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Assembly Systems
*There are various methods used in industry to accomplish the assembly processes. Major methods can be
classified:
1. Manual Single-Station Assembly
*Consist of a single workplace to accomplish the product or some major subassembly of the product.
*Generally used on a product that is complex and produced in small quantities, one or more workers
depending on the size of the product and the production rate.
*Such as machine tools, industrial equipment, aircraft, ships and complex consumer products (appliances,
car,...)
2. Manual Assembly Lines
*Consist of multiple workstations in which the assembly work is accomplished as the product (subassembly)
is passed from station to station along the line.
*At each workstation one or more human workers perform a portion of the total assembly work on the
product, by adding one or more components to the existing subassembly.
3. Automated Assembly System
*Use of automated methods at the workstations rather than human beings.
Work carrier
Or Base part in
Work
Flow
ASBY
MAN
Finished
Assembly out
ASBY
MAN
ASBY
MAN
sr
e
a
c
ha
tt
hewor
k
s
t
a
t
i
on
Tt = Ls / Vc
*Total work, Twc, content is the aggregate of all the work elements to be done on the line.
ne
Twc Tej
j
1
*Work is preformed either manually or by some automatic device. The work performed at station consists of
one or more of the individual work elements.
*Tsi: indicate the process time at station i of an n stations line.
n
T
i
1
si
ne
Tej
j
1
Cycle Time
*Cycle time, Tc, is the ideal or theoretical cycle time of the flow line, which is the time interval between parts
coming off the line.
*When consider efficiency, E, the ideal cycle time must be reduce.
Tc E / Rp
Where Rp is production rate.
*At efficiencies less than 100% the ideal cycle time must be reduced (or ideal production rate must be
increased).
* The minimum possible value of Tc is established by the bottleneck station, the one with the largest value of
Ts.
Tc max. Tsi
Tc Tej
Precedence Constraints
*Technological sequencing requirements, the order in which the work elements can be accomplished is
limited.
Precedence Diagram
*A graphical representation of the sequence of work elements as defined by the precedence constraints.
Balance Delay (Balancing Loss)
*Balance delay is a measure of the line inefficiency which results from idle time due to imperfect allocation
of work among station.
nT Twc
d c
nTc
Element Description
Tej (min.)
0.2
0.4
Must be
Precedence by
-----
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Precedence Diagram
0.7
3
0.2
1
0.1
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.11
0.32
0.6
0.27
0.38
0.5
0.12
1
1,2
2
3
3
3,4
6,7,8
5,8
9,10
11
0.11
6
0.32
7
0.27
0.6
0.38
10
0.5
0.12
11
12
0.3
5
6
4
0.11
0.1
3
1,2
0.7
3
0.2
1
0.4
0.1
4
0.11
6
0.32
7
0.27
0.6
0.38
10
0.5
0.12
11
12
0.3
5
Station 1
Work
Flow
Elements
2, 5, 1, 4
Station 2
Elements
3,6
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Elements
8,10
Elements
9,7
Elements
11,12
II
0.7
3
0.2
1
0.1
0.4
III
IV
VI
0.11
6
0.32
7
0.6
8
0.27
9
0.38
10
0.5
0.12
11
12
0.3
5
Sum of
Column Te
1
I
0.2
2
I
0.4
0.6
3
II
0.7
4
II
0.1
5
II,III
0.3
1.1
6
III
0.11
7
III
0.32
8
III
0.6
1.03
9
IV
0.27
10
IV
0.38
0.65
11
V
0.5
12
V
0.12
0.62
Step 3. Work elements assigned to stations
Station
Element
Te
Te at station
1
1
0.2
2
0.4
4
0.1
5
0.3
1.00
2
3
0.7
6
0.11
0.81
7
0.32
3
8
0.6
0.92
4
9
0.27
10
0.38
0.65
5
11
0.5
12
0.11
0.62
*Also, for stations that do have the same elements the sequence in which the elements are assigned is not
necessary identical.
*The balance delay is same as LCR d = 20%.
*The RPW takes account of both the Te value of the element and its position in the precedence diagram.
Then, the elements are assigned to workstations in the general order of their RPW values.
Procedure:
Step 1. Calculate the RPW for each element by summing the elements Te together with the Te values for all
the elements that follow it in the arrow chain of the precedence diagram.
Step 2 List the elements in the order of their RPW, largest RPW at the top of the list. For convenience,
include the Te value and immediate predecessors for each element.
Step 3. Assign elements to stations according to RPW, avoiding precedence constraint and time cycle
violations.
Example for this method:
Step 1. Sample calculation:
*For element 1, the elements that follow it in the arrow chain are 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.
*The RPW for element 1 would be the sum of the Te
sf
o
ra
l
lt
he
s
ee
l
e
me
nt
s
,p
l
u
sTe for element 1.
Step 2.
Work element
RPW
Te
immediate
predecessors
1
3.3
0.2
3
3
0.7
1
2
2.67
0.4
4
1.97
0.1
1,2
8
1.87
0.6
3,4
5
1.3
0.3
2
7
1.21
0.32
3
6
1.00
0.11
3
10
1.00
0.38
5,8
9
0.89
0.27
6,7,8
11
0.62
0.5
9,10
12
0.12
0.12
11
Step 3. Work element assigned to stations
Station
Element
Te
Te at station
1
1
0.2
3
0.7
0.9
2
2
0.4
4
0.1
5
0.3
6
0.11
0.91
3
8
0.6
7
0.32
0.92
4
10
0.38
9
0.27
0.65
5
11
0.5
12
0.11
0.62
*In the RPW line balance, the number of stations required is five, but the max. station process time is 0.92
minute, at number. According the line could be operated at a cycle time of Tc = 0.92 rather than 1.0 minute.
Benefit:
1. Increase the production rate
Rc = 1 / 0.92 = 1.075 units/min.
2. Balance delay
d = [5 (0.92) 4] / [5 (0.92)] = 0.13 = 13%
Switch
Assembly
station 1
Switch
Assembly
station 3
Assembly
station 2
Assembly
station 4