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Construcciones Especiales: You Created This PDF From An Application That Is Not Licensed To Print To Novapdf Printer
Construcciones Especiales: You Created This PDF From An Application That Is Not Licensed To Print To Novapdf Printer
ESPECIALES
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EXPLOTACION DE
CANTERAS
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PIEDRA CALIZA
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LAJA
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ARENA DE SILICE
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ARENA DE SILICE
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MARMOL
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GRANITO
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ARCILLA
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AFIRMADO
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Unidad N 02
MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS Y
EXPLOTACION DE CANTERAS
CLASE 03
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Agenda
Introduccin
Canteras.- Definicin, tipos y seleccin.
Uso de explosivos en cantera de roca
Equipos utilizados en la explotacin de canteras
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Logro de la Clase
El alumno al finalizar la clase deber tener los
conocimientos bsicos del concepto de la
explotacin de canteras, de los equipos
utilizados y del uso de explosivos en estos
trabajos.
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Canteras, definiciones
Se denomina cantera a los lugares de donde
se extraen los materiales para la construccin,
estos son en mayora minerales.
Por tratarse de minerales se considera que
una cantera es una explotacin de minerales y
esta es a tajo abierto.
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Canteras, definiciones
Tipo de canteras:
Roca fija
Roca Suelta
Conglomerado (Hormign, canto rodado,
arena)
Arcilla
Otros
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Criterios de seleccin de
canteras: Criterios Econmicos
a) Potencia de la cantera.
b) Distancia a los lugares de empleo.
c) Accesos.
d) Necesidad del empleo de explosivos.
e) Equipos necesarios especiales.
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Fases de Explotacin
Estudios en base a criterios anotados.
Construccin de los caminos de accesos.
Desbroce y Limpieza.
Remocin de materiales (Procesos de
Explotacin.
Clasificacin de los materiales (chancado,
zarandeo y otros).
Carguo y Transporte.
Nota:
Puede incluir una fase de carguo,
nuevas operaciones de voladura y lavado del
material.
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Equipo a utilizarse
Manuales:
Perforadores de mano
Perforadores sobre ruedas (wagon
Equipos de perforacin drill)
Mecnicas:
Perforadores sobre carriles u orugas
(track drill)
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadoras mecnicas
Pueden ser neumticas o hidrulicas,
remolcables o autopropulsadas y se pueden
desplazar sobre orugas o llantas.
Los perforadores rotopercutivos, estos
equipos son de impacto de una pieza de acero
(pistn) que golpea a un elemento que a su
vez transmite la energa al fondo del barreno
por medio de un elemento final (broca).
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Perforadoras mecnicas
Dependiendo de la ubicacin del martillo
estos equipos se clasifican en:
- Martillos en cabeza y en martillos de fondo.
Como todos los equipos tiene ventajas y
desventajas.
La experiencia es muy importante para poder
escoger que equipo de perforacin, es el ms
rendidor para la clase de obra que vas a
ejecutar.
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Equipos de Clasificacin
(chancadoras, alimentadoras,
zarandas y
mquinas lavadoras).
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Chancadoras (trituradoras)
En una planta o en obra este equipo de
trituracin necesita equipos alimentadores y
clasificadores.
En el proceso de trituracin se debe tener
en cuenta la forma de alimentar el material
que se va a procesar, puede ser a una
trituradora, a una banda transportadora, a
un volquete, todo depende de la forma que
se disee la planta.
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Chancadoras (trituradoras)
Debe lograrse el flujo continuo para tener una
buena produccin, existen varios tipos de
alimentadores.
Qu es un alimentador?
El alimentador es un dispositivo mecnico
para suministrar o abastecer con materiales a
mquinas o depsitos.
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Tipo de alimentadores
- Alimentadores de zapatas (apron feeders).
- Alimentadores vibratorios (vibrating feeders).
- Alimentadores de vaivn (plate feeders).
Los tipos de alimentadores, tienen ventajas y
desventajas, es necesario saber escoger o
fabricarlos de acuerdo al material y al diseo
de la distribucin de la planta trituradora.
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Tipo de alimentadores
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Tipo de alimentadores
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tju3FL2Bl
UY
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Tipo de alimentadores
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRLLl7l9jf
0
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Chancadoras (trituradoras)
En una planta de trituracin, este equipo es el
que reduce de tamao el material.
El proceso consiste en quebrar el material por
la accin de una fuerza de compresin o
impacto, aplicada a travs del movimiento
peridico de aproximacin y alejamiento de
una superficie de trituracin mvil y otra
superficie fija o de un movimiento giratorio de
una o ms masas.
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Chancadoras (trituradoras)
Las chancadoras se clasifican en primaria,
secundaria, terciaria y as consecutivamente
de acuerdo al tamao del material terminado.
Otra clasificacin es de acuerdo a la posicin
del eje, horizontal vertical con dos ejes, y otras
o segn el sistema que se emplee para romper
o quebrar el material.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz6V2sH
36Yc
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Chancadoras
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Chancadoras
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Trituradora de mandbulas
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Trituradora de cono
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Trituradora de impacto
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Trituradora de rodillo
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Sizer (trituradoras)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIL17rGuZwY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIL17rGu
ZwY
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Clasificadores
El proceso de clasificacin, zarandeo o
cribado, es el siguiente:
- Se clasifica por efecto de la gravedad.
- Las partculas pequeas por el movimiento
vibratorio se filtran entre las ms grandes.
- Al final por el mismo movimiento vibratorio o
giratorio el material ms grande se desplaza a
lo largo dela malla.
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Tipos de clasificadoras
1- Zarandas Vibratorias.
2- Giratorios o de tambor.
3- De tornillo sin fin.
4- Ruedas decantadoras.
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Zaranda Vibratoria
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Zaranda Vibratoria
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Zaranda Giratoria
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Zaranda Giratoria
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Zaranda de tambor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUv5GLaDVj0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUv5GLa
DVj0
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Zaranda de Tornillo
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Ruedas decantadoras
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Rueda decantadora
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Alimentador
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Alimentador
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Equipos Auxiliares
-
Grupos electrgenos
Equipos de remocin
Equipos de acarreo
Compresoras
Fajas transportadoras
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Grupos electrgenos
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Equipos de carguo
(cargadores frontales)
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Compresora
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Compresora
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Compresora
Compresoras en lnea
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Fajas transportadoras
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Fajas transportadoras
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Fajas transportadoras
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Fajas transportadoras
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USO DE EXPLOSIVOS
Uso directo
CANTERAS
SEGN SU USO
De Roca
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Canteras de Roca
Produccin de piedra para concreto.
Produccin de piedra para espigones o
rompeolas.
Produccin de piedra para represas.
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USO DE EXPLOSIVOS
Explosivos Violentos.Son compuestos qumicos plsticos o
lquidos que presentan una descomposicin
en forma casi instantnea por una accin
externa. (Detonacin).
En la detonacin se genera una reaccin
qumica exotrmica, transformada en gases y
vapor de agua.
La velocidad de la Onda es ms 4000m/seg,
la temperatura de 2500C 5000C y
presiones de 2500 atmsferas.
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COMO ES EL PROCESO DE
DETONACIN
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Zona de Reaccin
Explosivo an no alterado
Plano Chapman-Jouguet
Frente de choque
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Prevalece el efecto de
impacto (Brisance) por
accin de la onda de
choque,
que
se
transfiere al medio
circundante produciendo
la
presin
de
detonacin y presin
de taladro (trituracin
de la roca).
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CLASIFICACIN
POR SU POTENCIA
POR SU COMPOSICIN
POR SU CONSISTENCIA
POTENCIA:
-Primarios: Elevada potencia y sensibilidad, se usan
como cebos o iniciadores.
-Secundarios: Tipo comercial standard, usados en la
explotacin de gran escala.
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COMPOSICIN
Simples: Un solo compuesto qumico,
homogneo,
explosivo
detonante
propiamente dicho, nitroglicerina.
Mezclados: Mezcla interna, homognea y
balanceada de elementos que en si mismos no
son explosivos. Plvora, Nitrato de Amonio.
Compuestos: Mezcla mecnica simple +
reactivos qumicos: Tretilo + Nitrato de
Amonio.
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CONSISTENCIA
-Plsticos: se adaptan a las forma de barras,
son resistentes al agua.
-Slidos : En cartuchos o en material
granular en paquetes, son menos resistentes
al agua.
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PROCESOS DE FRACTURACIN
Interaccin de las ondas de compresin y de
tensin en cargas explosivas simples en
superficie.
A- UNA SOLA CARA LIBRE
B- CON DOS CARAS LIBRES
Efectos:
En la roca volada:
1- Roca volatilizada
2- Roca con fragmentacin menuda
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PROCESOS DE FRACTURACIN
3- Roca con fragmentacin gruesa y con
proyeccin hacia arriba.
En el Crter:
A- Zona muy fracturada, debilitada.
B- Zona de Fisuras
C- Zona de deformacin plstica, ya sin
agrietamiento.
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roca
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3
2
1
A
B
C
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roca
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3
2
1
A
B
C
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CANTERA (BANCO)
Spacing
Burden
Bench
Heigth
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CANTERA (BANCO)
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Carga de
Columna
K-2V
lp
Carga de
Fondo
V
V: Separacin
frontal
lb
0.3 V
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A.-VOLADURA EN SUPERFICIE
Existen numerosos procedimientos para
efectuar el clculo de los parmetros
fundamentales de voladura (malla, factor
de carga, longitud de taladros, etc.) por lo
que en este caso solo presentamos
algunos principios que puedan servir
como gua para el diseo de una voladura,
basndonos mayormente en el dimetro
de perforacin que permite trabajar el
equipo del que dispone el usuario.
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A.-VOLADURA EN SUPERFICIE
Debemos tener en cuenta que la voladura de
banco y la subterrnea mantienen los mismos
criterios, ya que fundamentalmente buscan
los mismos resultados, y que finalmente una
vez creada la cavidad de arranque en un
frontn subterrneo este se convierte en un
banco anular.
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VOLADURA EN SUPERFICIE
La voladura en superficie comprende a:
Bancos de canteras y tajos abiertos,
excavaciones, zanjas.
Corte de taludes a media ladera.
Obras viales.
Voladuras en agricultura.
Casos especiales como la voladura
secundaria y los trabajos de Smooth Blasting
( recorte o pre-corte), pero
Fundamentalmente se concretan a bancos.
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NOMOGRAMA 1a
Lneas principales
2A
2B
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(Propiamente el Nomograma)
Nomograma 1a
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Ejemplo:
Calcular la mxima separacin frontal
Altura del Banco
K= 6.00 mts
d = 32 mm
p = 1.25 (con mquina)
s = 1.00
E = 1.3 V
Dimetro Barreno
Grado de Atacado
Dinamita 35%
Espacio entre barrenos
Inclinacin 2a1
Resistencia Especfica Roca S = 0.4
Ruta en Nomograma 1a
(a, b, c, d, e, f, g)
V max = 1.65 m
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(Propiamente el Nomograma)
Nomograma 1a
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ejemplo.
Ruta: Partiendo de V max = 1.65 mts
Del NOMOGRAMA 1A
RUTA (g, f, e, d, c,b, a)
FONDO DE CARGA: lb = 1.25 kg/m
De la Geometra del barreno
por lo tanto
lb = V + 0.3V = 1.3V
lb = 1.3 x 1.65 = 2.145 mt
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del ejemplo
Ruta: Partiendo de V max = 1.65 mts
RUTA (g, f*, d,c)
NOTA * Se pasa de frente sin regresar a la lnea punteada
(en la linea de la inclinacin del barreno).
CARGA DE COLUMNA: lp = 0.54 kg/m
De la Geometra del barreno
por lo tanto
lp = K 2V
lp = 6.00 2 x 1.65 = 2.70 mt
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Qf
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