SUSI SRC) A MOO one Professor Richard Wollson Guidebook Contents Part of 3 tecture 2: The Amazing Oise tecture 3: The Wonderful ove Lecture 4: Seeing he Light tecture tecture 7 tecture 8 a. a Lecture 9: Goingin Circles | — Physics in Your Life tice itt ieee Taught by: Professor Richard Wolfson, Aconserative Stesk Middlebury Colege Part 1 Fan IU Nelr Nem OCI. baRichard Wolfson, Ph.D. Richard Wolo is Benjamin F Wiser Profesor of Physics at Middlebury College, where he asa elke George Adams Ells Cha ia he Libera ‘rts He did undergraduate work t MIT and Swarthmore Cle, grating from Srartmore with a double major in physics nd ptiosophy He holds Instr degre in eionmntal sti from the Univers of Michigan a 8 PAD. in phys rom Darou, Profesce Woun's published work encompasses sich divers fel s meal physics, plasma pic soar ‘ergy engineering electronic cult design, observational asonony, theo stopp, cea cs, and lnate change Hs cre research fnvolves the semaines voll erp beavie af the Sun's utr toners, or corona, He also Contes on letersi envircaenal sence, _r. Wolf patieulny concerned with aing sence lesan onscictst and to stadt romall walks of aces i, His textbook, hoses or Scents and Engineers (Adibon Wesley 1999), 0 i i hed ‘ton an as heen ranlted int several langage. His ks Nace ‘Ghoces:A Citzens Guide o Nuclear Technology (MIT Press 193) and Simpl Einstein: Relay Demi (WW. Norton, 2093 exempts ‘Walon’ tres in making Science aecesibe wo soni. He has ao [published in Scenic American pd as peace vdetaped courses fr The “Teaching Corpan cluding Emin Relat and he Quam Revolution: Modern Phsscs for Nonscientts, Energy and Climate Scene for Cirzen in the Ag of Global Warming, nd Pies n Your Le roence ‘Wollon hs pea sabbatical a the Nukonal Cntr for Atoxphere Resch in Boule, Coord; tS. Andrews University In Scand and at Stanford Drivers. (emt Te ei Cony Late ParTable of Contents Physics in Your Life Part | Profesor Biography Course Scope Lecture One Lecture Two Lecture Three Lecture Four Lecture Five Lecture: Lecture Seven Lecture Fight Lecture Nine Lecture Ten Lecture Eleven Lecture Twelve Gtossary ibography Realms of Paks -Maadle One: Sight and Sound The Amizing Die ‘The Wonderful Wave Sexing the Light Is Seeing Betiving Musi Your Ears, ‘Moadle Two: Going Places May the Fowses Be with You Arist’ Revenge Going in Cis Taking Fgh Int Space ‘AConsrative Steak Physics in Your Life Scope Physics isthe since tha gover the workings f physica ey tits ost fundamen lve. Ths, physic porta aundersanding he ukinae ttre ofthe Universe But tis gully porta inca everyday lives. The Cnmmonet actions suchas walking. brewing evn cara al sed ‘on principe of physics. The mural word delights us with ost bys thoed phenomen fom riabows and snowlkes tothe bbe of te sk. the daily Toaton of ur plone, a the celestial companions of teeing Noon. ‘And physics Bae echnlog fs uiqutous in mer ie—trom the CDs and ‘DY neti and info sto the anock rakes ha make ving ser, the Elo postoning ste that helps navigate aboot or planet, mec imaging ta enhances cur heskh, microwaves hat cook ou foo, alpanes that trasgrt sviy abou the globe srs that can oor supermarket purchases, nthe semicondictor electronic a the hea fear sompats cell hones. ‘ital camera personal dig aetna audiovisual systems. This course ious princes of pss tough ter appliation rena ile Is moethan cous apis and mare than aunts of haw things work.” Rater, combine the wo offering ack forth icrply fetwech everyday application of physies and he physics principles ede to understand them, Applicaton inl the sips every ‘sven, natal phenomena that fet ear everyday Hines and especialy Inoder echnsogy Physics principles covered ange from Newtons avs of ‘ation, Known fo und of yeast sil ay eleva. concepts fom Stam and quantum physic that unde sch vere technologies 8 Semiconductor electronics, ler, and medical imaging “The course organized nts moles osx etre ach Theft Hive nodules dal wth poi real of phys and lated applications; the sh is {pinouts application tht ra from more ha oe ofthe earer Insts, Although thee oct saahiforward pth hough the myriad Aplications inca her, the ects are designed o Bud on each head {oflow smoothly from oe to the thet. Phe in Your ies med at fneligent noses, and the resentation of physics coneps and ppiations iv etelyaonmateratcal ‘Given tat te couye present om avis me, the Fst modle— ‘Sight and Sound™hepns wth the echoology Bend CDs and DVDS. nat nly explaining how dove work busing questions tat ead wo the base Pricils light and sound, Subsogcat lectures explore tes ences in lication tsi divers ope se alabows, opal ites For ‘ammunition, sia insroment, ad laser ison conection. ‘6x01 The Tei Cony Lined Pee“Going Places looks at tion an aplication, from imple walking to ‘modern afrobiletcnologysiplne Might and space ave. This module is faved on Newton's avs, gentle o nla such diverse tops a aid tation, conservation of energy nd the Ayam of space ight rom ‘Smuniations stele serpy exploration “tag lo, Turn On” explores he electomagnetc basi of many ‘omtemporay teoogis and tral phenomena, Mater self ticks together through elect nteractions, while the iat reltons between lest ‘pti are the Berto echnoogies ranging fom etic mtr emerson videotapes ad eeit cuds, We've leamed munrous ways 10 rodice lsc entry, and we respet nt only the good i can do at lo the ‘ingest poses, Fnlly eesti and magnetism join to make possible the ‘dostromagoctic wanes that inca sb igh and that emul he proving bos tf witless technologies nour every ves. “rom Atom to Computer” stars with asc ieas in atomic phys and buis through explanation of the semicondtr materia the basi of ls "leeonics the operation ofthe transistors ht are the eset eleironc ‘Sponemts the aglemeraton clase fo billion tanssersintodays mst Sophisticate in grated cuit the simple logical peatons tt und all ‘computers cn do; and he ssa organzation of an elie computer. “The fith nodule, “Fie and fe” nodes concepts and aplicaions read to eat, Lets range fom “Physic inthe Kitchen to Lie ithe {Greenwater look at ow peices of thermal pis establish aniline and how we humans be changing ht clint. “The Tip of tn Tecberp describe he thermal response of materials ineong the usual ‘havior of water obo gud and oi orm-—a behavior wih enormous implications fr life on Earth. The module ens with a ok at humanity's Apple for eng inthe face of intatons posed by the laws of thermodynamics. Those las hemscves ar the subject of “Like a Work of Shakespeare lstre so tilod Beas ne soc a has been Jered as ‘Social oa dosed personas the Ban's writings “Te sith module a potpours of pplication an principles fm the spi tote commie. Your Place om Earth dese the weekigs and increasing! pervasive aplication ofthe spce-hased Global Posoning System (GPS). "Dance and Spin looks tspplicaton of aia don rom dance to plas. “The Light Fanta explores te opeaton of srs and thet plains in eberything rm supermarket eaners othe Inert. Noles ‘Matters lack st he bhi the scenes oes that nuclear pies plays in our Tes Phys in Your Boy” empasies modern moa techniques sich NMR and price ea treatment for cance. The couse eds wih “Your Plice inthe Universe” tracing the soy of your own body fromthe earls eve the Big Bane Lecture One Realms of Physics ‘Scope: Physic ihe fundamental science, describing the workings of ysl reality om scales fom stom cosmic tines from ariamably tiny faction of seconds ios o year. We hans nse a ltexpa, are somber in he mide oF this wast range, Physics toocbe ou everyday Hves—from the ns commonplace a tthe phi technologies that we ake los fr pant the ‘tural pheomens tha shape or emironmen. Tin course expres ‘eat many ofthe ways in which physics connects wih you ie Providing not only smorgasbord of physics aplicans but soa [rounding nthe undrsing pnp and onlaental avs of ae Hisorcly physic divides nto tvo grat calms casi and Inodern. Clasps, firmly estaba by the year 10, nevertheless reine italy relevant ocho every if. Modern Piysis extends or understanding Wo reams of the ery sale vy fas and he very massive though the theories of quantum physics ad reaiviy, Despite these arcane contexts, modern pis fat he eat ‘uch everyday techaog) Physics lo dvides by subject Thee tre the piso motion or ethan: lect and magnets topics and ig the phi of eat an ther heal phenomena: ad theextensions of hese branches fo the ati cl, Thi cours \eonely organize nto moles hase on these subj esl, Sarg. pproprintly fram avis bsed core, with the ysc fight ‘nd sound and mong tro motion eect and mgt: he ‘Moc and cher pss Bind leis, specially compote ant the physics of heat and eneay. Each dul emphasizes appiaions in ‘rend i, pounded in hae encpes. Atal meu presets pour of applications hat bend les fn ci a he course Outline Physic iin your fe! Al everyday scivites involve pss [Ac Allinvolve your intrasing with physical rsiy—elther human mae tschnology ce the trl enone 1B, Thats what physics is about the mate and working of psi really C.Kaowing phys in is pplication o everythings enhances your derstanding and ppecation ofthe weed around ou. ema as ‘mk youa wiser wer of echnology and a eter steward ofthe tra wt e101 eng Cony Lint PepDe Mativaton fr this our exploe applications of pyc in your ‘vera li invlving oth enol and mtr penomen. THs ‘Sota sandar! physics course, nor singly a "how things work plication ut combiaton f the two You come otf the Course undcstanding moony the workings f many every ‘henomena bu so the py peisipls ching thes Pigsies encompass range of nerelated reals, diinguisabe by the eciic sorso psi phenomen described orb historical conte. A ‘Rui f plyscs hve some baring onthe pyc feu ever ives, Tt most fever physics alls under the ream of elas! phys [Ae Classical pis rte to the wderstanding of pia ei ‘Seveloped elne abou 1900. Although long establishes, classical Pye ll very moch lie and contemporary. W'sclasel pis {hands robot explores on Mars, explain silane gto cas the operation of stock rakes and atomssivesabiaton systems ‘Cancale compos evra subfihs A. Mechanics is he sly of mution, Developed by ane Newon Some 300 years ago cli mechanics apis stems angie From ugly the site of molecules op ost and galanies. THe masa eal alls oughly in the mille ofthis vast ae 2. Elecromagntion ecompsses Wo previous dns aes of Sindy cect aod mughtom, Electromagnetism iat he bass fall our ect nd eletonc technology Light rao, TV tncronaves infrared lait and ays ae all waves whose tre fundamen elecuomagnei ‘3. Optics ste stay of light and its havior imately classical ‘piss ranch electromagnet, ba tis oie explored 3 ‘Sarat abject. Clasieal opis els ws how to bul instrament ‘ging rn microscopes hugh eyeglass ad contact mses {cesopes, Principles of pes dictate the reshaping of the cores inasr vison comestion, And pial phenomena ae widespread inate, Many ofthe inl of opis apy aswel wo sound Thermodinanics sth a of beat and related phenomena “Among ter things, pinspes of thexmedynamis el ws ow to tecp warm infec and cool inthe eat termine Earth's Climate nd the changes we'e casing inthe climate; and show ‘ahy we can't build perf elicien engines and powe plan. B._Atthough classical physis dos an excellent job describing many ‘regs phenomenal as break down in the elms the Sexy amal the very fas and whet gravity ery song. These ress ‘ein ne desertion of pial ely, wich wete developed arly in th 20 entry a re elle, ollectvely, made pix. ‘Casical physics cn Be considered a approximation othe mre ‘Scouse desitons of modem physics a apoximaton ta fect adequate in mos everyday physics. Theis of mde Bigs are covered in the Techig Company couse Ensen’ Relais andthe Quant Revolton: Mover Psi or Noniclens, 1.” Special relay dal wit objets moving a high ped reaive ‘oon another Het. highspeed means ped approaching the speed of ight Because everyday objets n't move with sch ‘Seis relative tous, speci lady tof fied appieabity n sey psa nar cecaos it ms be General ela subsumes special reatvity and desis trav, The profictons of genera reli sir rom Newton's Etassical hey of gravity ony when gravity very strong—soch smear black ols o in the eal Universo when considering the large scale rete af the Universe Difrenes between lassi physi and general eat re iil 0 dete in ou Solar system athough ane technological ppiation —the Global Fodtoning Sytem isso sense ta general relay mos he {ates in sccount, Phsophically relat ally aes oo ‘oon of space and ine, but agai, those aeatos ae nek Significant in mont everyday phenomens. ‘Quant hss Severin athe sales Seas — {sneally, he size of eto ad salle. As nih, qn physics Js linately athe basis of al everyday phenomena ease _qantim pipes determin the strate of atoms and hs they oto mike he myriad stances we del wih evry ds And ‘ant principles are tthe Basis of everday ecole, such {Sseiconductor electrons and las. ‘Arima goal to uoderstand al of physical eaty intr of ‘single Theory of Beehing, Physics have mae peat tides here as inthe merging of elec and magnet followed by opis unde the rove lectromagnotism Bot we ae thee ein particular o one has et figured out how to recone ean phys ith general ela. Av area, we dont have th avesoate desertion of sala penomens a he presence ‘fron praviyat happens a he centro black hale o in the ‘ervey Unione [Athough physics has Ben suscexfl in explaining natin developing ew techosopi, her's eas to be buble: Recent “rontmial eservatiocouple wih elementary patle Theos confi hat at st aout percent ofthe Univers is ‘omposed of atest we Koo Te est consist of mysterious dark mater and dark energy, abou which we know alosI, Back oesenday pss Te eure sve imo six males of i Iecues each, The fin five ules each comespond ta paticulr are of Pigsc ora cology the ast s potpourri f piss applications 6 Lecture Tiny: Energy in Your Life FF. Mode Six: Poor tha snealy ea on mre tan one ofthe preceding modes Each ‘ectre Thit-One: Your Place o Earth lecture imrodices mi of piss picipls and everyiay applications. 2 Lecture Thie)Twe: Dane and Spin “The anoach is entiely quali -no math! Although the "Going 3. Lecture Tiey-Thee: The Light Fantastic Despet ealings iy involv ath) We start wih Mele One, "Sight and ‘Lecture Thiey-Fou: Nuclear Mates Sour because ths an aonsa-bsed course. Asadisliner, keep '. Lectre Tice: Physics i Yous Body in min: Thee’ fr more “pis your THe than wil Tit imo 36 ale {© Lecture Thiny-Six: Your Pace inthe Universe our ecu! Hees a out: |A. Module Onc ight and Sound oe 1. Lecture Two (Lect One this ioduction; The Amazing Dis Pa Hewit, Conecptua Pls, cape 2 Lestre Taree: The Woodefal Wave LW. Thomas Git, The Phys of Everyday Phenomena: A Conceptual 3 Lecture Four Seeing the Lit Tniredacion to Phy, chapel 4X Lete Five: Is Sving Being? Les Sc Manito Your Eas et asa (eager alg 1. Give several examples of everyday ecologies that rece based in ace atae Esta oak td pie any 10 ely the reali of pss a's mast leant to each Lestre Eight: Arsod’s Revenge (Give several examples of ual phenomena ta acer based in ‘este Nine: Going isos gsc andy 1 ely the rein fps that's mat leant each Ls Ter: Taking Flight 'S Leste Eleven: nto Space {6 Lec Twelve: A Conserve Steak (C.- Madule Three: Pla Ia. Turn On 1. Lecture Titeen: The Elec Heart of Mates 2. Lela Fourteen: Hares the Electrical Genie 'X Leste Ftc: A Magnetic Personality ‘Leste Sisen: Making Bestiiy 'S_ Leste Svenen Credit Crd Power Plnt ‘6 Lest iphcen Making Waves D._ Medal Far From Atom to Computer 1. Leste Nineten: The Mise Element 2. Lete Twenty: The wench Century's Gres! lvention? ‘3 Lecture Twenty One: Buln the ElectoicsRevoltion 4 Lesure Twenty. Two: Cheis—So Logi! . Lectre Tweny-Tinee How's Your Memey? 6 Lecture Twenty-Four: Atm o Computer E. Mose Five: Fie and ee 1. Lectre Twenty ive: Keoping War 2 Lest Twenty Sit Lien the Gresshouse 2. Lectre Twony-Seven: The Tip ofthe leborg 4X Lecture Twenty Eight Phsice athe Kitchen . Lecue Twenty Nin Like Work of ShakespeareModule One: Sight and Sound Lecture Two ‘The Amazing Disc Scope: The compact die an its cowsin the DV, provide a vial metaphor Fora of pyscs. Discs oat, a o objets fom car wel plans ‘They sor information, ale he have in common wih magnetic tapes, creda sis, semiconductor electronics, phonopan fReonds and DNA molecules, Theyre ead wih an opal stem hat Involves laser andthe refleton, resto, and reece of fight ‘The steam of inforationconing of the dsc manipulated by ‘sched lectroni crite and nal, using a varity of physics [rncpes comer it and sound fr Your eyes and ears. You's hot ky viewing this course ona DVD, and even if you en, these eves almost ceri ply aol in your ie (vel get 10 VES ‘stp in alae str). The process involved in reoring and playing a CD oe DVD provide earpes of any fundamental rnp of physic This stare nodaces thse amazing ics as ‘tay of opening window it the oder eal of phys Outline “The cous’ st mole, “Sit and Sound,” explores everyday Phenomena bused on the shaver of Wight waves ad soul Waves. This is Feet uses compact diac and DVDs as metaprs forthe whole realm of pips, speci for the pbenomena of ight and Sound A. For viewers and listeners wih tapes—we'l cover those, to, but ater B. Motion: Discs oe, and hey do so wth varying spet—hy? isc ar an optical storage medium, They involv ses an the Felton ecto, and tererence of ight waves . Disc infomation procese electronically This insoes emiconditors whose operation Is overped by fom and slit sc. ins deliver sound and vise images. This involves the behavior of Sound waves andthe focusing fight in ecological systems andthe man eve iso: Cs and DVD culainate a long history of auo and video storage Systems. Viewers an date teeles by their ist ado tchlogy These Thc wan clin wie vor, T-pm records lone paying recon ‘elec pe, an au: and ideoessetes. TIL Te amazing dis: A quick ook gies insights into his ecology but als oxo The eta amg Lint Patti raises more questions whos answers iin undying principles of pies Here, we conentate on information trae and reveal withthe CD, bat the same concep app othe DVD. |A. Information ona CD is sore italy, lowing vain quality ery me the diss splayed: Dial storage contrasts withthe aalog Sage used inmost uio- and idcouapes and olde stems such 5 ‘homograph ecords With these, quai’ degrades over tne a const {oanalog dial srage aso pers eae copes 0 be mae aa tramanted oer computer ners, with mo dept in i ‘Thats big case for concern inthe ecorng nds 1 In dig devices all information sored a sequences of the igs and Itai as names inthe aay (bse2) number ‘ster. This couse, stored on dis ising ore than 2 ‘ery lng binary nmber! So sa compte pop or dita mera image. The sand Os reall its sequence of 8 bis Iisa ye. On CD, sequences of 16 umes give the Innit sound sucesive tines te CD olds 4,10 sich numbers fr ech second of recorded se actually #8200 teause ofa stereo chanel sored ina more complicated olin scheme), Those 16 bts provide 2" of about 66,000, een sound neni level, 2 The Ovand scan be coed x local sites th at of or 9 inacompuer memory. 3 pose) magne rpms O88 lmste ape, ora ps that ler the refetion fight ads. Dipl syneme ar rust an fe from nererence Bec al the ayiern mods don evap he eres Uepecn Ood L ‘There are no shales of pray beeen. 1B, Othe CD an DVD, digital information iin the form of tiny “pits ‘amped ino the plastic fhe dsc and covered with tia ayer of wt 1 The pits retin, ranging in size from 1 millions of mater Jeng an reba milion of meer wie. (A human iis shout 10 lint of a mer in ameter) Te is ie in spl ‘eeks about 6 millions of ameter apr. Tete ate aout 22.000, teks on aCD. witha lol length ore han 3 miles! The ‘umber opts deters he aout of iafomation sxe — ‘heat 74 minutes of aio or 0 ralion bytes of computer data on {sanded CD, Hold op adn od you sce rainbow olight ‘oming frm th pits nd racks, (Physics queton: Why the rainbow? See Let Five!) 2 The informations ead wih ase eam whose Light eet fom the shiny metal ofthe di. (Physics question: Hows tha laser ‘tok? Thats the subj of Lecture Thiny-Four) Besa te pits 2c samp rom above but he die ea rom below, the pits ‘210 The Testing omg Lint Patty‘Suggested Read appear to the ser ean a sod areas The hoa is somewhat Tage ha the wih ofthe ps When the Dea its lat area teen pits all festa, Buta pit edge, inrference and aterng of light wines diminishes the tensity of elected Tigh “Thos th presence ofthe pits produces a patern of varying light Intensity, and at's what Conveye te iformation on the dis, (sis question: lteference—-how's this work? Next ture!) Each pi eg represent digital I; the areas in betwen, a ital ‘3. The varying intensity ph eam s convened oan electronic signal and proceed o drive a lowpeaker or ideo disp. 44. One big advantage ofthe CD over previous nfrmaton storage ‘pst that's alot completly immune dxt—remakable {ven he tiny ize of th iformaion toring pits This feature ‘es the csi de laser Beam sit pases hough the ls oh ise, A the point ems the dic th am s $00 Ties lage th i te formation aye: us dst pails fa larger than the pts don aet he Beam ignifcaly. (Physics ‘guention: How does focusing cu? Lecture Fou!) Cela ecologies inl ecordale dss and DVD TReconlable CD.R acs ne cemial des hat hecome page ten igh power lser beam his hem. Tha sr “urs the Information oot the disc and when he ds Yea" the ower poner pickup ner agin dtects the differences between ight and thr eplons, Recordable CD-RW discs are similar base Insert whose ext stature changes when exposed othe sr Becae ths process reversible the die can be wed many ines 22 YDease sll pits, more clsely spaced tak’. and moe ‘cient srage schemes to it seven Utes a5 much information on Sine the same siz ava CD. Amd dss tha is appeared cutesy in 200 wl provide more tan 30 ies the Jnformation capacity of the CD. (Physics question: What allows the tnuch reer epacy of DVDs and mee aivanced diss? Next iecture) 1D. Summary: CDs and DVDs are amazing devies, made possible wih the pplication of bas physics prtepls-—espeilly in the fk of Staves, opis and sud nthe repaid this module, we explore These Fels an heir applications nother everyday phenomena, fom Fainbows to lve srgry, pie radar o msi nthe proves we wll rower the many bass pies question raised in ur quick survey of the sing ds 00 Te eng Campy Line Peat nC Pian. The Compe iA Handk of Tord chapter Lens A Blo Ho Thins Wor: The Pye Evens fe caer Going Deeper: Ken C. Poon, The Compact Dis: A Manabook of Theory and Use, haps Jim Taylor, DVD Dempaife, chapters 1-3 ‘Question o Consider: 1. Why do digital storage moti, such as CDs and DVDs, crest a mach ester threat of copsigt ation than alo system, ich ao: nd ‘idercaetes? 2 Can you think of ay okiate iit tesoredin a pven space? the smoan of norton ht ighScope: Lecture Three ‘The Wonderful Wave Liha sun tj of fr ef ese bh ‘amples of waves Ole blade oan waves: wanes tha ar he nrg) elensed in ergs; the mirowaves that cook your fod, net your witless compar, enable the poi teach You Speeding. and provie airy with ar echo From he beglanings ‘ofthe Univer the lana tht doctors use roe your ina Lieven the wave of sanding peopl at sweeps ough otal STdium: Al these wanes hve common propria hy exhibit Similar havo Thos hast determine what nd how We ea tear te design of pia rumen and our own eyes, the Infoation storage eapty of CDs ad DVDs, natural phenomena Sch sais the constntion of musical istrumens and ivhitctre of coacer halls anda oat ofthe chaaloges and total phenomena This cre explores hase wave behvies and Properties nd shed ight ona numberof everyday pheomens, Outline 1. Most of ur cont with and knowledge about the world comes fom wanes Sight an sound involve waves. So do man technologie systems ‘pes for communication, And our kaowledge ofthe Universe beyond Elcom almost xcanivel rom lctomaghetic Wave, nlaing Tight a What's a wave? fy a disturbance tha tnspors ney but not mater Example: Wath a boat bobbi om ocean waves. Ashe wanes seep shorcard the fost st moves op and deni st cared along with the waves, Nother th ater isl ‘anes are harcteria hyseveral dint properties: 1. Ample fhe sie ofthe disturbance, For soul ampli ‘neste alton ina presi; th ret thesevarions the Toe he sound, Foe igh armpit mesic he sents of ‘Seti and magne Hels that consti te wave; the ger thew fds, the ihe he it 2 Wavelengths the distance between successive wane cess For oun shorter wavcengthscomespnd thier ich For light ‘Shorter wavslngiscorespond to blot igh longer wavelengths tovedder igh The wanclength of vil ght is tiny—about hal lion of ame half a thousandth of alee {3 Waves ael with pacar speed, For sound ha ped ‘depends onthe properties ofthe sian is apeosinatly 40 X01 Te ag omy Line Pte smctes pe second about 700 miles per hour of 1,000 feet pr ‘Scand For ight in aro vac the ped some 30.0 Simeters per secondo 186,00 miles per second. The age AieenceBescen ight and cand epee accom forthe "S- second” rule for determining the distance a lighing stk. The speed of sound lo set the pe ii forthe spesd of ost ‘sommes ira, ‘4. Thetinebetwoensccestve wave crs isthe wave period. The umber of wave eyes in each econ is the feaency, wich a ‘Smythe mere ofthe period. The nate avels on wavelength inch pred ths the wave speed esp the wavelength ‘vided by the prod oe he wavslengih nied ty the frequency, The frequency of AM radio about Tmo sce per second (1 segs Miu), while visible pt has a equeney of lout 50 tion eels pr second Allway exit some common behaviors. [AL Wave efector bce of material ices, Reflethon fom a ough sue ets in waves coming lf tiller apes: hs called Uae refestion. Reflection rom snes race, sch pt rm ‘ior, is peculiar reflection, Here smooth means hat varios the sre are ypclly slr tan the wavelength of he waves Mos ‘son depen o diflse election of lp of objets that bens dose geoff light Reletion of soup determines the couse ‘Waves vfract, changing diction when hey enter ne mari Thi ccs Beate waves ane a ileren pode dillon mera 4st a row of marchers ina parade tn when the marchers on one Side low down This els expan the focusing of ser ight emting the cer psc ofa CD or DVD and shows the paste wen king dsc most hae the sane crf controled op popes. Refacton is also response for image formation, incl a eur ‘jes av ell as fo sh phenomena st miapes ore i sobsequen Tecures) Waves interfere. Vie materia objets two waves can be athe same lace atthe ame ime: When that happens the disturbances associated ‘she two waves simpy add. This mer-rence canbe eonsreive (anes reinforce) or desucive (waves cane 1. "Questo: Suppose you had wo waves hat Were ia ep. You ‘epart them and ake ome rel it her tha he ote 9 that when you bring ther together api, hey reo fnger n ep, How mch farther would the one wave ane ote in order tt ‘strug woul ne wp wth he it wae’ re, singin toy deetv inerterence?” Cenot me etn omy Lint ry ®Asser Half a wavelength iferece wil ring he waves together ‘Gesti-trugh wots cancl completely. That aswers ou “Question shout how a CD player dtets the pt ee tha represents {Tiga Ian ao sas that he pits should be about oe ‘quarter wavelength beep. The ol round-trip pat Fight iting {pit vert igh ao iting a itis one hal wavelength, esing in desucive iterfeene 2 Wave inerleenze ko explains thse rainbows you se onthe Shiny side of CD. Ata cenain angle ight reling fT 90 cctasive acs om te CD wil travel exactly a wavelength more Inefleting ofthe more distant rack, The igh rect a this nae ofal te trcks wl interfere consrotely,maklag a xght felted am, Hes difereat clos have diferent trvelengts this happens a hierent anges for diferent ols — ence. the anton. 4. Anuiber example Waves aa microwave oven have wavelengths ‘ound 10 cemtmetr, or about ches. Dest inreence ‘vou sult in "ok! pn” where the oa wouldn't cook, To {ro ths, ovens ose te fod or have a oaig electro keep ‘hanging ihe poston of he cold spots D. Waves dat, orange diction asthe go around objets. THs et n't very obvi wage object But when an Objet 35 Sinal the welength ofthe waves i becomes aig effec. A Teal it becomes inposbe to ceo terse det objects smaller thon about wavelength nis, Thi called he aiffacion lint 1. The difaton lit never ur question abot nfrmation storage on CDs ad DVDs When CDs were invented athe early WSs ae nly small, inexpensive lasers avaiable pt cine. light CD makes sett on pt witha wavelength of 078 ricrometr (nls af acer The sizeof CD pis, aout 1-3 Incrometr long by Hala icrometer wie, a wack about 1.6 Incrometrs apart, stout he smallest tht can be ell sce ‘ih tis wavelength, DVDs in ont, se ro laser ig with Sfovelength of out 0.6 rome, Ts, the pcan be inate rd more closely spcsdascounting fr must of the inprovemea in nkrmaton storage over the CD. The “Bla discs st iroduced a 2008 use able sera abot 040 hcrometr, The lower diction lini acount fr thei ast ‘Beit sme ive ime tht of comsetonal DVD) 2 Diffaction of sound waves explains why the bas ots oud ‘muse travel eter throughs than do high nots. ‘Ofwtrctons, such scorers or dor openings, are mh smaller than the Tong wavelengths of bas oes, 1 Bose waves diac ‘oul corers and hough does. But tbe shorter wavelengths 200 he Testing Conga Lins Pet igh ots tact mach ess they don't get acum corer and through doors 3 Bats provide yet ane example ofthe diction iit. They tet heir ood—nscte with refed sound. Bt the sie of insects smaller than the wavelength ofthe Soul Waves audible humans, so they coud be detected with audible Sound Therefore, als emi shorter wavelength lesound tha we Maas cont hear, Suggested Reading: Paul Hewit, Concepaal Physics, capers 19,29, W. Thomas Griih, The Physics of Everday Phenomena: A Conceptual Introduction to Phe. chal 16 Going Deeper: Richard Wolfion and Jy M,Pasachot Physics for Scents and Engineers, chapters 16 and 37. ‘Questions to Consider: 1. Theses biological stuctues in cells camp be imaged with conven microscope sig Vise ihe Why ot (Econ Incoscopes ine used insta) 22. The pyle placement of a“subwoofer”loudapeake tht has the Towest aes foes noe ano system muh ese etic than the ‘placement of speaker that handle te higher quencies, Whyte ‘ierence? ‘3 lfthe wavelength of mironanes wed in microwave oven were yas, less than amilimeter—would ibe importa ore the food whe i's cooking?”Lecture Four ‘Seeing the Light | Scope: Light mikes possible whats for most of ws our eimary way of peecving the world. Ou eps ho more han ost detect ight they Form ages, giving ur isl epeseaon of our surroundings. A varity ‘ot ocnologls, om telescopes to microscopes, CD players to sil and setfimageyusce whee oe asin eh maging a Thee comiderations apy o conte ene. which arti in the centr than athe edges. Concave Temes. incon ae ight ‘ays over and can fee oly vita images. They ae ‘Sharseterzed by neg fol lengths, wtih how up esriptions fr eyeglasses and contact ess Chev cnet aso ake ao german. A whe uo tnyoureen te come roses mst of be eon ha ms eyes fail us, image-forming techaologies come to the rescue with ‘mages: behind it, the flexible lens adjusts to compensate for objects at ‘eslmse coma nen nr surgery Fly oder fee dances As yous ats ese EAN A pry ee acre Taco eye forme arly cad age on tee hoe this lecture, we explore the processes of image formation and image ‘epee seid te tnetaaton via crves oe teak. Fo aeeplprecneamogsnaenit rfid yo weak an the nag forms end the re, | fing bare pc on he ei, How might ibe eet? $e rv sty pug aconrex ies at of ee Outline 2. Rocaighed ee a song. dhe ings erm on of he 1. They toinage fomaton refraction, th ending ft at an ites ‘en How mig hte cone? Pu concent of | petven mo msc mcr The preceding ese uved why feo ‘Seson cbt expo faron oem mages Thay vm man on sin atng Be cre yaks ory prone xp ie A. Aleasis plese franpal shaped oat pel igh ‘tei ct mp mae re “era snd vs Te ps TP” Telnet be noth poi se ca enh porate cepa ant hail “The sore oc eg th tog he es Ths der . Opicaasranens sachs micscapes and wlecipe we es mesure wed for eyeglnses and contact es prescrigions is ‘ly the inverse ofthe fra eagth in meters. Fr example. my {72.00 comact ene ave foc of 12.00 mete, hal Foran ideal enn Hight a parallel woth ns a deft ugh the foal pon. Any 5) psig through the center of the Ten undelstd. Those facts are sulci to understand image 3 Rcal Tents ule vty of defects and distortions especialy ‘stgmatsm an cole dsotion Uestanding how nes form images simple as drawing wo ays fiom an objet beng image, one parallel wo the ns ais and the oie though the centr, The fomer dete through he fous; the lai, nde. 1. Anljc faher fom the les than the foal eng forms rea Jmagean age wbich its stay present. Examples ince the image on move sere and the mage tt ons on the retin athe ck of your ee 2 An object love to th ene than the focal length foes a via image, from which oly appears hat igh coming. This the {001 Te Tein Campy iin Pati nro. astomacl telescopes fot ihages: hee images in tar, are viewed with second les called the eepiece. In microscopy. the dation imi inroduced in the previous lecture preven the we ois iht foe imaging very small rctres—hene, the Seelopment af lero microscopes ad ther never miasng technologies, We cpr and save images using lenses o focus images ont “meer substances" that ice olasoned Hm ana vary of newer electronic devices a 1 il, ht cates chemical changes hat are made permanent inthe devloping proces In digital stil cameras an video cameras. several hinds of ectonic devices ar ase. The mont commen especial i hiher priced ‘ser the charge-coupled devi, or OCD, This device coins ‘may electronic "is," called pels x photos. the electose ‘ule a tbe depressions in an egy crate paula -nezapiel ‘mer. for example, owas an aay of 2272x1704 pees or meaty 5.9 milli pixel Ligh energy dislodge lctons, whch collet athe lectooi “bine” vig th gto onger the exposure the,or elstions cols. The information ead ou by tanstecing ‘estrone down the rows of is and event, ct of he view prodice eect signals that ar then ord in electronic memery or triten to ds Holographic images ae made by shining Ise ight onan object and ening the fect ae ight with ight straight om the ser. The ‘esl an inrfrence pater, which scape o Sn Laser ight ‘Shine though th im crests ctl pater of Wt ons way rom the bjs, ing hoe dimensional age hat appear ifercat Inhco vow iret angles Eventaly, we ea expect holographic Suggested Reading: Paul Heit, Concepaa Physics, caper 28, p SS to end: chapter 29, pp. $82 si Louis A. Blom, Hove Things Work: The lyse of Everday Life shaper fs 16 sections 1-2 Going Deeper Ricard Wolfon an Jay M. Pasahol, Phys or Scien and Engineers, chapter 36 Questions to Comer: 1. Avia image “isnt relly tere” Why, he, can you see ail image? 22 Ifyou wear yepases cont, tke look at Your prescription and explain what the numbers mean. 2. Aplilosphial question: Do you realy se" the weed around you, do eon he” the nage tha ons on your retina? ® tot he etn Cong Lined Posen Lecture Five |s Seeing Believing? Scope: Nature has varity of ick for rng the path flight, some of which form ages le ters rest se Beau opis Phenomena as rainbows. On the coun scl, he Univer el fens Axo images of isan objects when hei ih pases tense sccumlton of mate, suchas ack les gla casters. Ad Some of our mos important tchalope>—inlling the opi ier tha form the backbone ofthe Ir ad ther high sped compar networks use these opal "wek 10 gid igh and he nfrmation Outline A close lok at the tefaction of ight emersing fom denser materi sch {a gs, in ess dense mei sch aa eval new phenome — tol ternal flection Here ight sting he interface heten thet nates a Suey iq ange can no longer emerge a related eam bats instead reflected ecmpltely ack int he nse materi A. Toner efeton ha variety of tecnologia applications 1." High-quality binoculars use toa tral reflection rss rato than roe 16 “lhe path of lip and alow for more compact device 2% Tot internal eeton in cube shaped piece of as retus k Incdeat ight beam a precisely the det rom which tame, For example, such “corner cue flor let on the Moon ae than 30 years ago sil eect aser Beams fo Earth Thiam Imeasreent ofthe Earh-Moon distance tet ha 1h, has etping to te Einstin's gene lt ‘Tol imma elections what gids ih st process down optic bers. These thie hers pres igh ransparecy gles ‘hry far more information thn copper wires an ables and ae st the hear of mexer high-speed nkrmaton syste nha he Ineret Optical itera ive doctors a way of exploring ‘aly he interior of our Bu. 1B Tov imera efecton in aindops an tsp oe cyt responsible or a vail of Beall atoepere apical phenomena 1. Raisbo'sfonn whe ght fom the Sam andres ol intra relation in adres that re sed pps the drstom fhe Sun. Thevainbow always forms an ar ed at an ale of abou 42 depres rom he line psn rom he Son othe ase Everyone ses is or her own fret abe Th lower he SunIninthe sky, he more of th arisen: fom high mountains trans one can semaines ete rainbow aba nie cic Paine for hoop What's rong with artist Hary Fens painting ‘Nagar? The painting Spits an possibly wid scene, given ‘ha the ful runow aren 4 deroes 2x42 degrees) wie 2 Alough it ater and ieavesrinrops aa ange of angles, there a concntation of feted ight at about 42 degrees. ‘esting ina right a abe sky when viewed at shia cause diferent wavelngis of ght (iflerent cos) react Aileen om snsrng the deop th ost itens gh mera t Slight ifort anges fo different ors (42 depo for fd, 40 ‘egies for vie. Thats why me se ot just gt Bad ba. rant of color, The ifeent coer cual come rom dps at tilees height Someimes, we ce secondary or even tay Fain, larger than he ae of he primary aabow. These result ftom mull efston in he raindrops Othe trospheric peal phonomena Ice rings around the Sun ‘nd Noon, sling fom ise ets. Ano the gly, seaas ‘hing of color strounding te shadow of a mpaiain peak oo a ‘ple asi Tes above los Amore untae opal psnomenon the Nae sky ise a ‘detailed ook aight san electromagnetic wave shows tha small ‘bjs sh atoms and molecules, abr ight nergy and undergo “ratios which trys in heir emiting ht in al dco. “This proces happens ore electvly for shoner wavelengths ‘ue lg Ths, sunlight ene Earth's atmospheres scat in i rstons. Ths happens moe for bie ight for his eso, when tre Took atthe sky, we sce primary le catered ight ad the ky Tooke bie, ‘Near sunrise apd sans, suit has to pas hough mach mare “Xmosphere vo reach Ears sara, and even gree ello ight ft scr, This eaves resominaly red Tight coming ety fom the Sun, giving ws the eal olor of suse abd sunset TL, Naturaly occuring pial phenomena ca also deveve hy creating ‘itr images tt ay ot ay nt comespond to Fal jes [As Micags result when variations nar tepertue ar the ground cause tering runt of faction at diferent eights Sometimes, mires ‘ring acl mages of distances, but more common ar the ‘ihvay mirage tht ela sky gh creating te appearance of we patches onthe rad Gravitational esing ithe bending fight by eaviy- Gravitational ‘ens acer natal nthe Universe and provide dstone or even ‘lil igs of distant jes. Asongmers us raion 04 The ening ogy Linked Pet Jeong o lean abou trophy jets andthe suc of the Univer Suggested Readings Pau Howit, Conceptual Physics, caper 28 though SSL. Ging Deeper: Louis A. Bloom, How Things Work: The Phys of Everday Life chapter 15, section 1 Ricard Wolo ad fay M, Pass Phys for Scientists and Engineers. ‘shape 35, speci section 4. ‘Questions to Consider: 1. Where is"the endo he rainbow? Why sat he tne place for Inte primary ainow, re apeason tp. nthe secondary now the ‘onder a cots reversed. Why might? '3Isseingblevng? How dos physics inform your anwer to this guston? [OMB he Testing Coop il Pamentip ”Lecture Six ‘Music to Your Ears Seope:_Soundisa“poor cousin” o ig playing a lesser ron the Universe at large. Tha’ tose sound, uke ig, dest propagate rough opty space, but eu a material mein, sich a. And in most ‘mater sounds lowe than pt. Bu heanng a important ‘Soe in homans and ether aa, easbling orl communion, ‘Setstion of prey, and te testy of music Sound des have more cnc appliation, 0, plang sound waves da propagate trough the Sun an Earth ea he iro strostre oo star ad ur Planet. Recently, cosmologits have begun to stay evidence fr sound ‘raves tht echocdtroughout the dense erly Univer, leaving tlle viene about the ert instants creation, Final tah ible Sn inuible sound waves make possible a wide fang of cholo, incaling sisal rumen ht noninvasively mas Blod Na, image intemal orgs, and examine owing fete Outline Sound ike ay ter wave, sa propagating isturbance tha cates energy [As Ine case of ound the distance sa change ithe pressure and eniy ca median. nthe most common cae of oul waves ae, the wave cons of altraing regions of dense higher presse ar fd rarefied, lower pressure aT pial Sound Waves, hese variations ‘mina: for otinary speech the apres athe sound waves Saris by omy | pat n10 milion om its onal sale 1B, The sped of sound waves is determined by the pepets ofthe neu io which th waves propagate. Fr sr under normal conditions the sound see is abou 40 mers per secon, or abou 700 miles per hour, 1.000 fst pe secondo VS of ale second. Tha’ the ‘eanon fr the S-sconf” rule fordtermiing the distance wa Nighi sk Sound waves ol equenis and wavelengths ae posible, bt he ‘pla nan car an detet sounds ony between about 20 ad 2.000, ‘jks per second (20-2000 hr. Sound waves come in all Spies, to, and the es st Hale a wide range of ampites From he threshold of eaing to he Hesbold of pain isa facto of shou lion in scund ens! ‘Any proces tht uses vation pressure changes in ies ina sound wave exo Te eng Conny Lint Poti Singed masa nsruents 5 wel the haan wis, rey om strech chor or sings to prodoe sound wich isthe farther ‘noite by the est ofthe instrament or the human aches a mouth 1A given sing can produce ony cei quencies of sound, because ony certain wavelengths an “itn the sting. The resfing waves rele standing aves. Varying th tension ot the postion finger om a olin string. changes he allows anding waves an tha, heat he instant ple. 2 Invindasvamens, stain wane esl om ibeatons fhe slr cola ina lose tbe, Agnn ony ceria wavelength can ic" Changing the length of he column (an na rombone) or losing and opening hes inthe column changes the allowed ‘wavelengths and, hence, frequencies. ‘3 Ditferent alowed vibrations ean coexist ad he esti complex wate The mix of dierent frequencies determines the ‘nique ound of diferent musical nomen even wn plying {he same note. In wo-imensonal sirens sah x duns, the ‘esing ates canbe Yer) comple 44 The Sun vides a more conic example of sanding sound aes ‘Oniy certain iratonal pastes“ side he spoil un, nd studying tos ivan allows astopyscs probe the interior of urs ‘The pereived pitch ofa sound wave vais if the source of waves ‘ove eave to ou: Thin the Doppler eet and osctre cae Sceesive waves roma moving soars are emited a ferent 1. The Doppler effect in sound enables ever important mest Aigo techniques. Passing om waves though the Blood ‘essls nahn measurement of lo! oa the on pth ‘changes when sound waves interact with moving lod el Ta ‘echocardiography, the Dopplr effec in high requencyulascund revels the motion ofthe he scl 22 Thesame phonmenon also occur for ligt ad ter ‘lecromagnetie wanes. Measaring he Dopplr effect in ight rom ‘stant aaa ls sha the Univers expanding Messing "he Doppler effet in microwaves feted rm ur moving cat allows radar quipped pie ocr wo determine our ses. ‘And measuring te Doppler fect ia ght fom the San ets ‘stopiits"ge” hos sound waves in the Sun—even tough the sound can't pepagate trough he empty space between Sun ‘nd anh,TL, Sound also exits the wave beavis, inluding refi, eration, Aircon, and inerference th we sin Lectre Thre [As Reston f sound is responsible for echoes and mesial imaging {echngues and is crcl athe design of concert al 1 Masi sounds Yale ifn sounds come you eas fom pie dictions hee, stereo an suround sound Ina ocr hall tht mans efieting sound s0 more a it comes om the malls and ess row th sein. At he sre ine the Sou shoul be absorbed tesase tha recess overall ene. 2. Unrsonc mica iging uses the fact that waves fet at an Inertace twos two diferent tril 1 image scares nthe ty. 1 Forany wave, he produc ofthe wancength and fequency gives the ‘wave spool. Given that dil sound covers the equenc ange om, 2010 2,000 cls per second an! the peo of out, roughly, 400 Incr por ccd, the wavelength of sound Waves anges fom about | 3D meters (0 fet) for he lowes sound o 2 comme about a inch forthe highest phe. Difacio of sound around mova size tices tlre, ery ifn fr sound of fea pitches. That's the reson, od in Lectore Thee tht bss sound acts around eer ie higher notes don't. I's also why bats, whose insect prey fe comiderably salle an an nc, must use usound at "Hequeciesabove the range ofthe bunan ea Interference between sound waves of lg differen fequencies esl the phenomenon of as, a low variation i sound nc nsity resulting fom interference ha ges fom constructive wo desuctine buck gai. Bets form the ss of very Sense equeney tmeasting sso, ad hey enable ipl pt synchronize preva the speeds fife engines. 1. Faster than sound? Faster than ight? A. Yes pay t's pose ogo fase than ound bat is ard work fn prsacs sock nave, sh sonic hoo, Because he ai aead ‘of you can't “know” you're coming 'B_I'saluo pose vo go faster thn ight can go ina materia medium, {andthe resol she opal analog fa shock wave But the mature ot Spice and merle ot pins aster than the sped of igh in vacuum, ‘Suggested Reading Pau Hewit, Conceptual Phsicy, chapters 20-21 Ging Deeper: » (Om The Teng aap Linked Pmt Louis A. loonie, How Things Work: The Physics of Everday Life chapter ise Richa Wotton and 4yM,Pascho Physi for Semin and Engineers hap 7. ‘Questions to Consider: 2 ‘Your neighbors ar playing very loud ma, yet you ea nl the robing| acne. Why? ‘As viewed fom Earth he igh fom distant glass ways shied toward the red and thi shit increanes wit creasing dance the sala. What does this say abou the motion of dna lies rave Ean?L Module Two: Going Places Lecture Seven May the Forces Be with You ‘Motion testa “happening” in our everyday yi world as trl as a he tome ad cum sales and everywhere inbetween. Cars whiz road highway cue: CDs spin and dancers vit ‘molvules nr and separate, epics our genet sactre: ‘esrons fit abou ter toms ina mysterio quantum dane Sactlls dip an carve; our planet Earth oats daly wie evolving ‘early whiting tr congeals to the menacing motion of tena; frogs hop, sakes ster, and bumblebees lamer in pebble igh: 12.000 ms above Eat a arm of GPS satelite cles at 7.000 ines per our to heep wife ou exact psitons; and galanes Tut avay fom cach her participants nthe cosmic expansion, ‘Understanding the ner drama ial hese happenings means eran motion, Most tw re mien nou ve of motion at dates to ‘Aristo, ely 2.40 ears ago We Ble hat mation somehow tava a ae eauing explanation, and that you have opus has to koep thom moving. Peal ccunstances of ie on ow sl pane Feinforce this and ther misconepins tat llow fom the ‘Arta epi But seme 3004 40 year go, Galen, followed by Newton, developed beter understanding fron thats smote consistent withthe rte of physical reali. The Newtonian view ‘mites in Newton's famous he lava ton which are introduced in his etre and which provide the foundation or ou {srloaton of otontroyghout his mole Outline Maton i uiguitws! From th motion oan elecuon citing an atomic lew. oath every) motions walking o ving tthe stately tio ofthe gli ~mtion wha aes everything happen ‘Understanding motions i part phys. HL, Farewellio Aristo |A. The Asotin view hols tha the natu state of objets, at east on Eat, tobe atest Motion egress constant pase ul, and seeing an object in motion rates the question: "Whats heping i tnoving? Pa more saci foce-the psi term fora paso pullis what makes things move (e011 etiam Lined Pastip 1B. Ina "hough experiment,” Galileo sugested instead that unm, mtion—-oton ina stag line a unchanging sped—isa precy tural state eguring no explanation and po face The lao nein Sus p this nw understanding: Ian bjt sas era et nd is a modem then it heaps moving ifr. oth cases, 2 longa no fre sts on Inberent ne lof nei he motion tha force sot he cause of ton bu of change non ML Changing motion A. Change in motion means any change—staring. topping. a change a ‘ect and most often ovrooked, «change in deton A cr ging ‘ound a cure, ven peed ic como, neverelese a car ne ‘motion is changing. And according the lof nei, hat means 3 force (push orp mst be cing on it B. How much does motion change? Tat depends on how hg frce i su how massive te abject. This lami cmb Newtons famous second lof ion, writen F= ma, Here. Fis the ose ‘splint an bjt howe ast sm nd athe sing eeolration ofthe bject—meaning, he te at whieh its motion change. Talk ‘shout aca going om 10 6 les per horn 10 second and u're