Chng

Lp trnh ng dng
SNMP vi Delphi 2010
Chun b lp trnh cc phn mm SNMP
Thit k phn mm t ng cnh bo cc li
trong mng : SNMP Trap Receiver.
Thit k phn mm gim st lu lng thit b :
SNMP Traffic Monitor
Thit k phn mm SNMP agent cho Windows
server, h tr ly cc thng tin t to.
Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)

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Chng 5: Lp trnh ng dng SNMP vi Delphi 2010

Chng ny tc gi s trnh by cch vit cc phn mm SNMP s dng ngn ng lp trnh Delphi phin
bn 14 (Delphi 2010). Mc ch chng ny l trnh by tng tng bc trong vic vit cc ng dng
SNMP hn l trnh by c php lp trnh SNMP trn Delphi. Trn cc ngn ng khc th ch khc nhau cc
hm khi to, gi, nhn bn tin, cn v trnh t thc hin th vn ging nhau. Cc on code ca tc gi
c vit mc n gin c th d dng c hiu v chuyn i, nn chng khng phi l khun mu
c tc cao nht hay by li tt nht.
Source code ca ton b cc project c th download ti trang ch ca quyn ti liu ny.
Ti sao bn cn phi lp trnh SNMP ?
Nhiu thit b, ng dng c cc hng thit k mib ring, bn khng th gim st chng bng ng
dng snmp thng thng. Bn c th dng phn mm ca chnh hng thit b gim st. Nhng nu
bn c nhiu chng loi thit b khc nhau th bt buc bn phi dng tng phn mm ring. By gi lm
th no dng mt ng dng duy nht gim st tt c chng ? Lc ny bn cn bit cch lp trnh ng
dng gim st SNMP. Cng c mt s phn mm cho php gim st custom mib nhng cha hn chng
p ng hon ton nhu cu ca bn.
Cc thit b gi cc event dng trap n mt trap host. nh ngha trap chun ch c mt s event rt
ngho nn, do cc dng sn phm khc nhau u c nh ngha rt nhiu trap enterpriseSpecific m phi
dng sn phm ca chnh hng mi c th c c. Nu bn c file mib m t event ca cc thit b, lm
th no dng mt ng dng duy nht lm host nhn event v cnh bo cho tt c cc chng loi thit
b ? Lc ny bn cn bit cch lp trnh ng dng SNMP Trap receiver.
Gi s bn vit mt ng dng no , ng dng ny chy trn rt nhiu server. Ngi qun tr cn gim
st hiu nng ng dng ca bn trn tt c cc server m khng cn phi truy cp vo tng server ly
thng tin. Bn c th thit k giao thc v phn mm gim st ring, nhng nu s dng SNMP th ngi
dng c th dng cc phn mm c sn tnh nng custom mib nh Solarwinds gim st ng dng ca
bn. Lc ny bn cn bit cch lp trnh ng dng SNMP Agent b sung tnh nng ny vo ng dng ca
bn.
Nu bn khng phi l ngi pht trin ng dng, hoc vic dng cc phn mm gim st c sn p
ng c nhu cu cng vic th bn khng cn phi c chng ny.

1. Chun b lp trnh SNMP

Delphi 2010
Delphi l ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng, c php ging vi Pascal. Mi trng lp trnh Delphi h
tr thit k form dng ko th tng t nh Visual Studio. Cc i tng giao din c ng gi gi l VCL
(Visual Component Library), tng t nh Controls trong C# hay Java Beans ca Java. C hng trm
component trong Delphi, v chng h tr Unicode hon ton. ng dng ca Delphi vit ra l ng dng
native Windows nn khng s dng .NET Framework.
Bn cn ci t Delphi 2009 hoc 2010 vit cc ng dng SNMP.
Indy Project
Indy l mt b th vin cc component h tr lp trnh mng mc application (layer 7 trong m hnh
OSI), ngha l nhng g ng dng ca bn phi x l l phn data sau khi tch ht cc header ca cc giao
thc lp application. Indy h tr hu ht cc giao thc ph bin nh : TCP, UDP, IPMulticast, DNS, Echo,
FTP, HTTP, IMAP4, SMTP, POP3, Telnet, ICMP, Syslog, SNMP, . Bn c th vit mt web server ch vi vi
dng lnh.
Indy l mt d n m ngun m c tch hp vo Delphi. M ngun Indy c vit bng Delphi bi cc
tnh nguyn vin. 1
Nu khng s dng th vin Indy vit ng dng mng, bn c th s dng cc component c sn
trong Delphi l TTCPServer, TTCPClient, TUDPSocket thay th. Tuy nhin lc ny bn phi t vit phn
m x l d liu cc lp cao hn.
V nu khng mun dng nhng component ca Delphi na th bn c th dng cc hm Windows API
trong th vin Winsock.

Trang ch Indy Project : http://www.indyproject.org

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Chng 5: Lp trnh ng dng SNMP vi Delphi 2010

Patch Indy Tiburon

B Indy km theo Delphi 2010 c li trong component IdSNMP, bn cn update ln phin bn mi nht
l Indy Tiburon v li, nu khng IdSNMP s hot ng sai. Indy Tiburon c th c download ti trang
ch quyn ti liu ny hoc ti link gc http://indy.fulgan.com/ZIP/
Qu trnh update thc cht l xa bn Indy trong Delphi 2010 v thay th bng bn Indy Tiburon, trnh
t update nh sau :
+ Gii nn bn Indy mi ra folder IndyTiburon.
+ Khi ng Delphi 2010.
+ M v bin dch package IndyTiburon\Lib\System\IndySystem140.dpk.
+ Bin dch package IndyTiburon\Lib\Core\IndyCore140.dpk.
+ Bin dch package IndyTiburon\Lib\Core\dclIndyCore140.dpk.
+ Bin dch package IndyTiburon\Lib\Protocols\IndyProtocols140.dpk.
+ Bin dch package IndyTiburon\Lib\Protocols\dclIndyProtocols140.dpk.
+ Tt Delphi.
+ Xa tt c file trong C:\Program Files\Embarcadero\RAD Studio\7.0\lib\Indy10
+ Copy tt c cc file *.dcu trong folder IndyTiburon (k c trong subfolder) sang C:\Program
Files\Embarcadero\RAD Studio\7.0\lib\Indy10 (c khong 325 file).
+ Copy 5 file *.bpl trong C:\Users\Public\Documents\RAD Studio\7.0\Bpl (Win 7) hoc C:\Documents and
Settings\All Users\Documents\RAD Studio\7.0\Bpl (Win XP) v ghi vo cc file trong folder C:\Program
Files\Embarcadero\RAD Studio\7.0\bin.
+ Khi ng li Delphi.
Lu : phin bn Indy ti thi im vit ti liu ny l 10.5.5, l mt phin bn vn cha h tr
SNMPv2c. Do cc ng dng c vit ch hot ng ng vi SNMPv1.

2. SNMP Traffic Monitor

Gii thiu
SNMP Traffic Monitor l phn mm gim st lin tc lu lng ca interface trn thit b.
Cc tnh nng demo bao gm :
+ Ly c cc thng tin m t thit b (nhm mib-2.system).
+ Ly danh sch cc interface v cho php ngi dng chn 1 interface gim st.
+ Cho php chn cc chu k ly mu khc nhau.
+ V lu lng ra biu , 2 ng lu lng in/out ring, t ng zoom biu khi lu lng tng.
Do ch l demo tp trung vo SNMP nn phn mm c cc hn ch sau :
+ Khng gim st c cng lc nhiu interface.
+ Khng ghi nh kt qu gim st, khng in c biu .
tng thc hin
ly thng tin v h thng (tn, m t, thi gian hot ng, ) ta ly tt c OID nm di
.iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.system (.1.3.6.1.2.1.1).
Bn thn thit b khng cung cp thng tin v tc lu lng ca interface nn ta khng th ly trc
tip bng SNMP. Ta phi ly tng s byte m interface nhn ti OID .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib2.interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifInOctets (.1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10) v tng s byte truyn ti ifOutOctets
(.1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.16). Vic ly thng tin c thc hin lin tc v tnh (gi_tr_sau
gi_tr_trc)/thi_gian_gia_cc_ln_ly_mu c c tc lu lng ca interface.
khng nh hng n chng trnh chnh, phn code qut lu lng lin tc c t trong mt
thread.

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Chng 5: Lp trnh ng dng SNMP vi Delphi 2010

Thit k giao din

Ly thng tin v thit b

Sau khi nhp IP v community string, nhn nt Ly thng tin phn mm ly v cc thng tin ca
thit b trong nhm mib-2.system nh name, description, contact, .

mmInfo.Clear;
SNMP.Host := edHost.Text;
SNMP.Community := edCommunity.Text;
SNMP.ReceiveTimeout := 1000; // timeout = 1000 ms
// Bc 1 : dng hm QuickSend ly cc thng tin thuc group mib-2.system
// mt s thit b khng h tr sub-id nn ta ly c 2 object sysDescr v sysDescr.0
// hm QuickSend s tr v TRUE nu ly thng tin thnh cng, FALSE nu timeout
// kt qu ly v l mt chui cha trong bin v
s := 'sysDescr : '; // sysDescr c oid l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1
if SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) or
SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) then s := s + v;
mmInfo.Lines.Add(s); // xut kt qu ra mmInfo
s := 'sysUptime : ';
if SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) or
SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) then s := s + v;
mmInfo.Lines.Add(s);
s := 'sysContact : ';
if SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.4', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) or
SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.4.0', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) then s := s + v;
mmInfo.Lines.Add(s);
s := 'sysName : ';
if SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) or
SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) then s := s + v;
mmInfo.Lines.Add(s);
s := 'sysLocation : ';
if SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.6', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) or
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SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.6.0', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) then s := s + v;

mmInfo.Lines.Add(s);

Cc thng tin ly c s c xut ra mn hnh nh v d sau

Ly s lng interface ca thit b

// Bc 2 : ly tng s interface ang c trn thit b

s := 'ifNumber : ';
if SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) or
SNMP.QuickSend('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1.0', SNMP.Community, SNMP.Host, v) then s := s + v;
mmInfo.Lines.Add(s);
// nu s ifNumber l rng hoc khng phi l kiu s th gn = 0
if not TryStrToInt(v, ifNumber) then ifNumber := 0;

Ly danh sch interface index

// Bc 3 : Ln lt ly index ca cc interface entry, bng cch GetNext lin tc, bt
u t ifIndex
SNMP.Query.Host := edHost.Text;
SNMP.Query.Community := edCommunity.Text;
SNMP.Query.Port := 161;
SNMP.Query.Version := 0; // s dng SNMP v1 (0=v1; 1=v2c)
SNMP.Query.PDUType := PDUGetNextRequest;
List.Clear;
// ifIndex c OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1.1, khi GetNext s ly c ifIndex ca interface
u tin
OID := '1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1.1';
// v tng s interface ca thit b = ifNumber nn ta lp ifNumber ln
for i := 1 to ifNumber do
begin
SNMP.Query.MIBOID.Clear; // u tin xa sanh sch OID cn query
SNMP.Query.MIBOID.Add(OID); // sau thm ifIndex ca interface cn query
j := 1;
while (j<=3) and (SNMP.SendQuery=False) do inc(j); // nu fail th cho php lp li
n ln th 3
if j <= 3 then begin
L := List.Items.Add; // thm 1 dng mi vo danh sch interface
L.Caption := SNMP.Reply.MIBValue[0]; // gn ifIndex vo Caption ca ListItem
{ t OID = ifIndex ca interface hin ti, vng lp sau s GetNext
ly ifIndex ca interface tip theo }
OID := SNMP.Reply.MIBOID[0];
end;
end;

Ly thng tin ca interface

// Bc 4 : ly cc thng tin khc ca tng interface
SNMP.Query.PDUType := PDUGetRequest;
for i := 0 to List.Items.Count - 1 do

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begin
L := List.Items[i];
{ a cc oid cn ly vo query, sau thc hin 1 GetRequest ly ton b
thng tin ca 1 interface cng lc }
SNMP.Query.MIBOID.Clear;
SNMP.Query.MIBOID.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.2.' + L.Caption); // ifDescr
SNMP.Query.MIBOID.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.3.' + L.Caption); // ifType
SNMP.Query.MIBOID.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.5.' + L.Caption); // ifSpeed
SNMP.Query.MIBOID.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6.' + L.Caption); // ifPhysAddress
SNMP.Query.MIBOID.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.7.' + L.Caption); // ifAdminStatus
SNMP.Query.MIBOID.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.8.' + L.Caption); // ifOperStatus
// nu fail th cho php lp li n ln th 3
j := 1;
while (j<=3) and (SNMP.SendQuery=False) do inc(j);
if j <= 3 then
try
L.SubItems.Add(SNMP.Reply.MIBValue[0]); // ifDescr l kiu OctetString
t := StrToInt(SNMP.Reply.MIBValue[1]); // ifType l kiu INTEGER
if t <= Length(ifTypeArray) then L.SubItems.Add(ifTypeArray[t])
else L.SubItems.Add(InttoStr(t));
// ifSpeed l kiu GAUGE nn phi chia 100
L.SubItems.Add(InttoStr(StrToInt(SNMP.Reply.MIBValue[2]) div 100));
// ifPhysAddress l kiu PhysicalAddress nn phi chuyn i thnh chui c c
L.SubItems.Add(PhysAddressToStr(SNMP.Reply.MIBValue[3]));
t := StrToInt(SNMP.Reply.MIBValue[4]); // ifAdminStatus, kiu INTEGER
if t <= Length(ifStatusArray) then L.SubItems.Add(ifStatusArray[t])
else L.SubItems.Add(InttoStr(t));
t := StrToInt(SNMP.Reply.MIBValue[5]); // ifOperStatus, kiu INTEGER
if t <= Length(ifStatusArray) then L.SubItems.Add(ifStatusArray[t])
else L.SubItems.Add(InttoStr(t));
except
end;
{ thng thng tt c cc oid nm trong request u c snmp agent tr v y
v ng th t, on code trn khng kim tra s lng value tr v v khng
kim tra th t }

Danh sch cc interface xut ra mn hnh nh v d sau

Qut lu lng
Sau khi c danh sch cc interface index, bn click vo mt interface trong danh sch v nhn nt
Bt u gim st, phn mm s to snmp query ly thng tin ifInOctets v ifOutOctets ca interface index
ang chn, qut lin tc theo chu k. on code nh sau :

snmp.Query.PDUType := PDUGetRequest;
snmp.Query.MIBOID.Clear;
// ifInOctets c oid l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10, dng ang c chn trong List l i
tng List.Selected, caption ca dng ny chnh l interface index
snmp.Query.MIBOID.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10.' + List.Selected.Caption);
snmp.Query.MIBOID.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.16.' + List.Selected.Caption);
// gi snmp query, ly 2 item ifInOctets v ifOutOctets cng lc
snmp.SendQuery;

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Chng 5: Lp trnh ng dng SNMP vi Delphi 2010

Sau khi c thng tin tng s byte truyn v nhn theo tng chu k ly mu, bn v chng ra trn biu
. Cch x l thng tin v v biu vi component TChart ca Delphi khng nm trong phm vi quyn ti
liu ny, bn hy xem thm trong source code. Hnh minh ha biu v ra nh sau :

Ch : input l lu lng i vo interface, output l lu lng i ra khi interface . Nh vy, nu

gim st port upstream (u ln nh cung cp dch v) th input l lu lng download, cn nu gim st
port downstream th input li l lu lng upload.

3. SNMP Trap Receiver

Gii thiu
SNMP Trap receiver l phn mm c kh nng nhn v hin th cc trap version 1.
tng thc hin
+ Dng component IdSNMP ca Delphi nhn trap port 162.
+ Khi mt trap c nhn th phn mm s xem c phi version ca trap l v1 hay khng, nu l v1 th
bn tin trap s c tip tc x l.
+ Bn tin trap s c hin th ra mn hnh vi y cc thuc tnh. Chng 4 trnh by cu trc
ca mt bn tin trap v1, gm : enterprise, agent-addr, generic-trap, specific-trap, time-stamp v cc
variable-bindings.
+ Nu trap c kiu generic th phn mm s hin th tn trap. Chng 1 lit k 7 gi tr generic gm :
coldStart(0), warmStart(1), linkDown(2), linkUp(3), authenticationFailure(4), egpNeighborloss(5),
enterpriseSpecific(6).
+ Trong cc oid c trong bn tin trap, nu oid no l con ca mib-2.system v mib-2.interfaces th n s
c hin th tn thay v oid.
Thit k giao din

+ Nt [Start] bt u nhn v x l trap.

+ Checkbox [Nhn trap enterpriseSpecific] l ty chn c hin th cc trap c generic = 6 hay khng.

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Chng 5: Lp trnh ng dng SNMP vi Delphi 2010

Cu trc d liu
c th hin th tn ca cc trap generic - v d hin th Generic : linkDown(2) thay v Generic : 2
th ta cn mt mng nh ngha chng.

var
genTrap: array[0..6] of string = (
'coldStart(0)', 'warmStart(1)', 'linkDown(2)', 'linkUp(3)',
authenticationFailure(4)',
'egpNeighborloss(5)', 'enterpriseSpecific(6)');

c th hin th tn ca cc oid v d hin th sysDescr thay v .1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1 ta cn khi to

th tc nh ngha chng
var
oid: TstringList;
procedure TfrmMain.InitCommonOID;
begin
oid := TStringList.Create;
oid.Delimiter := '=';
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1=sysDescr');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.2=sysObjectID');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3=sysUptime');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.4=sysContact');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5=sysName');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.6=sysLocation');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.1.7=sysServices');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1=ifNumber');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.1=ifIndex');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.2=ifDescr');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.3=ifType');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.4=ifMtu');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.5=ifSpeed');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6=ifPhysAddress');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.7=ifAdminStatus');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.8=ifOperStatus');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.9=ifLastChange');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10=ifInOctets');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.11=ifInUcastPkts');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.12=ifInNUcastPkts');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.13=ifInDiscards');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.14=ifInErrors');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.15=ifInUknownProtos');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.16=ifOutOctets');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.17=ifOutUcastPkts');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.18=ifOutNUcastPkts');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.19=ifOutDiscards');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.20=ifOutErrors');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.21=ifOutQLen');
oid.Add('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.22=ifSpecific');
end;

Nhn trap
Khi click nt [Start], chng trnh s thc hin vng lp lin tc nhn trap

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Chng 5: Lp trnh ng dng SNMP vi Delphi 2010

procedure TfrmMain.bbtStartClick(Sender: TObject);

begin
snmp.ReceiveTimeout := 100; // thi gian timeout cho hm ReceiveTrap l 100ms
snmp.Active := True;
bbtStart.Enabled := False;
bbtStop.Enabled := not bbtStart.Enabled;
while snmp.Active do
begin
while snmp.ReceiveTrap = 1 do // =1 nu nhn c trap trong vng 100ms
if (ckTrapv1.Checked and (snmp.Trap.Version = 0)) then
begin
ProcessTrapv1(snmp.Trap); // hm x l bn tin trap v1
end;
Sleep(1); // nu khng tm dng 1ms th vng lp s chim 100% CPU
Application.ProcessMessages;
end;
end;

Hm x l trap v1 nh sau
procedure TfrmMain.ProcessTrapv1(var trap: TSNMPInfo);
var i,j: integer; s: string;
begin
// nu nhn bn tin trap c generic = 6 (enterpriseSpecific) m checkbox [Nhn trap
enterpriseSpecific] khng c chn th ngng x l
if (not ckSpecific.Checked) and (Trap.GenTrap = 6) then Exit;
mm.Lines.Add('+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+');
mm.Lines.Add( 'Host: ' + Trap.Host + TAB +
'Version: ' + GetTrapVersionStr(Trap.Version) + TAB +
'Enterprise: ' + trap.Enterprise);
mm.Lines.Add( 'Generic: ' + genTrap[Trap.GenTrap] + TAB +
'Specific: ' + InttoStr(Trap.SpecTrap) + TAB +
'TimeStamp: ' + InttoStr(Trap.TimeTicks));
// nu bn tin trap c cha variable-bindings (cc cp oid-value) th ValueCount l
tng s cc oid-value cha trong trap
if Trap.ValueCount = 0 then mm.Lines.Add('(no values)')
else
for i := 0 to Trap.ValueCount - 1 do
begin
// nu oid l mt trong cc oid nm di mib-2.system v mib-2.interfaces th hin
th tn ca oid
j := isCommonOID(Trap.ValueOID[i]);
if j > -1 then s := Replacestr(Trap.ValueOID[i], oid.Names[j],
oid.ValueFromIndex[j])
else s := Trap.ValueOID[i];
mm.Lines.Add(' ' + s + TAB + '=' + TAB + Trap.Value[i]);
end;
mm.Lines.Add('');
Trap.Clear;
end;

4. SNMP Agent
5. Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)

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Chng 5: Lp trnh ng dng SNMP vi Delphi 2010

Basic Encoding Rules

c mt bn tin SNMP

Tm tt
+

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