable (| experimental work has been done on this subject under the European Concrete Committee (CEB), which may help to point out certain funda- mental properties of bound reinforced concrete sections subjected to flexure, which so far have not been sufficiently emphasized Tn the analytical study presented by the authors, the ultimate strain of concrete is assumed to be a constant at 00098 as suggested by Hogne- stad. This seems quite reasonable for strength calculations for sections particularly with small axial load, as the strength is not quite sensitive |) to the assumption of a value for the ultimate strain of concrete. How. i / ever ey = 0.0088 leads to curvature results which are too low for flexural members especially those with light tension reinforcement, but exces- | Experinentl cbrervatins on reinforced concrete members show that sive for columns with little binders and small eccentricity. for a constant rate of loading, and provided that the strain measure- ments are made at the critical section over a sufficiently short distance | RERARRERGAs R I, sas conee ot seme ad wea 7} UU Co vars JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE ar 2 March 1965 By WEN F. CHANG* and CARLOS S. TONG’ ‘The writers had also derived an M-g diagram, based on the same as- sumptions, in a previous paper* and also were using it in the study of Jong hinged and restrained concrete columns It was found that the theoretical M-# diagrams and interaction curves are slightly different from those presented by the authors. For comparison the theoretical M-p diagrams (in solid lines) were plotted against the author's results (in dotted lines) and are shown in the Fig. C. D, and E. Fig. C—Moment versus ‘curvature comparison, Fig, D—Moment ‘curavlure comparison Us; AL THERE Amerie, Gores destitute Associate Profesor, Department of Civil Eogineer- “Fareduate Student. Bepsrement of Civil Engineering, Ualversty of Miami, Coral Gables, Fa, 2 Od ‘The solid curves show little dif “-— ference from the dotted-line curves for the values of P/(j’ bd?) = 0.0, 05, and 1.00. For the curves of P/(/’bd*) = 1.20 and 0.80 the dif- ferences are in the region of gt = 0.0 to 0.004. Some differences also exist in the region of gt = 0.00 to 0.0025 for the value of P/(f."bd*) 126. An iteration method was used by the writers in obtaining the theo- retical M-g diagram. The maximum. error of the obtained values of P/ (."b@), for any given value of ¢t, in these curves is smaller than 0.001. It is the writer's belief that the theoretical curves presented here, by using the iteration meth- od, is more accurate than the dotted-line curves obtained by the repeated interpolation method be- cause of the accumulative error introduced by the latter method, as applied to this particular problem, Fig, E—Moment versus curvature com- parison REFERENCES 8. Chang, Wen F, and Ferguson, Phil ML, “Leng Hinged Concrete Columns,” ACI Jounat, Proceedings V. 60, No.1, Jan. 1963, pp. 1-25. 7, Tong, S. Carlos, “Critical Length and Failure Load of Long Reinforced Conerete Columns,” MS Thesis, University of Miami, Jan. 1985 By A. P. KABAILA* In this paper a certain critical concrete strain e, is used as a failure criterion. The authors have indicated in their discussion of Fig. 2 that this assumption is not satisfactory when the compressive force ap- proaches the axial-load carrying capacity of the member. The assump- tion is then made that the material failure occurs when the strain at ‘the middepth of the member ise» ‘The writer would like to suggest that # failure criterion based on considerations of instability may be more satisfactory, as it does not require the somewhat arbitrary assumptions of strain conditions at failure, Flexural failure due to bending mement in presence of a con- SIPS: Arar Seto. tate, Son of cht Ronen, he Une UO es ‘The criterion of failure expressed by Eq. (2). bears close si to the conditions of failure of an axially loaded plain eoveret With the stresses on the ascending portion of the stré rust increase to cause deformation. When the peak ‘of the’ curve is reached, deformation takes place without any furlhe?'tR ‘of loading, thus leading to a sudden failure of the specimen, unless Sauthors {nthe introduction draw attention to “the inereasing em- gis of limit design necessitating the study af relation between P-M ‘and of reinforced concrete sections.” It is perhaps not accidental that .Oladapg.in his paper,®.has drawn pointed attention to the same. fact j_more than certifies the acute need for rational limit. design The writers feel that additional attention shold be drawn, ‘A the pola of maximum stress the Behavior of ihe spina far to other instability phenomena—it suffers increasing deformations: : iptedsion’ tfedcility Tus sitement clearly brings out at flexibility and duct Hiy afe two different qualities not necessarily depencent on each sther. More — ‘often than ‘not the capacity for rotation (ductility) is confused with ca- ‘pacity for deflection (Alexbiit). 2..The balance point load is independent of percentage steel for sym- relsically reinforced rectangular section. 2 Also at balance point load, the proportional increase in moment for ineréase in percentage of steel is greater than at other levels, especialy {negion shove balance pint load forthe case considered 44. The tension failure is characterized by consierable ductility giving utticient warning of fafure and hence i desirable Siig. 10'clesrly shows thai it is important to place the reinforcement should be expressed more seruatey ‘than by. Ho; 5 GPE os iat'svay trom the neutral axis is posibie, even when the design of bea > simplification ls ls based in ultimate strength theory. seems that the failure condition expressed by Eq. (2) is reached at @ lower strain than the eritical strain used by the authors, It should be noted that a premature failure may occur before Eq. (2) 4s satisfied because of local compression steel buckling* and because of bond and/or shear failure. This is not considered a pure flexural failure in the context of this discussion. Considerable amount of experimental data on the shape of the descend-~ in of the stress-strain curve is now available. crane ig portion (eg, Refe ; stressing” can take shrinkage effect into account. ‘AS a closing remark, the writer wishes to draw the aut “to the possibility of a computer sohition ‘which avoids thee ae ~ of the contours of equal curvature and their subsequént interpolat ~ Meg curves ata constant P, This is achieved by the following procedt i uni utilization of the strengths of concrete and steel Also. SI ao Js independent of the percentage reinforcement “fora particular ‘eross séction, the balance load is fixed fo v0 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE NSTMUTE Per 2 Mach 1968 Normally in practice only a particular percentage of steel is found = ‘to be economical from cofisiderations of cost of materials. As is already pointed out, the balance-point-load is fixed for a given setcion. Hence, _ it appears that there is only one particular cross section with @ par- ticular percentage of steel which satisfies both the requirements of cos “economy and maximum strength utilization for given values of P and Fig. 7 shows the P-M- interaction diagrams for two values of © == 0.008 and 0,004. At P. in steel are 0.015 and 0.026, respectively. Also in Fig. 11, for “ maximum steel strain will work out to 0.082. Since the ultimate’ plastic ” strain in steel is about 10 to 20 tries the yield strain," the values’ of * 0.026 and 0.032 appear too high. 5 The inset in the same figure shows the value of stress strain relation = for values of greater than e, a8 fee 8 gi) 0.0038 and not applicable for valteg of © 4s only true for a rectangular section symmetrically reinforced. For ‘the case of beams with reinforcement in tension only, the ratio of ulti- ‘mate moments for the authors’ values of #4 = 0.003 and 0.004 works out to07, . ‘The effect of shape of eross section on the P-M-g relations is not at all considered. If considered, the change in value of ey will affect the P-M- diagram. “Assumption 4, p70, says that * achieved, if itis assumed that material failure oceurs at limiting concrete’ Han" The reference forthe test results quoted shove s requested <_ geaeetey/d is claimed as a notable feature, though not obvious, elles feel that this fact is obvious though notable. = 3. In Fig. and 12, the M-g relation for P=0 fs shown az two straight = “lines eannected by a curve. Though this may be practically true itis can- “wary to Assumption 3, p. 770. The stress-strain relation of steel is. as sumed to be linearly elasto-plastic” resulting in an idealized Mp relation ‘ot 0 “ght ins ony, zs "ihe statement that “the P-M interaction diagram is unaffected by 02" LOAD MOMENTCURVATURE CHA cTeRIsTCs reat ey REFERENCES 10, Oladapo, 1. O., “Rate of Loading Etfect on Moment-Curvature Relation in Prestressed Concrete Beams,” ACI Jounxat, Proceedings V. 61, No. 7, July 1964, Dp. 871-888, +L. Neal, B. G., The Plastic Methods of Structural Analysis, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1950, p. 18. 'y K. T. SUNDARA RAJA IYENGAR and V. P, NARAYANASWAMY* "From Fig. 7 it is interesting to observe that while the influence of © ultimate ‘strain over the load-moment interaction relationship is-nil, jts influence on load-curvature relationship is pronounced. It reinforces th ‘fact that ‘an accurate estimation of ultimate conerete strain is ‘note 7 sential in the determination of ultimate strength of determinate’ besing,: ‘while it is essential in the ultimate analysis of redundant structures.” “In Fig. 9 there appears to be a variation in curvature of about 10 percent between the load-curvature curves corresponding to 30 and 60 ics steels; this may be due to the variation of the yield strain between’ <5 the steels adopted for analysis, t that reinforced conerete sections experience loss of i ition under inéreasing axial loads up to balance ‘is -we = brodlt ou ‘ut by. the interaction diagrams rather than the’ m "ture characteristics of Fig. 11 and 12. While moment increases’ Se the ‘balance point, the curvature decreases considerably. It. is heartening to observe from Fig. 11 and 12 that the moment-curvature characteristic for reinforced concrete sections under zero axial load conforms to that of an ideally elasto-plastic material, thus justifying the adoption of limit design principles for redundant structures. ‘AUTHORS’ CLOSURE ‘The authors are gratified by the interest shown in this paper and wish to thank all who have contributed to the discussions: = “Ammarakone in his discussion has presented results of research, ny 1. L.’Baker and himself, which previously were not generally sie in the United States. The lack of an adequate theory of fale iting strain appears to offer the best vehicle for costa =thory with teat results when members are primarily subjected to" cal = “eed and flexure. As shown by Fig. 7, the streagth predicted for’a given Gross section is not sigificantly infuenced by the value whit is tised “Asta Protea and Rewarh Felon, cepectuty, Deoarinct of sochasring, USE AE gag Re eae eae JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE Pat 2 March 1965 for the limiting concrete strain, t.. However, the ultimate curvature ‘which is predicted is markedly affected by the choice of ‘The analytical procedures which are described in the paper are not tied to the use of a fixed value of «,. Indeed, these procedures are in ho way dependent on the use of the limiting strain theory of faildre ‘Aithough a discussion of the validity of the various failure criteria is not Considered to be within the seope of this paper, it should be noted that he results given relating to strength are practically independent of feilure efiterfon. Also the nature of the influence of the several eross- sectional phrameters on ultimate curvature would not be altered by the adoptioi’at a different failure criterion. ‘Messrs. Chang and Tong were kind enough to make available to the writers théir computer output data. A study of these data revealed that, They had Used a value of e, different from that used in thé paper (ee GootT zather than = 00018). ‘This discrepancy plus minor inac- Guracies in plotting and scaling accounts for the bulk of the difference indicated by Fig. C,D, and E "The authors do not share the enthusiasm of Messrs. Iyengar and Narayanaswamy that Fig. 11 and 12 justify the adoption of limit design for redundant structures, It must be noted that the members discussed jn this paper are symmetrically reinforeed, and are thus not typical flexurel members. Also, the influence of strain hardening’ on the imo- nent curvature relationship has not been considered in this study. Strain hardening would-reduce the range of pure plastic behavior of @ cross fection. Finally, it is important to recognize that the paper deseribes {he relationship’ between moment and curvature for a eross section and I the relationship between moment and rotation for a member. In a peam, the presence of a moment gradient, for example, will limit the Tength of the region over which plastic behavior can take place. Thus, aitmough the moment-curvature relationship indicated considerable Guetlity the total rotation might not be sulficfent to assure complete ‘moment redistribution, ‘The writers would agree with Mr. Kabaila that, for members or for structural systems, instability must be considered as a failure mode. However, they ean not agree that Eq. (2) is an adequate representation of the eriterion for instability. For example, long slender columns be- tome unstable before the condition represented by Eq, (2) is reached. Members which are parts in a redundant structural framework can sus- tain deformation greater than would be indicated by Eq. (2) Thus the veriters conclude that one can not speak of the stability of the cross Sestion, as Mr. Kabaila has attempted to do, but rather one must ex- amine the stability ofthe entire structural system. U [ACI BUILDING CODE—APPENDIX 905 (2) Te shall be assumed thatthe maximum concrete stain is limited to O03 so thatthe section is controlled by tesion when: 085 fa (smn 90,000 + fy fx being liited as for Eq, (AZa) and (ATR), The section is controll Resear coal aug ge ae (©) When the section is controlled by tension, the ultimate strens ot exceed that computed bys ih al P. = 85/2 bd (7° ~ pm + (I~ ef) St VT= fF ICH pm FY eT ATA. (89) (2) When the secon is controled by compresion, a linear relationship betweea axial load and moment may be assumed for values of Pa beoween ae by Ey (A) and he ome ie gh sn (a6), For this range theultimate svength ina be computed by ether Eq, (Al0) or (AIL): eh my ee we 1+ [(Po/Ps) — 1] efev" Ath n= a= a) + A610-Bending and axiol load: Circlor sections (2) The ultimate strength of citclar sections rbjec to combined bend- ing and axial load may be computed on the basis of the equations of equi- Tbviam taking into acount inelastic deformations er by the empires formulas Eq, (AU) and (AD): “When tension conto 038 ) an (an) PS ) fe ba + Avis ~ Ady - (AB) (Alo) (an) os omen ff D When compression controls:

    You might also like