AVL-BOOST COMBUSTION MODELS

AST@AVL.com

ROHR (Rate Of Heat Release) CLASSIFICATION

Spatial Discretization

Single Zone
Two Zone

(Zero-Dimensional)
(Quasi-Dimensional)

Ignition Type (Mixture Preparation)

Spark Ignition
Compression Ignition
ROHR Type
ROHR Input
ROHR predicted by Combustion Model
Source
Standard BOOST
User Coding

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SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION / SINGLE ZONE

Governing Equations

Energy Conservation

d mc u
dQ
dV dQF
dm
pc

w hBB BB
d
d d
d
d
Perfect Gas Equation

pc

1
mc R Tc
V

Thermodynamic State Vector

c

pc
Sc
T
c
C
c

Cc

mf FB

mfCP
mf
FV

Cc

mf1

mf

1
.

mf
n

c C /G

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Classic / General Species Transport

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SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION / TWO ZONE /1

dQF

dQWb
pc , ub , mb , Rb , Tb
dQWu

hu dmb
pc , uu , mu , Ru , Tu

pc dV

Energy Conservation for burned and

unburned Zone

dmbub
dV dQ
pc b F
d
d
d
dmBB ,b
dmb
dQWb

h
d u d BB ,b d
dmBB ,u
dmu uu
dV
dQ
dmb
pc u Wu hu
hBB ,u
d
d
d
d
d
Perfect Gas Equation

pc

1
mb Rb Tb mu Ru Tu
V

Thermodynamic State Vector

hBB ,b dmBB ,b hBB ,u dmBB ,u

BOOST_CombustionModels_2011_Bras

Sburned

Sc

Sunburned
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ROHR INPUT FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /1

Vibe Single Zone
ROHR Approach
m1
dQB
a
QBT
m 1 y m e a y
d
c

o
c

... Combustion Progress

Released Energy
m 1
0

QB QBT 1 e

Parameter Data Source

Fitting Result of Combustion
Analysis Tool (BOOST-Burn)
Experience
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ROHR INPUT FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /2

Table Single Zone
Adaptation

For physical reasons preprocessing

performed to guarantee monotonic
increase of Fuel Burned

Data Source
Result of Combustion Analysis Tool
(BOOST-Burn)

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ROHR INPUT FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /3

Vibe Two Zone / Table Two Zone

Hires et al
Required Input

Same ROHR Approach as for

Single Zone

Vibe Combustion Parameters and Ignition

Delay for Reference Operating Point

State Vector of Burned Zone

allows to calculate:

Model Approach for Variation of Ignition

Delay and Combustion Duration dependent
on Engine Speed

NOx Production
(Extended Zeldovich)

1/ 3

CO Production
(Onorati)

c c ,ref

State Vector of Unburned Zone

allows to calculate:
Required Octane Number

1
ON 100
A

t85% MFB

t SOC

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pe

B
TUBZ

dt

1
a

id id ref

n f ref

ref f

n
ref

1/ 3

sref

s

f sref

ref s

2/3

2/3

s ... laminar flame speed

f ... piston to head distance at ignition timing
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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /1

FRACTAL COMBUSTION MODEL

Motivation
All mentioned ROHR Types require input based on experimental data which
show usually a strong dependency on the operating point (speed, loadsignal) of the engine.
For optimization issues (variable valve timing, engine control strategies, ...) a
predictive combustion model which handles the influence of residual gas
content and charge motion is required.
This requirement can be fulfilled in a wide operation point range by the new
introduced Fractal Combustion Model

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /2

FRACTAL COMBUSTION MODEL
Characteristics /1
The Fractal Combustion Model is based on a
physical model of the flame front
propagation:
Geometric Combustion Chamber Input
Data leads to a Relation between Piston
Position, Geometric Free Flame Surface
and Burned Zone Volume
Increase of Burned Zone Volume is a
function of Laminar Burning Speed and
Geometric Free Flame Surface.
A Simple multiplication => to small values
because
The flame front is a very thin and highly
wrinkled surface (wrinkled-flamelet
combustion regime)

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /3

FRACTAL COMBUSTION MODEL
Characteristics /2

Mandelbrot Set

This wrinkling effect is driven by the incylinder turbulent flow and chiefly
responsible for the increased burning rate.
The relation between geometric free and
effective (highly wrinkled) flame area can
be described by a fractal structure.

Burned Gas

Fractal is a mathematical method

describing irregular geometry with self
similarity (length of British coast?).

SL
L

SL
Unburned Gas
SL
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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /9

FRACTAL COMBUSTION MODEL
Extension to stratified charge
Input possibility for 1D distribution of
fuel vapor and combustion product
concentration (stratified charge) in
the direction of flame propagation
1D distribution can be imported from
AVL FIRE in-cylinder simulation
(standard output )

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /10

FRACTAL COMBUSTION MODEL
BSFC [g/kWh]

Project Experience

The fractal combustion model has the

potential to predict the influence of the
valve timing variation on the rate of heat
release.

Res. Gas [%]

Out of 7 parameters for the combustion

model only the 2 turbulence parameters
are function of engine speed and valve
timing.
The tuning of the turbulence parameter is
based on 3D CFD results.

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /11

OPEN CHAMBER GAS ENGINE COMBUSTION MODEL
Main features:
2 Zone (unburned/burned) flame
propagation model
Arrhenius / Magnussen approach
combination for ignition delay simulation
In-cylinder turbulence level (used for the
relation between laminar and turbulent
flame speed) is sourced by swirl and
squish flow
Combined with BOOST Classic Gas
Properties Preparation Tool which allows
to generate properties for arbitrary fuel
blends (e.g. lean gas as mixture of CH4,
CO2, ), as alternative to general
species transport

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ROHR INPUT FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /1

Vibe Single Zone
ROHR Approach
m1
dQB
a
QBT
m 1 y m e a y
d
c

o
c

... Combustion Progress

Parameter Data Source

Fitting Result of Combustion
Analysis Tool (BOOST-Burn)

Experience
Evaporation Assumption
ROE (Rate of Evaporation) is
direct linked to ROHR
dmFV
1 dQB

d
H u d
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ROHR INPUT FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /2

Double Vibe (Single Zone)
ROHR Approach

Superposition of 2 Vibe
Functions to meet Premixed
Combustion Peak and/or more
Complex Injection Strategies

dQB dQB
dQ

d d Vibe1 d Vibe2
Parameter Data Source
Fitting Result of Combustion
Analysis Tool (BOOST-Burn)
Experience

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ROHR INPUT FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /3

Table Single Zone

Woschni/Anisits

Identical to spark ignition

engines +

Required Input
Vibe Combustion Parameters and Ignition Delay
for Reference Operating Point

Evaporation Assumption

Vibe Two Zone / Table Two

Zone
Same ROHR Approach as for
Single Zone
State Vector of Burned Zone
allows to calculate:

NOx Production
(Extended Zeldovich)
CO Production
(Onorati)

Soot Production
(Bolochous)
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Model Approach for Variation of Combustion

Duration and Vibe Parameter m dependent on
Engine Speed and Ignition Delay

c c ,ref

AFref

AF

id ref
m mref
id

0.6

0.6

n
ref

pIVC

p
IVC ,ref

0.5

TIVC ,ref

T
IVC

nref

0.3

Ignition delay according to relations found by

Andree and Pachernegg (exceeding
Temperature*Time Integral threshold)

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /1

AVLMCC COMBUSTION MODEL
AVLMCC Combustion Model
Model Approach
Mixture controlled combustion (MCC) part of
heat release is controlled by fuel
quantity available and the spray
induced turbulent kinetic energy
density.
Premixed combustion
is modeled by a vibe function which
parameters are determined from the ROI
(Rate of Injection) considering Ignition
delay.
Combustion process stages
Injection
Turbulence
Evaporation
Ignition Delay
Combustion

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /4

AVL MCC COMBUSTION MODEL
Intake
Throttle

Intake Manifold

PL1
31

p_IM, T_IM

Calibration Parameters

25
R3
p_EGR,
MP23

T_EGR

4
MP4

CO3

MP5

7
MP6

8
MP7

9
MP8

MP9

24
R1

p_2_1,
EGR
T_2_1 MP3 Valve

MP21

23
C1 TAZ2 C2
TAZ3 C3
MP11
MP13
MP12
10
11
12
J2
16
26

MP10
CO2

CO1

MP22 27

T_EGRHEO

J5

Charge Air
Cooler

J1

MP14
13

p_31_1,
T_31_1 MP17

p_21, T_21

C5 TAZ6 C6
MP15
14
15

17

J4

J3

MP16

MP18 p_31_2,

18
R4
2

C4

T_31_2

19
J7

Cmod
Cdiss
Cturb
CNO
Cign

combustion constant
dissipations constant
turbulent constant
NOx formation constant
ignition delay constant

33
28

MP2

29
TC1

R2

p_11, T_11

MP19

MP1

30

20

CL1
SB1 MP25

Wastegate

J6
32

CAT1

21

SB2

22
MP24

MP20

Project Experience

p_41, T_41, Exhaust Gas

NOx_S1, ... Treatment Devices

Air Cleaner
Burn_bst_MCC_Ah38_B50.cly

Basis1_Ah_0038.50%.1800
Basis1_Ah_0038_MCC.50%.1800

Parameters are engine specific but

for than valid for a wide range
of operating points

1-zonig Analyse der 1-zonigen Sim.

1-zonig Analyse der 2-zonigen Sim.

200

Engine Speed
rpm
Compression Ratio Energy Balance
-

180

1800.0
18.500
1.0149

160

ROHR [J/deg]

140

BMEP
BMEP
MFB10
MFB10
MFB50
MFB50
MFB90
MFB90

120

100

80

[bar]
[bar]
[deg]
[deg]
[deg]
[deg]
[deg]
[deg]

8.8542
9.0688
7.4354
6.7318
16.648
16.089
31.985
27.916

60

40

20

0
-20

-10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Crankangle [deg]

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /5

HCCI COMBUSTION MODEL

Single Zone HCCI

Simulation based on General

Species Transport
CHEMKIN compatible
no CHEMKIN needed
arbitrary no. of species (CO,
CO2, H2, O, H, ...)

C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16

+
+
+
+
+

O2
O2
H
H
OH

=
=
=
=
=

C7H15-1
C7H15-2
C7H15-1
C7H15-2
C7H15-1

+
+
+
+
+

HO2
HO2
H2
H2
H2O

BOOST_CombustionModels_2011_Bras

2.500E+13
2.800E+14
5.600E+07
4.380E+07
8.600E+09

0.0
0.0
2.0
2.0
1.10

48810.0
47180.0
7667.0
4750.0
1815.0

arbitrary no. of chemical

reactions (two sets for unburned
and burned Zone Chemistry)
dw
dQF nSpcGas
ui i
d
d
i 1
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PREDICTED ROHR FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /6

HCCI COMBUSTION MODEL
6 Zone HCCI Combustion
6 zones
General species transport
Non uniform species distribution in
zones
2 Heat Transfer

Zone to zone (engery potential

driven)
Boundary zone to wall
Isooctane mechanism (~291 species
875 reactions in CHEMKIN Format)
Kozarac et al.: SAE 2010-01-1083
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BOOST CLASSIC / GENERAL SPECIES TRANSPORT

Classic
Pre-defined
ROHR
Calculated
ROHR

Utilites

General

Vibe (1zone, 2zone, Hires,...)

Table (1zone, 2zone)

Diesel:
MCC

Gasoline:

Fractal

HCCI

User Coded Combustion Models

Set Conditions at SHP

General Species Transport

Flexibility
CHEMKIN Chemistry can be used comfortably in BOOST (HCCI)
Coupling of Combustion-, Emission- and Aftertreatment models

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BOOST-FIRE COMBUSTION & EMISSION SIMULATION

BOOST ESE-Diesel Link

Engine Simulation Environment - Diesel

3D Combustion through ESE Diesel BOOST

Coupling
BOOST Automatically Initialize and Starts
ESE Diesel Calculations for The Combustion
Phase
Modes of Coupling:
HPC-mode: Combustion
Calculated for One BOOST
Cylinder and ROHR Copied
to the Others
MHPC-mode: Combustion
Calculated for Each BOOST
Cylinder Individually
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