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Vanhaeren & D'errico Strontium Dentalium
Vanhaeren & D'errico Strontium Dentalium
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas
Abstract
While the identication of the source of shells used as personal ornaments is crucial for determining home range and exchange
networks of prehistoric hunter-gatherers, it is often dicult to identify the coastal versus fossil origin of the shells as most genera
used as beads were available both at beaches and fossil outcrops. Here we present the rst application of 87Sr/86Sr isotope dating to
identify the origin of Upper Palaeolithic shell beads. We analysed four out of a collection of one thousand Dentalium shells
associated to the La Madeleine child burial dated to 10; 190G100 BP and one Dentalium from the occupation layers of this site.
87
Sr/86Sr ratios indicate that shells were collected by Late Upper Palaeolithic beadworkers on far away beaches rather than at nearer
Miocene outcrops. This may be due to the narrowness of Miocene Dentalium shells, incompatible with the size of bone needles used
to sew these shell beads on clothes.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Sr isotopes; Personal ornaments; Grave goods; Dentalium shell; Magdalenian; Azilian; Exchange networks
1. Introduction
Shell ornaments are often used to identify possible
cultural boundaries and exchange networks among
Upper Palaeolithic human groups. Discovery at Mediterranean sites of shell species collected on Atlantic
shores such as Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata
and Nucella lapillus and, conversely, of Mediterranean
species such as Cyclope neritea, Homalopoma sanguineum, and Columbella rustica at sites located in the
South-West of France and the North of Europe, is
interpreted as evidence for long distance travelling or
trade [1e3,5,10,15e19,21,25,27,36e40,42e44]. Similar
interpretations are proposed for fossil Eocene shells
) Corresponding author. UMR 7041 CNRS, Archeologies et
Sciences de lAntiquite, Ethnologie prehistorique, 21 allee de
luniversite F-92023 Nanterre, France. Tel.: C33-1-46-69-24-16; fax:
C33-1-46-29-24-17.
E-mail address: vanhaere@mae.u-paris10.fr (M. Vanhaeren).
0305-4403/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jas.2004.03.011
1482
2. Archaeological context
The La Madeleine child burial was discovered in 1926
by Peyrony [9] in the eponymous site of the Magdalenian, near Tursac, in the Dordogne region of France.
The skeleton is from a 3e7 year old child and recently
was dated directly by AMS to 10; 190G100 BP (GifA
95457), i.e. between 10,200 and 9600 cal BC [20]. The
single drawing of the burial made during the excavation
shows that the child lay straight on her/his back and
that a multitude of ornaments were located on the head
and around the neck, elbows, wrists, knees and ankles
(Fig. 2a). No information is available on the precise
location of each of these ornaments. They include
(Fig. 2bem) two perforated red deer and two fox
canines, a perforated rabbit phalange and perforated
marine shells (176 Neritina, 42 Turritella, 24 Cyclope, 1
Glycymeris) and 1314 Dentalium shells [45,46]. A rabbit
humerus and a sh vertebra, both bearing natural
perforations, were found close to the skeleton and
present the same heavy ochre staining aecting the
skeleton and the personal ornaments.
The cultural attribution of the burial is problematic.
Peyrony considered the area of the site where it was
found as reworked and attributed the burial to the
Magdalenian IV on the basis of harpoon fragments
found at the same depth. The AMS date obtained on the
skeleton is compatible with an attribution to the very
Late Magdalenian as to the Early Azilian of the region
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Fig. 2. (a) Sketch of the La Madeleine burial with location of the personal ornaments (after [9: p. 122]). (bem) Personal ornaments associated to the
burial (b: Dentalium sp., c: Neritina sp., d: Turritella sp., e: Cyclope sp., f: Glycymeris sp., geh: red deer canines, iej: fox canines, k: lagomorph
phalanx, l: lagomorph humerus, m: sh vertebra). The last two specimens (lem), which bear natural perforations, were found associated to the
skeleton and present a red staining similar to that observed on the other grave goods.
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Fig. 3. Dentalium shell beads from the La Madeleine burial (aed) and
occupation layers (e) dated by Sr isotope analysis. Scale Z 1 cm.
4. Results
Two of the three smooth Dentalium shells from the
burial (Figs. 3a,c and 4, Table 1) and the one from the
occupation layers of the site (Figs. 3e and 4, Table 1)
reveal an 87Sr/86Sr ratio close to present day values
(w0.7092). The third smooth Dentalium from the burial
(Figs. 3b and 4, Table 1) provides a slightly lower value,
compatible with an age ranging between the present and
1 Ma. The striated shell from the burial (Figs. 3d and 4,
Table 1) has an 87Sr/86Sr ratio corresponding to an age
between 0.7 and 1.9 Ma. All these ratios signicantly
dier from those available for Dentalium shells from the
Miocene outcrops of the region (Fig. 4, Table 1).
Noteworthy, the ratios measured on fossil Dentalium are
virtually identical to those obtained from shells belonging to six other genera (Anadara, Glycimeris, Turritella,
Donax, Nuculana, Oxistele) from the same biostratigraphic unit [7].
5. Discussion
The 87Sr/86Sr ratio in Dentalium shells recovered from
an archaeological site depends essentially on the ratio of
the ocean water in which they lived and, in case of postdepositional diagenesis, on that of the water responsible
for the recrystallisation of the original shell aragonite
into calcite [28]. Although calcite resulting from this
process was in principle removed from our shells by
substantial acid leaching, only subsequent XRD analysis
of crystallinity could have completely ruled out diagenetic contamination of the samples. Sample weight after
leaching was insucient to perform both Sr and XRD
analyses. Therefore we cannot exclude that 87Sr/86Sr
ratios of La Madeleine Dentalium shells are biased by
meteoritic waters, and must consider this possibility
when extrapolating age estimates from Sr determinations. The La Madeleine rock shelter is formed in
Cretaceous, more precisely Coniacian, limestone (Fig. 1).
This 85 Ma old formation is characterised (Fig. 4) by
a very low 87Sr/86Sr ratio (w0.7075) [13,23]. If meteoritic
water with an 87Sr/86Sr ratio inuenced by the Sr content
of the local bedrock produced a calcite layer on the beads
and this deposit was not completely eliminated by shell
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/ 86Sr
0.7095
La Madeleine
0.7090
Burdigalian (Miocene)
18 Ma
Coniacian (Cretaceous)
88 Ma
0.7085
0.7080
0.7075
0.7070
N
0.7065
87Sr
50
100
J
150
Tr
200
P
250
Carb
300
Age (Ma)
D
350
S
400
450
Cam
500
550
/ 86Sr
0.70920
La Madeleine
Dentalium shells
0.70915
0.70910
0.70905
0.70900
0.70895
1
d
b
Age (Ma)
c
a
e
Fig. 4. Evolution of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of seawater and values obtained for the La Madeleine Dentalium shell beads and for the Miocene outcrop of
Saucats-La Bre`de (top: modied after McArthur et al. [28], bottom: modied after Farrell et al. [14]).
1486
Table 1
Weight,
87
Sr/86Sr and age estimates of Dentalium shells from La Madeleine burial, occupation layers, and Sauctas-La Bre`de Miocene outcrops
Context
La
La
La
La
La
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
Madeleine
burial
burial
burial
burial
occupation layer
Leognan (Burdigalian)b
Saucats (Burdigalian)b
a
b
c
d
Sr/86Sr
Sample
weight (mg)a
87
2.4
4.8
4.1
1.3
1.2
0.709204
0.709170
0.709201
0.709131
0.709206
e
e
0.708489
0.708520
G2 sigma
Age (My)
Fig. 3
Minimum
Maximum
G0.000032
G0.000010
G0.000016
G0.000014
G0.000010
0c
0c
0c
0.65c
0c
0.58c
1.07c
0.81c
1.9c
0.3c
a
b
c
d
e
G0.000024
G0.000032
19.78d
19.27d
20.23d
19.73d
e
e
6. Conclusion
Strontium isotopic analysis appears an eective mean
to attribute an age to shells used as personal ornaments
by Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers and infer from this
result where the shells may have been collected. The
measurement of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio currently represents
the only method which allows an age attribution to
shells older than 40 ka BP. Joint application of XRD
analysis to large enough specimens can identify possible
diagenetic contamination and evaluate the bias it may
introduce in the age attribution and source identication. Contrary to the tiny La Madeleine Dentalium
beads many shell ornaments from Palaeolithic sites have
a size that allows sampling for Sr and XRD analysis
without signicantly altering the object appearance.
Also, collections of shell beads from burial and occupation sites often consist of dozens if not hundreds of
shells. Therefore the loss of archaeological material
resulting from these analyses may be considered as
tolerable.
In sum, we have shown that 87Sr/86Sr dating of shell
beads oers valuable information on their potential
source and, by extension, on home range and exchange
networks of prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Combined
with a technological and morphometric analysis of the
beads, information on the shell provenance may provide
a better insight into the role played by bead acquisition,
manufacture and use in those societies and their function as ethnolinguistic, social and individual markers.
Acknowledgements
We thank Jean-Jacques Cleyet-Merle and Andre
Morala, Musee National de Prehistoire of Les Eyziesde-Tayac, for facilitating our study of the archaeological
material and giving permission for Sr analysis. We also
thank Norbert Clauer for constructive discussions on
shell diagenesis. Bruno Cahuzac, Jean Tastet, Laurent
Londeix and Jean-Louis Turon provided useful information on Sr isotope dating and its application to
Miocene deposits. Philippe Rocher has facilitated access
to the Saucats La-Bre`de paleontological collections.
Isotopic measurements were conducted at University
Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France). Five anonymous
referees made helpful and insightful comments on an
earlier draft of this article. This research was funded by
the OMLL program of the European Science Foundation, the ACI Espaces et Territoires of the French
Ministry of Research and Technology, and a CNRS
postdoctoral grant to M.V.
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