Chng 2 : Mch xc lp iu ha

2.1 Qu trnh tun hon

2.2 Qu trnh iu ha
2.3 Phng php bin phc
2.4 Gii bi ton mch dng nh phc
2.5 Quan h dng p trn cc phn t mch
2.6 Cc nh lut mch dng phc
2.7 th vect
2.8 Cng sut
2.9 H s cng sut & cch hiu chnh
2.10 Phi hp tr khng
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

2.1 Qu trnh tun hon

Tn hiu kho st : dng in i(t) , in p u(t)
Tun hon : f(t) = f(t+T)
Dao ng k quan
st, o tr tc thi
o c
Volt , Amper o
tr hiu dng

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

2.1 Qu trnh tun hon

Tr hiu dng
Dng in (in p) tun hon s c tr hiu
dng IRMS (URMS) l bng vi tr s dng (p) DC
khi cng sut tiu tn trung bnh do 2 dng in
(in p) gy ra trn cng in tr R l nh nhau
Biu thc tnh tr hiu dng
( RMS Root Mean Square )
T

I RMS

1 2
=
i (t )dt
U RMS

T 0
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

1 2
u (t )dt

T 0
3

2.2 Qu trnh iu ha
M t

=
i (t ) I m sin(t + )

Dng in , in p

=
u (t ) U m sin(t + )

Im , Um : bin
: tn s gc
, : pha ban u
Tr hiu dng

I RMS =
U RMS =

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

Im
2
Um
2
4

2.2 Qu trnh iu ha
: pha ban u, ta c th
ni u2(t) sm pha so vi
u1(t), hoc u1(t) chm pha
so vi u2(t).
0 ta ni u1(t) v u2(t)
lch pha.
=0 ta ni u1(t) v u2(t)
ng pha
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

So snh pha hai tn hiu iu ha

Cng tn s.
Cng dng lng gic.
Cng dng bin (cc i hay hiu dng)

=
u1 (t ) U1m sin(t + 1 )
=
u2 (t ) U 2 m sin(t + 2 )
Ta ni u1(t) nhanh pha hn u2(t) mt gc th =1-2 (hay
ta c th ni 2 chm pha hn 1 mt gc ).
Nu ta ni u2(t) nhanh pha hn u1(t) mt gc th =2-1

Bi ging Ton K Thut 2012

2.3 Phng php bin phc

=
u (t ) U m sin(t + )

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

Vct quay
u (t ) U m sin(t + )
Biu din di dng vct quay

=
u1 (t ) U1m sin(t + 1 )
=
u2 (t ) U 2 m sin(t + 2 )
Biu din di dng vct quay

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

Vct quay
u1 (t ) + u2 (t )

=
u1 (t ) U1m sin(t + 1 )
=
u2 (t ) U 2 m sin(t + 2 )
u=
(t ) u1 (t ) + u2 (t )
= U1m sin(t + 1 ) + U 2 m sin(t + 2 )
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

nh phc

nh phc cho tn hiu iu ha

Min t
Min phc

=
f (t ) Fm sin(t + )

F= Fm e = Fm

{}
{}

=
f1 (t ) Im
=
Fm
Fm sin(t + )

Cc quan h

f 2 (t ) Re
Fm
Fm cos(t + )
=
=

Hiu dng phc

FRMS

F
=
2

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

10

Cc tnh cht ca vct bin phc

Cho : f (t ) F ; g (t ) G
VD : f (t ) =3cos(2t + 30o ) F =330o
g (t ) = 4 cos(2t 60o ) G = 4 60o

Tnh t l kf (t ) k F
3 f (t ) 3F =
930o

Tnh xp chng

f (t ) g (t ) F G

F + G = 330o + 4 60o = 5 23,13o

f (t ) + g (t=
) 5cos(2t 23,130 )
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

11

Cc tnh cht ca vct bin phc

Cho : f (t ) F ; g (t ) G
VD : f (t ) =3cos(2t + 30o ) F =330o
g (t ) = 4 cos(2t 60o ) G = 4 60o

df (t )
Tnh o hm
j F
dt
df ( t )
dt

=
6sin(2t + 30o ) =
6 cos(2t + 120o ) j 2 F =
6120o

Tnh tch phn

f (t )dt

1
j

o
o
3
3
f (t )dt =
sin(2
t
+
30
)
=
cos(2
t

60
)
2
2

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

1
j2

o
3
F =

60
2
12

2.4 Gii bi ton mch dng nh phc

i(t)

uR

uL

Min t
uR + uL + uC =
e(t )
uC

e(t)

Gii pt vi phn tm i(t)

=
e
t
E
E
e
(
)
Min phc
m

e(t) = 10 cos 2t (V)

R = 4; L = 2H; C = 0,5F

R I + j L I +

I=

1
jC

I=
E

Em
R + j ( L 1C )

Ri + L dtdi + C1 idt =
e(t )

( R + j L j

1
C

E Pt i s
)I =

100o
10
0
I=
=
=
2

36,87
1
4 + j (2.2 2.0,5
) 4 + j3

Vay : i(t) = 2 cos (2t - 36,87o) A

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

13

Phng php vct bin phc

Min thi gian

Min phc

Mch xc lp
iu ha

Mch phc

H phng trnh
vi tch phn

H phng trnh
i s phc

Tn hiu iu ha

nh phc

PP ny do Charles Proteur Steinmetz tm ra vo nm 1897 .

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

14

2.5 Quan h dng p trn cc phn t mch

in tr
i(t)

UR

Cung pha

IR

u(t)

=
iR I m cos(t + )

=
uR Ri
=
RI m cos(t + )
R

Min phc

IR

R
UR

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

I R =
Im

U R =RI m

UR = R IR
15

2.5 Quan h dng p trn cc phn t mch

in cm
i(t)

Lch pha 900

UL

IL

u(t)

I m cos(t + )
diL
0
=

cos(

+
90
)
u=
L
LI
t
L
m
dt
iL

Min phc

IL

IL =
I m

U L = j LI m

jL

UL
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

U L = j L I L
16

2.5 Quan h dng p trn cc phn t mch

in dung
i(t)

Lch pha 900

IC

u(t)

uC

U m
UC =

U m cos(t + )

UC

duC
0
=
jCU m
iC C = CU m cos(t + + 90 ) I=
C
dt

Min phc

IC

-j/C
UC

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

j
UC =
IC
C

17

2.6 Cc nh lut dng phc

in tr

in cm

in dung

IR

UR = R IR

UR

IL

jL
UL

IC

-j/C
UC

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

=
U L j=
L I L jX L I L

j
UC =
I C jX C I C
=
C

18

2.6 Cc nh lut dng phc

Tr khng

jL -j/C

1
Y=
Z

Dn np

U =ZI

I =YU

Z =R + jX =Z

R
I

jL
-j/C

U
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

Y
U

Y= G + jB= Y

Tr khng & Dn np

Z: Tr khng

(impedance)

R: in tr
(resistance)
X: in khng (reactance)
n v tnh []

Y: Dn np

(admittance)

G: in dn (conductance)
B: in np (susceptance)
n v tnh [S]

Z =R + jX =Z
| Z |: module cua Z
: goc lech pha gia u va i

= u i

Y= G + jB= Y
| Y |: module cua Y
: goc lech pha gia i va u

= i u
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

20

nh lut Kirchhoff dng phc

nh lut Kirchhoff dng phc v dng: Tng cc dng in

phc ti mt nt bng khng. Qui c dng i vo nt mang
du dng, i ra nt mang du m

=
0

nt

nh lut Kirchhoff dng phc v p: Tng cc p phc

trong mt vng kn bng khng.

0
U K =

vngkn
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

21

V d

i1(t)

Tm dng in trong cc nhnh

v in p trn cc phn t

i2(t)

5cos3t [V] 3

Gii

1H

S phc ha
I1

a
I3

I2
5 0o V
I

II

j3

-j3

1/9F

Nt a
I1 I 2 I 3 =
0

0
Vng I 50 + I1 + (3 + j 3) I 2 =0

Vng II (3 + j3) I 2 + ( j3) I 3 =0

i3(t)

I1 = 136,87 ; I 2 = 1 53,130

I=
3
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

281,87 0
22

V d
I1

I2
5 0o V
I

I3

I1 = 136,87 0

II

-j3 I = 1 53,130
2

I=
3

j3

281,87 0

U R1 = 1 I1 = 136,87 0

U R 2 = 3 I 2 = 3 53,130

U L = j 3 I 2 = 336,87 0

U C = j 3 I 3 = 3 2 8,130

i1(t) = cos (3t + 36,87o)

[A]
[A]
i2(t) = cos (3t - 53,13o)
i3(t) = 1,41 cos (3t + 81,87o)[A]
uR1(t) = cos (3t + 36,87o) [V]
uR2(t) = 3 cos (3t - 53,13o) [V]
uL(t) = 3 cos (3t + 36,87o) [V]
uC(t) = 4,24 cos (3t - 8,13o) [V]
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

23

V d ngun ph thuc
Tm i1 ? i2 ?
i
3sin4t 2
[A] 4

1
F
8

i1

uR

+
-

S phc ha

a -j2

I2

30 A
4

UR
b

I1 + I2 =
3
jI1 + I2 =
0

Gii

1
uR
2

I1 + I2 =
3 ( K1)
j 2 I1 + 0,5U R 4 I2 =
0 ( K 2)
U = 4 I (Ohm)

=
I1 3
=
I2 3

I1
I

+
-

2 45o
2 45o

1
UR
2=
i1 (t ) 3

2 sin(4t + 45o ) A

=
i2 (t ) 3

2 sin(4t 45o ) A

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

24

2.7 th vect (vector diagram)

nh ngha :

biu din hnh hc ca cc nh lut mch dng phc

Phn loi:
th vet p, vect dng
th vet tr khng, dn np
th vet cng sut

Cng dng : thng dung cho cac bai toan:

Mo ta ro hn quan he gia cac ai lng ien trong mach.
Tm hieu s anh hng cua mot thong so mach len cac ai
lng ien.
Cho phep xac nh module va pha cac ai lng da tren
mot so so lieu o ( thng dung kem vect hieu dung phc).
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

25

Biu din hnh hc ca nh phc

j Im

U =+
3 j 4 =
5 53,13

53,130
3

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

Re
+1

26

 th vect v nh phc
Cho
Tm

U1 =
12 + j 5 ; U 2 =
9 + j12

U= U1 + U 2

Dng nh phc

U1 =12 + j 5 =1322, 620

U 2 =+
9 j12 =
1553,130

U =U1 + U 2 =21 + j17 =27390

Dng th vect
Im

Im
12

53,130
5

53,130
22,62
0

12

22,620
Re

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

=390

Re
27

V d th vect v nh phc
a

jXL

Uac

b
jXC

Uac

Uab

Ubc

Tm R v XL nu bit I=2A,
Uac=100V, Uab=173V,
Ubc=100V (RMS)
U ab2 + U bc2 U ac2
cos = 0,865
=
2U abU bc
= 300 = 600

I =20 U ab =173600
0

U ab
R + jX L= = 43, 25 + j 75
I
=
R 43, 25

75
X=
L
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

28

 th vng ca tr khng v dn np

Khi nim: tr khng Z v dn np Y l cc s phc dng

th kho st khi thng s nhnh thay i
jX Z1
Z
Z
1

Z2

R
Z2
Y2

jB
Y1

Y2

Y1

G
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

29

 th vng ca tr khng v dn np

Nhnh R-L ni tip

Biu thc tr
khng & dn np

R
Z,Y
jXL

jX
Z

Z= R + jX L
1
1
G jB
Z= =
=
Y G + jB G 2 + B 2
G
R =2
G + B2
2

1
2
G
+B =

2
R
2
R

R
jB

1
2R

1
R

B < 0 v G > 0 qu tch l ng trn

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

30

 th vng ca tr khng v dn np

Nhnh R-L ni tip

Biu thc tr
khng & dn np

R
Z,Y
jXL

jX

Z= R + jX L

1
1
G jB
Z= =
=
Y G + jB G 2 + B 2
B
XL =
G2 + B2
2

1
1
2
G +
+B =

2
2
X
X

L
L

jB
G
1
2X L

1
XL

B < 0 v G > 0 qu tch l ng trn

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

31

 th vng ca tr khng v dn np

Mch
R

Qu tch tr khng

Qu tch dn np

jB

jX
R

Z,Y
Z

jXC

1
2R

G
1
R

1
2R

jB

R
Z,Y
jXC

1
XC

jX
R
Z

1
2XC

Y
G

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

32

 th vng ca tr khng v dn np

Mch

Qu tch tr khng

Qu tch dn np
1
R

jB

jX

Z,Y

jXL

Z
1
2R

R
1
R

jX

jB

1
XL

Z,Y

jXL

1
2X L

1
XL

R
Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

33

 th vng ca tr khng v dn np

Mch

Qu tch tr khng

Z,Y

1
R

1
2R

jX

Qu tch dn np
jB

jXC

Y
1
R

jX
R

Z,Y

jXC

1
2XC

1
XC

jB
Y

1
XC

Bi ging Gii tch Mch 2012

34