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VUI HC ANH NG
Xin so snh everyone v every one, ni cho bit cch dng ca cc t
anybody, everybody, somebody.
1. Everyone (hoc everybody) ch c th c dng ch nhiu ngi
v khng bao gi c of theo sau. Cn every one c ngha l mi ngi
hay mi vt, v thng c of theo sau.
Ex: Everyone in the class passed the exam.
Mi ngi trong lp u thi u.
There are 16 students and every one of them passed.
C 16 sinh vin v mi ngi trong bn h u thi u.
2. Anybody, everybody v somebody lun lun c ng t s t, nhng
chng thng c theo sau bng mt i t (pronoun) s nhiu, ngoi
tr trong vn ni v vn vit c tnh cch trang trng th i t i theo sau
c th s t.
Ex: Has everybody finished their drinks/his or her drink? (fml)
Mi ngi ung xong cha?
Anybody can use the library, cant they?
Bt c ai u c th s dng th vin ny, phi khng?
Somebody lost their coat/his coat. (fml)
Ai mt o. (Trang trng)
Xin so snh ngha v cch dng ca error v mistake.
Error (li) cng ging nh mistake nhng:
a. Error suggests a moral wrong, mistake a misjudgement. [error m ch
mt sai tri v mt o c, cn mistake m ch s nh gi sai.]
Ex: It was a mistake buying that car.
Mua chic xe l mt sai lm.
The errors of his youth.
Nhng lm li thi trai tr ca anh ta.
b. Error is a more formal word. [error l mt t c tnh cch trang trng
hn.]
Ex: Your work is full of spelling mistakes / (fml) errors.
Bi lm ca bn y nhng li chnh t. (c tnh cch trang trng hn th
dng errors).
c. In certain fixed phrases only one of them can be used. [Trong mt s
cm t c nh no , ch mt trong hai t ny c th c dng]:
* An error of judgement/by mistake. Mt sai lm v phn on/ do s
st.
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* A small unintended mistake is a slip or an oversight. Mt li (mistake)

nh khng c ch l mt s sai st (slip) hoc mt s b st
(oversight).
Ex: I meant to write son not sun. It was just a slip of the pen.
Ti mun vit son ch khng phi sun. ch l do vit nhm.
By an oversight, the letter was delivered to my neighbor instead of me.
Do s sut, th ny c pht cho ngi lng ging ca ti thay v
pht cho ti.
S khc nhau gia What about v How about
Hin nay hai cm t ny c xem nh ng ngha v c s giao hon
nhau trong cch s dng.
What about: hm hi ai cho bit v mt quyt nh no . V d
tnh hung sau:
ng b ni:
- Hong, Mai, if you finished your homework earlier tonight, I would take
you to the cinema. (Hng, Mai, nu ti nay cc con lm bi tp xong sm
hn, ba s a cc con i xem phim.)
Khng nghe ba nhc n tn mnh, Cc lin hi:
- What about me? (Cc c hi Cn con th ba quyt nh sao y.)
How about: c hi kin v mt ngh .
V d: Hai bn r nhau i n hng. Mt bn ni:
- Id like to eat pho. (Mnh mun n ph.)
Bn kia c v khng thch ph lm nn ngh mt mn n khc th xem
bn mnh c thch mn khng th cng i n. Bn ni:
- How about banh beo? (Bnh bo th sao?) (C ngha l ti ngh bnh
bo, bn ngh sao)
Tm li: What about v How about u c ngha l : cn ci g, ai th
sao?
Nhng:
- What about c dng hi v mt quyt nh ca ai .
- How about c dng hi kin ai v vic g, ci g.
Migrate v emigrate c khc nhau v ngha v cch dng khng? Xin gii
thch gim.
- To migrate is to move from one country to another for a limited period;
the word is esp. used of workers, called migrants, and birds, and the
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practice is called migration. [To migtate l di chuyn t mt nc ny

n mt nc khc trong mt thi gian c gii hn. T ny c bit c
dng ch cc cng nhn, c gi l migrants (nhng ngi di tr), v
cc loi chim, v thng l ny c gi l migration (s di tr).]
Ex: The spring migration of the wild ducks / migrants / migrant workers
from Mexico.
S di tr vo ma xun ca vt tri / nhng ngi di tr / nhng cng
nhn di tr n t M-hi-c.
- To emigtate is to leave one country to go and become a citizen of
another, and the practice is called emigration. [To emigrate l b x ny
i n v tr thnh cng dn ca mt x khc, v thng l ny c
gi l emigration (s di c).]

S khc nhau gia Cultural differences v culture differences

- Cultural differences: cc s khc bit thuc phm tr vn ha ca cc
dn tc, ca nhiu ngi... V d: cc nh ch x hi, tp tc, bn sc
ngh thut.
- Culture differences: cc s khc bit ca bn thn cc nn vn ha.
Cch vit ny y c th c xem nh l mt trng hp din t s s
hu i vi cc danh t khng c nhn cch hay khng c nhn cch
ha. T culture khng i trong trng hp ny, mc d l s nhiu.
Dng "Here is a photo of me" l ng hay sai?
Q. Trong Unit 7 sch Ting Anh Ci cch lp 7 c mt bc th nguyn
vn nh sau:
"Dear Hoa,
I am pleased that you and your family are well. I am fine, too. Here is a
photo of me, my Mom and Dad, and my sister. Shanon. Can you send me
a photo of you?"
iu ti bn khon mun hi cc bn y l cu:' Here is a photo of
me" v "Can you send me a photo of you?" dng ng khng? Ngy
cn hc i hc ti ch c bit hai cch din t khc l:" a photo of
mine" hoc l "my photo".
A. Cch dng "a photo of me" v "a photo of you" khng c g sai. y l
cch dng thng thng trong ting Anh ch tm hnh l hnh chp
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ngi no hay cnh vt g. Sau y l vi v d thng gp:

1. I'll take a photo of you. Give me a photo of the baby.
2. Please enclose a recent passport-sized photograph of yourself. A photo
of the visa applicant must be glued properly to the application form. The
tourists spent the day taking photographs of the city.
Tnh t ng sau danh t trong mt s tn phim
Q. Trong ting Anh, tnh t thng hay ng trc danh t. Nhng trong
nhng tn phim ti li thy tnh t ng sau danh t nh: Mission
Impossible, The River Wild, Mission top Secret. Nh bn gii thch
gim!
A. Mt s adjectives tn cng bng able hoc ible, chng vn gi nguyn
ngha chnh nh khi v tr lm attributive (nh ng) ng trc danh
t, th nhng chng li m t s vic hoc vt m c tnh cht tm thi.
Ex. The stars visible (cc ngi sao thy c) m ch n nhng ngi sao
thy c mt thi im c th hoc c ni n.
Cn the visible stars (cc ngi sao c th thy c) m ch n mt loi
ngi sao m c th thy c nhng thi im thch hp.

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EYES EXPRESSION
Todays program is all about eyes. When it comes to relationships,
peoples eyes can be a window into their hearts. This means that their
eyes can tell a lot about how they feel. We will tell a story about a man
and woman who are teachers at the same school. The woman is interested
in the man. She used many methods to catch his eye or get him to notice
her. Once he sets eyes on her or sees her, she might try to get him
interested in her by acting playful. In other words, she might try to make
eyes at him or give him the eye.
Let us suppose that this man get hit between the eyes. In other word, the
woman has strong effect on him. He wants to spend time her and get to
know her better. He asks her out on a date. She is so happy that she may
walk around for days with stars in her eyes. She is extremely happy
because this man is the apple of her eye, a very special person. She might
tell him that he is the person she wants or I only have eyes for you.
On the date, the couple might eat a meal together at a restaurant. If the
man is really hungry, his eyes might be bigger than his stomach. He
might order more food than he can eat. When his food arrives at the table,
his eyes might pop out, he might very surprised by the amount of food
provided. He might not even believe his own eyes. In fact, all eyes would
be watching him if he ate all food. This might even cause raise eye brows.
People might look at the man with disapproval.
During the dinner, the couple might discuss many things. They might
discover that they see eye to eye or agree on many issues. They share the
same beliefs and opinions. For example, they might agree that every
crime or injury should be punished. That is they firmly believe in the idea
of an eye for an eye. They might also agree that it is wrong to pull a wool
over a persons eye. This means to try to trick a person by making him
believe something that is false. But the man and woman do not believe in
the evil eye that a person can harm you by looking at you.
The next day, at the school, the woman asks the man to keep an eye on or
watch the young student in her class while she is out of the class room.
This might be hard to do when a teacher is writing on a board at the front
of the class room. To do so, a teacher would need to have eyes in the back
of his head. In other words, he would know what the children are doing
even when he is not watching them.

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CC THNH NG V CON MT
Chng trnh hm nay u ni v con mt . Khi ch cc mi quan h, cp
mt ca con ngi c th l ca s nhn vo tm hn. iu ny c
ngha l nh mt c th ni ln nhiu iu v cch h cm nhn ra sao.
Chng ti s k mt cu chuyn v mt ngi n ng v mt ngi ph
n, h l gio vin cng trng. Ngi ph n thch ngi n ng. C
y dng nhiu cch li cun anh y hoc lm cho anh y ch n c.
Khi anh y nhn c, c c th tm cch lm cho anh y thch c bng cch
lm iu lm b. Ni cch khc, c y c th c tnh nhn anh say m
hoc lic mt a tnh vi anh.
Chng ta hy gi d ngi n ng ny b chao o v nh mt . Ni
cch khc, ngi ph n tc ng mnh n anh ta. Anh ta mun
tri qua nhng gi pht vi c y v mun bit r v c y hn. Anh mi
c i chi. C y sung sng n ni c y c th i khp ni trong nhiu
ngy vi nh mt ngi sng long lanh . C y cc k hnh phc v
ngi n ng ny l ngi c yu thng nht , mt ngi rt c bit.
C cth ni vi anh y rng anh l ngi duy nht c mun c hoc
Em ch yu mt mnh anh thi.
Khi hn h i chi, h c th cng nhau dng ba mt nh hng. Nu
ngi n ng thc s i bng, anh ta c th no bng i con mt .
Anh ta s gi mn n nhiu hn l anh ta c th n ht. Khi thc n anh ta
gi c dn ln bn, anh ta c th s tr mt ra, anh ta s rt kinh ngc
vi lng thc n c cung cp. Thm ch anh ta c th khng tin vo
mt mnh. Tht vy, mi con mt s quan st anh ta nu anh ta n ht tt
c s thc n . Vic ny c th khin ngi ta tr mt kinh ngc. C
th ngi ta s nhn ngi n ng ny vi v khinh th.
Trong sut ba n, h c th tho lun v nhiu vic. C th h s pht
hin ra rng h c cng quan im hoc hon ton ng vi nhau v
nhiu vn rng mi ti phm v nhng k gy thng tn phi b trng
tr. l h xc tn trong t tng v mt s trng pht n ming tr
ming . H cng c th ng rng tht l sai tri khi ta la di mt
ngi no. Vic ny c ngha l c gng nh la mt ngi bng cch
lm cho ngi tin vo ci gi l ci nhn hm ti m mt ngi no
c th hm hi bn bng cch nhn vo bn.
Ngy hm sau, trng hc, ngi ph n yu cu ngi n ng
mt n hay canh chng cc hc sinh nh lp c trong lc c ra ngoi.
Vic ny kh khi gio vin vit bng pha trc lp. lm vic ny,
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gio vin cn c mt rt tinh. Ni cch khc, ng y phi bit bn tr

ang lm g c khi ng y khng theo di chng.
C th b i t "It" trong cu It being a very hot day, I remained in my
tent khng?
Q. Xin cho bit trong cu It being a very hot day, I remained in my
tent chng ta c th b i t It? V n c chc nng g trong
cu?
A. Chng ta khng th b i t It trong cu It being a very hot day, I
remained in my tent bi v It lm subject (ch ng) ca being v n
m u cho mt absolute phrase (cm t c lp). Nu chng ta b It
i th cu trn tr thnh v ngha: Being a very hot day, I remained in my
tent (L mt ngy rt nng, ti li trong lu) lc ny being li m
u cho mt present participle phrase (cm hin ti phn t) c I lm
subject (ch ng) ca n v ca remained trong mnh chnh, tht l
bun ci khi ti l mt ngy rt nng chng!
Cch dng ca be + to-infinitive v ngha ca n.
Q. Xin cho bit cch dng ca be + to-infinitive v ngha ca n nh
th no?
A. "be + to - infinitive" c dng ch:
1. Nhim v, s cn thit
Ex. I am to tell you.
Ti cn phi ni cho bn bit.
2. Mnh lnh, ch th
Ex: You are to be back by 10 o'clock.
Con phi tr v khong trc 10 gi.
3. K hoch, t sp xp
Ex: They are to be married in June.
H s kt hn vo thng su.
4. Kh nng
Ex: It was not to be found.
C l khng tm thy n c.
5. S phn
Ex. They were never to meet again.
Th ri h khng cn gp nhau na.
6. Gi nh
Ex. If I were to tell you, would you believe me?
Nu ti ni cho anh bit th anh c tin ti khng?
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S khc bit gia "transitive verb" v "intransitive verb"?

Q. S khc bit gia transitive verb v intransitive verb? Cch s
dng chng nh th no? C g khc nhau?
A.Transitive verb (ngoi ng t) v Intransitive verb (ni ng t)
khc nhau c bn l transitive verb c object (tn ng) ng sau n, cn
intransitive verb li khng c.
Ex. 1.The boy kicked the ball.
Cu b tri banh.
2. He loves her.
Anh y yu c y.
3. He never smiles.
Anh y khng bao gi mm ci.
4. She wept bitterly.
C y khc tc ti.
Notes:
- Trong cu 1, kicked l hnh thc simple past (qu kh n) ca ngoi
ng t kick c tn ng l "the ball".
- Trong cu 2, loves l hnh thc simple present (hin ti n) ca ngoi
ng t love c tn ng l "her".
Chng ta cn lu rng tn ng ng sau ngoi ng t c th l mt
noun (danh t), objective pronoun (i t tn ng), gerund (danh ng
t), to infinitive (ng t nguyn th c "to") hoc noun clause (mnh
danh t).
- Trong cu 3, smiles l hnh thc simple present ca ni ng t smile
khng c tn ng ng sau n.
"Double negative" l g ? N c s dng trong trng hp no?
Q. Double negative l g ? N c s dng trong trng hp no?
A. Double negative (ph nh kp) l mt cu trc cu mt cu, mt cm
t m ni khng hai ln.
Bn nn nh rng trong mt cu ting Anh thng khng ng khi c hai
t mang ngha ph nh i vi nhau. Do double negative khng c
chp nhn standard English(ting Anh chun). N c chp nhn
non-standard English (ting Anh khng chun).
Chng ta hy xem hai v d sau y.
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1. I cant hardly hear you.

2. She didnt have no idea.
Hai cu ny c s dng hnh thc double negative ch c chp nhn
trong "nonstandard English".
Cn trong "standard English", hai cu trn khng th chp nhn c nn
sa li nh sau:
1. I can hardly hear you.
Ti hu nh khng nghe c anh ni.
2. She had no idea.
C ta khng c kin.
or: She didn't have any idea.
Trong hai cu trn hardly c ngha l almost not v no c ngha l not
any.
Phn bit "Complete" v "Finish"
Q. Complete v finish u c ngha l han thnh. Vy ti sao c
trng hp li dng finish m khng dng complete v ngc li
(sau cc t ny c gii t hay khng?)?
A. Thng thng finish c dng vi ngha lm xong, kt thc v
complete c dng khi ta mun din t ngha han thnh.
Ex: The play finished at 11:00
V kch kt thc lc 11 gi
He hasn't finished speaking
ng ta cha ni xong
Your essay should be completed before the end of the school year.
Bi lun vn ca anh phi han thnh trc khi ht nm hc.
They wanted the project to be completed on time.
H mun d n han thnh ng thi hn
Tuy nhin cng c nhng ng cnh trong c hai ng t u c th s
dng c.
Ex: He finished/completed law school last year.
Anh ta tt nghip trng lut nm ngoi.

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Khi mun ni "in y vo mt mu giy hay t n" ngi ta dng

"complete the form/application"
Dng "In regard to" hay "In regards to" ?
Q. Hai cm t In regard to v In regards to c ng khng? Nh gii
thch gim v dch gim cu sau sang ting Anh: Xin vui lng gi li
thm hi ca ti n ngi thn ca bn
A. T regard trong cm t in/with regard to s.o/s.th lun lun s t
(singular). Do vy bn nn cn thn khi dng cm t ny, v n c ngha
l v/lin quan n.
Ex:
INCORRECT: In regards to your problem, I am offering a suggestion.
CORRECT: In regard to your problem, I am offering a suggestion.
V vn ca bn, ti a ra mt ngh.
INCORRECT: I have nothing to say with regards to your complaints.
CORRECT: I have nothing to say with regard to your complaints.
Ti chng c g ni v nhng iu phn nn ca anh.
Cu bn hi c dch l: Please send my regards to your relatives.
Face expression
The first is face the music. It means to accept the results of what you had
done. Here is an example from a writer's news report. Britain's Highest
Court had ruled that former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet was
legally arrested. Opponents of General Pinochet welcomed the news. One
of them said we have waited for years for this man to face the music.
No one is sure how the expression began. One story is that it came from a
military ceremony held when a soldier was forced out of an army. The
button was cut from the soldier's clothing. He was put on a horse facing
the back of the horse and led away. As he left, he faced the music of a
military band , and the soldiers he had served with.
Another story says the expression began in the theatre. New actors,
shaken with fright, were told that the only cure was to go out and face the
music. The music was played by the orchestra sitting in front of the stage
A similar expression is face up to. It means to accept something that is
difficult or painful For example, a man must face up to the fact that he
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lied about the business deal and will lose his job. For a child must learn to
face up to her responsibilities and complete her school work.
Meeting someone face to face can be exciting, especially if the other
person is famous. It is an expression one might use after visiting the
White House and meeting the President, face to face. For a teacher might
ask for a face to face meeting with the parents of a student in trouble .It
means to talk to someone in person, not by telephone.
Another expression is as plain as the nose on your face. It means that
something is as clear as it can possibly be. Shakespeare used the words
almost 500 years ago for joke in his play "Two Gentlemen of Bologna."
Valentine secretly loves Lady Sylvia. His servant jokes that Valentine's
love for her is as hard to see as the nose on a man's face. Of course, a
man's nose cannot be hidden. A more recent use of the expression
appeared in a report in NewsDay Magazine. It was about the dispute
between the United States and Europe over agriculture. The United States
had criticized Europeans for protecting their soybean farmers. The
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in return
criticized the United States for its huge budget deficits. The report said
the OECD seems to be sane. It is plain as the nose on your face, that
you must raise taxes.
Cc thnh ng c t Face
Thnh ng u tin l face the music. N c ngha l chp nhn hu qu
vic bn lm. y l mt v d t mt bn tin ca ngi vit. Ta n
Ti cao ca Anh Quc phn quyt rng nh cu c ti ngi Chil l
Augusto Pinochet b bt mt cch hp php. Cc ngi chng i tng
Pinochet hoan nghnh tin ny. Mt ngi trong s h ni: chng ti
ch i t nhiu nm ngi ny phi face the music (chp nhn hu
qu).
Khng ai bit chc thnh ng ny bt u nh th no. Mt cu
chuyn cho rng thnh ng ny bt ngun t mt nghi thc trong qun
i c t chc khi mt ngi lnh b buc phi xut ng. Chic nt o
ca ngi lnh ny b ct i. Anh ta c t ln lng nga quay mt v
pha sau ca con nga v b dn i. Khi anh ta ra i, anh ta faced the
music (quay mt v pha ban qun nhc) v v pha nhng ngi lnh m
anh ta cng phc v chung vi h.
Mt cu chuyn khc ni thnh ng ny bt u nh ht. Cc din vin
mi ln sn khu, run v s, c ni cho bit rng cch cha tr duy nht
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l i ra sn khu v face the music (i din vi ban nhc). Ban nhc ny

ngi pha trc sn khu. Mt thnh ng tng t l face up to. Thnh
ng ny c ngha l chp nhn ci g kh khn hoc au n. V d,
mt ngi phi chp nhn s kin l anh ta ni di v mt hp ng
thng mi v s b mt vic. i vi mt a b, phi face up to (nhn
ly) trch nhim v hon thnh bi lm ca mnh.
Gp ai face to face (mt i mt) c th l iu thch th, nht l nu
ngi kia l ngi ni ting. l mt thnh ng ngi ta c th dng
sau khi tham quan Nh Trng v gp Tng thng, face to face (tn mt).
i vi mt gio vin c th yu cu face to face meeting (gp mt trc
tip) vi ph huynh ca mt hc sinh c vn . Vic c ngha l ni
chuyn trc tip vi ai , khng ni chuyn qua in thoi.
Mt thnh ng khc l as plain as the nose on your face. Thnh ng ny
c ngha l ci g ht sc r rng. Shakespeare s dng cc t ny
cch y gn 500 nm khi hi trong v kch ca ng, "Two
Gentlemen of Bologna" ("Hai qu ng Bologna"). Valentine b mt yu
Qu b Sylvia. Ngi phc v ca ng y ni a l tnh yu ca
Valentine i vi c y hard to see as the nose on a man's face (kh
thy nh ci mi trn mt ca mt ngi). D nhin, ci mi ca mt
ngi khng th no che giu c. Cch s dng gn y hn ca thnh
ng ny xut hin trong mt bi tng thut ng trn tp ch NewsDay.
l bi tng thut v cuc tranh lun gia Hoa K v chu u v
nng nghip. Hoa K ch trch nhng ngi chu u v vic bo h cc
nng dn trng u nnh ca h. p li, T chc Hp tc v Pht trin
Kinh t ch trch Hoa K v nhng thm ht ngn sch khng l ca nc
ny. Bi tng thut ni rng t chc OECD dng nh c nhn xt
ng. Vic plain as the nose on your face (r nh ban ngy) l ta phi
tng thu.
"Scoff Law" expression
SCOFF LAW EXPRESSION
In 1917, the United States decided to ban or prohibit the production, sale
and use of alcohol. The ban became law when the Eighteenth amendment
to the Constitution was passed. The law was commonly called
Prohibition. Not everyone was pleased with Prohibition. People who
made, sold or drank alcohol protested. They felt the new law violated
their civil rights. These people began a quiet rebellion . If they could not
get alcohol legally , they would get it illegally. Some started to make their
own alcohol. Others bought it secretly in other countries. Soon alcohol
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was flowing into the United States faster than it had before the 18th
amendment. Public officials feared that disrespect for one law might lead
to disrespect for all laws. So they started a campaign to show the
importance of the 18th amendment. A wealthy man in the state of
Massachusetts , Anan Draker, offered a prize for the best word to
describe a person who laughed at the new law. He would give the winner
200 dollars. The man received 25,000 proposals . He chose the word
Scoff law. It came from the word scoff which means to laugh at or make
fun of and the word law. The winning word was announced at a public
ceremony; but it did not help the campaign in support of the 18th
amendment. There simply were too many people who did not want a ban
on alcohol. Journalist Franklin Adams wrote a poem to show how silly it
was. "Prohibition is an awful fluff , we like it. It cannot stop what it is
meant to stop, we like it. It has left a trail of grafts and slimes. It has filled
our land with vice and crime. It does not prohibit worth a dime.
Nevertheless, we like it."
The 18th amendment was killed in 1933 by another constitution
amendment, the 21st. Making, selling and drinking alcohol became legal
again. And the word scofflaw was forgotten until recent years. It was
brought back into popular use by a traffic court judge in New York City .
The judge John Morter had become very angry with some people who put
their cars in places marked "no parking". Traffic police gave these people
parking tickets. The people were supposed to pay a small amount of
money as punishment, but they did not pay. Judge Morter decided to
punish these people more severely. He ordered one man to pay more than
a thousand dollars and he called the man a Scofflaw.
THNH NG "SCOFF LAW"
Vo nm 1917, Hoa K quyt nh cm sn xut, mua bn v s dng
ru. Lnh cm ny tr thnh lut khi Tu chnh n th 18 ca Hin php
M c thng qua. Lut ny ph bin vi tn gi l Lut cm nu v
bn ru. Khng phi mi ngi u hi lng vi lut ny. Nhng ngi
nu, bn, hoc ung ru u phn i tu chnh n . H cm thy lut
mi ny vi phm quyn cng dn ca h. H bt u mt cuc ni lon
thm lng. Nu h khng th c ru mt cch hp php, h s c n mt
cch bt hp php. Mt s ngi bt u nu ru ring cho h. Nhng
ngi khc b mt mua ru t cc nc khc. Chng bao lu ru trn
vo Hoa K cn nhanh hn c trc khi c Tu chnh n th 18. Cc quan
chc cng quyn s rng vic khng tn trng mt o lut s dn n
vic khng tn trng tt c cc lut khc. V th h khi s mt chin
dch cho thy tm quan trng ca Tu chnh n th 18. Mt ngi giu c
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bang Massachusetts tn l Anan Draker treo gii thng cho t no m

t hay nht mt ngi ci ch lut mi ny. ng ta s tng cho ngi
thng cuc thi 200 -la. ng ta nhn c 25.000 ngh. ng ta chn
t Scofflaw. T ny c l do t scoff ngha l ci vo (ai/ci g) hoc
ch giu, v t law l lut. T c chn ny c cng b ti mt bui
l cng cng; nhng vic khng gip c g cho chin dch ng h tu
chnh hin php th 18. n gin v c qu nhiu ngi khng mun c
lnh cm ru. Nh bo Franklin Adams vit mt bi th cho thy vic
lm ny xun ngc nh th no. "Lut cm ru l mt vic lm ng
ngn cc k, chng ta thch n. N khng th ngn li ci m n nh
ngn chn, chng ta thch n. N li mt vt cc v hi l v cc v
b bi. N lm cho t nc ca chng ta cha y nhng s xu xa
v ti c. N khng cm cn c ci g ng gi 10 xu. Tuy nhin,
chng ta thch n."
Vo nm 1933 Tu chnh n th 18 b mt tu chnh n khc, Tu chnh n
th 21, loi i. Lm ru, bn v ung ru xem nh hp php tr li. V
t scofflaw b lng qun cho n nhng nm gn y. N c mt thm
phn ta n giao thng thnh ph New York a vo s dng ph bin
tr li. Thm phn John Morter rt tc gin vi mt s ngi u xe
nhng ch gn bng "cm u xe". Cnh st giao thng pht nhng ngi
ny v u xe nhng ni cm u. Nhng ngi ny phi ng mt s
tin pht nh, nhng h khng ng. Thm phn Morter quyt nh pht
nhng ngi ny mt cch nghim khc hn. ng phn quyt mt
ngi n ng phi tr hn 1.000 -la v ng gi ngi ny l Scofflaw.
Green expression
Green is an important colour in nature. It is the colour of grass and the
leaves on trees. It is also the colour of most growing plants.
Sometimes the word green means young, fresh and growing. Sometimes,
it describes something that is not yet ripe or finished. For example, a
green horn is someone who has no experience, who is new to a situation.
In the 15 th century, a green horn was a young cow or ox whose horn
has not yet developed. A century or so later, a green horn was a soldier
who had not yet had any experience in battle . By the 18 th century, a
green horn had the meaning it has today, a person who is new in a job.
About 100 years ago, green horn was a popular expression in the
American West. Old timers used it to describe a man who had just arrived
from one of the big cities back East. The green horn lacked the skills he
would need to live in the hard, rough country.
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Someone who has the ability to grow plants well is said to have a green
thumb. The expression comes from the early 1900s. A person with a
green thumb seems to have a magic touch that makes plants grow
quickly and well. You might say that the woman next door has a green
thumb if her garden continues to grow long after your plants have died.
The green revolution is the name given some years ago to the
development of new kinds of rice and other grains. The new plants
produce much larger crops. The green revolution was the result of hard
work by agricultural scientists who had green thumbs.
Green is also the colour used to describe the powerful emotion, jealousy.
The green eye monster is not a frightening creature from outer space . It
is an expression used about 400 years ago by British writer William
Shakespeare in his play Othello. It describes the unpleasant feeling a
person has when someone has something he wants. A young man may
suffer from the green eye monster if his girlfriend begins going out with
someone else. Or that green eye monster may affect your friend if you
get a pay raise and she does not.
In most places in the world, a green light is the sign to move ahead. A
green light on a traffic signal means your car can continue on. In
everyday speech, a green light means approval to continue with the
project. We want you to know we have a green light to continue this
series next week.
-----------------------------------------------------------Mu xanh l cy l mt mu quan trng trong thin nhin. l mu
ca c v l trn cy. cng l mu ca hu ht cc tho mc ang pht
trin.
i khi t mu xanh l cy c ngha l non tr, ti mt v ang pht
trin. i khi t ny m t ci g cha chn hoc cha hon thin. Th
d, mt green horn (sng non) l ai khng c kinh nghim, ai cn
mi m trong mt tnh hung no . th k 15, sng non l mt con
b t, c hoc ci m sng ca n cha pht trin. Khong mt th k
sau , sng non ch mt ngi lnh cha c kinh nghim chin u. n
th k 18, sng non c ci ngha ca ngy nay, l mt ngi cn mi
trong cng vic.
Cch y khong 100 nm, green horn l mt thnh ng c s dng
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ph bin min Ty nc M. Dn k cu dng thnh ng ny

m t mt ngi t mt thnh ph ln min ng va mi ti. Ngi
mi n thiu cc k nng cn c sng mt qu hng kh nhc,
g gh ny.
Ai c kh nng trng cy tt c gi l green thumb (ngi mt
tay). Thnh ng ny c t u th k 20. Mt ngi mt tay dng nh
c mt bn tay thn k s n u cy ci mc nhanh v tt n . C
th bn s ni rng ngi n b nh k bn l ngi mt tay nu vn
ca b y cn tip tc tng trng lu di sau khi cc cy trong vn nh
bn cht c.
Cuc cch mng xanh l tn c t cch y mt s nm cho s pht
trin cc ging la mi v cc loi cy c ht khc. Cc loi cy mi cho
ta nhng v thu hoch nng sut ln hn rt nhiu. Cuc cch mng xanh
ny l kt qu ca cng vic kh nhc ca cc nh khoa hc v nng
nghip, h l nhng green thumb (ngi mt tay).
Mu xanh l cy cng l mu c dng m t mt cm xc mnh, s
ghen tung. Green eye monster (Qui vt mt xanh) khng phi l mt
sinh vt ng s ngoi khng gian. l mt thnh ng c dng
cch y khong 400 nm do nh vn ngi Anh l William Shakespeare
dng trong v kch Othello ca ng. Thnh ng ny m t cm gic kh
chu m mt ngi cm thy khi ai khc c ci m anh ta mun c. Mt
thanh nin c th au kh v con qui vt mt xanh nu bn gi ca anh
ta bt u i chi vi ai khc. Hoc con qui vt mt xanh c th gy
nh hng n bn ca bn nu bn c tng lng m c y th khng.
hu ht mi ni trn th gii, green light (n xanh) l du hiu cho
xe chy ti. n xanh trn bng hiu bo giao thng c ngha l xe ca
bn c th tip tc chy ti. Trong li ni hng ngy, n xanh c ngha
l chp thun cho tip tc d n. Chng ti mun bn bit rng chng ti
c bt n xanh cho tip tc lot bi ny vo tun ti.
ngha ca cm t "a pain in the neck" trong cu: Its a pain in the
neck having to do this, Id much rather be watching TV.
Q . ngha ca cm t a pain in the neck trong cu: Its a pain in the
neck having to do this, Id much rather be watching TV. l g?
A. A pain in the neck trong cu bn hi trn l mt idiom (thnh
ng), n c ngha l a person, thing, or happening that causes annoyance
or displeasure; nuisance (ngi, vt iu xy ra gy bc mnh, kh
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chu.)
Cu ca bn c th c dch nh sau: Tht l phin phc phi lm cng
vic ny, chng th ti thi gi xem ti vi cn hn.
Ch thch: Ngoi cm t "a pain in the neck", cc cm t "a pain in
(the/my) butt", "a pain in (the/my) ass" (vulg.) cng c dng vi ngha
tng t.
Cch dng ng t "feel"
Q. Khi c sch, bo ting Anh, ti bt gp ng t "feel" i lc ng
sau n l danh t, i lc ng sau n l tnh t, chng hn nh trong 2
th d sau y:
1. I feel happiness.
2. I feel happy.
Cho bit 2 trng hp ny c g khc nhau khng? Cn c trng hp
no cng tng t nh vy khng?
A. Cch s dng ng t feel trong hai trng hp nh th d ca bn
nu trn l c khc nhau.
* Khi feel c danh t ng sau, th n l mt transitive verb (ngoi ng
t) v danh t lm object (tn ng) cho n nh trong th d 1. Trng
hp ny feel c ngha l to experience, to be affected by (an emotion or
physical condition)" (tri qua, cm nhn, b xc cm, b iu kin vt l
tc ng).
Cu 1: I feel happiness. Chng ta tm dch l:" Ti cm nhn c nim
hnh phc."
* Cn khi feel c tnh t ng sau, n l mt linking verb (ng t ni)
nh trong th d 2. Trong trng hp ny feel c ngha l to have the
specified physical, emotional or moral feeling (c mt m gic c th
thuc v tinh thn, tm sinh l; cm thy).
Cu 2: I feel happy, chng ta tm dch l :" Ti cm thy hnh phc."
Cng c trng hp tng t nh 2 v d trn qua hai cu sau y:
1. Can you keep a secret?
Bn c th gi b mt c khng?
2. There were several questions I wanted to ask but I kept silent.
C dm ba cu hi ti mun hi nhng ti lm thinh.
cu 1, chng ta thy sau keep l danh t secret, cn cu 2 sau keep
l tnh t silent.
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S khc nhau gia match v suit

a. match (v) = to have the same colour or pattern as sth else, or to look
nice with sth else: c cng m hoc cng kiu mu vi mt ci g khc,
hoc trng c v p khi i cng vi mt ci g khc.
Ex: That blouse doesnt match your skirt.
Ci o khng hp vi chic vy ca ch.
b. suit (v) = to look attractive on sb: nhn, trng hp dn i vi ai.
Ex: That dress really suits you.
Chic o di tht s hp vi ch.
Xin cho bit khi no chng ta dng hear, khi no chng ta dng listen
A. T hear c ngha l to receive a sound by chance or on a passive
way with your ears; to perceive by with the ears (nhn c mt m
thanh no mt cch th ng bng tai; nhn ra mt m thanh bng
tai).
Ex: We listened but could hear nothing.
Chng ti lng nghe nhng chng nghe thy g c.
T listen c ngha l: to make a concious or active effort to hear
something; to make an effort to hear sb/sth (c gng mt cch c
thc hoc tch cc nghe ci g; c gng nghe ai/ci g).
Ex: I love listening to music in the evening.
Ti thch nghe nhc vo bui ti.
Listen! Ive got something to tell you.
Nghe ny! Ti c iu mun ni vi bn.
S khc bit ca cc t "Outskirts", "Suburb", "Countryside"
Outskirts: outer edges of a town (Vng ngoi, vng ngoi ).
V d: Workers live in blocks or flats round the outskirts of the city.
Cng nhn sng trong cc cn h quanh vng ngoi thnh ph.
Suburb: an area where people live that is outside the central part of a
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town or city (Vng ngoi thnh).

V d: Most people live in the suburbs and work in the centre of the town.
Nhiu ngi sng cc vng ngoi thnh v lm vic trung tm thnh
ph.
Countryside: Land which is away from towns or cities (Nng thn).
V d: The countryside near Ho Chi Minh City is very beautiful.
Vng nng thn gn thnh ph H Ch Minh th rt p
S khc bit gia "Task", "Duty", "Mission"
Task: a piece of work that has to be done (mt phn ca cng vic phi
c lm nh l mt nhim v, ngha v, phn s).
V d: Your first task will be to type these letters.
Nhim v u tin ca bn l phi nh my my l th ny.
Duty: Something you have to do because people expect you to do or you
think its right (mt vic g m bn phi lm bi v ngi ta mong i
bn lm nh l mt trch nhim, bn phn).
V d: To do my duty.
A soldier must do his duty.
Mission: An important task or purpose that a person or group are sent
somewhere to do (Cng tc).
V d: To complete ones mission successfully:
Hon thnh nhim v mt cch thng li.
So snh gia "chance" v "opportunity"
Khi ni v mt c hi hay mt c may lm mt vic g , th ta c th
dng chance hoc opportunity.
Ex: - I had the chance/opportunity to visit Boston.
Ti c dp ving thm Boston.
- I had no opportunity/chance to see him.
Ti khng c c may/c hi gp ng ta.
Nhng khi ni v mt kh nng m mt vic c th xy ra, th ta phi
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dng chance.
Ex: - There is a chance (= possibility) that I will see him. (not
opportunity)
C kh nng l ti s gp ng ta.
- What chance of success do we have? (not opportunity)
Chng ta c kh nng thnh cng nhiu hay t?
Gia various v different cch dng c ging nhau khng?
C hai u c ngha l khng cng mt th nhng various hm nhiu
th khng ging nhau:
Ex: The judges gave various reasons (= a number of different reasons) for
the courts decision. [Cc thm phn a ra nhiu l do khc nhau (=
mt s l do khc nhau) v phn quyt ca ta.]
The two judges gave different reasons for the courts decision. (= They
did not each give the same reason.) [Hai thm phn a ra nhng l do
khc nhau v phn quyt ca ta. (= Mi ngi khng a ra cng mt
l do)].
- Khng nh various, different cng c th c s dng vi mt danh t
s t, v do n hm l danh t (noun) ny c so snh vi ci g
khc, c th hoc khng th c cp n:
You look different (from before) with your hair cut.
Trng c khc i (trc y) vi mi tc ct ngn ca c.
They each wanted to see a different film (from each other).
Mi ngi trong bn h u mun xem mt phim khc nhau.
Xin phn bit v ch r cch dng ca nhng t sau y: hitch, hitchhike
a. hitch l hnh thc slang (ting lng) ca hitchhike
b. hitchhike c ngha l to get (a ride) or make (ones way) by hitchhiking
(xin i xe nh; i qu giang).
Ex: He hitchhiked across Europe.
Anh y i xe nh khp chu u.

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Xin phn bit v ch r cch dng ca nhng t sau y: cost, price,

charge
a. cost (n)
Chng ta dng cost khi ni v vic mnh tr tin cho cc dch v hoc ni
v gi c mt cch chung chung m khng cp n s tin trn thc t.
Ex: The cost of electricity is going up.
Gi in ang tng ln.
b. price (n) = the amount of money that you must pay in order to buy
something (s tin chng ta phi tr mua mt ci g ).

Ex: Whats the price of this radio, please?

Xin cho bit ci radio ny gi bao nhiu?
c. charge (n) = the amount of money that you must pay for using
something (s tin chng ta phi tr cho vic s dng ci g).
Ex: Is there a charge for parking here?
u xe y c phi tr tin khng?
Nhng t sau y: famous, well-known, distinguished, eminent,
notorious v infamous ging nhau v khc nhau nh th no?
1. Famous ging nh well-known, nhng famous l mt t mnh hn v
hm l c bit n khp mt vng rng ln:
Ex: The doctor, the mailman and other well-known people in the village
attended the meeting.
Bc s, ngi a th v nhng ngi ni ting khc trong lng
tham d cuc mit tinh.
A famous movie star has come to live in our town.
Mt ngi sao in nh ni ting n sng thnh ph chng ta.
2. Distinguished v eminent c s dng c bit ni v nhng ngi
ni ting v cng trnh quan trng trong lnh vc khoa hc, ngh thut,
v.v...
Ex: A distinguished writer.
Mt vn s li lc.
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An eminent scientist.
Mt nh khoa hc xut chng.
3. Notorious c ngha ni ting v ci xu; infamous cng c ngha l rt
xu, nhng khng nht thit phi ni ting:
Ex: Everyone was talking about the notorious murderer.
Mi ngi ang ni v tn st nhn kht ting.
She witnessed the infamous killing of an unarmed policeman.
C ta chng kin v git b i i vi mt vin cnh st khng v
trang.
Khi hi v ngy thng ta c hai t date v day. Xin cho bit cch dng hai
t ny khi hi bng ting Anh v ngy thng.
Date dng hi ngy thng theo dng lch, ta thng nghe hi, "Hm
nay ngy my ri? Ngi hi mun bit hm nay l ngy my theo
dng lch. Cu hi bng ting Anh l: What date is today?.
T day dng hi ngy th my trong tun nh ngi ta mun bit hm
nay l th my trong tun th ngi y phi hi: What day is today?
Sau y mi cc bn c hai mu m thoi nh ny hiu r ngha t
day v date c dng hi v ngy.
1. A: What date is today? (or: What date is this?)
Hm nay l ngy my?
B: Its May 29 (or: Today is May 29.)
Hm nay l ngy 29 thng 5.
2. A: What day is it? (or: What day is today?)
Hm nay th my?
B: Its Saturday (or: Today is Saturday.)
Hm nay l th By.
Khi mun ni dng tng ngi ti yu thng ci g , ti dng verb
offer hoc donate t v trn trng c c khng?
1. Offer c ngha l dng, tng. Nhng thng ngi ta dng t ny i
vi Vua Cha, Thng hay Thn Linh.
Ex: A calf was offered up as a sacrifice to the Goddess.
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Mt con b c cng lm vt t cho n thn.

2. Donate cng c ngha l hin, tng, nhng t ny thng c dng
khi ta mun ni vic tng (tin, hng ha, v.v...) cho mt t chc no ,
nht l mt t chc t thin.
Ex: They donated large sums to relief organizations.
H tng nhng mn tin ln cho cc t chc t thin.
Trong quan h i thng chng ta vi nhau, khi mun ni tng ai ci g
, ta ch cn dng ng t give l .
Ex: Id like to give you this lacquer.
Ti mun tng ng tm sn mi ny.
My mother gave me a birthday gift.
M ti tng ti mt mn qu sinh nht.
Tm li, khi mun ni tng ai ci g ta khng dng offer hay donate m
dng give l .
Cch dng hai ng t do v make
Hai ng t do v make c ngha rt ging nhau nn ngi s dng ting
Anh nh mt ngoi ng nhiu khi lng tng khng bit chn ng t no
cho ng. C mt s nguyn tc c th gip ta la chn khi no nn dng
do v khi no nn dng make nhng cch tt nht i vi ngi hc
ting Anh l nn tp s dng cho nhun nhuyn nhng ng, nhng cm
t trong c do v make cho n khi hnh thnh thi quen s dng
khng phi dch t ting m ra ting Anh ri lng tng khng bit nn
chn ng t no. Thc hnh nhiu gip ta c thi quen s dng nhng
cm t nh do homework/housework/business hoc make a mistake/ a
noise/money/ love/ a bed... mt cch d dng.
Sau y l mt vi nguyn tc:
1. Chng ta dng do khi chng ta ni n mt hnh ng, mt hot ng
(an activity) m khng ni r vic g.
Ex: Do something. Don't just sit there. I don't know what to do.
What are you doing? I like doing nothing.
2. Do l ng t chng ta phi chn khi chng ta mun ni n cng vic
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hay vic lm (work job).

Ex: I'm not going to do any work today. I want to relax.
I dislike doing housework. I hate doing the cooking, cleaning and
washing up.
We should hire a maid to do all the boring jobs.
3. Chng ta dng ng t make khi chng ta mun din t to ra, lm
ra (creation, construction) mt ci g .
Ex: I've just made a cake for my mother's birthday.
My father and I once made a boat.
Let's make a plan for our summer holiday.
4. ng t make c dng rt thng xuyn trong cc mu cu sau y:
Make+ Object + Adj
Ex: Make something more beautiful/ large...
Make somebody happy/ angry/...
Make + Object+ Verb (infinitive without to)
Ex: The custom officer make Sally open her suitcase
The long trip made all of us feel exhausted.
5. Trong nhiu trng hp khc khng c qui tc g r rng c th gip
chng ta chn dng do hay make. Khi khng chc chn ta nn tra t in
tm ra cch dng ng. Tt hn ht ta nn hc thuc v dng cho quen
thuc cc ng sau y vi do v make:
- Do good/ harm/ business/ a favour/ a good turn
- Make a mistake/ a decision/ a suggestion/ an offer/ a plan/
arrangements/ an attempt/ an effort/ an excuse/ an exception/ money/ a
profit/ love/ war/ peace.
- Make the best of... /the most of.../ a habit of.../
Xin ni v cch dng ca each, every, both
1. Both c dng cho 2 ngi hoc 2 vt gp li vi nhau. Each c
dng cho bt c s ngi hoc vt tch ri nhau; v every c dng cho
c mt nhm.
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Both my children (=I have 2 children) go to the same school. [C hai a

con ca ti (=ti c 2 a con) u i hc cng mt trng.
Each of my children (= I have two or more children) goes to a different
school.
Mi con ti (= ti c 2 con hoc nhiu hn) i hc khc trng nhau.
Each child in the class gave different answer.
Mi a tr trong lp a ra mt cu tr li khc nhau.
Every child in the class passed the examination.
Mi a tr trong lp u thi u.
2. Both lun lun c ng t s nhiu; every lun lun c ng t s
t:
Both our children go to the local school.
C hai a con ca chng ti u i hc trng ca a phng.
Every child in this street goes to the local school.
Mi a tr trong ph ny u i hc trng ca a phng.
Each thng c ng t s t tr khi n ng sau ch ng (subject) s
nhiu.
Each has his own room.
Mi ngi c phng ring ca mnh.
They each have their own rooms.
H c phng ring ca tng ngi.
3. Every khng th c s dng trong nhng cu c cc cm t nh:
Both/Each of the boys.../The boys both/each...
Make noise hay Make a noise c ng ngha vi nhau khng hay
chng khc nhau? Xin cho bit ngha cm t ny khi s dng
Make noise v Make a noise u c ngha chung l gy nn ting ng.
V noise l mt danh t m c (countable noun) nn n c ngha l
mt ting ng no (kh to).
V d: - Dont make noise! The baby is sleeping!
ng lm n! B ang ng!
- They did not make a noise. (While the baby was sleeping.)
Chng khng gy ting ng no.
Tuy 2 cm t ny c s dng nh nhau nhng make noise th c s
dng trong American English. Em c th nhng chi tit nh ny
bit c ngun gc on vn mnh ang c m ha mnh vo vn ha
hiu tc gi mun din t.

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Clothes, cloth, clothing, dress, u l nhng t ch v qun o. Xin gii

thch gim cch dng nhng t ny nh th no?
- Clothes l t thng thng c dng cho tt c mi loi qun o m
ngi ta mc (nh s mi v o di), v cloth l nhng loi vi khc nhau
hoc l material (nguyn liu nh len v cotton).
Ex: He spends a lot of money on clothes.
ng y chi tiu nhiu tin vo qun o.
Shes got some lovely clothes.
C y c mt s qun o d thng.
How much cloth/ material will I need to make a pair of pants?
Ti s cn bao nhiu vi may mt ci qun?
- Clothing l mt t trang trng hn ch qun o.
- Dress l mt loi qun o mc ngoi ca ph n v cc c gi, nhng
trong mt s thnh ng, dress (khi dress l danh t khng m c) c
th c ngha l mt loi qun o c bit no :
Ex: What a pretty dress shes wearing today!
Ci o di c y mc hm nay mi d thng lm sao!
My parents had to wear formal evening dress to go to the company
dinner.
Cha m ti phi mc y phc d hi trang trng i d tic ca cng ty.
S khc bit gia "Task", "Duty", "Mission"
Task: a piece of work that has to be done (mt phn ca cng vic phi
c lm nh l mt nhim v, ngha v, phn s).
V d: Your first task will be to type these letters.
Nhim v u tin ca bn l phi nh my my l th ny.
Duty: Something you have to do because people expect you to do or you
think its right (mt vic g m bn phi lm bi v ngi ta mong i
bn lm nh l mt trch nhim, bn phn).
V d: To do my duty.
A soldier must do his duty.
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Mission: An important task or purpose that a person or group are sent

somewhere to do (Cng tc).
V d: To complete ones mission successfully:
Hon thnh nhim v mt cch thng li.
Comma splices and fused sentences - Cc ni cu bng du phy v cc
cu kt hp
A coma splice (or comma fault) is an error that occurs when a comma
by itself joins independent clauses. The only time that a comma is correct
between two independent clauses is when the comma is followed by a
coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, or, nor, yet, and so). The word
splice means "to fasten ends together." The end of one independent clause
and the beginning of another should not be fastened together with a
comma alone.
(Cc ni cu bng du phy (,) l mt li xy ra khi du phy t n ni
cc mnh c lp. Du phy ni hai mnh c lp ch ng trong
trng hp duy nht l du phy ny phi c theo sau bng mt lin t
kt hp (and, but, for, or, nor, yet, v so). T splice c ngha l "ni hai
u li vi nhau". Phn cui ca mt mnh c lp v phn bt u
ca mt mnh c lp khc khng nn ni vi nhau ch bng du
phy.)
COMMA SPLICE The hurricane intensified, it turned toward land.
A fused sentence is an error that occurs when two independent clauses
are not joined by a comma with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for,
or, nor, yet, and so) or by other punctuation. The word fused means
"united as if by melting together." Two independent clauses cannot be
united as if melted together. A fused sentence is also known as a run-on
sentence or a run-together sentence.
(Mt cu kt hp l mt li xy ra khi hai mnh c lp khng c
ni vi nhau bng mt du phy vi mt lin t kt hp (and, but, for, or,
nor, yet, v so) hoc khng c ni bng mt du chm cu khc. T
fused c ngha l "kt hp li nh th c nu chy ra cng vi nhau."
Hai mnh c lp khng th c kt hp li nh trn ln vo nhau
c. Mt cu kt hp cng c bit nh l mt cu c hp chung
nhau hoc mt cu cng i chung nhau.)
FUSED SENTENCE The hurricane intensified it turned toward land.
Comma splices and fused sentences are two versions of the same
problem: incorrect joining of two independent clauses. A fused sentence,
however, reveals less awareness of the need for a separation between the
independent clauses.
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Comma splices and fused sentences distract readers from understanding

the meaning you want your material to deliver. If you tend to write
comma splices and fused sentences, you might have trouble recognizing
them, because they can seem to blend with surrounding sentences.
Expect, therefore, to analyze your sentences individually. To do this, wait
until you have finished drafting your material, so that the flow of your
writing is not interrupted. If you suspect an error, quickly underline or
highlight it and maintain the pace of your writing. You can check the
sentences when you are revising and editing.
Chart below shows you how to correct these errors and refers you to
sections in this chapter for fuller explanations and illustrations.
HOW TO CORRECT COMMA SPLICES AND FUSED
SENTENCES
* Use a period.
The hurricane intensified. It turned toward land.
* Use a semicolon.
The hurricane intensified; it turned toward land.
* Use a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb.
The hurricane intensified; then it turned toward land.
* Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction.
The hurricane intensified, and it turned toward land.
* Revise one of two independent clauses into a dependent clause.
As the hurricane intensified, it turned toward land.
The hurricane intensified as it turned toward land.
Recognizing comma splices and fused sentences
(Nhn ra cc ni cu bng du phy v cc cu c ni khng ng
cch)
To recognize comma splices and fused sentences, you need to be able to
recognize an independent clause. An independent clause contains a
subject and predicate. An independent clause can stand alone as a
sentence because it is an independent grammatical unit.
( nhn ra cc ni cu bng du phy v cc cu c ni khng ng
cch, bn cn c kh nng nhn ra mt mnh c lp. Mt mnh
c lp gm c mt ch ng v mt v ng. Mt mnh c lp c th
ng mt mnh nh l mt cu v n l mt n v ng php c lp.)
SUBJECT PREDICATE Thomas Edison was an American inventor
If you tend to write comma splices, here is a useful technique for
proofreading your work. Cover all the words on one side of the comma
and see if the words remaining constitute an independent clause. If they
do, cover that clause and uncover all the words on the other side of the
comma. If the second side of the comma is also an independent clause,
you have written a comma splice. Also to help yourself avoid writing
comma splices, become familiar with correct uses for commas (Nu bn
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c khuynh hng vit cc ni cu bng du phy, y l mt k thut c

ch c v sa bi vit ca bn. Hy che tt c cc t mt bn ca
du phy v xem cc t cn li c to nn mt mnh c lp khng.
Nu cc t to nn mt mnh c lp, che mnh li v b lp
che tt c cc t bn kia ca du phy ra. Nu phn th hai ny ca
du phy cng l mt mnh c lp, bn vit mt ni cu bng du
phy. Cng t gip bn trnh vit cc ni cu bng du phy, bn hy
lm quen vi cch dng ng cc du phy.)
Experienced writers sometimes use a comma to join very brief parallel
independent clauses, especially if a negative sentence is followed by a
positive sentence: Mosquitos do not bite, they stab. Many instructors
consider this form an error in student writing; you will never be wrong if
you use a semicolon or period. (Nhng ngi vit c kinh nghim i khi
dng mt du phy ni cc mnh c lp song hnh rt ngn, c
bit nu mt cu ph nh c theo sau bi mt cu khng nh:
Mosquitos do not bite, they stab. Nhiu gio vin coi hnh thc ny l mt
li trong bi vit ca hc sinh; bn s khng bao gi b sai nu bn s
dng du chm phy (;) hoc du chm (.).)
MAJOR CAUSES OF COMMA SPLICES AND FUSED
SENTENCES
(Cc nguyn nhn chnh gy ra cc ni cu bng du phy v cc cu
c ni khng ng cch)
1. Pronouns. A comma splice or fused sentence often occurs when the
second independent clause starts with a pronoun.
(Cc i t. Mt ni cu bng du phy hoc mt cu c ni khng
ng cch thng xy ra khi mnh c lp th hai bt u bng mt
i t.)
NO Thomas Edison was a productive inventor, he held over 1.300 U.S.
and foreign patents.
YES Thomas Edison was a productive inventor. He held over 1.300 U.S.
and foreign patents.
2. Conjunctive adverbs and other transitional expressions. A comma
splice or fused sentence often occurs when the second independent clause
starts with a conjunctive adverb or other transitional expression.
Remember that these words are not coordinating conjunctions (and, but,
or, nor, so and yet), so they cannot work in concert with a comma to join
two independent clauses.
(Cc trng t lin kt v cc thnh ng chuyn tip khc. Mt ni cu
bng du phy hoc mt cu c ni khng ng cch thng xy ra
khi mnh c lp th hai bt u bng mt trng t lin kt hoc bng
mt thnh ng mang tnh chuyn tip khc. Hy nh rng cc t ny
khng phi l cc lin t phi hp [and, but, or, nor, for, so v yet], v
th chng khng th phi hp vi mt du phy ni hai mnh c
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lp vi nhau.)
NO Thomas Edison was a brilliant scientist, however, his schooling was
limited to only three months of his life.
YES Thomas Edison was a brilliant scientist. However, his schooling was
limited to only three months of his life.
3. Explanations or examples. A comma splice or fused sentence often
occurs when the second independent clause explains or gives an example
of the information in the first independent clause.
(Cc gii thch hoc cc v d. Mt ni cu bng du phy hoc mt cu
c ni khng ng cch thng xy ra khi mnh c lp th hai
gii thch hoc a ra mt v d v thng tin trong mnh c lp th
nht.)
NO: Thomas Edison was the genius behind many inventions, among the
best known are the photograph and the incandescent lamp.
YES: Thomas Edison was the genius behind many inventions. Among the
best known are the photograph and the incandescent lamp.
Xin hy cho bit s khc nhau gia Should Have v Must Have v xin
cho mt vi v d minh ha cch dng.
Should have c dng ni v nhng s vic khng hoc c th
khng xy ra trong qu kh. Chng hn:
I should have finished this work by now - ng l by gi ti phi
hon thnh cng vic ny ri (m n gi ti vn cha lm xong).
I should have studied harder for my exams - ng l ti phi hc chm
ch hn chun b cho cc k thi ca ti.
Trong c hai cu trn, ngi ni c th by t thi n hn, ly lm tic
l khng lm mt vic g .
Chng ta cng c th dng should have din t nhng ngha v
khng c hon thnh, thc thi. Chng hn:
He should have helped his mother carry the shopping.
Cn must have c dng din t mt vic g trong qu kh m
ngi ni gn nh bit chc.
Chng hn nu bn thc dy vo bui sng v bn thy ngoi vn c
t, bn c th ni:

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It must have rained overnight - Chc hn tri ma hi m hm qua.

Chng ta hy th xem xt mt cu trong c c should have v must
have:
Jane should have arrived by now, she must have missed the bus - Jane
ng l lc ny phi ti ni ri, chc hn ch y b nh chuyn xe
but.
Trong tnh hung ny, vo thi im ngi ni ni cu ny chng ta ngh
l Jane ng l c mt ri nhng ch y li cha ti, v chng ta c th
i ti kt lun l vic ch y mun hn l do b nh xe.

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Th hc t vng ting Anh

Hear l nghe watch l xem
Electric l in cn lamp bng n
Praise c ngha ngi khen
Crowd ng c, ln chen hustle
Capital l th
City thnh ph, local a phng
Country c ngha qu hng
Field l ng rung, vn l garden
Chc lt l ch moment
Fish l con c, chicken g t
Naive c ngha ngy th
Poet thi s, great writer vn ho
Tall c ngha l cao
Short l ngn thp, cho th l hi
Mc c li l ch shy
Life l s sng, pased away qua i
Shed tears c ngha l ri
Sunny nh nng, bu tri sky
Tomorrow l ngy mai
Hoa sen lotus, hoa li jasmine
Madman c ngha ngi in
Private c ngha l ring ca mnh
Cm gic l ch feeling
Camera my nh, hnh l photo
ng vt l animal
Big l to ln, little nh nhoi
Elephant l con voi
Goby c bng, c mi sardine
Mng manh th l ch thin
C l ch neck, cn chin ci cm
Visit c ngha ving thm
Lie down c ngha l nm ngh ngi
Rat con chut, bat con di
Separate c ngha tch ri, chia ra
Gift th c ngha mn qu
Guest th l khch, ch nh house owner
Bnh ung th l cancer
Li ra exit, enter i vo
Up ln, cn xung l down
Beside bn cnh, about khong chng
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Stop c ngha l ngng

Ocean l bin, rng l jungle
Ca s l ch window
Special c bit, normal thng thi
Lazy lm bing qu ri
Em xin finish ci ny y !
Th hc t vng ting Anh 2
HUSBAND l c ng chng
DADDY cha b, PLEASE DON'T xin ng
DARLING ting gi em cng
MERRY vui thch ci sng l HORN
LONG di , SHORT ngn, TALL cao
HERE y, THERE , WHICH no, WHERE u
SENTENCE c ngha l cu
LESSON bi hc ,RAINBOW cu vng
HUSBAND l c ng chng
DADDY cha b, PLEASE DON'T xin ng
DARLING ting gi em cng
MERRY vui thch ci sng l HORN
Rch ri xi ch TORN
TO SING l ht A SONG mt bi
Ni sai s tht TO LIE
GO i, COME n, mt vi l SOME
ng STAND, LOOK ng, LIE nm
FIVE nm, FOUR bn, HOLD cm, PLAY chi
ONE LIFE l mt cuc i
HAPPY sung sng, LAUGH ci, CRY ku
LOVER ch thc ngi yu
CHARMING duyn dng, m miu GRACEFUL
Mt trng l ch THE MOON
WORLD l th gii , sm SOON, LAKE h
Dao KNIFE, SPOON mung, cuc HOE
m NIGHT, DARK ti, khng l l GIANT
GAY vui, DIE cht, NEAR gn
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SORRY xin li , DULL n, WISE khn

BURY c ngha l chn
OUR SOULS tm dch linh hn chng ta
Xe hi du lch l CAR
SIR ngi, LORD c, tha b MADAM
THOUSAND l ng mi trm
Ngy DAY , tu n WEEK, YEAR nm, HOUR gi
WAIT THERE ng i ch
NIGHTMARE c mng, DREAM m , PRAY cu
Tr ra EXCEPT, DEEP su
DAUGHTER con gi, BRIDGE cu, POND ao
ENTER tm dch i vo
Thm FOR tham d l no li sai
SHOULDER c dch l vai
WRITER vn s, ci i RADIO
A BOWL l mt ci t
Ch TEAR nc mt ,TOMB m MISS c
May khu dng tm ch SEW
K th dch i l FOE chng lm
SHELTER tm dch l hm
Ch SHOUT la ht, ni thm WHISPER
WHAT TIME l hi my gi
CLEAR trong, CLEAN sch, m m l DIM
Gp ng ta dch SEE HIM
SWIM bi ,WADE li, DROWN chm cht tri
MOUNTAIN l ni, HILL i
VALLEY thung lng, cy si OAK TREE
Tin xin ng hc SCHOOL FEE
Cho ti dng ch GIVE ME chng lm
TO STEAL tm dch cm nhm
Ty chay BOYCOTT, gia cm POULTRY
CATTLE gia sc , ong BEE
SOMETHING TO EAT cht g n
LIP mi, TONGUE li , TEETH rng
EXAM thi c, ci bng LICENSE.
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The ABC's of Friendship

A Friend....
Accepts you as you are
Believes in "you"
Calls you just to say "Hi!"
Doesn't give up on you
Envisions the whole of you (even the unfinished parts)
Forgives your mistakes
Gives unconditionally
Helps you
Invites you over
Just because
Keeps you close at heart
Loves you for who you are
Makes a difference in your life
Never Judges
Offers support
Picks you up
Quiets your fears
Raises your spirits
Says nice things about you
Tells you the truth when you need to hear it
Understands you
Values you
Walks beside you
Xxoxoxoxxxoooxxoxo
Yells when you won't listen and
Zaps you back to reality

_____The End_____

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