GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 3.
MU V CHUN

CHNG 3: MU V CHUN

(2 LT)

3.1. n v o.
- nh ngha: n v o l gi tr n v tiu chun ca mt i lng o no
c quc t qui nh m mi quc gia u phi tun th.
V d: n v o chiu di l mt(m), n v o dng in l ampe(A)
- Cc h thng n v o: h thng n v o bao gm nhiu n v o khc
nhau ca nhiu i lng o khc nhau c th tin hnh o cc i lng trong
thc t.
H thng n v o bao gm hai nhm dn v:
n v c bn: c th hin bng cc n v chun vi chnh xc cao
nht m khoa hc v k thut hin i c th thc hin c.
n v dn xut: l n v c lin quan n cc n v c bn bi nhng
qui lut th hin bng cc biu thc.
Cc n v c bn c chn sao cho vi s lng t nht c th suy ra cc n v
dn xut cho tt c cc i lng vt l.
Hin nay c nhiu h thng n v o khc nhau c s dng ty mi quc gia,
mi lnh vc p dng:
H SI (System International).
H CGS (Centimeter Gramme Second).
H Anh (English).
H MKS (Meter Kilogram Second).
H MKSA (Meter Kilogram Second Ampere).
H ng (thc, tc, yn, t, so, mu).
H phi t chc (gang tay, so ng, bc chn).
Ni chung trong k thut ta dng h SI thng nht cc qui nh v n v o khi
nh gi kt qu cng nh chnh nh cc thng s trong dng c o.

V d: Cc n v c bn ca h thng n v o SI:
Cc i lng

Tn n v

K hiu

di

mt

Khi lng

kilgam

kg

Thi gian

giy

Dng in

ampe

Nhit

Kelvin

S lng vt cht

mn

Mol

Cng nh sng

Canla

Cd

GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 3: MU V CHUN

3.2. Thit b chun.

- Chun: Chun l cc n v o tiu chun: chun di, chun thi gian,
khi lng, dng in, nhit , in p, in tr, cng nh sng, s lng vt
cht (ho hc).
Ty phm vi p dng, ni to ra chun, chnh xc c th c chun quc t, chun
quc gia
V d: - n v di theo h n v SI l mt (m), chun quc t ca n l di
bng 1650763,73 di sng pht ra trong chn khng ca nguyn t Kripton 86,
tng ng vi vic chuyn gia cc mc 2p10 v 5d5.
n v thi gian theo h n v SI l giy(s), chun ca n l khong thi gian
ca 9192631770 chu l pht x, tng ng vi thi gian chuyn gia hai mc gn
nht trng thi c bn ca nguyn t Xsi (Cs) 133.
- Thit b chun: l cc thit b o to ra chun.
3.3. Thit b mu.
- nh ngha: thit b mu l thit b o khi phc mt i lng vt l nht
nh.
- c im:
Thit b mu phi c chnh xc rt cao t 0,001% n 0,1% ty theo tng
cp, tng loi.
Mu chnh l dng c o dng kim tra v chun ho cc dng c o
khc.
Dng c mu ni chung t tin v yu cu bo qun, vn hnh rt nghim
ngt nn ch s dng khi cn thit.
Cc dng c mu c cp chnh xc thp hn dng c chun v thng dng
kim nh cc dng c o sn xut.
3.4. Cch truyn chun.
Cc thit b chun c chnh xc cao s khng c ngha nu khng truyn c
cho cc dng c mu v dng c lm vic. V vy c quan o lng ca mi quc
gia u phi quan tm n vic truyn chun mt i lng cho cc dng c mu
hay dng c o lm vic.
- nh ngha: mt h thng truyn chun thng c thit k di dng mt
h thng kim tra thit b o. N bao gm thit b, phng php v chnh xc ca
vic truyn t thit b chun cho n cc thit b mu hay thit b lm vic.
- Qu trnh truyn chun:
T chun cp 1 quc gia truyn n mu cp 1 ri n mu cp 2: s
dng phng php o chnh xc l phng php so snh cn bng, kt qu
c mu c chnh xc theo yu cu.
T chun cp 1 quc gia n cc dng c o: s dng phng php o
bin i thng t chun quc gia hoc t thit b mu cp 1 hoc cp 2, do yu
cu v chnh xc khng cao.
Qu trnh truyn chun thc hin nh lu hnh 3.1.
- Kim tra thit b o: l qu trnh xc nh sai s ca thit b o v hiu chnh
chng m bo chnh xc khi a vo s dng.

GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 3: MU V CHUN

kim tra thit b o c th p dng cc phng php:

So snh vi gi tr ca chun hay mu: o chun hay mu bng thit b o
c kim tra, tnh cp chnh xc ca dng c o n v so snh vi cp chnh
xc ghi trn dng c o TB t suy ra thit b o cn s dng c hay phi
hiu chnh. Qu trnh kim tra nh lu hnh 3.2.
S dng dng c o vi chnh xc cao (thit b mu), so snh ch s ca
dng c c kim tra vi thit b mu: s dng thit b o cn kim tra v
thit b mu (phi chnh xc hn thit b o cn kim tra t nht 2 cp) o
cng mt i lng, tnh cp chnh xc ca dng c o n v so snh vi cp
chnh xc ghi trn dng c o TB t suy ra thit b o cn s dng c
hay phi hiu chnh. Qu trnh kim tra nh lu hnh 3.3.
S dng phng thc o gin tip hay hp b to ra cc s liu hiu
chnh dng c o c kim tra.
S dng cc h thng kim tra t ng.

Hnh 3.1. H thng truyn chun.

GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

Hnh 3.2. Kim tra thit b o s dng

phng php so snh vi gi tr ca chun
hay mu.

GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

CHNG 3: MU V CHUN

Hnh 3.3. Kim tra thit b o s dng

phng php s dng dng c o vi
chnh xc cao.