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Endokrinologi Manusia
Ati Harmoni
The nervous system exerts point-to-point control through nerves, similar to sending
messages by conventional telephone. Nervous control is electrical in nature and fast.
The endocrine system broadcasts its hormonal messages to essentially all cells by
secretion into blood and extracellular fluid. Like a radio broadcast, it requires a receiver to get
the message - in the case of endocrine messages, cells must bear a receptor for the
hormone being broadcast in order to respond. As will be repeatedly demonstrated, the
nervous and endocrine systems often act together to regulate physiology. Indeed, some
neurons function as endocrine cells.
Sistem Endokrin
Sistem endokrin adalah sistem pada kelenjar endokrin atau kelenjar buntu yang
menghasilkan zat kimia yang disebut hormon.
Pada umumnya pengaruh hormon berbeda dengan saraf. Perubahan yang dikontrol
oleh hormon biasanya merupakan perubahan yang memerlukan waktu panjang.
Tidak termasuk kelenjar eksokrin seperti kelenjar ludah, kelenjar keringat, dan
kelenjar dalam saluran pencernaan.
Hormon
Hormon dikelompokkan kedalam 3 kelas berdasarkan strukturnya:
1. steroid
2. peptida
3. amina
Steroid
Steroid adalah lemak yang diturunkan dari kolesterol. Testosteron adalah hormon seks pria.
Estradiol, yang mempunyai struktur seperti testosteron, bertanggung jawab atas beberapa
karakteristik seks perempuan. Hormon steroid disekresikan oleh gonad, korteks adrenal, dan
plasenta.
Gb. 1 dan 2
Tujuh kelenjar endokrin yang penting, yang
membentuk sistem endokrin manusia, yaitu
hipofisis (pituitary gland), tiroid, paratiroid,
kelenjar adrenalin (anak ginjal), pankreas,
ovarium, dan testis
Gb. 3
Kerja hormon dalam memilih sel target dan
mengantarkan pesan hormonal
Amine hormones (notably epinephrine) are stored as granules in the cytoplasm until
needed.
Sistem endokrin menggunakan siklus dan umpan balik negatif (cycles and negative
feedback) untuk mengatur fungsi fisiologis.
Siklus sekresi menjaga kontrol fisiologis dan homeostatis. Durasi siklus ini bervariasi
antara jam sampai bulanan.
Gb.4
Negative feedback in the thyroxine
release reflex
The endocrine system acts by releasing hormones that in turn trigger actions in
specific target cells.
Receptors on target cell membranes bind only to one type of hormone. More than fifty
human hormones have been identified; all act by binding to receptor molecules.
The binding hormone changes the shape of the receptor causing the response to the
hormone. There are two mechanisms of hormone action on all target cells.
Nonsteroid Hormones
Nonsteroid hormones (water soluble) do not enter the cell but bind to plasma
membrane receptors, generating a chemical signal (second messenger) inside the target cell.
Five different second messenger chemicals, including cyclic AMP have been identified.
Second messengers activate other intracellular chemicals to produce the target cell
response.
Gb.5
The action of nonsteroid hormones
Steroid Hormones
The second mechanism involves steroid hormones, which pass through the plasma
membrane and act in a two step process. Steroid hormones bind, once inside the cell, to the
nuclear membrane receptors, producing an activated hormone-receptor complex. The
activated hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and activates specific genes, increasing
production of proteins.
Gb.6
The action of steroid hormones