Chuong4 Gioihan

Tran Thanh Minh - Phan Lu Bien Tran Quang Ngha
GIAI TCH 11
www.saosangsong.com.vn
Chng 4. Gii han
Chng 4 . GII HAN

A. GII HAN CUA DAY SO
1. Day so co gii hn 0
A. Tom Tat Giao Khoa .
1. Day so (un) co gii hn la 0 nu moi so hang ca day so eu co gia tr tuyet oi nho hn mt so
dng nho tuy y cho trc ke t mt so hang nao o tr i .
1
1
1
2. a) lim = 0 b) lim
= 0 c) lim 3 = 0
n
n
n
d) Day so khong oi (un) vi un = 0 co gii hn 0
e) Nu |q| <1 thi lim qn = 0
nh l : Cho hai day so (un) va (vn) . Nu |un| vn , n va limvn = 0 th limun = 0
B. Giai Toan
Dang toan : Tm gii hn 0 ca day so
Cach 1 : S dung cac tieu chuan a, b, c, ,d ,e ket hp vi nh l .
Cach 2 : Dung nh ngha
V du 1 : Chng minh cac day so sau co gii hn la 0 .
1
n3
a) un =
b) un =
cos n 2
n
c) un =
Giai a) Ta co : V n3 n , n nen 0 < un =
n+4n
d) un =
2 3 n2
1 1
, n .
n3 n
1
= 0 , do o theo nh l tren th limun = 0
n
1
b) V | cosn2 | 1 , n nen | un|
, n
n
1
Ma lim
= 0 , do o theo nh l tren lim un = 0
n
Ma lim
c) Ta co :
Ma lim
1
3
n + 4 n 3 n + 3 n = 2 3 n , suy ra : 0 < un
2 n
1
3
= 0 , do o theo nh l tren lim un = 0
d) Ap dung bat ang thc Co si : 22n + 32n 2.

2 6n
=> 0 < un
Ma lim
23 n
2 6 2n
( )
6
1
=
2 2n.32n = 2 62n
= 0 , do o theo nh l tren limun = 0
V du 2 : Dung nh ngha, chng minh lim
x x0
Giai Vi n > 7 , ta co : |un | =
2(n 7)
=0
n2 + 3
2(n 7) 2n 2
< 2 =
n2 + 3
n
n
2 6n
2 2n + 32n
Chng 4. Gii han
Vi so > 0 cho trc , e co |un| < , ta phai chon n sao cho : n > 7 va
vay neu goi n0 la s nguyen > 7 va >
nh ngha limun = 0
2
2
< n > 7 va n > . Nh
n
2
, th th vi moi > 0 cho trc , ta co : | un | < , n > n0 . Theo
Chang han vi = 0, 001 th n0 > 7 va n0 >
2
= 200 vy lay n0 = 201 ( hay mt s nguyen bat k >
0,001
200),
C. Bai Tap Ren Luyen
Chng minh cac day so sau co gii hn la 0 .

1
1
1
4.1. a) un =
b) un =
c) un =
n n+2
n n
n n (n + 2)n
4.2 . un =
(2n + 2)2n
15n
4.3. un= n n
2 (9 + 16 n )
sin n.cos n
4.4. un =
5 n+5
2
n + 3n + 6
4.5. un =
n3
2 n + 3n
4.6. un =
2.5n
d) un =
n +1
n2 + 3
D. Hng Dan ap So
1
1
. Ma lim = 0 nen limun = 0
n
n n n
1
1
2
2 1
1
=
<
= . Ma lim = 0 nen limun = 0
b) |un| =
n
n n + 2 n(n + 2) 2n n
c) V 0 < q = < 1 nen limun = 0

4
n +1
2n 2
2
d) | un | = 2
< 2 = . Vi so > 0 cho trc , e co iun| < , ta phai chon n sao cho : < n >
n +3
n
n
n
2
2
. Nh vay neu goi n0 la s nguyen > , th th vi moi > 0 cho trc , ta co : | un | < , n > n0 .
Theo nh ngha limun = 0

n
n n (n + 2)n (n 2 + 2n)n
(n + 1)2n
1
=
=
4.2 . | un |=
(2n + 2)2n 2 n (n + 1)2n 2 n (n + 1)2n 2
4.1. a) Ta co : | un | =
<
1
Ma lim = 0 nen limun = 0 .
2
32n + 52n
n
15
3 .5
1
1
2
=
4.3. | un | = n n
( bt Cosi)
2 (9 + 16 n ) 2 n (32n + 52n ) 2 n (32n + 52n ) 2 n +1 2
n
1
Ma lim = 0 nen limun = 0 .
2
sin n.cos n
1
1
4.4. | un | =
5 n+5
5 n +1
n
Chng 4. Gii han
1
= 0 nen limun = 0 .
n
n 2 + 3n + 6 n 2 + 3n 2 + 6n 2 10n 2 10
3 =
4.5.
n3
n3
n
n
Ma lim
Ta co vi n > 100 th 10 <
Ma lim
1
n
n , suy ra un
n
1
=
vi n > 10
n
n
= 0 , do o : limun = 0
4.6. Ta co : 2n + 3n 3n + 3n = 2.3n , suy ra : | un |
2.3n 3
=
2.5n 5
2
3
< 1 , do o theo nh l tren limun = 0 .
Ma lim = 0 v 0 <
3
5
2. Day so co gii hn
1. nh ngha : Day so (un) co gii hn la so thc L nu lim(un L) = 0

limun = L ( hoac un L) lim(un L) = 0
2. nh l 1 : Gia s lim un = L , khi o :
a) lim | un | = | L | va lim 3 un = 3 L
b) Nu un 0 vi n th L 0 va lim un = L
nh l 2 : Gia s limun = L , limvn = M va c la mt hang so . Khi o :
a) * lim(un + vn) = L + M
* lim(un vn) = L M
* lim(un.vn) = LM
* lim(cun) = cL
un L
=
b) Nu M 0 th lim
vn M
Ket qua :
c
= 0 ( c : hang so ; k : s nguyen dng )
nk
c
lim
= 0 ( c ; hang so ; k , m : s nguyen dng
m k
n
lim
3, Cho (un) la cap so nhan vi |q| < 1 ( cap so nhan lui vo han) th :
u
S = u1 + u1q + u1 q2 + . . . = limSn = 1
1 q
B. Giai Toan
Dang 1 : Tm gii hn bang nh ngha .
limun = L lim(un L) = 0
V du 1 : Tm gii hn cac day so sau :
1
2n + sin n
b) lim
a) lim 7 2
n
n
1
Giai : a) Ta co : lim(u n 7) = lim 2 = 0 => lim u n = 7 n
sin n
sin n
b) Ta co : un = 2 +
=> lim(u n 2) = lim
n
n
Chng 4. Gii han
sin n 1
n n
sin n
Ma
nen lim
= 0 , suy ra limun = 2
n
lim 1 = 0
n
P(n)
Dang 2 : Tm gii hn ca
trong o P(n), Q(n) la hai a thc theo n
Q(n)
c
c
0
Chia t va mau cho n thc co bac cao nhat roi s dung : lim k = lim
m
n
nk
va cac nh l ve gii hn .
2n 2 n + 1
a)
3n 2 + 5n 7
2n 13
c)
(n + 5)2
b)
(2n 1)(3 n)2

(4n 5)3
2n 2 n
1
1 1
2+ 2
2 + 2
2
n n
n ( chia t va mau cho n2 ) =
Giai a) Ta co : un = n 2 n
5 1
3n
5n 1
3+ 2
+ 2 2
2
n n
n
n
n
1 1
1
1
V lim(2 - + 2 ) = lim 2 lim + lim 2 = 2 0 + 0 = 2
n n
n
n
5 7
5
7
Va lim(3 + 2 ) = lim 3 + lim lim 2 = 3 + 0 0 = 3
n n
n
n
2
Nen limun =
3
b) T va mau la cac a thc bac 3 nen chia t va mau cho n3 , ta c :
2
un =
1 3
2n 1 3 n
2 1
n
n
n
=
n
3
3
5
4n 5)
n
n
1
1
3
V lim 2 = lim 2 lim = 2 ;lim 1 = lim lim1 = (0 1)2 = 1

n
n
n
5
5
Va lim 4 = lim 4 lim = (4 0)3 = 64

n
n
2.1 1
=
Nen limun =
64 32
2 13
2
0
c) limun = lim n n 2 ( chia t va mau cho n2 ) = 2 = 0
1
5
1 +
n
Dang 3 : Dang s dung cong thc : lim q n = 0 nu | q| < 1
Ta thng chia t va mau cho luy tha an vi a ln nht . Nh cac quy tac :
n
an
an a
an + m = an . am ; an m = m ; (an)m = anm ; n =
a
b
b
5.2 n 6.3n
a)
3.2 n + 2.3n
b)
32n +1 15n + 52n + 2

4.32n + 2.15n + 7.52n 1
Chng 4. Gii han
6
n
2
5.2 n 6.3n
5 6
n
n
3 = lim 3
Giai a) Ta co : limun = lim 3 n
( Chia t va mau cho 3n )
n
n
3.2
2.3
2
+ n
3. + 2
n
3
3
3
n
5.0 6
2
2
= 3 ( v lim = 0 do 0 < < 1 )
3.0 + 2
3
3
b) Trc het ta a ve cac luy tha dang qn vi | q| < 1 . Ta co :
3.9 n 15n + 25.25n
un =
7
4.9 n + 2.15n + .25n
5
9 15
3. + 25
0 0 + 25 125
25
25
Chia t va mau cho 25n : limun = lim n n
=
=
7
7
9
15 7
0+0+
4. + 2. +
5
25
25 5
n
9 15
9
15
( v lim = lim = 0 do 0 <
<
<1)
25 25
25
25
V du 4 : Tnh cac tong vo han cac so hang ca cap so nhan sau :
1 1
b) S = sin2 x + sin4x + sin6x + . . . (x + k )

a) S = 1 - + ....
2 4
2
u
Giai : a) Ap dung cong thc : S = 1 vi |q| < 1 .
1 q
1
1
2
Ta co v | q | = < 1 nen S =
=
1
2
3
1+
2
b) V x + k nen |q| = sin2 x 1 tc |q| < 1 , do o

2
u
sin 2 x
sin 2 x
=
= tan 2 x
S= 1 =
2
2
1 q 1 sin x cos x
* Dang 4 : Tm gii hn bang cach thiet lap cong thc un theo n

V du 5 : Tm limun biet un =
1
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
+ ... + 2
1 +1 2 + 2 3 + 3
n +n
2
Giai Ta rut gon un bang cach nhan xet so hang tng quat
1
1
1
1
(1 k n)
=
=
k 2 + k k(k + 1) k k + 1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
Suy ra : un = + + + ... +
= 1 +
+1
n
1
2
2
3
3
4
n
n
1
=> limun = lim 1

=1
n
+1
u1 = 1
n
V du 6 : Cho day so un nh bi :
1
u
=
u
+
n
n +1
; n 1
2
1
Chng minh un = 2 - 2 , n . Suy ra limun.
2
Chng 4. Gii han
7
n
1
Giai Ta chng minh un = 2 - 2 (1) , n bang phong phap quy nap .
2
1
1
Ta co : u1 = 2 2. = 1 : vy (1) ung khi n = 1
2
1
1
Gia s uk = 2 2. , th th theo gia thiet quy nap : uk+1 = uk +
2
2
1 1
1
1
uk+1 = 2 2. + = 2 - = 2 2.
2 2
2
2
Vy (1) ung vi n . Suy ra :
k +1
: (1) ung khi n = k + 1
1
limun = 2 2lim = 2 0 = 2
2
Ghi chu : Ta co the thiet lap trc tiep cong thc (1) bang nhan xet un un 1 la mt cap so nhan cong boi

4.7. Chon cau ung : lim
a) 1
3n + sin(2n + 4)
2n
b) 2
c) 0
d)
2n 1
=
3n
2
1
a)
b)
c) 1
3
3
3(2n 1)2 n
=
4(n + 7)(3n 1)2
1
a)
b)
c) 0
3
3
2
n 2 + n + 3n 1
n 3 + 2n 2 + 1
a) 4
b)3
3n +1 52n 1
4.11. Chon cau ung : lim n + 4
=
2 + 25n 1
a) 5
b) 1/5
d) 2
d)
3
4
=
c) 0
d) - 1
c) 3/16
d) ap so khac
4.12. Chon cau ung : Tong vo han ca cap so nhan sau - 4 + 2 1+ . . .bang :
16
c) 6
d) ap so khac
a) 16
b)
3
4.13. Tm gii hn cac day so sau :
2 n + 3 cos n 2
sin(2n + 1)
lim
a) lim 3
b)
n +1
n
4. 14. Tm gii hn cac day so sau :

n 2 + 2n
2n 3 + n 2
(2n + 4)(3n 4)(3n + 1)2
b)
c)
a)
3n 2 + n + 1
n 4 3n 2 + 6
(2n + 5)3 )(5n 2)
d)
n3 n 2 + n
n 2 2n + 3 + 2n 7
e)
n3 n + 7 + n 1
(2n + 1)2
1
2
Chng 4. Gii han
4.3n + 7n +1
2.5n + 7n
2.32n + 6 n +1 2 2n 1
c)
(2.3n 1 3.2 n )2
a)
b)
2 n + 3n +1
5.2 n +1 4.3n
4. 16. Tnh cac tong vo han ca cap so nhan sau :

a) 1000 + 100 + 10 + . . .
b) 1 + cos2x + cos4x + . . .(x k )
c) 1 x + x ...
d)
4.17. Trong mt phng Oxy , mt oc sen bo t goc O theo phng Ox 1 m , roi queo trai theo phng Oy
roi lai queo trai theo phng Ox va c the , khoang cach bo lan sau bang n a khoang cach trc o . Hoi
bo mai th oc sen se n v tr nao ?
38
= 1,151515.. . la so
4. 18. Bieu dien cac so thap phan tuan hoan sau ay di dang phan so , v du :
33
thap phan tuan hoan co chu k la 15
a) 0, 123123123. . .
b) 1, 272727 . . .
4.19. Cho mt goc xOy = 300 . T iem A tren Ox vi OA = 1 , ng AA1 vuong goc Oy . Tiep theo dng
A1A2 vuong goc Ox , roi A2A3 vuong goc Oy va c the mai mai .
Tnh dai ng gap khuc AA1 A2 . . .
4.20. Cho hnh vuong ABCD co dai la 1. Ta ni tip trong hnh vuong nay mt hnh vuong th hai , co
nh la trung iem ca cac canh ca no. Va c the . . . . Tnh tong
chu vi ca cac hnh vuong .
* 4. 21. Tm gii hn cac day so sau :

1 + 4 + ... + (3n + 1)
3n (1 + 2 + 2 2 + ... + 2 n )
b) n
a)
1 + 6 + ... + (5n + 1)
2 (1 + 3 + 32 + ... + 3n )
1
1
1
c) 2
+ 2
+ ... + 2
2 1 3 1
n 1
1
1
1
1
d)
+
+... +
n 1+ 2
2+ 3
n + n +1
* 4. 22. Tm gii hn cac day so sau :
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
a)
2 1 +1 2 3 2 + 2 3
(n + 1) n + n n + 1
2
3
n
b)
+ 2
+ ... + 2
2
2
2
(2 1)
(3 1)
(n 1)2
u1 = 2
. Tm cong thc tnh un theo n . Suy ra limun.

*4. 23. Cho day so :
2u n 1
(n 1).
u n +1 = u
D. Hng Dan ap So
3
sin(2n + 4)
3
= 0 => lim u n =
4.7. (d) lim(u n ) = lim
2
2n
2
1
2
2n 1
2
n
= lim
=
= 2
4.8. (d) lim
3
3n
1
1
n
Chng 4. Gii han
1
3(2 )2
3(2n 1)2 n
3.2 2
1
n
4.9. (b) lim
lim
=
=
=
2
2
7
1
4(n + 7)(3n 1)
3
4(1 + )(3 )2 4.1.3
n
n
1 1
3
1
+ 2 +
2
n n
n + n + 3n 1
n
n 3 ( chia T va M cho
4.10.(c) lim
= lim
2 1
n 3 + 2n 2 + 1
1+ + 3
n n
0
= =0
1
n
4.11. (a) lim
3n +1 52n 1
2 n + 4 + 25n 1
3 1
1
3
3.3n .25n
25
5
5
= lim
=-5
= lim n
1
1
2
16.2 n + .25n
16. +
25
25 25
8
4.12. (b) Ta co : 8 - 4 + 2 1+ . . .=
4.13. a) Ta co : lim (un 3) = lim
1
1 ( )
2
sin(2n + 1)
16
3
sin(2n + 1)
1
n
n
nen lim(un 3) = 0 => limun = 3
Ma
lim 1 = 0
n
1 cos n 2
b) Ta co : lim(u n 2) = lim
n +1
2
1 cos n
2
n +1
n
=> lim(u n 2) = 0 => lim u n = 2
Ma
lim 2 = 0
1
(Chia t va mau cho n2 )
3
b) limun = 0 ( Chia t va mau cho n4)
2.3.32 2
c) limun = 3 = ( Chia t va mau cho n4 )
2 .5
5
3
1
1
d) limun =
= (Chia t va mau cho n =
1+2 3
4. 14. a) limun =
e) limun =
0 +0
= 0 (Chia t va mau cho n2 =
22
n 2 = 3 n3 )
n4 )
3
4. + 7
0+7
7
4. 15. a) limun = lim n
=
=7
0 +1
5
2. + 1
7
n3 )
Chng 4. Gii han
10
n
2
+3
3
0+3
3
b) limun = lim n
=
=4
04
2
10. 4
3
4. 16. a) S = 1000.
c) S = 1.
1
1
1
10
6 1 4
2 + 6. .
9 2 9 = = 9
c) limun =
n 2
2
2
2
3.
3
3
1
1
= 2
b) S = 1.
2
1 cos x sin x
10000
9
1+ x
1 1
; ;... lap thanh mt cap so nhan , so hang au 1 , cong
4 16
1
1
4
boi . Suy ra hoanh ca oc se tien n v tr 1.
=
1 5
4
1+
4
1
1 1
1
(m) . Cac tung o ca oc sen la : ; ; ;.... lap thanh mt cap so nhan , so hang au
, cong boi 2
8 16
2
1
1 1
2
=
. Suy ra tung o ca oc se tien n v tr la : .
1 5
4
2
1+
4
4
2
Vy oc sen se bo n iem ;
5
5
4. 17. Cac hoanh ln lt ca oc sen la : 1 , -
4. 18. Ta viet so thap phan di dang mt tong vo han :

0,123 + 0, 123123 + 0, 123123123 . . . .
ay la tong vo han ca mt cap so nhan , so hang au 0, 123 , cong boi q =

123
1
123 41
.
=
=
1000 1 1
999 333
1000
b) Ta co : 1, 272727 . . . = 1 + 0, 27 + 0, 2727 + 0, 272727 + . . .
27
1
27
3 14
=1+
.
=1+
=1+ =
100 1 1
99
11 13
100 A2
1
1000
, suy ra so o la :
A
4. 19.
O
A1
A3
Cac tam giac OAA1 , OA1A2 . . . la cac tam giac n a eu , cho ta :
A1 A 2 A 2 A 3
3
=
= ... =
, suy ra cac
A A1 A1A 2
2
oan AA1 , A1A2, A2A3 . . . lap thanh mt cap so nhan , so hang au AA1 =
Vy dai oan gap khuc la :
1
3
1
1
3
2
2
2 3 3
1
3
.OA =
1
3
, cong boi
3
.
2
Chng 4. Gii han
11
4. 20. Cac canh hnh vuong nay bang
canh hnh vuong

2
trc no . Do o cac chu vi hnh vuong lap thanh mt cap so
nhan so hang au la 4 ( chu vi hnh vuong ABCD) , cong boi
la
4 2
= 4(2 + 2) (m )
1
2
1
1
2
*4. 21.
a) T la tong n + 1 so hang ca mt cap so cong vi u1 = 1 , d = 3 va mau la tong ca n + 1 so
hang ca mt cap so cong vi v1 = 1 , d = 5 . Vy :
(n + 1)
(2 + 3n)
2 + 3n
3
2
=
=> limun =
un =
n +1
2 + 5n
5
(2 + 5n)
2
b) Bieu thc trong dau ngoac ca t la tong n + 1 so hang ca mt cap so nhan vi u1 = 1 , q = 2 va ca
1 2 n +1
3n .
1 2 =
mau la tong ca n + 1 so hang ca mt cap so nhan vi v1 = 1 , q = 5 . Vy : un =
1
3n +1
2n.
1 3
2
, vy tong cac chu vi la : 4.
1
2
4
2
.2 ( Chia t va mau cho 2n.3n ) => limun =
n
3
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
ma
c) un =
=
+
+ ... +
(k 1)(k + 1) 2 k 1 k + 1
1.3 2.4
(n 1)(n + 1)
=> un =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
+ + + ... +
+ 1
2 1 3 2 4 3 5 4 6
n
1
n
1 1 1
1
3
=> limun =
1+
4
2 2 n n + 1
Ghi chu : Ta bien moi so hang ca un thanh hieu thuoc dang :
un = ( a1 a3 ) +( a2 a4 ) + ( a3 a5 ) + ( a4 a6 ) + . . .+ ( an-2 - an ) + ( an 1 an + 1)
= a1 + a2 - an an + 1
d) un =
(
n
n +1 1
1 + 2 2 + 3 ... n + n + 1 =
=> limun = 1
n
*4.22. a) Ta rut gon un theo cach ca cau (c) tren ay bang nhan xet :
1
1
=
(k + 1) k + k k + 1
(k(k + 1). k + 1 + k
k +1 k
=
Suy ra : un =
1
1
1
2
1
2
k(k + 1)
1
3
+ ... +
=
1
n
1
k
k +1
1
n +1
1
1
1
n +1
=> limun = 1
Chng 4. Gii han
12
k
k
1 (k + 1)2 (k 1)2 1. 1
1
=
.
=
=> un =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4 (k + 1) (k 1)
4 (k 1)
(k 1)
(k + 1) (k 1)
(k + 1)2
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 +
= 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + ... +
=
2
2
4 1
3
2
4
3
5
(n 2)
n
(n 1)
(n + 1)2
1 1
1
1
1
1
1 3
=> limun = 1 + =
2 + 2 2
2
4 1
4
2 8
2
n
(n + 1)
b) Ta co :
*4. 23. Ta co : u1 = 2 , u2 =
. Suy ra : limun = lim
3
n +1
3 1 4
, u3 =
, n bang phong phap quy nap
= . Ta chng minh : un =
3
2
n
3
2
n +1
=1
n
3. Day so dan n vo cc
1. Day so dan n vo cuc :

(un) co gii hn la + nu moi so hang eu ln hn mt so dng ln tuy y cho trc ke t
mt so hang nao o tr i .
K hieu : limun = + hoac un +
(un) co gii hn la - nu moi so hang eu nho hn mt so am nho tuy y cho trc ke t mt
so hang nao o tr i .
K hieu : limun = - hoac un -
CHU Y : (1) lim nk = + , lim m n k = + , k , m : s nguyen dng .
1
= +
(2) Nu lim un = 0 va un 0 , n th lim
| un |
1
=0
(3) Nu lim un = + ( hoac ) th lim
| un |
(4) Gia s limun = + va L > 0 , th th :
limvn
Lim (un + vn )
Lim (un vn )
lim(un . vn)
u
lim n
vn
v
lim n
un
L
+
+
+
0
+
+
?
+
+
?
+
-
?
+
-
+ (L > 0)
hoac
(L<0)
Cac trng hp co dau ? la cac trng hp ta khong the xac nh c gii hn : dang - , 0. va
( a xet mot phan 2.Dang 2 ) , goi la dang vo nh . Ta thng phai s dung cac thuat toan e kh
cac dang nay , c trnh bay trong phan sau .
B. Giai Toan
Chng 4. Gii han
Dang 1 : (dang
13
V du 1 : Tm cac gii hn sau :

(2n 1)(3n + 1)2
4n 2 n 1
a)
b)
(2n 4)3
(2n 1)2 (n + 6)
c)
n3 n2 + n + 8
2n 2 + 7n + 9
Giai : a) Chia t va mau cho n3 (luy tha bac cao nhat ca t va mau), ta c :
1
1
(2 )(3 + )2
2
n
n = 2.3 = 9
lim u n = lim
4
23
4
(2 )3
n
b) Chia t va mau cho n3 (luy tha bac cao nhat ca t va mau), ta c :
4 1
1
2 3
n = 0 =0
lim u n = lim n n
1
6
(2 )2 (1 + ) 2.1
n
n
2n 2 + 7n + 9
> 0 , n
c) Xet un = 3
n n2 + n + 8
Ta co : lim u n = 0 ( oc gia giai tng t cau (b) tren )
n3 n2 n + 8
1
= lim
= +
Suy ra : lim
2n 2 + 7n + 9
un
Nhan xet : Qua cac v du tren , neu t va mau la cac a thc bac k va m theo n th :
ao
b neu k = m
o
k
k 1
a n + a1n + ...
lim o m
0
neu k < m
=
b 0 n + b1n m 1 + ...
neu k > m
a)
8n 3 + n 2 + 1
b)
n2 + n
Giai a) Chia t va mau cho n =

3
un =
suy ra : limun =
n3 + n + 6 n + 6
2n 2 + 1
n 2 = 3 n 3 , ta c :
1 1
+
n n3
1
1+
n
8+
1 1
+
3
n n2 = 8 = 2
1
1
lim 1 +
n
lim 3 8 +
b) Chia t va mau cho n2 =
n 4 , ta c :
1 1
6
1 1
6
+ 3+ 4
lim
+ 3+ 4
n =
n n
n = 0 =0
limun = lim n n
1
2
1
2+ 2
lim 2 + 2
n
n
Chng 4. Gii han
14
Dang 2 ( dang - ) : Tm gii hn ca
P(n) Q(n) trong o P(n), Q(n) la hai a thc cung
bac theo n
P(n) Q(n)
, ta a ve trng hp ca dang 1.
P(n) + Q(n)
P(n) Q(n)
P(n) 3 Q(n) =
2
3
P(n) + 3 P(n)Q(n) + 3 Q(n)2
P(n) Q(n) =
Viet :
Tng t :
V du 3 Tm gii hn cac day so sau :
a)
n 2 + n + 28 n 2 4n + 5
b)
4n 2 + 20n + 1 2n 5
c) ( 3 8n 3 + n 2 1 2n + 2007)
Giai a) Ta co :
(n 2 + n + 28) (n 2 4n + 5)
5n + 23
= lim
limun = lim
2
2
2
n + n + 28 + n 4n + 5
n + n + 28 + n 2 4n + 5
23
5+
50 5
n
= lim
=
=
1+1 2
1 28
4 5
1+ + 2 + 1 + 2
n n
n n
2
(4n + 20n + 1) (2n + 5)2
24
= lim
b) limun = lim
2
2
4n + 1 + 2n 5
4n + 20n + 1 + (2n + 5)
24
0
n
= lim
=
=0
20 1
5 2+2
+
+2+
4+
n n2
n
c) imun = lim( ( 3 8n 3 + n 2 1 2n) + 2007

= lim
(8n 3 + n 2 1) (2n)3
+ 2007
(8n 3 + n 2 1)2 + 2n. 3 (8n 3 + n 2 1)2 + (2n)2
1
1 2
n
= lim
+ 2007 ( chia t va mau cho n2 )
2
1 1
1 1
3 8+
3 + 2. 3 8 + 3 + 4
n n
n n
1
1
+ 2007 = 2007
=
4+4+4
12
3
a)
n3 + n n + 8
b)
n + 7 3n + 2
c)
5
4n 1 3n + 2
Giai :
1
1
+
n 3 ( 1 + 2
n
n
1
1
V lim n 3 = + va lim 1 + 2
+
n
n
Do o limun = +
a) Ta co limun = lim
n3
8
= 1
n3
Ghi chu : cau (a) , tuy la dang vo nh - nhng day so un =

day so vn = n 8 nen lim(un vn) = + .
n 3 + n tien n vo cuc nhanh hn
Chng 4. Gii han
15
Nhng gia tr ca un va vn tng ng vi cac gia tr rat ln ca n trong bang di ay cho thay ieu o :
N
un
vn
un - vn
100
1000,04
92
908,04
1000
31.622
992
30.630
10000
1000000
9992
990.008
So sanh vi lim n 2 + n + 28 n 2 4n + 5 VD1 _cau a) , ta thay ca un va vn eu tien ti vo cc vi gia

tr ngang bang nhau nen lim(un vn) = 2, 5 .
N
un
vn
un - vn
100
100,637
98
2,637
1000
1.000,513
998
2,513
10000
10.000,501
9998
2,501
7
2
3+ )
n
n
7
2
V lim n = + va lim 1 + 3 + = 1 3 < 0 nen lim un =
n
n
5
n
c) Chia t va mau cho n ,lim un =
1
2
4 3+
n
n
T tien dan n 0 va co gia tr dng con mau tien dan n 4 3 > 0 , do o lim un = +
b) limun = lim n ( 1 +
n + 3 n2 + n
V du 5 : Tm gii hn day so
Giai : limun= lim
= lim
= lim
4n 2 + 5 2n + 1
(n + 3)2 ( n 2 + n )2
n + 3 + n2 + n
5n + 9
n + 3 + n2 + n
5+
9
n
3
1
1+ + 1+
n
n
5 2+2 5
=
.
=
1+1 4
2
( 4n 2 + 5 + 2n 1
( 4n 2 + 5)2 (2n 1)2
( nhan t va mau cho lng lien hiep )
4n 2 + 5 + 2n 1
4n + 4
4+
5
1
+2
2
n
n ( Chia t va mau ca tng bieu thc phan cho n )
4
4+
n
Ghi chu : ay t va mau eu la hieu ca hai day so ong tai ngang sc , co ngha la gii hn ca
hieu ca chung la mt so hu han , cho nen ta phai dung lng lien hiep e tm gia tr hu han ay . Con i
vi day so trong o t hay mau la hieu hai day so khong ong tai ngang sc , v du :
trong o gii hn ca t va mau eu la vo han th ta giai nh dang 1. Cu the nh sau :
2n + 3 n 2 + n
n 2 + 5 2n + 1
Chng 4. Gii han
16
3
1
1+
n
n = 2 1 = 1
limun = lim
12
5
1
1+ 2 2 +
n
n
Can nhan biet hai day so an + b va an + b, hoac an2 + bn + c va an2 + bn + c . . .
( tc cac a thc
cung bac va he so ca bac cao nhat bang nhau ) la hai day so ong tai ngang sc
2+
4.24. Chon cau ung : Trong cac day so di ay, day so nao dan n + ?
(2n 2 3)2
(I) 2n + 7 n + 4
(II)
(3 n)3
a) Ch (I)
b) Ch (II)
c) Ca (I) va (II) d) Khong day so nao
4.25. Chon cau ung : Trong cac day so di ay, day so nao dan n 0 ?
3
3n + 1 n
(I)
(II)
2n + 1 2n + 4
2n + 3 n + 1
a) Ch (I)
b) Ch (II)
c) Ca (I) va (II) d) Khong day so nao.
4.26. Chon cau ung : lim n( n 4 + n + 3 n 4 + 3n 1 )
a) 0
b) - 2
a) 7/2
c) +
4n 2 + 2n + 7 2n + 3) =
b) 5/2
c) 0
d) +
n + n 1 n + 2n + 7
2
n+7 n+3
a) 0
b) 1
c) +
2n 4
a)
b) 2n + 3 n + 4
3 2
n + n +1
n 3 n + 3 e)
d)
c)
d) 2n 3 -
2n + 3 n + 1
b) n 2 2n n + 3
c) (1 + n 2 ) n 4 + 3n 2 + 1
3
n3 3 n4
4.30. Tm gii hn cac day so sau :

a) 2n + 4 2n + 1
e) n + 2 -
d)
d)
4n 2 + n 1 4n 2 3n + 6
n 3 + 2n + 1
a)
c)
n n2 + 5
b)
2n + 1 4n 2 + 4n + 3
2n 4n 2 + n
d)
2n n 2 + 8n
*4. 32. Tm gii hn cac day so sau :
a)
n 2 + 3n 1 2n + 3
2n + 1
c) (3n 1)
n2 + n + 7 n2 + n + 2
n + 3 1 n3
n4 + 1 n2
n 5 3 8n 3 + n + 1
n + 2 n2 + 7
b)(2n+1)
d)
2n 4 n + 1 2n 4 + 3n + 1
4n 2 + n 3 8n 3 + 3n 2
Chng 4. Gii han
17
4n 2 + 1 3 n 3 + 7 2n 2 + 1
1 1
1
*4.33. Cho day so un = 1 + + + ... + . Chng minh limun = +
2 3
n
e)
D. Hng Dan ap So
7
4
4.24.(a) * lim u n = lim n 2 + 1 + = +
n
n
3
(2 2 )2
n
* lim u n = lim
= - v t so dan n 0 vi cac gia tr am va mau so dan n 4.
1 3
3
( 1)
n n
3( 2n + 1 + 2n + 4)
4.25.(d) * lim u n = lim
=
3
1
n 3 + 1
n
3 1
* lim u n = lim
=
2 1
3
1
n 2 + 1+
n
n
2n + 4
4.26. (b) lim u n = lim n
4.27.(a) lim
= lim
n + n + 3 + n 4 + 3n + 1
4n 2 + 2n + 7 2n + 3) = lim
14n 2
4n + 2n + 7 + 2n 3
2
=-2
(4n 2 + 2n + 7) (2n 3)2

4n 2 + 2n + 7 + 2n 3
14
7
=
2+2 2
n 8
n+7 + n+3
n 2 + n 1 n 2 + 2n + 7
.
= lim
2
2
4
n+7 n+3
n + n 1 + n + 2n + 7
8
1
n+7 + n+3
n
= - 1 . ( + ) = -
= lim
.
4
1 1
2 7
1+ 2 + 1+ + 2
n n
n n
4
2
4
1 1
1
n
= + v lim(2 - ) = 2 , lim( 3 + 2 + 3 = 0 va 3 n 2 + n + 1 > 0 , n
4. 29. a) limun = lim
n n
n
n
1 1
1
3
+ 2+ 3
n n
n
.
3
4
3
4
b) limun = n 2 + 1 + = + v lim n = ; lim 2 + 1 + = 2 1 = 1
n
n
n
n
1
= 0 v gii hn ca mau la + .
c) limun = lim
3
4
n 2 + 1+
n
n
4.28.(d)
lim
d) limun =
n3 (
e) Chu y :
n 3 = 6 n 9 va
1
n
1
3
+ 3 ) = - v lim n 3 = + va
2
n
n
n
1
3
1
3
1 2 + 3 = 0 1 = - 1
lim (
n
n
n
n3
3
n 4 = 6 n 8 , ta c :
Chng 4. Gii han
18
1
n 9 1 6 = +
n
3
=0
2n + 4 + 2n + 1
b) +
n 2
1
1
c) limun = lim
= lim
=2
4
2
2
1
3
1
1 + n + n + 3n + 1`
+1+ 1+ 2 + 4
2
n
n
n
d) limun = 1
e) limun = 2
1
4 3
2+ + 4+ + 2
5
2n + 1 + 4n 2 + 4n + 3
5
n
n n =5
.
= lim .
2
2
2
5
n+ n +5
1+ 1+ 2
n
limun = lim
b) limun = lim
n 3 (n 3 1)
n 2 + n 3 n 3 1 + 3 (n 3 1)2
1+
= lim
1+ 3 1
1
+1
n4
1 3
1
+ 1 3
3
n
n
n4 + 1 + n2
n4 + 1 n4
2
3
1
n =0
c) lim un = lim
8
2 1+
n
2 4+
d) limun = lim
5 3
1
1
8+ 2 + 3
n
n
n = - v limT = 1 2 = - 1 < 0 va limM = 0 va M > 0 , n (T : t , M :
2
7
1+ 1+ 2
n
n
mau)
3 1
2 3
+
n 1+ 2
n n
n n2 1
=
*4. 32. a) lim un = lim
1
2
n(2 +
n)
4n
8
=
= 2 2
b) lim u n = lim(2n + 1)
4
4
2n n + 1 + 2n + 3n + 1 2 2
5
15
=
c) lim un = lim(3n 1)
2
2
n +n+7+ n +n+2 2
d) ay
3
8n 3 = 2n
4n 2 + n o ng tai ngang sc vi
4n 2 = 2n , con
limun = lim( ( 4n 2 + n 2n) + (2n 3 8n 3 + 3n 2 )
8n 3 + 3n 2 th o ng tai ngang sc vi
n
3n 2
= lim
+
4n 2 + n + 2n 4n 2 + 2n. 3 8n 3 + 3n 2 + 2 (8n 3 + 3n 2 )2
1 3
=0
= +
4 12
Chng 4. Gii han
e) ay
3
vi
19
4n 2 + n o ng tai ngang sc vi
4n 2 = 2n , con
n 3 + n 2 + 1 th ong ngtai ngang sc
n3 = n
lim un = 1 + lim( 4n 2 + 1 3 n 3 + 7 2n 3 n 3 + 7 + 2n 3 n 3 + 7 2n 2 )
1
9
= 1 + lim 3 n 3 + 7( 4n 2 + 1 2n) + 2n( 3 n 3 + 7 n) = 1+ + 1 =
4
4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
4.33. Ta co : u2m = 1 + + ( + ) + + + + + .... + m 1
+ m 1
+ ... + m
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2
2 +1 2 + 2
1
2
Bieu thc trong dau ngoac th nhat co 2 phan so , trong dau ngoac th hai co 2 phan so , . . ., trong dau
ngoac cuoi cung co 2m phan so .
1 1
=
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
+ > + =
3 4 4 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ta co : + + + > + + + =
5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 2
........
1
1 1
+ ... + m >
m 1
2 +1
2
2
m
Cong , ta c : u2m > 1 + . Theo nh ngha , ta suy ra : limun = + .
2
B. GII HAN CUA HAM SO . HAM SO LIEN TUC

4. nh ngha va mt so nh l ve gii hn ham so
1. Gii hn ca ham so tai mt iem :

a) Gii hn hu han : Cho ham so f xac nh tren (a ; b) \ {x0 } va x0 (a ; b) , ta noi :
lim f(x) = L ( f co gii hn la L tai iem x0) (xn ), limxn = x-0 => lim f(x n ) = L
x x0
b) Gii hn vo cc :
lim f(x) = + ( - ) (xn ), limxn = x0 => lim f(x n ) = + ( - )
x x0
2. Gii hn tai vo cc .
lim f(x) = L (xn ), limxn = + => lim f(x n ) = L
x +
Tng t vi lim f(x)

x
Chu y : Vi moi k Z+ ,
1
a) lim k = 0
x x
b) lim x k = +
x +
+ neu k chan
c) lim x k =
x
neu k le
d) lim C = C ( C : hang so )
x x0
3. nh l ve gii hn :
nh l 1 : Biet lim f(x) = L , lim g(x) = M , th th :
x x0
x x0
a) lim [f(x) + g(x) ] = L + M

x x0
b) lim [f(x) g(x)] = L M

x x0
Chng 4. Gii han
20
c) lim [f(x)g(x)] = LM
d) Nu M 0 th lim
x x0
x x0
f(x)
L
=
M
g(x)
nh l 2 : Biet lim f(x) = L , th th :

x x0
a) lim f(x) = L
b) lim 3 f(x) = 3 L
x x0
xx0
c) Nu f(x) 0 , x x 0 th L 0 va lim f(x) = L

x x0
Ghi chu : a) lim (xn) = x0n
b) lim
x x0
x x0
x = n xo
Neu f(x) la ham so a thc , phan thc hay vo t xac nh tai x0 th lim f(x) = f(x0)
x x0
Cac nh l 1 va 2 tren van ung khi thay x0 bang .
B. Giai Toan .
Dang 1 : Tm lim f(x) biet ham so f(x) la ham so lap bi cac phep toan nh cong , tr , nhan
x x0
chia cac ham so a thc va xac nh tai xo .

Khi o gii hn la f(x0) .
a) f(x) =
2x 1
tai x0 = 2
x+2
b) f(x) =
x+8 x+3
x + 1 + x2
tai x0 = 0
3
4
3
8 0+3
=5
b) f(x) la ham so s cap xac nh tai x0 = 0 nen lim f(x) = f(0) =
x 0
1+ 0
f ( x)
Dang 2 : Tm lim
trong o f(x) va g(x) la cac a thc hay bieu thc tien ti vo cc khi
x g( x )
Giai a) f(x) la ham so hu ty xac nh tai x0 = 2
nen lim f(x) = f(2) =

x 2
x tien ti vo cc .
Chia t va mau cho n thc co bac cao nhat , roi dung : lim
V du 2 : Tm cac gii hn sau:

2x 3 x 2 + 5
a) lim
x +
3x 3 + x
c) lim
x +
1
=0
xk
(3x 2 x + 1)2
x (2x 1)3 (5x + 6)
b) lim
2x 5
3x 2 x + 7
d) lim
2x 9x + 1 3x + 2
4x 3 x 2 + 1 + x 1
1 5
+ 3
x
x ( Chia t va mau cho x3 )
Giai a) lim f(x) = lim
x +
x +
1
3+ 2
x
20+0 2
=
=
3+ 0
3
2
1 1
3 + 2
x x
b) lim f(x) = lim
( Chiat va mau cho x4 = (x2 )2 = x3 . x )
3
x
x
1
6
2 5 +
x
x
Chng 4. Gii han
21
(3 0 + 0 )
9
40
(2 0) (5 + 0)
2 5
2
00
c) lim f(x) = lim x x
=0
=
x +
x +
1 7
30+ 0
3 + 2
x x
3
d) Chia t va mau cho
x 3 = x x , ta c :
1
1
2
+3
2 9
x
x x x
=
= 3
1 1
1
1
4
+
4+ 3
x x
x x x
2 9
lim f(x) = lim
Dang 3 : Tm gii hn vo cc .
+ neu ao > 0
Chu y : a) lim (a0 x n + a1x n 1 + ...) =
x +
neu ao < 0
b) Neu lim f(x) = + , lim g(x) = + th :
x x0
x x0
* lim [f(x) + g(x)] = + , lim [f(x)g(x)] = + , lim [f(x)]n = +

x x0
x x0
x x0
c) Neu lim f(x) = 0 va lim g(x) = L 0 th :

x x0
x x0
* lim
a
= + ( a 0)
f(x)
* lim
g(x)
=+
f(x)
x x0
x x0
. . . . .. .

x + 2 + 3x
a) lim
x 2
|x2|
c) lim ( x 2 + x + 1 4x 5 )
x +
b) lim ( 1 3x 2x)
x
d) lim (
x 1
2 x +1
.( 3x 2 4x + 5)
(x 1)2
2x 2 + 4x
x + 3x 1
e) lim
Giai :
a) Nhan xet lim | x 2 |= 0 va |x 2| > 0 , lim( x + 2 + 3x) = 4 + 6 = 8 > 0
x 2
x 2
Vy lim = +
x 2
b) V
1 3x + va (2x) + khi x dan n , do o : lim ( 1 3x 2x) = +

x
1 1
4 5
+ 2
) = + v
x x
x x2
1 1
4 5
= 1 0 =1
1+ + 2
x x
x x 2
c) lim f(x) = lim x( 1 +

x +
x +
lim x = + va lim
x +
x +
2 x +1
= + v t 3 va mau 0 va mau > 0
x 1 (x 1)2
d) lim
lim( 3x 2 4x + 5) = 1 9 = 2
x 1
Do o lim f(x) =
x 1
Chng 4. Gii han
22
e) Nhan xet rang t va mau eu dng ( tien ti + ) khi x tien ti + Ta co :

4
2+
x = + v gii hn ca t la 2 , cua mau la 0
lim f(x) = lim
x +
x + 3
1
x x2

2 | x | +x2 + x
=
x 1
x2 x + 1
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
5x 2
=
4x + 1 + x + 3
4.34.. Chon cau ung : lim
d) +
x +
a) +
b)
c) 0
d) 1
19x + 19
2x + 5 4x 2 + x + 6
19
c) 0
b)
4
a) +
=
d)
4.37. Chon cau ung : lim ( 2x + 1 x + 3) =

x +
a)
2 +1
b) 0
c)
2 1
d) +
4.38. Chon cau ung : lim (5 x + 4x 2 + x + 6) =

x
a) 5 6
b) 0
c) +
c)
(2x 4)2 (3 x)3

=
x ( x 2 + 3) 2 (3x 1)

a) 36
b) - 36

x 2
a) +
c) -
4
3
c) 0
x+2 +x
=
x 2 + 4x 4
b)
c) 0
d) 6
x 2x 3 + 2 + x 2
=
x + (2x 3)2 + x 2 x + 3

a)
1
4
b)
c) 0
d) +
4.42. Tm cac gii hn sau :

x2 + x + 1
x 0
| x2 3 |
a) lim
c) lim
x 1
cos2x + sin x
x2 + x
b) lim
x 3
x2 1
x4 3
cos x 2x 2 + x 9
x 2
tan(x / 8) + 3 x 1
d) lim

Chng 4. Gii han
23
2x 2 3x + 5
x x 2 + x + 4
(2x 2 + x 1)(x 1)2

x +
(3x 2 1)2
a) lim
b) lim
2x 1 + x 2 x
c) lim
8x 3 x 1
e) lim (2x 5)
x +
d) lim
x2 + 5
x 4 + 3x 2 + 1
f) lim
3x 1 + 5 x 4 3x
2x + 7 3 x 2 + x
2 | x | + x2 + x + 1
x2 + x 4

x + 3 3x
a) lim
x 1 2x | x 2 1|
b) lim ( 5 2x x + 5)
x
c) lim ( 4x 2 + 3x + 1 9x 5 )
x +
d) lim (
x 1
2 3x 6
.( 3 x 7 2x )
(x + 1)2
e)
2x 3 x + 1 3x 2
(x 1) 3x + 5
lim
x +
4. 45. Tm cac gii hn sau :

sin x
cos x 2 + sin 3x
a) lim
b) lim
x +
x + x + 2
x2 + x + 4
x (1 + sin x)(1 + cos x)
d) lim (sin x x 2 x + 3 )
c) lim
x +
x + (2 + sin x + cos x)(x 2 + x + 1)
D. Hng Dan ap So
4.34.(c)
4.35. (a)
4.36.(b)
4
=2
1
V ham so f(x) xac nh khi x = 1 nen lim f(x) = f(1) =

x 1
lim f(x) = lim
x +
x +
lim f(x) = lim
2
x
=+
4 1
1 3
+ 2 +
+
x x
x x2
19x + 19
2x + 5 4x 2 + x + 6
19
19
=
2+2 4
1
3
4.37. (d) lim ( 2x + 1 x + 3) = lim x 2 + 1 + = +
x +
x +
x
x
4.38. (c) lim (5 x) = +

x
va
lim 4x 2 + x + 6 ) = +
4 3
(2 )2 ( 1)3
2 2 (1)3
4
x x
4.39.(c) lim f(x) = lim
=
=
2
x
x
3
1
3
(1 + 2 )2 (3 ) ( 1) 3
x
x
x+2 +x
x+2 +x
= lim
4.40.( b) lim 2
= - v t 6 , mau 0 va < 0
x 2 x + 4x 4
x 2 (x 2)2
4.41.(b) Chia t va mau cho x2
2+
x = x x 3 : lim f(x) = lim
x +
x +
2
1
+
3
x
x
1
3
3
(2 )2 + 1 +
x
x
x
Chng 4. Gii han
24
4.42. a) lim f(x) = f(0) =

x 0
c) lim f(x) = f(1) =

x 1
3 1
1
=
93
3
cos2 1
1
d) lim f(x) = f(2) =
=
3
x 2
tan( / 4) + 1 2
2
b) lim f(x) =
x +
9
1
1 3
3 + 5 4
x
x x =3
d) lim f(x) = lim
x
x
2
7
1 1
2+ 3 + 2
x
x x
1
3
b) lim f(x) = f( 3) =
x 3
cos2 + sin 1
=
2
12 + 1
4. 43. a) lim f(x) = 2

x
1
1
1
x
x =1
c) lim f(x) = lim
x
x
2
1
1
3 8
3
2
x
x
2
5
1+ 2
5
x
=2
e) lim f(x) = lim (2 )
x +
x +
x 1+ 3 + 1
x2 x4
f) lim f(x) = lim

x
2x + x + x + 1
2
x2 + x 4
= lim
1 1
+
x x2 = 3
1 4
1+ 2
x x
2 1 +
4.44. a)
b) +
3 1
9 5
c) lim f(x) = lim ( x) 4 + + 2 + 2 = + v (- x) + va so hang con lai 2
x
x
x x
x x
d) So hang au - , so hang sau - 1 nen f(x) -

2 0
2
e) Chia t va mau cho x x = x3 , gii hn la
=
3
3
4. 45.
1
0 khi x + nen lim f(x) = 0
x +
|x+2|
2
2
b) V f(x) 2
= 0 nen lim f(x) = 0
va lim 2
x +
x
+
x +x+4
x +x+4
2 + sin x + cos x
c) V (1 + sin x)(1 + cos x)
(bt Co si)
2
x
|x|
= 0 => lim f(x) = 0
nen f(x)
ma lim
2
2
x +
x
+
2(x + x + 1)
2(x + x + 1)
a) V f(x)
sin x
1 3
1 + 2
d) f(x) = x
x x
x
sin x
1 3
= 0 ; lim 1 + 2 = 1 , do o lim f(x) = - .
ma xlim
+ x
x +
x +
x x
5. Gii hn mt ben
1. Cho f(x) xac nh tren khoang (x0 ; b) :
lim+ f(x) = L xn (x0 ; b) , limxn = x0 => limf(xn ) = L
xx0
( f(x) co gii hn phai la L khi x x0 )

2. Cho f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a ; x0 ) :
lim f(x) = L xn (a ; x0 ) , limxn = x0 => limf(xn ) = L
xx0
Chng 4. Gii han
25
( f(x) co gii hn trai la L khi x x0 )

lim f(x) = L lim+ f(x) = lim = L
3.
x x0
x xo
x x0
4. Cac nh l 1 va 2 3 cung ung khi thay x x0 bi x xo+ hay xo- .

5. lim+
x O
1
1
1
= + ( k Z+ ) , lim 2 k = + ; lim 2 k +1 =
k
x
O
x
O
x
x
x
B. GIAI TOAN
Dang 1 : Tm gii hn phai , trai
Chu y khi x x o + th x > x 0 va khi x x o th x < x0
x 1
a) lim+
2
x 1
x + 4x 3
b) lim
x 2
x|x2|
x 2 2x
c) lim+
x 2
Giai a) Ham so f(x) xac nh tren ( 1 ; 3) . Ta co : lim+ f(x) = lim+

x 1
x 1
x 2 + 3x
(x 2 4)
x 1
x 1. x + 3
= lim+
b) Chu y khi x 2 th x < 2 , suy ra | x - 2| = - (x 2)

x(x 2)
x
1
Ta co : lim f(x) = lim
= lim
=
x 2
x 2 (x 2)(x + 2)
x 2 x + 2
2
x 2 + 3x 0 + 3.2 = 6 > 0
x 2 + 3x
do o lim+
=+
c) Khi x 2+ th 2
+
x
2
(x 2 4)
(x 4) = (x 2)(x + 2) 0
x 1
vi x > 1
V du 2 : Cho ham so f(x) = x 2 + x 2

x 2 2x vi x 1
Tm gii hn phai va trai ca f(x) tai x = 1 . Ham so co gii hn tai x = 1 khong ?

Giai
x 1
1
1
= lim+
=
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 2)
x 1 x + 2
3
2
2
Ta co : lim+ f(x) = lim(x
2x) = f(1) = 1 v x 2x xac nh tai x = 1
+
Ta co : lim+ f(x) = lim+
x 1
x 1
V lim+ f(x) lim f(x) nen ham so f(x) khong co gii hn tai x = 1
x 1
x 1

a) lim+
x 3
d) lim
x 1
x
x3
x 2 6x + 5
x2 x
b) lim
x 1
e) lim
x 5
x 1
x 1
c) lim
x 2
x 2 6x + 8
x 2 5x + 6
5x x 2
x 2 6x + 5

x 2 4x + 3
x 2 3x
a) lim+
b) lim
2
x 1
x 3
|1 x |
3x 4 x 5
1
1
c) lim+ 2
2
x 1 x 1
x 3x + 2
x 1
1
x + 3
1
2
Chng 4. Gii han
26
x +x
vi x > 0
2
x +x
4.48. Cho ham so : f(x) =
x +1 2
; vi 1 x 0
x 1
a) Tm gii hn phai ca f(x) tai x = - 1
b) Tm gii hn phai va trai ca f(x) tai x = 0 . Ham so co gii hn tai x = 0 hay khong ?
1 x + x 1
vi x < 1
x2 x3
4.49. Cho ham so : f(x) =
x + 3 + 1 ; vi x 1
2
2x x
Tm gii hn phai va trai ca f(x) tai x = 1 . Ham so co gii hn tai x = 1 hay khong
D. Hng Dan ap So
t 3
4.46. a) lim+ f(x) = + v
x 3
mau 0 va mau > 0
b) lim f(x) =
x 1
x 2 6x + 8
c)) lim
x 5x + 6
x 2
d) lim
11
=0
1 1
x 2 6x + 5
x2 x
x 1
(x 2)(x 4)
= lim
(x 2)(x 3)
x 2
= lim
(x 1)(x 5)
x 1
(x 1)x
= lim
x 2
= lim
x 1
2x 4x
4x
= lim
= 2
2 x 3 x x 2 3 x
1 x. 5 x 2
= =2
1
1 x. | x |
x(5 x)
5x x 2
x 5x
x
=-
= lim
= lim
= lim
x 5 x 6x + 5
x 5 (x 1)(x 5)
x 5 (x 1)(x 5)
x 5 (x 1) 5 x
(x 1)(x 3)
4.47. a) lim+ f(x) = lim+
= 1
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 1)
e) lim
b) lim f(x) = lim

x 3
x(x 3)
x 3
x (3 x)
4
= lim
x 3
3x
=0
x
1
1
c) lim+ f(x) = lim+
x 1
x 1
(x 1)(x + 1) (x 1)(x 2)
(x 2) (x + 1)
3
= lim+
= lim+
=+
x 1 (x 1)(x + 1)(x 2)
x 1 (x 1)(x + 1)(x 2)
v khi x 1+ th x > 1 nen (x 1)(x+1)(x 2) < 0
4.48. a) lim+ f(x) = f(1) = 1
x 1
b) lim+ f(x) = lim+

x0
x 0
x(1 + x )
=1
x x +1
lim f(x) = f(0) = 1
x 0
V lim+ f(x) = lim f(x) = 1 nen lim f(x) = 1 .

xx0
xx0
x x0
4.49. lim+ f(x) = lim+ f(1) = 3

x 1
x 1
1 x(1 1 x )
=1
x 1
x 1
| x | 1 x
V lim+ f(x) lim f(x) nen ham so khong co gii hn tai x = 1
lim f(x) = lim
x 1
x 1
Chng 4. Gii han
27
6. Gii hn vo cc 7. Cac dang vo nh

A. Giai Toan
0
f ( x)
trong o f(x0) = g(x0) = 0
) : Tm lim
x x o g( x )
0
Dang 1 ( Dang
Phan tch t va mau ra nhan t e kh dang vo nh . Co the dung lng lien hiep nh a gap gii hn
day so .

x 2 3x + 2
x 1
x2 1
b) lim
a) lim
c) lim
x 0
x 3
x2 + x + 4 2
3
d) lim+
x5 x
x 1
Giai a) Ta co : lim f(x) = lim

x 1
x 1
x + 4 1
x 3 + 27
3 x 1 + 1 x2
| x 2 3x + 2 |
(x 1)(x 2)
x 2 1 2
1
= lim
=
=
x
1
(x 1)(x + 1)
x +1 1+1
2
Ghi chu : Sau khi n gian nhan t x 1( tac nhan gay nen dang vo nh , ta c ham so
tai x0 = 1.
x2
xac nh
x +1
( x + 4 1)( x + 4 + 1)
1
.
2
(x + 3)(x + 3x + 9)
x + 4 +1
x+3
1
1
1
= lim
.
= lim
. 2
2
x 3
x
3
(x
+
3)(x
+
3x
+
9)
x
+
3x
+9
x + 4 +1
x + 4 +1
b) lim f(x) = lim

x 3
x 3
1
1
=
1 + 1 9 + 9 + 9 54
.
Ghi chu : Sau khi nhan lng lien hiep , ta xuat hien nhan t x+ 3( tac nhan gay nen dang vo nh) . n
1
1
xac nh tai x0 = - 3 .
gian , ta c ham so
. 2
x + 4 + 1 x + 3x + 9
(x 2 + x + 4) 4
1
c) lim f(x) = lim
.
3 2
2
x 0
x 0
x + x + 4 + 2 x( x 1)
x +1
1
1
1
1
.
. =
=
= lim
x 0
2 + 2 1
4
x2 + x + 4 + 2 3 x2 1
d) lim+
x 1
= lim+
x 1
3 (x + 1) x 1 3 0
=
=3
(x 2)
1
d) lim+
x 1
3 (x 1) ( x 1)2 (x + 1)
x 1(3 (x + 1) x 1)
= lim+
x
1
| (x 1)(x 2) |
(x 1)(x 2)
3 x 1 + x2 1
| x 2 3x + 2 |
x 2 + ax b
=3
x 1
x2 1
V du 2 : Tm a va b sao cho : lim
Chng 4. Gii han
28
Giai V x2 1 = (x 1)(x + 1) 0 kh x 1 , do o e f(x) co gii hn hu han th iu kin can la x2 +

ax b 0 khi x 1 ( v nu lim(x 2 + ax b) 0 th lim f(x) = .
x 1
x 1
Suy ra : 1 + a b = 0 b = a + 1 .
x 2 + ax a 1
(x 1)(x + a + 1) a + 2
Khi o : lim f(x) = lim
= lim
=
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 1)
x 1
(x 1)(x + 1)
2
b = a + 1
a = 4
<=>
Vay e thoa yeu cau bai toan th a + 2
b = 5
2 = 3
f(x)
Dang 2 (dang ) : Tm gii hn ca
trong o f(x) va g(x) la cac bieu thc tien ti vo
g(x)
cc khi x tien ti vo cc .
Chia t va mau cho n thc co bac cao nhat , roi dung : lim
f(x)
neu x + (x > 0)
f(x) x 2
=
x
f(x) neu x (x < 0)
x2
1
= 0 chu y :
xk
f(x) 3 f(x)
, x 0
=
x
x3
V du 3 : Tm cac gii hn sau:

a) lim
x +
2x x 2 + x + 1
b) lim
3x 2 + 3 x 3 + x 2
c) lim (2x 1)
x +
x +1
x + 3x 2
d) lim
4x 2 + 6 x 5
3x + 3 x 3 + 5x 2
x 1 x2 x + 1
x +
x +1 x + 3
1 1
+
x x 2 ( Chia t va mau cho x =
Giai a) lim f(x) = lim
x +
x +
2
1
3 + 3 1+
x
x
2 1+ 0 + 0
2 1
1
=
=
3
3 0 + 1+ 0 3 0 +1 4
2 1+
b) lim f(x) = lim

x
6
5
1
2
x
x = 4 0 1 0 = 3
4
5
3 + 3 1+ 0
3 + 3 1+
x
(Chia t va mau cho x = - x 2 = 3 x 3 (v x < 0)

1
1+
1
x ( Chia t va mau cho x x = x 3 )
c) lim f(x) = lim (2 )
x +
x +
x 1+ 3
x
1+ 0
=1
1+ 3
(x 1)2 (x 2 x + 1)
= (2 0)
d) lim f(x) = lim
x +
x +
x 1+ x x +1
2
x +1 + x + 3
(x + 1) (x + 3)
x 2 = 3 x 3 (v x > 0) =
Chng 4. Gii han
= lim
29
x +
x 1+ x x +1
2
x +1 + x + 3
= + v so hang au - va so hang sau - .
2
Dang 4 ( dang - ) : Tm gii hn ca lim [f(x) - g(x)] trong o lim f(x) = + va

x xo
x x0
lim g(x) = + )
x x0
Can chu y trng hp lim f(x) = + va lim g(x) = - ( hay ngc lai ) th gii hn ca [ f(x) -
Dung lng lien hiep , ta a ve dang

x x0
x x0
g(x) ] la + ( hay ) , khong phai la dang vo nh .

Nh rang neu P(x) = axn + bxn-1 + . . .( a 0 ) :
+ neu a > 0
lim P(x) =
x +
neu a < 0
+ neu n chan va a > 0 hoac n le va a < 0
.
lim P(x) =
x
neu n chan va a < 0 hoac n le va a > 0

a) lim
x +
2x 2 x 1 3x 2 + x + 5
b) lim ( x 2 x 1 x 2 + x + 5)
c) lim (2x + 1 4x 2 + 4x 1)
d) lim (2x + 1 4x + 3x 1)
e) lim (2x + 5 3 8x 3 + x 2 )
x +
x +
1 1
1 5
Giai a) lim f(x) = lim x 2 2 3 + + 2 = -
x +
x +
x x
x x
1 1
1 5
v lim x = + con lim 2 2 3 + + 2 = 2 3
x +
x +
x x
x x
2x 2 x 1 va v(x) = 3x 2 + x + 5 eu tien n + nhng v(x) tien
Ghi chu : Du hai bieu thc u(x) =
nhanh hn nhieu ( Xem bang gia tr sau )

X
u(x)
v(x)
u(x) v(x)
10
13,7
17,7
- 4,0
b) lim f(x) = lim

x +
x +
= lim
100
141,0
174,0
- 33,0
1000
1.413,8
1.732
- 318,2
1000000
1.414.213
1.732.051
- 317.838
(x 2 x 1) (x 2 + x + 5)
x2 x 1 + x2 + x + 5
2x 6
( Ta a ve dang
x x 1 + x + x + 5
6
2 +
x
= lim
( Chia t va mau cho x )
x +
1 1
1 5
1 2 + 1+ + 2
x x
x x
2
= 1
=
1+1
x +
Chng 4. Gii han
30
Ghi chu : ay ca u(x) va v(x) eu tien n + mt cach ngang nga nen ta phai s dung chieu
lng lien hiep e pha v dau can thc , cho hai bieu thc ben trong dau can thc ung o trc tiep
nhau .
(2x + 1)2 (4x 2 + 4x 1)
c) lim f(x) = lim
x +
x +
2x + 1 + 4x 2 + 4x 1
2
2
0
x
= lim
=
=0
= lim
2
x +
2+2
2x + 1 + 4x + 4x 1 x + 2 + 1 + 4 + 4 1
x
x x2
d) V lim (2x + 1) = , lim 4x 2 + 3x 1 = + , do o lim f(x) =

x
lim f(x) = 5 + lim (2x 3 8x 3 + x 2 ) ( Tach hang so 5 e phep tnh n gian)
= 5 + lim
(2x)3 (8x 3 + x 2 )
(2x)2 + 2x. 3 8x 3 + x 2 + 3 (8x 3 + x 2 )2
x 2
= 5 + lim
(2x)2 + 2x. 3 8x 3 + x 2 + 3 (8x 3 + x 2 )2

1
1
59
=5+
=
= 5 + lim
x
4 + 4 + 4 12
1
1
4 + 2. 3 8 + + 3 (8 + )2
x
x
x

a) lim
x +
x x2 + x 1
1
1
b) lim 2
2
x 1 x 1
2x
2x
2x 4x 2 + x 5
Giai
a) lim
x +
x x2 + x 1
2x 4x 2 + x 5
x 2 (x 2 + x 1) 2x + 4x 2 + x 5
. 2
2
x +
x + x 2 + x 1 4x (4x + x 5)
= lim
2x + 4x 2 + x 5
x +
x + 5
x + x2 + x 1
x + 1
= lim
1 5
1
2+ 4+ 2
x x
x
= lim
.
x +
5
1 1
1 +
1+ 1+ 2
x
x x
1 4
=
. =2
2 1
1
1
b) lim f(x) = lim
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 1)
2x(x 1)
2x (x + 1)
x 1
= lim
= lim
x 1 (x 1)(x + 1)2x
x 1 (x 1)(x + 1)(x 2)
1
1
1
=
=
= lim
x 1 (x + 1)(x 2)
2.( 1)
2
1 +
B. Bai Tap Ren Luyen

x 2 + 3x 10
=
x 2 x 2 + 8x 20
4.50.Chon cau ung : lim

a) 0
b) +
c)
7
12
d)
7
8
e)
Chng 4. Gii han
31
x 1
7
8
a) -
b)
7
8
3 x + 2x
=
x2 1
d) 0
c) 3
d) 3
c) +
d) ap so khac
x 4x 2 + 1
x2 x 1
a) 0
1
8
c) -
b) 1
4.53. Chon cau ung : lim (2x 4x + 1)

2
x +
a) - 1
b) 0
4x x + 1 x + 3x + 5
a)
b)
x3 + 1 + x
c) 3/2

2x 2 + 3x 5
a) lim
x 1
1 x3
x 5 + 2x 4 6x 3 + 2x 2 + x
x 1
(x 2 1)2
b) lim
2x 2 x 1
x 1
x 1
3x 5 x + 1
f) lim
x 3
x 2 4x + 3
x2 9
2x 2 6x
x x+2
c) lim
x 3
e) lim
d) lim
2x 1 x + 7
x(x 1) | 1 x |
a) lim+
x 1
x3 1
x 2
x 2
x + x3
b) lim
2x + x 2 4x
x0
x3 8
x2 4
c) lim+
d) +
(x + 2) | x 4 |
d) lim+
x 2 + 9x 20
x4

3
a) lim
x 2
c) lim
x 1
x 1 1
x2 4
b) lim
x+5 + x+2 3
x +1
d) lim
x 0
x 0 3
x3 + 1 1
x+4 2
x2 + x
x+8 x+4
2x x x + 3x + x
x 1
e) lim
x 1
a) lim ( 4x 2 + 4x 2x 3)
b) lim ( 3 x 3 x + x + 2)
c) lim ( x x x + 12)
d) lim ( 4x 2 x 1 2 x 2 + x )
x +
x +
e) lim
x +
x3 x2 + 1 x2 + x 6
x +

a) lim
x + 3
x2 + x + 1 x
x3 + x 2 + 1 x
b) lim
5 x3 + x
3x 2 + x 1 + x
c) lim ( x 2 + x + 4x 2 + 3x 1 3x)
x +

Chng 4. Gii han
32
1
1
+ 2
a) lim 2
x 3 x + 8x + 15
x + 4x + 3
3
1
b) lim
x 1 1 x
1 x3
x 2 + mx m 3 x
la mt so hu han va tm so gii hn o .
x 4
x 2 5x + 4
x 2 + (a 5)x + a
1
b) Tm a va b e lim 2
=
.
x 1 x + bx b 1
8
4.61 a) Tm m e lim
a( x + 3 2)
; khi x > 1
2
x 2x + 1
4.62. Cho ham so f(x) =
x 2 + ax
x + 1 ; khi x 1
Tm a e ham so co gii hn hu han tai x = 1
x 2 2x + a
; khi x > 2
x2 4
4.63. Cho ham so f(x) = 2
x + bx ; khi x 2
x + 2
Tm a va b e ham so co gii hn hu han tai x = 1
4.64. Tm lim
x x0
f(x) f(x 0 )
trong cac trng hp sau :
x xo
a) f(x) = x3 x va x0 = 2
c) f(x) =
b) f(x) =
2x 1
va x0 = - 3
x+4
2x 1 va x0 = 1.
D. Hng Dan ap So
4.50 (c) lim f(x) = lim
x 2
x 2
(x 2)(x + 5)
x+5
2+5
7
= lim
=
=
(x 2)(x + 10) x 2 x + 10 2 + 10 12
(3 x) 4x 2
x 1
x 1 ( 3 x 2x)(x 1)(x + 1)
(x + 1)( 4x + 3)
(4x + 3)
7
= lim
= lim
=
x 1 ( 3 x 2x)(x 1)(x + 1)
x 1 ( 3 x 2x)(x 1)
8
4.51. (a)
4.52. (c)
4.53. (b)
lim f(x) = lim
1
2
x
=-3
lim f(x) = lim
x
x
1 1
1 2
x x
1
lim f(x) = lim
=0
x +
x +
2x + 4x 2 + 1
1+ 4 +
1 1
3 5
+ 2 + 1+ + 2
x x
x x = 2 + 1 = 1
4.54.(a)
lim f(x) = lim
x
x
2
2
1
3 1+
+1
3
x
(x 1)(2x + 5)
7
=4.55. a) lim f(x) = lim
x 1
x 1 (1 x)(1 + x + x 2 )
3
4
Chng 4. Gii han
33
x(x 1)(x 3 + 3x 2 3x 1)
x(x 1)2 (x 2 + 4x + 1)
3
=
=
lim
2
2
2
2
x 1
x
1
2
(x 1) (x + 1)
(x 1) (x + 1)
b) lim f(x) = lim

x 1
(x 3)(x + 3)
=1
2x(x 3)
c) lim f(x) = lim

x 3
x 3
d) lim f(x) = lim

x 1
x 1
e) lim f(x) = lim

x 2
x 2
2x 2 x 1
2
(x 1)( 2x x + 1)
x (x + 2)
= lim
x 1
(x 1)(2x + 1)
2
(x 1)( 2x x + 1)
3
2
2x 1 + x + 7
2
(x + x + 2) (2x 1) (x + 7)
2
(x 2)(x + 1) 2x 1 + x + 7
9
.
=
x 2 (x +
22
x + 2) (x 2)(4x + 3)
1
2x 6
1
f) lim f(x) = lim
.
=
x 3
x 3
2
3x 5 + x + 1 (x 1)(x 3)
= lim
(x 1)( x x 1)
4.56. a) lim+ f(x) = lim+

x 1
x 1 x + x +1
2
x 1
x(1 x )
b) lim f(x) = lim

x0
x(2 + x + 4)
x0
x 2
d) lim+ f(x) = lim+

x4
(x + 2)
x 4
x 2
x 0
x 2
x 0 3
x4
x4 5x
4. 57. a) lim f(x) = lim

b) lim f(x) = lim
1
3
1
4
(x 2) x 2 + 2x + 4
x 2 + 2x + 4
=+
= lim+
x 2
(x 2)(x + 2)
x 2(x + 2)
c) lim+ f(x) = lim+

x 2
=0
1
1
=
3
(x 1)2 + 3 x 1 + 1 (x 2)(x + 2) 12
x2
x3
(x 3 + 1)2 + 3 x 3 + 1 + 1
x+4 +2
=0
x
x+5 2
x + 2 1
c) lim f(x) = lim

+
= xlim
x 1
x 1
1
x +1
x +1
3 x+8 2 2 x+4
1
1
= lim
+
d) lim
=
x 0 f(x)
x 0
12
x(x + 1)
x(x + 1)
2x 2 x x 2x x 2 + 3x
e) lim f(x) = lim
+
=
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
8x 9
= 2
4. 58. a) lim f(x) = lim
2
x +
x +
4x + 4x + 2x + 3
1
x+5+2
= 4
x + 2 +1
=> lim f(x) = - 12

x 0
5
4
b) lim f(x) = v lim 3 x 3 x = lim (x + 2) =

x
c) lim f(x) = 12 + lim ( 3 x 3 x x) = 12 + lim

x +
d) lim
x +
x +
x + 3
5x 1
4x x 1 + 2 x + x
2
(x x) + x 3 x 3 x + x 2
3
5
4
= 12 + 0 = 12
Chng 4. Gii han
34
1 1
1
1 6
e) lim f(x) = lim x 4 2 + 4 1 + 2 = v
x +
x +
x
x x
x x
1 1
1
1 6
lim x = + ; lim 4 2 + 4 1 2 = 0 1 = 1
x +
x +
x
x x
x x
4. 59. a)
lim f(x) = lim
x +
x +
x +1
x2 + x + 1 + x
(x
+ x 2 + 1) + x 3 x 3 + x 2 + 1 + x 2
2
x2 + 1
2
1 1
1 1
1
3 1+
+ 2 + 3 1+ + 3 +1
1+
x x
x x
x
= lim
.
x +
1
1 1
1+ 2
1+ + 2 +1
x
x x
1
3
= .3 =
2
2
5
1
5
b) lim f(x) = lim
= .0 = 0
.
x 3
x
3
(5 x 3 )2 x 3 5 x 3 + x 2 x( 3 + 1 1 + 1)
2
x x
c) lim f(x) = lim ( x 2 + x x) + ( 4x 2 + 3x 1 2x)
x +
x +
1
1
(x + 5) + (x + 1)
1
4.60. a) lim f(x) = lim

=
+
= xlim
x 3
x 3 (x + 3)(x + 5)
3
2
(x + 1)(x + 3)
(x + 3)(x + 5)(x + 1)
2
3
x +x2
1
b) lim f(x) = lim
= lim
= 1
2
x 1
x 1 1 x
x
1
(1 x)(1 + x + x
(1 x)(1 + x + x 2 )
4.61 a) V khi x 4 mau so 0 nen iu kin la t so 0 khi x 4
4 2 + 3m 3 4 = 0 16 +
3m-3 = 16 m = 1 . Khi o :
lim
x 4
x 2 + mx m 3 x
x2 + x 4 x
x4
=
lim
= lim
2
x 4 (x 4)(x 1)
x 4
x 5x + 4
( x 2 + x 4 + x)(x 4)(x 1)
1
.
24
b) V MS = (x 1)(x + 1 + b) nen MS 0 khi x 1 . Do o iu kin can la TS 0 khi x 1 12 + (a
5) + a = 0 a = 2 . Khi o :
x 2 + (a 5)x + a
x 2 3x + 2
(x 2)
1
==
lim 2
= lim
= lim
x 1 x + bx b 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 1 + b)
x 1 (x + 1 + b)
2+b
1
1
= <=> b = 10
Ta phai co :
2+b 8
1+ a
4.62. lim f(x) = f(1) =
x 1
2
a(x 1)
1
a
lim+ f(x) = lim+
.
=
x 1
x 1 ( x + 3 + 2) | x 1|
4
1+ a a
= <=> a = 2
e ham so co gii hn tai x = 1 th
2
4
2+b
4.63. lim f(x) = f(2) =
x 2
2
Chng 4. Gii han
lim f(x) = lim+
x 2 +
x 2
35
u(x)
(x 2)(x + 2)
+ neu u(2) > 0

Nu u(2) = a 0 th lim+ f(x) =
th f(x) khong gii hn tai x = 2
x 2
neu u(2) < 0
x(x 2)
1
Neu u(2) = a = 0 th lim+ f(x) = lim+
= va ham so co gii hn tai x = 2
x 2
x 2 (x 2)(x + 2)
2
2+b 1
= <=> b = 1
2
2
Vy khi a = 0 va b = - 1 th ham so co gii hn tai x = 2.
f(x) f(x 0 )
(x 3 x) 6
(x 2)(x 2 + 2x + 3)
= lim
= lim
= 11 t
x x0
x 2
x x0
x xo
x2
(x 2)
4.64.. a) lim
b) 7 c) 1
8. Ham so lien tuc

1. Cho ham so f(x) xac nh tren (a ; b) va x0 (a ; b) :
o f(x) lien tuc tai iem x0 lim f(x) = f(x0)
x x0
f(x) khong lien tuc tai x0 c goi la gian oan tai x0 .
f(x0)
f(x0)
L
x0
x0
Hnh 1 : f(x) lien tuc tai x0
( o th lien lac tai iem (x0 ; f(x0))
lim+ f(x) = lim f(x) = f(x0)
x x0
x x0
Hnh 2 : f(x) gian oan tai x0

( o th t oan tai iem (x0 ; f(x0))
v lim+ f(x) = f(x0) lim f(x) = L
x x0
x x0
M
L
L
f(x0)
f(x0)
x0
x0
v lim+ f(x) = L lim f(x) = f(x0)
x x0
x x0

v lim+ f(x) = L f(x0)
x x0
va lim f(x) = M f(x0)

x x0
2. a) f(x) lien tuc tren khoang (a ; b) f(x) lien tuc tai x0 (a ; b)

Chng 4. Gii han
36
f(x) lien tuc tren (a ; b)

b) f(x) lien tuc tren oan [a ; b]
lim f(x) = f(a) ; lim f(x) = f(b)
x a+
xb
Y ngha hnh hoc : Nu f lien tuc tren [a , b] th o th la mt ng lien net t iem au (a ; f(a)) n iem
cuoi (b ; f(b)).
3. Ham so a thc , lng giac cung nh tong , hieu, tch , thng , can . . . ca cac ham so ay lien tuc
tren tap xac nh ca chung .
4. Tnh chat ca ham so lien tuc :
nh l : ( nh l ve gia tr trung gian )
Gia s ham so f lien tuc tren oan [a ; b] . Nu f(a) f(b) th M nam gia f(a) va f(b) , ton tai t nhat
mt iem c (a ; b) sao cho f(c) = M
He qua : Nu ham so f lien tuc tren oan [ a; b] va f(a).f(b) < 0 th ton tai t nhat mt iem c (a ; b) sao
cho f(c) = 0 .
Phat bieu khac :
f(a)
Nu ham so f lien tuc tren oan [ a; b]
va f(a).f(b) < 0 th phng trnh : f(x) = 0
co t nhat mt nghim (a ; b)
c
f(b)
B. Giai Toan
Dang 1 : Xet tnh lien tuc ca ham so tai iem x0 .
lim f(x) = f(x 0 )
x xo +
th ham so lien tuc tai x0 .
Nu lim f(x) = f(x0)
x x0
f(x) = f(x 0 )
xlim
xo
f(x) khong xac nh tai x o
Nu lim+ f(x) f(x 0 )

th ham so gian oan tai x0 .
x x0
f(x) f(x o )
xlim
xo
V du 1 : Xet tnh lien tuc ca ham so sau tai iem x0
b) f(x) =
x 2 x ; x 1
a) f(x) = x 2 1
tai x0 = 1
;
x
1
<
1 x
x+4 2
;x > 0
x 2 + 2x
sin x + 1
; x < 0 tai x0 = 0
4
1
;x=0
8
Giai a) Ta co f(1) = 12 1 = 0
2
lim+ f(x) = lim(x
x) = f(1) = 0
+
x 1
x 1
x2 1
(1 x)(x + 1)
) = lim
= lim
1 x(x + 1) = 0 => lim f(x) = f(1)
x 1
x 1
x
1
x 1
x 1
1 x
1 x
Vy lim+ f(x) = lim f(x) = f(1) => f(x) lien tuc tai iem x0 = 1
lim f(x) = lim(
x 1
b) Ta co f(0) =
x 1
1
8
Chng 4. Gii han
37
x+4 2
x
1
= lim+
.
2
x
0
x + 2x
x + 4 + 2 x(x + 2)
1
1
1
.
= => lim+ f(x) = f(0)
x 0
x+4 +2 x+2 8
lim f(x) = lim+
x 0+
= lim+
x 0
x 0
sin x + 1
sin 0 + 1 1
=
= => lim f(x) f(0)
x 1
x 0
x0
4
4
4
Vy f(x) gian oan tai iem x0 = 0.
lim f(x) = lim
V du 2 : nh a e ham so sau lien tuc rai iem x0 = 2 .

x 2 3x + 2
;x > 2
a
x
+
7
3
f(x) =
2x a
x 1 ; x 2
Giai
2(2) a
Ta co : f(2) =
= 4a
2 1
2x a
lim f(x) = lim
= 4 a = f(2)
x 2
x 2 x 1
lim+ f(x) = lim+ a
x 2
x 2 3x + 2
x 2
x+7 3
= lim+ a (x 1).
x 2
= lim+ a (x 1)(x 2).

x 2
x+7 +3
x2
x + 7 + 3 = a 1.(3 + 3) = a 6
e ham so lien tuc tai x0 = 2 th lim+ f(x) = lim f(x) = f(2)

x 2
x 2
4
1+ 6
Dang 2 : Chng minh ham so lien tuc tren mt khoang , oan .
S dung nh ngha va nh moi ham so a thc , hu t , vo t , lng giac . . . eu lien tuc tai moi iem
4 a = a 6 <=> a =
ma no xac nh .
V du 3 : Chng minh ham so sau lien tuc tren [1 ; + ) :

2 x 1 + x 1
;x > 1
f(x) = x 2 + 2x 3
1 ; x = 1
Giai :
2 x 1 + x 1
Vi x > 1 : f(x) =
luon xac nh nen f(x) lien tuc khi x> 2 (1)
(x 1)(x + 3)
Tai x = 1 : f(1) =
Ta co : lim+ f(x) = lim+

x 1
x 1
x 1(1 + x 1)
(x 1)(x + 3)
= lim
2 + x 1
x 1
x+3
= 1 = f(1) (2)
T (1) va (2) ham so lien tuc tren [ 1 ; + )

* V du 4 : nh a va b e ham so sau lien tuc tren R :
2x 2 ax 1
; x >1
2
f(x) = x + x 2
bx 2 3x + 4 ; x 1
Chng 4. Gii han
38
2x 2 ax 1 2x 2 ax 1
xac nh nen f(x) lien tuc khi x > 1
=
x2 + x 2
(x 1)(x + 2)
Xet x > 1 : f(x) =
Xet x < 1 : f(x) = bx2 3x + 4 xac nh nen f(x) lien tuc khi x < 1.
Tai x = 1 : f(1) = b(1)2 3.1 + 4 = b + 1 .

2
Ta co : lim f(x) = lim(bx
3x + 4) = b + 1
x 1
x 1
2x 2 ax 1
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 2)
Khi x 1 , t tien ti 1 a , mau tien ti 0 . Nu 1 a 0 a 1 , f(x) tien ti vo cc . Suy ra ham so
khong lien tuc tai x = 1 . Do o iu kin can e ham so lien tuc tai x = 1 la 1 a = 0 a = 1 . Khi o :
2x 2 x 1
(x 1)(2x + 1)
lim+ f(x) = lim+
= lim+
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 2)
x 1 (x 1)(x + 2)
2x + 1 3
= lim+
= =1
x 1 x + 2
3
a = 1
a = 1
<=>
Vy ham so lien tuc tren R f(x) lien tuc tai x = 1
b + 1 = 1
b = 0
Dang 3 : Chng minh phng trnh f(x) = 0 co nghim thuoc (a ; b)
Gom 2 bc :
Chng minh ham so f(x) lien tuc tren (a ; b) .
Chng minh f(a).f(b) < 0
lim+ f(x) = lim+
V du 5 : Chng minh phng trnh :

a) x4 3x3 + 2x 1 = 0 co t nhat 2 nghim .
b) sin3x = 3 x co nghim .
Giai : a) Xet ham so f(x) = x4 3x3 + 2x 1 lien tuc tren R .
Lai co : f(0) = - 1 < 0 , f(3) = 34 3. 33 + 2. 3 1 = 3> 0 , f( - 1) = (-1)4 3.(- 1)3 + 2( - 1) 1 = 1.
V f(0).f(3) < 0 nen phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat mt nghim thuoc (0 ; 3)
V f(0) .f(-1) < 0 nen phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat mt nghim thuoc (- 1; 0)
Vy phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat hai nghim .
b) Ta co : sin3x = 3 x sin3x + x 3 = 0
Xet ham so f(x) = sin3x + x 3 lien tuc tren R .
Lai co : f(0) = sin0 + 0 3 = - 3 < 0
f( ) = sin 3 + 3 > 0
V f(0).f( ) < 0 nen phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat mt nghim ( thuoc (0 ; ))
V du 6 : Chng minh phng trnh :

a) m(x 1)3 (x2 4) + x4 3 = 0 co t nhat 2 nghim vi moi m ,
b) x3 - 2(m2 + 2) x2 + mx +m2 + m + 1 = 0 co ung 3 nghim vi moi m .
Giai : a) Xet ham so : f(x) = m(x 1)3 (x2 4) + x4 3 lien tuc tren R ,
Ta co : f(1) = m.0 + 14 3 = - 2 ; f(2) = f(- 2) = m,0 + 24 3 = 13
V f(- 2).f(1) < 0 va f(1).f(2) < 0 nen phng trnh co t nhat 2 nghim thoa :
- 2 < x1 < 1 < x2 < 2 .
Ghi chu : Ta u tien chon cac gia tr ca x lam mat tham so m la x = 1 , x= 2.
b) Xet ham so f(x) = x3 - 2(m2 + 2)x2 +mx + m2 + m + 1 lien tuc tren R .
Ta co : f(0) = m2 + m + 1 > 0 , vi moi m .
f(1) = 1 - 2(m2 + 2) +m + m2 +m +1 = - m2 + 2m - 2 < 0 , vi moi m .
Suy ra : f(0).f(1) < 0 , m . Do o phng trnh : f(x) = 0 co t nhat 1 nghim ( 0 ; 1) .
Chng 4. Gii han
39
Mat khac : lim f(x) = + , do o vi x = x1 u ln th f(1).f(x1) < 0 => phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat 1
x +
nghim (1 ; x1) .
Tng t : lim f(x) = , do o vi x = x2 u ln th f(0).f(x2) > 0 => phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat 1
x
nghim (x2; 0) .
Do o phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat 3 nghim . Nhng mt phng trnh bac 3 th co nhieu nhat la 3
nghim , v vy phng trnh f(x) = 0 co ung 3 nghim vi moi m .

4.65. Xet tnh lien tuc ca ham so tai x0 :
5x 2
; x >1
x 1
2 2x
a) f(x) = 2
; x < 1 ; x0 = 1
x + 2x 3
1
2 , x = 1
| x 1| x
x 2 + 2x 3 ; x 1
, x0 = 1
b) f(x) =
1 ; x = 1
4
x x4
;x>4
2
; x0 = 4
c) f(x) = x 4x
2x
+
4
x + 2 ;x 4
4.66 . nh cac gia tr ca tham so e ham so sau lien tuc tai iem x0 .
x 1
+ ax + b, x > 1
1 x 1+ x
x 1
;x<0
4 , x =1
,x > 1
x
b) f(x) =
a) f(x) =
; x0 = 0
; x0 = 1
3
2
+
+
a(x
x
x
3)
a + 4 x , x 0
,x < 1
2
x+2
x 3x + 2
a( x + 1 2x + 1)
,x<0
x
x
x 2 + (a 1)x + b
; x0 = 0
,x > 0
c) f(x) =
x
1; x = 0
2x 2 + 2x 4
neu x < 1
3
2
x x + x 1
4.67. Chng minh ham so : f(x) = 3 neu x = 1
lien tuc tren R .
3x 3
2
neu x > 1
x x
3 2x + 4 2
neu x > 2
lien tuc tren R .

4.68.Tm a e ham so f(x) = x 2
ax a + 4 neu x 2
4.69. Chng minh phng trnh :

a) cos2x - x = 0 co t nhat 1 nghim
b) x4 x3 9x2 + 2x + 14 = 0 co ung 4 nghim
c) x4 + x 10 = 0 co t nhat 2 nghim .
Chng 4. Gii han
40
4.70. a) Chng minh phng trnh :
x 4 x 2 + mx m + 1
= m co t nhat 2 nghim vi moi m > 1
x2 x 2
b) Chng minh phng trnh : x 2 4x + 3 + m 2 x 2 + mx 10m 2 4 = 0 co t nhat 2 nghim .

c) Chng minh phng trnh : x3 3x = m co t nhat 2 nghim , m ( - 2; 2)
4.71. Chng minh :
1
1
= m co nghim m .
cos x sin x
b) Phng trnh : m(2cosx - 2 ) = 2sn5x + 1 , m.
c) Phng trnh : cos2x + acosx + bsinx = 0 co nghim , a , b .
d) Phng trnh : msin x + m x = 0 co nghim , m .
e) (m2 + 2m + 2)(x 1)5 + x m2 + 2m = 0 co nghim , m [ 1 ; 2]
a) Phng trnh :
4.72. Cho phng trnh f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 . Biet a. f(c ) < 0 , chng minh phng
trnh : a(ax2 + bx + c)2 + b( ax2 + bx + c) + c = x co nghim .
D. Hng Dan ap So
4.65 . a) f(1) =
1
2
lim+ f(x) = lim+
(1 x)( x + 1)
( 5 x + 2)(x 1)
2(1 x)
1
lim f(x) = lim
=
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 3)
2
Vy f(x) lien tuc tai x0 = 1.
1
b) f(1) =
4
(x 1)x
1
lim+ f(x) = lim+
=
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 3)
4
(x 1)x
1
=
lim f(x) = lim
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 3)
4
Vy f(x) gian oan tai x 0 = 1 .
c) f(4) = 2
x x4
lim+ f(x) = lim+
=2
x4
x 4
x4 x
lim f(x) = f(4) = 2
x 1
x 1
1
2
x4
Vy f(x) lien tuc tai x 0 = 4
4.66 . a) f(0) = a + 2
lim+ f(x) = f(0) = a + 2
x0
2x
= 1
x0
x 0 x( 1 x + 1 + x )
f(x) lien tuc tai x0= 0 a + 2 = - 1 a = - 3 .
b) f(1) = 4
1
x 1
+ ax + b = + a + b
lim+ f(x) = lim+
x 1
x 1
(x 1)( x + 1)
2
lim f(x) = lim
(x 1)(x 2 + 2x + 3)
= 6a
x 1
x 1
(x 1)(x 2)
1
2
25
.
f(x) lien tuc tai x0 = 1 4 = + a + b = 6a a = - , b =
2
3
6
lim f(x) = lim a
Chng 4. Gii han
41
c) f(0) = 1
a
x
=
lim f(x) = lim a
x0
x0
x(x + 1)( x + 1 + 2x + 1) 2
Khi x o+ , t b , mau 0 , vy b = 0 . Khi o :
x(x + a 1)
lim f(x) = lim+
= a 1
x 0+
x 0
x
a
f(x) lien tuc tai x0 = 0 1 =
= a 1 va b = 0 a = 2 va b = 0
2
2(x 1)(x + 2)
4.67. Khi x < 1 : f(x) =
luon xac nh nen lien tuc .
(x 1)(x 2 + 1)
3(x 1)
Khi x < 1 : f(x) =
luon xac nh nen lien tuc .
x(x 1)
2(x + 2)
3
Xet x = 1 : lim f(x) = lim 2
= 3 = f(1) ; lim+ f(x) = lim+ = 3 = f(1) . Vy f(x) lien tuc khi x = 1
x 1
x 1
x
1
x
1
x +1
x
.
Ket luan f(x) lien tuc tren R .
4.68. Khi x > 2 : f(x) luon xac nh nen lien tuc .

Khi x < 2 : f(x) luon xac nh nen lien tuc .
2(x 2)
1
Xet x = 2 : lim+ f(x) = lim+
=
x 2
x 2
( 3 (2x + 4)2 + 2 3 (2x + 4) + 2 2 )(x 2) 6
lim f(x) = f(2) = a + 4 = f(1) .
x 1+
Vy f(x) lien tuc tren R f(x) lien tuc tai x = 2 a + 4 =
1
6
23
6
4.69. a) Xet ham so : f(x) = cos2x - x lien tuc khi x 0
Ta co : f(0) = 1 va f( ) =
< 0 => pcm .
2
2
b) Xet ham so : f(x) = x4 x3 9x2 + 2x + 14 lien tuc tren R . Ta co bang gia tr sau :
a=-
X
-3
-2
0
2
4
F(x)
35
-10
14
-10
70
Suy ra phng trnh co t nhar 4 nghim thoa 3 < x1 < - 2 < x2 < 0 < x3 < 2 < x4 < 4 .
Nhng mt phng trnh bac 4 co nhieu nhat 4 nghim , do o phng trnh cho co ung 4 nghim .
Ghi chu :Co the thay hai gia tr f(-3) va f4) bang lim f(x) = lim f(x) = + > 0
x
x +
c) Xet ham so : f(x) = x + x 10

X
-2
0
2
F(x)
4
-10
8
Vy phng trnh f(x) = 0 co nhat 2 nghim thoa - 2 < x1 < 0 < x2 < 2
4.70. a) iu kin x - 1 ; 2 .
Phng trnh x4 x2 + mx m + 1 = m(x2 x 2)
f(x) = x4 x2 + 1 m ( x2 2x + 1 ) = 0 x4 x2 + 1 m ( x - 1 )2 = 0
f(- 1) = 1 4m > 0 , f(0) = 1 m < 0 , f(1) = 1 > 0
V f(x) lien tuc tren ( 1 ; 2) nen phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat 2 nghim thoa : - 1 < x1 < 0 < x2 < 1
b) Xet ham so f(x) VT , lien tuc tren mien xac nh ( - ; 1] [3 ; + )
Chng 4. Gii han
42
f(1) = - 9m 2 + m - 4 < 0 , m
Ta co :
=> phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat 1 nghim ( 2
f( - 10) = 90m - 10m + 143 - 4 > 0 , m
10 ; - 1)
f(3) = - m 2 + 3m - 4 < 0 , m
=> phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat 1 nghim ( 3 ; 10)
2
f(10) =90m +10m+ 63 - 4 > 0 , m
Suy ra pcm .
Ghi chu : Cac gia tr x = 10, - 10 e de tnh va sao cho cac tam thc theo m co a > 0 va < 0 . Co the
thay cac gia tr nay lim f(x) = lim f(x) = + , m .
x +
c) Xet ham so : f(x) = x3 3x m lien tuc tren R .

Ta co : f(1) = - 2 m < 0 , f(2) = 2 m > 0 , f( - 2) = - 2 m < 0 , f(- 1) = 2 m > 0
V f(1).f(2) < 0 va f(- 2) .f( - 1) < 0 nen phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat 2 nghim
4.71. iu kin sinx.cosx 0 , phng trnh f(x) = sinx cosx msinxcosx = 0 (1)
Ta co f(x) lien tuc tren R va f(0) = - 1 < 0 , f( ) = 1 > 0 , do o phng trnh (1) co nghim ( 0 ; ) .
2
2
Nghim nay thoa iu kin nen cung la nghim ca phng trnh a cho .
Ghi chu : Hai gia tr ta lay lam cho bieu thc cha tham so bang 0 .
b) Ta lay hai gia tr lam cho bieu thc cha tham so bang 0 la x = va
4
4
5
5
c) Ta lay hai gia tr x = va
va c f( = a + b ; f = (a + b) => f f 0 trai dau.
4
4
4 4
4
4
d) f(0) = m , f(2m) = m.sin2m - m = m ( sin2m - 1) .
Ta co : f(0).f(2m) = m2 (sin2m - 1) 0 => pcm .
4.72. a) Xet ham so : g(x) = a(ax2 + bx + c)2 + b( ax2 + bx + c) + c - x lien tuc tren R . Ta co : af(c) < 0
=> phng trnh f(x) = 0 co hai nghim x1 , x2 va x1 < c < x2 .
Suy ra g( x1 ) = af(x1 )2 + bf(x1) + c x1 = c x1 > 0 va tng t g(x2 ) = c x2 < 0
Do o : g(x1).g(x2) < 0 => pcm .
9. Trac nghiem cuoi chng

A. CAU HOI .
Ghi chu : Hoc sinh khong c dung may tnh khi lam bai .
( n 6)5
1. Ta co : lim
=
(n + 1)2 (n 7)4
a) 0
b) 1
2. Ta co : lim
c) - 1
d) +
c) 4
d) +
c)
d) +
c) +
c)
(2n + 7)11
=
(2n + 1)5 (4n 3 7)2
b) 0
a) 1/4
3. Ta co : lim ( 2n + 3 2n + 6 ) =
a)
2 3
4. Ta co : lim
a) 1
b) 0
n + 1 n 2 + 3n + 1
n+3 n+2
b) - 2
Chng 4. Gii han
5. Ta co : lim
a) -
43
(2 n 3n +1 )2
=
(2 n +1 + 3n )(2 n 4.3n )
9
4
b)
1
2
c)
3
4
d) 0
6. Mt ngoi tnh gi tiet kiem ky han 1 nam vi lai suat 10% mot nam . n ky han lai gi tiep ca von
lan lai cho nam tiep theo va c the cho en khi sau n nam so tien lanh ra , ke ca von lan lai, t nhat
phai gap oi so tien von ban au . Vay ong ta phai gi toi thieu lien tuc la bao nhieu nam ?
a) 8 nam
b) 9 nam
c) 10 nam
d) lau hn 10 nan
1
1
1
7. Ta co : lim ( +
+ ... +
)=
x x0 1
1+ 2
1 + 2 + ... + n
a) 1, 5
b) 1, 8
c) 2
x 4 + 3x 3
8. Ta co sau khi kh dang vo nh th lim 2
=
x 3 x 2x 15
3x 2
x3
9x
b) lim
c) lim
a) lim
x 3 x 5
x 3 x 5
x 3 2x 2
2x + 7 x + 8
a
la mt phan so toi gian
ma a + b =
9. lim
2
x 1
b
x + 5x 6
a) 40
b) 41
c) 42
2
x+9 x 3
10. Ta co : lim
=
x 0
x +1 x 1
1
1
1
b)
c) a) 6
6
3
3
x 2x 1 3 2x
11. Ta co : lim
=
x 1
x2 1
1
2
b)
c) 1
a)
3
3
d) +
d) lim
x 3
27
11 + x
d) 43
d) 0
d)
4
3
12. Ta co : lim ( 4x 2 + x + 1 4x 2 + 6x 2) =
x
a) -
5
4
b)
5
4
c)
d) +
1
1
a
la mt phan so toi gian

13. lim 2
( b > 0 ) va b a =
2
x 2 3x 4x 4
b
x 12x + 20
a) 15
b) 16
c) 17
d) ap so khac
14. Ta co : lim
x +
a)
1
2
4x 2 + 7 x + 3
3x 2 x 2 x 1
b) 1
15. Ta co : lim+
x 2
a) +
x 2 | x 2 |
=
| 4 x2 |
b)
c) 0
d) +
c) 0
d)
16. Ham so nao di ay lien tuc tai x0 = 1

| x 1 | +3
(I) f(x) =
| 1 x | 1
2x 1; khi x 1
(II) g(x) = 2 x + 3 4
khi 0 < x < 1
x 1
a) Ch (I)
b) Ch (II)
Chng 4. Gii han
44
c) Ca (I) va (II)
d) Khong ham so nao .
x + a
x 2 ; x 1
17. Cho ham so f(x) =
2
x + ax a 1
; x >1
2
x + (a + 2)x a 3
Co hai gia tr ca a e e ham so sau lien tuc tai x0 = 1 va tch ca chung la :
a) 6
b) 6
c) 3
d) ap so khac
18. Ham so nao di ay lien tuc tren R

(I) f(x) =
2x 3
(II) g(x) =
x 2 + 3x + 3
x+7
| x | 3
2x + 3 ; x 1
(III) 4( 5 x 2x)
;x < 1
2
x 3x + 2
a) Ch (I) va (II)
b) Ch (II) va (III)
c) Ch (I) va (III)
d) Ca (I), (II) va (III)
2x 1
x + m ; x 1
19. nh m e ham so f(x) =
m( 2x 1 x ) ; x > 1
x 1
lien tuc tren R
a)khong co m
b) m = 1 hay m = - 2
c) m = 1
d) m = - 2
20. Phng trnh nao sau ay co nghim vi moi m :

(I) m(x2 3x + 2) + x4 3 = 0
(II) m(x 1)(x + 4) + x3 4x = 0
a) Khong phng trnh nao
b) Ch (I)
c) Ch (II)
d) Ca (I) va (II)
B. BANG TRA LI
1(a) 2(c) 3(b) 4(d) 5(a) 6(a) 7(c) 8(b) 9(d) 10(c)
11(d) 12(b) 13(c) 14(b) 15(a) 16(c) 17(b) 18(c) 19(d) 20(d)
C. HNG DAN AP SO
1. (a) V bac ca t la 5 trong khi bac ca mau la 6 nen limun = 0

11
2 +
211
n
2. (c) limun = lim

= 5 2 =4
1
7
(2 + )5 (4 3 )2 2 .4
n
n
Chng 4. Gii han
3. (b) limun = lim

4. (d) limun = lim
45
3
2n + 3 + 2n + 6
n
n + 1 + n 2 + 3n + 1
=0
.
n+3 + n+2
=-
1
2 n
3
( 3)2
9
3
5. (a) lim u n = lim

=
=
n
n
1.(
4)
4
2
2
4
2 + 1
6. (a) Goi un la so tien rut ra ( gom ca von va lai ) sau n nam . Theo gia thiet , ta co : un = un-1 + 0, 1(un 1 ) = un 1 .1, 1 , n 1 .
Vy (un) la so hang ca mt cap so nhan cong boi la q = 1, 1 va so hang au ( tien rut c sau mt nam )
la u1 = 1, 1u ( u : so tien gi ban au).
e so tien nhan c t nhat gap oi so von au tien a gi , ta phai co :
2u = u1 . qn 1 = 1,1u.(1,1)n 1
2 = (1,1)n
Ta tm so n nguyen nho nhat sao cho : (1, 1)n 2.
Dung may tnh , ta c : n = 8
k(k + 1)
1
2
1
1
7. (c) Dung cong thc : 1 + 2 + . . .+ k =
=>
=
= 2
2
1 + 2 + ... + k k(k + 1)
k k +1
1 1 1 1
1
1
=> lim un = lim 2 + + ... +
n n + 1
1 2 2 3
1
1
= lim 2
= 2
1 n + 1
x 3 (x + 3)
x3
= lim
x 3
x 3 (x + 3)(x 5)
x 3 x 5
(x 1)
1
1
1
9. (d) lim f(x) = lim
.
= lim
=
x 1
x 1
2x + 7 + x + 8 (x 1)(x + 6) x 1 ( 2x + 7 + x + 8)(x + 6) 42
=> a + b = 43
x 4 6x 2 + x
x +1 + x +1
x 3 6x + 1
x +1 + x +1
1
10. (c) lim f(x) = lim
.
=
lim
.
=2
2
2
x 0
x 0
x
0
3
1
x+9 +x +3
x+9 +x +3
x 2x 1 1 1 3 3 2x
11. (d)
lim f(x) = lim
+
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x + 1
(x 1)(x + 1)
(2x 2 + x + 1)
2
= 1+ 1 = 4
+
= lim
x 1 (x 2x 1 + 1)(x + 1)
2
3 3
1 + 3 (3 2x) + 1 (x + 1)
8. (b) lim f(x) = lim
12. (b) lim f(x) = lim

x
5x + 3
4x 2 + x + 1 + 4x 2 + 5x 2
5 +
= lim
4+
3
x
1 1
6 2
+ 2 4+ 2
x x
x x
5
4
Chng 4. Gii han
46
1
1
4x 8
1
1
+
=13. (c) lim f(x) = lim
=
=> b
= lim
x 2
x 2 (x 2)(3x + 2)
x
2
(x 2)(x 10)
(x 2)(3x + 2)(x 10)
16
16
a = 17
7
1 3
4+ 2
+
x
x x2 = 2 0 = 1
14. (b) Ta co lim f(x) = lim
x +
x +
3 1
2
1 1
3 1 2
x
x x
x 2 (x 2)
x 2(1 x 2)
1 x 2
15. (a) lim+ f(x) = lim+
= + v mau
= lim+
= lim+
2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 4
(x 2)(x + 2)
x 2(x + 2)
0 + va t 1
0+3
16. (c) * Ta co lim f(x) = f(1) =
= 3 => f(x) lien tuc tai x = 1
x 1
0 1
* g(1) = 1 , lim+ g(x) = g(1) = 1 va lim g(x) = lim
x 1
x 1
x 1
2(x 1)
x +1
=1
.
x + 3 + 2 x 1
=> g(x) lien tuc tai x = 1

17. (b) Ta co : lim f(x) = f(1) = 1 a
x 1
lim+ f(x) = lim+
x 1
x 1
Vy 1 a =
(x 1)(x + 1 + a) a + 2
=
(x 1)(x + a + 3) a + 4
a+2
<=> a2 + 6a + 6 = 0
a+4
Co hai gia tr ca a va tch la 6 .

18. (c) * Ham so f(x) la ham so vo ty , xac nh tren R nen lien tuc tren R .
* Ham so g(x) khong xac nh khi x = 3 nen khong lien tuc tren R .
* Xet ham so h(x) : Khi x > 1 : h(x) = 2x + 3 nen f(x) lien tuc .
Khi x < 1 : h(x) =
4( 5 x 2x)
xac nh nen lien tuc .
(x 1)(x 2)
Khi x = 1 : lim+ f(x) = f(1) = 5 , lim f(x) = lim

x 1
x 1
x 1
20(1 x)
=5
( 5 x + 2x)(x 1)(x 2)
Vy ham so lien tuc khi x = 1. Ket luan h(x) lien tuc tren R .
19. (d) * Khi x <1 ; f(x) lien tuc khi no xac nh khi x < 1 m < - 1
* Khi x > 1 : f(x) xac nh nen lien tuc .
* Khi x = 1 : lim f(x) = f(1) =
x 1
1
m(x 1)
m
; lim+ f(x) = lim+
=
x
1
x
1
1+ m
( 2x 1 + x )(x 1) 2
e f lien tuc tren R th f lien tuc tai x = 1
1
m
= m2 + m - 2 = 0 m = 1 hay m = - 2. V m
1+ m 2
- 1 nen m = - 2 .
20. (d) * Xet (I) : Ham so f(x) ve trai lien tuc tren R va f(1) = - 2, f(2) = 13 nen phng trnh f(x) = 0 co
nghi thuoc (1 ; 2)
Chng 4. Gii han
47
* Xet (II) : Ham so f(x) ve trai lien tuc tren R va f(0) = - 4m , f(2) = 6m => f(0)f(2) = - 24m2 0 nen
phng trnh co nghim thuoc [ 0 ; 2] .
Vy ca hai phng trnh eu co nghim vi moi m .

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Tran Thanh Minh - Phan Lu Bien Tran Quang Ngha

Chng 4. Gii han

Chng 4 . GII HAN

nh l : Cho hai day so (un) va (vn) . Nu |un| vn , n va limvn = 0 th limun = 0

Giai a) Ta co : V n3 n , n nen 0 < un =

= 0 , do o theo nh l tren lim un = 0

d) Ap dung bat ang thc Co si : 22n + 32n 2.

= 0 , do o theo nh l tren limun = 0

V du 2 : Dung nh ngha, chng minh lim

Giai Vi n > 7 , ta co : |un | =

Chng 4. Gii han

Chang han vi = 0, 001 th n0 > 7 va n0 >

C. Bai Tap Ren Luyen

Chng minh cac day so sau co gii hn la 0 .

c) V 0 < q = < 1 nen limun = 0

Theo nh ngha limun = 0

Chng 4. Gii han

Ta co vi n > 100 th 10 <

4.6. Ta co : 2n + 3n 3n + 3n = 2.3n , suy ra : | un |

1. nh ngha : Day so (un) co gii hn la so thc L nu lim(un L) = 0

Chng 4. Gii han

(2n 1)(3 n)2

V lim 2 = lim 2 lim = 2 ;lim 1 = lim lim1 = (0 1)2 = 1

Va lim 4 = lim 4 lim = (4 0)3 = 64

32n +1 15n + 52n + 2

Chng 4. Gii han

b) S = sin2 x + sin4x + sin6x + . . . (x + k )

b) V x + k nen |q| = sin2 x 1 tc |q| < 1 , do o

* Dang 4 : Tm gii hn bang cach thiet lap cong thc un theo n

=> limun = lim 1

Chng 4. Gii han

: (1) ung khi n = k + 1

C. Bai Tap Ren Luyen

4.8. Chon cau ung : lim

4.10. Chon cau ung : lim

4. 14. Tm gii hn cac day so sau :

Chng 4. Gii han

4. 16. Tnh cac tong vo han ca cap so nhan sau :

* 4. 21. Tm gii hn cac day so sau :

. Tm cong thc tnh un theo n . Suy ra limun.

Chng 4. Gii han

4.11. (a) lim

4.13. a) Ta co : lim (un 3) = lim

Chng 4. Gii han

4. 17. Cac hoanh ln lt ca oc sen la : 1 , -

4. 18. Ta viet so thap phan di dang mt tong vo han :

ay la tong vo han ca mt cap so nhan , so hang au 0, 123 , cong boi q =

Cac tam giac OAA1 , OA1A2 . . . la cac tam giac n a eu , cho ta :

Chng 4. Gii han

4. 20. Cac canh hnh vuong nay bang

canh hnh vuong

, vy tong cac chu vi la : 4.

Chng 4. Gii han

. Suy ra : limun = lim

1. Day so dan n vo cuc :

cac dang nay , c trnh bay trong phan sau .

Chng 4. Gii han

V du 1 : Tm cac gii hn sau :

V du 2 : Tm gii hn cac day so sau :

Giai a) Chia t va mau cho n =

b) Chia t va mau cho n2 =

Chng 4. Gii han

Dang 2 ( dang - ) : Tm gii hn ca