IH CN NG

TR

NG IH CBCHKHOA
KHOA PFIEV

----

BO CO TI ULU N

ti: Thit k b lc thng thp IIR, s dng

b lc ButterWorth v bin i song tuyn tnh

GVHD :

T.S NGVNS

SVTH

MAIVQU CBNH

L p

09CLC2
N ng,2012

M CL C
L INI U ..................................................................................................... 1
PH N I: B
I.

II.

L C IIR V BI TON THI T K ........................................ 2

Gi i thiu chung v b l c IIR: ............................................................................ 2

1.

Gii thiu: ...................................................................................................... 2

2.

Hai cch tip cn: ........................................................................................... 2

Thi t k b l c IIR: ................................................................................................ 3

III. Ccci ms b : ............................................................................................... 3

1.

T l tuyn tnh tng i:.............................................................................. 3

2.

Cc tnh cht ca |Ha(j)|2: ............................................................................ 4

NGPHPTHI T K B

PH N II: PH
I.

II.

L C IIR ................................... 5

Ccctr ngca cc b l cAnalogi n hnh:................................................. 5

1.

B lc thng thp Butterworth: ...................................................................... 5

2.

B lc thng thp Chebyshev: ....................................................................... 8

3.

B lc thng thp Ellipic: ............................................................................ 11

4.

Cc p ng pha ca cc b lc in hnh: .................................................. 12

Cc php bi ni b l ct

ngt thnh b l c s ........................................... 12

1.

Bin i bt bin xung: ................................................................................ 13

2.

Bin i song tuyn tnh: ............................................................................. 15

III. Bi nibngt n: ................................................................................................ 17

PH N III: CH

NGTRNHTHI T K .................................................... 20

I.

Tnh ton thi t k : ............................................................................................... 20

II.

Thu t ton gi i quy t bi ton: .......................................................................... 22

III. Ch

ngtrnhMatlab: ......................................................................................... 23

1.

Cc hm s dng trong chng trnh: .......................................................... 23

2.

Chng trnh: ............................................................................................... 26

3.

Kt qu: ........................................................................................................ 28

4.

M phng bng simulink: ............................................................................ 31

PH NIV:NH GI K T QU - K T LU N .......................................... 35
I.

Ch tiu k thu t: ................................................................................................. 35

II.

Ch tl

ng l c thc t : ........................................................................................ 35

III. K t lu n: ............................................................................................................... 35

Bo co tiu lun

------

X l tn hiu s

L INI U
X l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processing DSP) tr thnh mt mn hc c s
cho nhiu ngnh khoa hc, k thut nh: in, in T, Tin hc, Vin thng, T ng ho ...
X l tn hiu s c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc v thit b nh: CD, VCD,
DVD, camera, scanner, y khoa ..., trong cc h thng truyn hnh s, thng tin a l, bn
s, vin thng ..v.v..
Php x l c bn nht ca DSP l l c, v cc h thng c cp n nhiu nht
trong x l tn hiu s l cc b lc s (Digital Filter). Nu xt v p ng xung c th chia
cc b lc s thnh 2 loi chnh l b lc c p ng xung hu hn FIR (Finite Impulse
Response) cn gi l lc khng quy, v b lc c p ng xung v hn IIR (Infinte Impulse
Response) cn gi l lc quy. Xt v p ng tn s bin c th chia cc b lc, FIR
hay IIR, thnh 4 loi c bn: thng thp, thng cao, thng di v chn di. Cc b lc ny c
th c thit k bng nhng phng php khc nhau, mi phng php u c nhng u
im v khuyt im ring.
Trong khun kh ca bi tiu lun mn hc ny, em xin php trnh by ni dung ti:
Bi ton thit k b lc thng thp IIR, s dng b lc ButterWorth v bin i song
tuyn tnh.
Ni dung tiu lun c chia thnh 4 phn:
- Phn I: B lc IIR v bi ton thit k
- Phn II: Phng php thit k b lc IIR
- Phn III: Chng trnh thit k
- Phn IV: nh gi kt qu - kt lun
Em xin trn trng cm n thy gio TS.NgVnS tn tnh hng dn, truyn t
nhng kin thc qu gi, cung cp ti liu tham kho v ch bo cc phng php lm vic
khoa hc.
Trong qu trnh lm tiu lun tuy ht sc c gng song chc chn khng trnh khi
nhng sai st. Rt mong nhn c s gp ca Thy ni dung ca tiu lun c hon
chnh hn.
Nng, ngy 21 thng 11 nm 2012
Sinh vin thc hin

ai V Quc Bnh

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X l tn hiu s

PH NI:

B L CIIRVBITONTHI TK
I. Gi i thiu chung v b l c IIR:
1. Gi i thiu:
B lc IIR c p ng xung v hn, v vy chng c th khp vi cc b lc
analog, m ni chung u c p ng xung di v hn.

K thut c bn thit k lc IIR l bin i cc b lc analog in hnh (wellknown) thnh cc b lc digital s dng cc nh x gi tr-phc.
S thun tin ca k thut ny l ch c sn cc bng thit k lc analog (AFD)
v cc nh x c m rng trong th vin.

Cc k thut c bn c gi l cc php bin i lc A/D.

Tuy nhin, cc bng AFD ch dng cho cc b lc thng thp. Trong khi ta cn
thit k cc b lc chn tn khc (thng cao, thng di, chn di, v.v)
Cn p dng cc php bin i bng tn i vi cc b lc thng thp. Cc php
bin i ny cng c gi l nh x gi tr-phc, v chng cng c sn trong th
vin.

2. Hai cch ti p c n:
2.1. Cch1,
Design analog
lowpass filter

2.2. Cch2,
Design analog
lowpass filter

ai V Quc Bnh

c s d ng trong Matlab
Apply freq. band
transformation
ss

Apply filter
transformation
sz

Desired
IIR filter

c s d ng h c t p, nghin cu
Apply filter
transformation
sz

Lp 09CLC2

Apply freq. band

transformation
zz

Desired
IIR filter

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X l tn hiu s

II. Thi t k b l c IIR:

Apply filter
transformation
sz

Design analog
lowpass filter

Apply freq. band

transformation
zz

Desired
IIR filter

Thit k b lc thng thp analog.

Nghin cu v p dng cc php bin i b lc thu c b lc s thng thp.

Nghin cu v p dng cc php bin i bng tn thu c cc b lc s khc

t b lc s thng thp.

Cc vn tn ti:

Khng iu khin cc c tnh pha ca b lc IIR.

Cc thit k lc IIR ch x l nh cc thit k v bin .

III. Ccci ms b :
1. T l tuy ntnht

ng i:

Ha (j) l p ng tn s ca b lc tng t.

Cc c trng b lc thng thp trn p ng bnh phng bin c cho b i:

1
2
H a ( j) 1,
2
1
1
2
0 H a ( j ) 2 ,
A

p
s

Trong:

l thng s gn sng di thng.

P l tn s ct di thng (rad/s).
A l tham s suy hao di chn.
S l tn s ct ca di chn (rad/s).

H a ( j)
2

1
1 2

H a ( j)
2

at P

1
A2

at S

Cc thng s k thut ca b lc thng tp Analog

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X l tn hiu s

Cc h thc gia , A, Rp, As, 1 v 2

Rp 10 log10

Rp
1
10

1
10
1 2
As
1
A 10 20
As 10 log10 2
A
2 1
1 1
1

2
1 1
1
1 1

2
1

1 1 A

1 1
2

2. Cc tnh ch t ca |Ha(j)|2:
Cc c trng ca b lc Analog c cho theo cc h s ca p ng bnh phng
ln, khng bao hm thng tin v pha. Do nh gi hm truyn h thng Ha(s) trong
min-s ta xt:

H a ( j) H a (s) s j

Sau ta c:

H a ( j) H a ( j) H a* ( j) H a ( j) H a ( j) H a ( s) H a (s) s j

Hay:

H a ( s) H a (s) H a ( j)

s / j

V vy cc im cc v im khng ca hm bnh phng bin c phn b theo

i xng nh-gng xt theo trc j.
i vi cc b lc thc, cc im cc v im khng xut hin theo cp lin hp phc
(hoc i xng nh-gng theo trc thc).
T cc mu ny chng ta c th xy dng Ha(s), l hm truyn h thng ca b lc
analog.
Ta mun Ha(s) biu din mt b lc nhn qu v n nh. Khi tt c cc im cc
ca Ha(s) trong na mt phng bn tri. Nh vy ta gn tt c cc im cc na-tri ca
Ha(s)Ha(-s) ln Ha(s). Hoc chng ta s chn cc im khng ca Ha(s)Ha(-s) nm bn cnh
hoc trn trc j nh cc im khng ca Ha(s).
B lc kt qu c gi l mt b lc pha-ti thiu.

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X l tn hiu s

PH NII:

PH

NGPHPTHI TK B L CIIR

Nh ni phn trc, cc k thut thit k lc IIR da trn b lc Analog c

thu c cc b lc s. Chng ta thit k cc b lc Analog ny theo cc b lc in hnh.
phn ny, ta s tm hiu cc phn chnh sau:
1. Cc c trng v phng php thit k cc b lc thng thp Analog in hnh.
2. Cc php bin i b lc thu c b lc s thng thp t b lc Analog.
3. Cc php bin i bng tn thu c cc b lc s khc t b lc s thng thp.

I. Ccctr ngca cc b l c Analogi n hnh:

C ba kiu b lc Analog in hnh c s dng rng ri trong thc t:
-

Thng thp Butterworth.

Thng thp Chebyshev (Kiu I v II).

Thng thp Elliptic.

1. B l c thng th p Butterworth:
1.1. Ccctr ng:
B lc ny c c trng b i tnh cht p ng bin l bng phng trong c di
thng v di chn.

p ng bnh phng-bin ca b lc thng thp bc-N:

H a ( j)
2

2N

C l tn s ct (rad/s)

th p ng bnh phng-bin :
H a ( j)

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X l tn hiu s

T th trn ta c nhn xt:

|Ha(0)|2 =1 vi mi N.
|Ha(jc)|2 =0.5 vi mi N (h s suy gim 3dB
|Ha(j)|2 n iu gim theo
Tin n b lc l t ng khi N

Xc nh hm truyn h thng Ha(s):

H a ( s) H a ( s) H a ( j)

s / j

s
1

j C

Cc im cc: pk (1) 2 N ( jC ) C e
1

2N

( j C ) 2 N
( j C ) 2 N

s 2 N ( j C ) 2 N 2 N
(s pk )
k 1

j 2N (2 k N 1)

Nhn xt v cc im cc ca H a (s) H a (s) :

c)

k 0,1,

, 2 N 1

C 2N im cc c phn b u n trn ng trn bn knh C vi khong

cch gc / N radians.
Vi N l, pk C e jk/ N , k 0,1,..., 2 N 1

Vi N chn, pk C e

k

j
2N N

, k 0,1,..., 2 N 1

i xng theo trc o.

Mt im cc khng bao gi ri vo trc o, v ri vo trc thc ch nu N l l.
Mt b lc n nh v nhn qu Ha(s) c th c xc nh bng cch chn cc
im cc trong na mt phng tri, v Ha(s) c th c vit di dng:

H a ( s)

C N

( s pk )

LHP poles

Thi hnh trn Matlab:

Hm [z,p,k] = buttap(N)

thit k mt b lc Analog Butterworth chun ho (C = 1) bc N.

z: zeros; p: poles; k: gain value.

Hm [b,a] = u_buttap(N,Omegac)

thit k mt b lc Analog Butterworth cha chun ho vi C ty ,

bc N.
Cung cp mt cu trc dng trc tip vi: b l t thc, a l mu thc.

Hm [C,B,A] = sdir2cas(b,a)

Chuyn i dng trc tip thnh dng ghp tng.

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1.2. Ccph

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X l tn hiu s

ngtrnhthi t k :

B lc thng thp analog c c trng b i cc thng s P , RP , S v AS . V vy u

im ca thit k trong tr ng hp b lc Butterworth l thu c bc N v tn s ct C .

Chng ta mun:

1
2

Ti P , 10log10 H a ( j) RP hay: 10 log10

2N
1 P

1
2

Ti S , 10log10 H a ( j) AS hay: 10 log10

2N
1 S

C

Gii 2 phng trnh trn ta thu c:

RP

AS

log10 10 RP 10 1 10 AS 10 1

Bc N

2 log10 P S

Tn s ct C :

- p ng thng s k thut ti P : C
2N

10

RP 10

- p ng thng s k thut ti S : C
2N

10

AS 10

Thi hnh trn Matlab:

Hm [b,a] = afd_butt(Wp,Ws,Rp,As)

thit k b lc thng thp analog Butterworth, cho b i cc ch tiu ca n.

Hm [db,mag,pha,w] = freqs_m(b,a,wmax)

p ng bin tuyt i cng nh tng i theo thang dB v p ng pha.

Hm [ha,x,t] = impulse(b,a)

p ng xung ha(t) ca b lc Analog.

Phn tip theo s gii thiu thm v cc b lc thng thp in hnh khc: Chebyshev,
Ellipic, nhng do gii hn yu cu ca tiu lun ny nn s khng i su nh i vi b lc
Butterworth.

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X l tn hiu s

2. B l c thng th p Chebyshev:
-

Cc b lc Chebyshev-I: C p ng cn bng gn sng trong di thng.

Cc b lc Chebyshev-II: C p ng cn bng gn sng trong di chn

Cc b lc Butterworth: C p ng n iu trong c hai di.

Lu rng chn mt b lc cn bng gn sng thay v b lc n iu, ta thu

c mt b lc c bc-thp.
V vy cc b lc Chebyshev cho bc thp hn so vi cc b lc Buttworth c
cng ch tiu.

2.1. B l c Chebyshev I:

p ng bnh phng bin :

H a ( j )
2

1 2TN2

Trong : N l bc b lc

l h s gn sng di thng
a thc Chebyshev bc N

cos N cos ( x) , 0 x 1
TN ( x)
1

cosh cosh ( x) , 1 x

khi x

Vi 0 < x < 1, TN(x) dao ng gia 1 v 1

Vi 1 < x < , TN(x) tng n iu n v cng

Hai dng th ca p ng bnh phng-bin (N l v N chn)

Nh n xt:

Ti x = 0 (hoc = 0)

H a ( j 0) 1
2

H a ( j 0)
2

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1
1 2

( N odd )
( N even)

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X l tn hiu s

Ti x = 1 (hoc = C)
H a ( j1)
2

1
1 2

(all N )

Ti 0 x 1 (hoc 0 C), H a ( jx) dao ng gia 1 v

Ti x > 1 (hoc > C), H a ( jx) gim n iu v 0.

Ti x = r , H a ( jx)

1
1 2

1
.
A2

Ha(s) nhn qu v n nh:

xc nh mt hm Ha(s) nhn qu v n nh, ta phi tm cc im cc ca
Ha(s)Ha(-s) v chn cc im cc na mt phng-tri i vi Ha(s).
Cc im cc Ha(s)Ha(-s) thu c bng cch tm nghim ca:

s
1 2TN2

j C

C th ch ra rng nu pk k jk , k 0,1,
ca a thc trn th:

, N 1 l nghim (na mt phng tri)

(2k 1)
k (a C ) cos
2 N
2
(2k 1)
k (bC ) sin
2 N
2

Trong :

a
V

1
2

N 1/ , b

k 0,, N 1

1
2

N 1/

1
1
1 2

Cc im cc ri trn mt ellipse vi trc chnh bc v trc ph ac.

Hm h thng l:

H a ( s)

K
s pk
k

Vi K l mt h s chun ha c chn :
N odd
1,

H a ( j 0) 1
, N even

2
1

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Thi hnh trn Matlab:

Hm [z,p,k] = cheb1ap(N,Rp)

thit k mt b lc analog chun ho Chebyshev-I analog c bc N v

gn sng di thng Rp.
z mng cc im khng
p mng cc im cc trong p
Gi tr li k

Hm [b,a] = u_chb1ap(N,Rp,Omegac)

Tr li Ha(s) theo dng trc tip.

Ccph

ngtrnhthi t k :

Cho p, s, Rp v As, ba tham s c yu cu xc nh mt b lc Chebyshev-I

Ta c:

100.1RP 1 and A 10 AS /20

C P and r S
C
g ( A2 1) / 2

log g g 2 1
10

log10 r r 1
Thi hnh trn Matlab dng hm [b,a] = afd_chb1(Wp,Ws,Rp,As)

2.2. B l c Chebyshev II:

Lin quan n b lc Chebyshev-I thng qua mt php bin i n gin.
N c di thng n iu v di chn cn bng gn sng, ngha l b lc ny c c cc
im cc v cc im khng trong mt phng-s.
V vy cc c trng tr nhm l tt hn (v p ng pha tuyn tnh hn) trong di
thng so vi b lc Chebyshev-I prototype.
p ng bnh phng bin :

H a ( j )
2

1 2TN2 C

Thi hnh trn Matlab:

Function [z,p,k] = cheb2ap(N,As);

Normalized Chebyshev-II

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X l tn hiu s

Function [b,a] = u_chb2ap(N,As,Omegac)

Unnormalized Chebyshev-II

Function [b,a] = afd_chb2(Wp,Ws,Rp,As)

3. B l c thng th p Ellipic:
Cc b lc ny th ng cn bng gn sng di thng cng nh di chn. Chng c cc
c trng p ng bin tng t nh cc b lc FIR cn bng gn sng.
V vy cc b lc elliptic l cc b lc ti u trong t c bc ti thiu N i vi
cc ch tiu cho
Cc b lc ny, v nhiu l do xt trc y, l rt kh phn tch v thit k.
Khng th thit k chng bng cc cng c n gin, v th ng phi dng cc chng
trnh hoc bng thit k.
p ng bnh phng bin :

H a ( j )
2

1 2U N2

N: bc
: gn sng di thng
UN() l hm Jacobian elliptic bc-N

Hai dng th ca p ng bnh phng-bin (N l v N chn)

1 k ;
N
K (k ) K 1 k

Tnh ton cho b l c b c N:

K (k) K

Vi

2
1

ai V Quc Bnh

p
s

, k1

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A2 1

K ( x)

/2

1 x2 sin 2

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X l tn hiu s

Thi hnh trn Matlab:

Hm [z,p,k]=ellipap(N,Rp,As);

Normalized elliptic analog prototype

Hm [b,a] = u_ellipap(N,Rp,As,Omegac)

Unnormalized elliptic analog prototype

Hm [b,a] = afd_elip(Wp,Ws,Rp,As)

Analog Lowpass Filter Design: Elliptic

4. Ccpng pha ca cc b l c i n hnh:

B lc Elliptic cho tnh nng ti u v p ng bnh phng-bin nhng c p

ng pha phi tuy n hn trong di thng (khng thch hp cho nhiu ng dng).

Ngay c khi chng ta quyt nh khng lo lng g n p ng pha trong thit k,

pha vn gi vai tr quan trng trn ton h thng.

i vi cc b lc Buttworth , c p ng bin bng phng ti a v i hi bc

N cao hn (nhiu im cc hn) t c cng mt ch tiu di chn. Tuy nhin
chng c mt p ng pha khng tuyn tnh trong di thng.

Cc b lc Chebyshev c cc c tnh pha nm gia.

V vy trong cc ng dng thc t chng ta xem xt cc b lc Butterworth cng

nh Chebyshev, cng thm cc b lc elliptic.

Vic la chn ph thuc vo c bc ca b lc (th ng nh h ng n tc x l

v phc tp thi hnh) v cc c tnh pha ( iu khin mo).

II. Cc php bi ni b l ct

ngt thnh b l c s

Sau khi kho st cc tip cn khc nhau thit k cc b lc tng t , chng ta sn

sng bin i chng thnh b lc s.
Cc php bin i ny t c bng cch bo ton cc aspects khc nhau ca cc b
lc tng t v lc s.
-

Bi ni b t bi n xung
Bo ton hnh dang ca p ng xung t lc tng t thnh lc s

K thu t x p x sai phn hu h n

Chuyn i biu din mt phng trnh vi phn thnh mt phng trnh sai
phn tng ng.

B t bi nb

c nh y

Bo ton hnh dng ca p ng bc nhy

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X l tn hiu s

Bi ni song tuy n tnh

Bo ton biu din hm h thng t min tng t sang min s

Trong phn ny ch cp n bin i bt bin xung v bin i song tuyn tnh.

1. Bi ni b t bi n xung:
Trong phng php ny chng ta mun p ng xung ca b lc s trng tng t nh
p ng xung ca b lc chn tn analog.
Ly mu ha (t)

cc chu k ly mu T ta thu c h(n):

h n ha nT

T c chn sao hnh dng ca ha (t) c gi b i mu, lc ny:

T or e j e jT

Do z e j trn ng trn n v v s j trn trc o, ta c php bin i sau y

t mt phng-s sang mt phng-z:

z esT

Quan h gia hm h thng H(z) v Ha (s) trong min tn s:

H ( z)

1
2

Ha s j
k

T k
T

nh x mt phng phc trong php bin i bt bin xung

Cc tnh ch t:
= Re(s):

< 0, nh x vo |z| < 1 (bn trong ng trn n v)

= 0, nh x vo |z| = 1 (trn ng trn n v )
> 0, nh x vo |z| > 1 (bn ngoi ng trn n v)

nh x nhiu s ln mt z : nh x many-to-one
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X l tn hiu s

Mi di bn-v hn bn tri (nm bn mt phng tri) nh x vo bn trong

ng trn n v

Tnh nhn qu v n nh l khng thay i;

Aliasing (sai s ly mu) xut hin nu b lc khng c bng tn-hu hn

Th t c thi t k :
Vi cc ch tiu cho wp, ws, Rp, As, chng ta mun xc nh H(z) bng cch thit k
trc tin mt b lc analog tng ng v sau nh x chng thnh b lc s mong
mun. Cc bc nh sau:
1. Chn T v xc nh cc tn s analog: P

p
T

and S

s
T

2. Thit k mt b lc analog Ha(s) s dng cc c tnh ca mt trong ba b lc

in hnh trong phn trc.

3. S dng php khai trin ring phn, khai trin Ha(s) thnh: H a ( s) k 1
N

4. Bin i cc im cc analog pk thnh cc im cc s e pkT

lc s:

H ( z) k 1
N

Rk
s pk

thu c b

Rk
1 e pkT z1

Thi hnh Matlab:

Hm [b,a] = imp_invr(c,d,T)

b = cc h s

t thc ca H(Z)

a = cc h s

mu thc ca H(Z)

c = cc h s

t thc ca Ha(S)

d = cc h s

mu thc ca Ha(S)

T = chu k ly mu

Cc thu n l i v b t l i ca nh x b t bi n xung:
-

y l mt thit k n nh v cc tn s v c quan h tuyn tnh.

Bt tin: Gp phi aliasing (sai s ly mu)

aliasing ny l ko chp nhn c.

Nh vy, phng php thit k ny ch tin s dng khi b lc analog c bng

tn-hu hn bin i thnh b lc thng thp hoc thng di khng c dao ng
trong di chn.

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p ng tn s analog, v i khi

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Bo co tiu lun

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X l tn hiu s

2. Bi n i song tuy n tnh:

nh x ny l phng php bin i tt nht.

2 1 z1
1 sT / 2
z
1
1 sT / 2
T 1 z

y T l mt tham s. Mt tn gi khc ca php bin i ny l Bin i phn tuyn

T
T
tnh (linear fractional) v ta c: sz s z 1 0 l tuyn tnh vi mi bin (s hoc z) nu
2
2
bin cn li c c nh, hoc song tuyn tnh vi s v z.

nh x mt phng phc trong php bin i song tuyn tnh

Cc nh n xt:

< 0, nh x vo |z| < 1 (bn trong ng trn n v)

= 0, nh x vo |z| = 1 (trn ng trn n v )

> 0, nh x vo |z| > 1 (bn ngoi ng trn n v)

Ton b mt phng-na tri nh x vo bn trong vng trn n v. y l php
bin i n nh.
Trc o nh x ln ng trn n v l nh x 1-1. Do khng c aliasing trong
min tn s.
Quan h ca theo l phi tuyn

ai V Quc Bnh

2
T

2 tan 1
tan
T
2
2

Lp 09CLC2

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Bo co tiu lun

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X l tn hiu s

Th t c thi t k :
Vi cc ch tiu cho ca b lc s wp, ws, Rp, As, chng ta cn xc nh H(z). Cc
bc nh sau:
1. Chn mt gi tr T tu , v c th t T = 1.
2. Chuyn i cc tn s ct p v s, ngha l tnh ton p v s s dng:
P

tan P
T
2

2
S

, S tan

3. Thit k mt b lc thng thp Ha(s) ph hp cc ch tiu ny.

2 1 z1
. V nhn c H(z) l mt hm hu t theo z-1
4. Cui cng ly: H ( z) H a
1
T 1 z

Thi hnh Matlab:

Hm [b,a] = bilinear(c,d,Fs)

b = cc h s

t thc ca H(Z)

a = cc h s

mu thc ca H(Z)

c = cc h s

t thc ca Ha(S)

d = cc h s

mu thc ca Ha(S)

Fs = tn s ly mu

Cc thu n l i ca bi ni song tuy n tnh:

-

L mt thit k n nh.

Khng b aliasing (sai s ly mu).

Khng rng buc v kiu b lc c th bin i c.

So snh 3 b l c:

Chng ta thit kt b lc s s dng 3 b lc analog in hnh khc nhau (Butterworth,

Chebyshev, Ellipic). By gi chng ta s so snh hiu qu ca chng. Thng s k thut l:
wp = 0.2, Rp = 1 dB, ws = 0.3, As = 15 dB
Prototype

Order N

Stopband Att.

Butterworth

15

Chebyshev-I

25

Elliptic

27

R rng, b lc Ellipic cho kt qu thit k tt nht, bc N nh nht v min(As) l ln

nht. Tuy nhin nu chng ta so snh p ng pha th thit k theo Ellipic c p ng pha l
phi tuyn nht trong di thng.
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Bo co tiu lun

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X l tn hiu s

III. Bi nibngt n:
Mc ch ca phng php ny l thit k cc b lc chn tn khc nhau:
-

Cc b lc thng cao

Cc b lc thng di

Cc b lc chn di

Bng cch s dng cc kt qu ca lc thng thp v php bin i bng tn.

Php bi nibngt n:
Gi HLP(Z) l b lc s prototype lowpass cho, v gi H(z) l b lc s chn tn
c mong mun . Xc nh mt nh x theo cng thc:

Z 1 G( z1 )

such that H ( z) H LP (Z ) |Z 1 G ( z1 )
Gi s HLP(Z) l mt b lc n nh v nhn qu, ta mun rng H(z) cng n nh v
nhn qu. iu ny dn n cc yu cu sau:
1. G(.) phi l mt hm hu t theo z-1 sao cho H(z) l thi hnh c.
2. ng trn n v ca mt phng-Z phi nh x ln ng trn n v ca mt
phng-z.
3. cho cc b lc n nh, bn trong ng trn n v ca mt phng-Z cng phi
nh x ln bn trong ng trn n v ca mt phng-z.

Cc thng s k thut ca cc b lc chn tn

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Bo co tiu lun

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X l tn hiu s

t v l bin tn s ca Z v z, Z e j' v z e j trn ng trn n v tng

ng ca chng. p ng 2 yu cu u tin, tc l:
Z 1 G( z1 ) G(e j ) 1

e j' G(e j ) eG (e

' G(e j )

Hay

Cng thc tng qut ca hm G(.) tho mn cc yu cu trn l mt hm hu t ca

kiu ton-thng (all-pass type) c cho b i:

Z 1 G( z1 )

z1 k
, | k | 1 ( p ng yu cu 3)
1
k 1 1 k z
n

Bng cch chn mt xp x bc n v cc h s k , chng ta c th thu c cc nh

x khc nhau. Cng thc c s dng rng ri nht cho cc php bin i ny c cho
trong bng sau:
Bin i tn s cho cc b lc (b lc thng thp nguyn mu c tn s ct l c)

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Bo co tiu lun

ck t l i ccb

------

X l tn hiu s

c thi t k b l c s ch n t n:

1. Cc ch tiu b lc s-chn tn (LP, HP, BP, BS).

2. Ch tiu b lc s thng thp tnh t cc ch tiu

trn.

3. Ch tiu b lc Analog prototype.

4. Tnh ton v thit k b lc thng thp Analog prototype (4 kiu).
5. Dng cc php bin i chuyn thnh b lc thng thp s.
6. Bin i bng tn b lc s LP thnh b lc s-chn tn mong mun.

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X l tn hiu s

PH NIII:

CH

NGTRNHTHI TK

Thit k da vo b lc Butterworth v php bin i song tuyn tnh.

C hai hng thit k:
-

Hng th nht: s dng trc tip cc thng s k thut yu cu thit k b

lc s thng thp Analog Butterworth, sau bin i song tuyn tnh thu
c b lc s thng thp.

Hng th 2: S dng mt b lc s thng thp thit k trc (dng b lc

Butterworth v bin i song tuyn tnh), sau thc hin php chuyn i bng
tn thu c b lc thng thp s c thng s k thut theo yu cu.

Di y s thit k theo hng th nht, cn hng th hai thc hin tng t, sau
s dng cng thc trong phn Php bin i bng tn (cui Phn II) chuyn i Lowpass
sang Lowpass.

I. Tnh ton thi t k :

Cho b lc thng thp c thng s nh sau:

p 0.3, s 0.4, As 50dB, Rp 0.5dB

Chn chu k ly mu T = 1

Chuyn i p , s (tnh ton p , s )

p 2
2
0.3
tan
tan
1.019 (rad / s)
2 1
2
T

2
2
0.4
s tan s tan
1.453 (rad / s)
2 1
2
T

Thit k b lc Ha (s) tha mn ch tiu ny:

log 10

log10 10RP 10 1 10 AS 10 1

2 log10 P S

Tnh bc b lc v tn s ct:

C
2N

Hoc:

C
2N

Ta c th chn C
ai V Quc Bnh

10

RP 10

10

AS 10

10

1 1050 10 1
20
2 log10 1.019 1.453

0.5 10

100.5 10 1

1.074 (rad / s)

10

1.0896 (rad / s)

1.019

2*20

1.453

2*20

50 10

gia 2 gi tr trn, chn C 1.08 (rad / s)

Lp 09CLC2

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Bo co tiu lun

------

X l tn hiu s

Suy ra p ng bnh phng bin :

H a ( j )
2

2N

1.08

220

H a ( s ) H a ( s ) H a ( j )

1
1
( s / j ) 40
1.0840

1
1
1
40
40
1.08

s / j

1
1
1
s 40
1.0840

S10

S20

S1
S40

S30

H a ( j) H a ( s)

1.0820
( s s11 )( s s12 )...(s s29 )(s s30 )

Trong s11 , s12 ...s29 , s30 l nghim ca mu thc H a (s) H a (s) na mt phng bn tri.
Xc nh H(z):

2 1 z1
1 z1
H ( z) H a
H

a 2
1
T 1 z1
1 z
T 1

Nh vy ta nhn c H(z) l mt hm hu t theo z-1.

Phn tip theo s gii thiu v thut ton v chng trnh thc hin.

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X l tn hiu s

II. Thu t ton gi i quy t bi ton

Begin

M R NG

Nhp cc ch tiu
p,s, As, Rp

a tn hiu vo x vi
F
fmax S
2

Fs = 1000; T = 1/Fs
p
2
P tan
2
T

2
S tan s
2
T

Filter
(va thit k)

Tn hiu u ra y
Tnh Ha(s)
[cs, ds] afd _ butt (P , S , RP , AS )
Phn tch ph tn hiu x
v y dng bin i FFT
Bi ni song tuy ntnhthu c H(z)
- Dng trc tip: [b, a ] bilinear (cs, ds, FS )
- Dng ghp tng: [C, B, A] dir 2cas(b, a )

Tnh pngbin
[db, mag , pha , grd , w] freqz _ m(b, a )

V th :
- Tn hiu vo theo th i gian
- Tn hiu ra theo th i gian
- Ph tn hiu vo
- Ph tn hiu ra

Tnh gi tr As
v Rp thc t

- V mt phng nghim
phc s-plane v z-plane.
- V p ng bin ,
pha ca b lc thit k.
- V ha(t) v h(n)

END

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Bo co tiu lun

III. Ch

------

X l tn hiu s

ngtrnhMatlab:

1. Cc hm s d ngtrongch

ngtrnh:

Hm [cs,ds] = afd_butt(OmegaP,OmegaS,Rp,As)
thit k b lc thng thp analog Butterworth, cho b i cc ch tiu ca n.
function [b,a] = afd_butt(Wp,Ws,Rp,As);
% Analog Lowpass Filter Design: Butterworth
% ----------------------------------------% [b,a] = afd_butt(Wp,Ws,Rp,As);
% b = Numerator coefficients of Ha(s)
% a = Denominator coefficients of Ha(s)
% Wp = Passband edge frequency in rad/sec; Wp > 0
% Ws = Stopband edge frequency in rad/sec; Ws > Wp > 0
% Rp = Passband ripple in +dB; (Rp > 0)
% As = Stopband attenuation in +dB; (As > 0)
%
if Wp <= 0
error('Passband edge must be larger than 0')
end
if Ws <= Wp
error('Stopband edge must be larger than Passband edge')
end
if (Rp <= 0) | (As < 0)
error('PB ripple and/or SB attenuation ust be larger than 0')
end
N = ceil((log10((10^(Rp/10)-1)/(10^(As/10)-1)))/(2*log10(Wp/Ws)));
fprintf('\n*** Butterworth Filter Order = %2.0f \n',N)
OmegaC = Wp/((10^(Rp/10)-1)^(1/(2*N)));
[b,a]=u_buttap(N,OmegaC);

Hm [b,a] = u_buttap(N,Omegac) (s dng bn trong hm afd_butt)

thit k mt b lc Analog Butterworth cha chun ho vi C ty , bc N.
function [b,a] = u_buttap(N,Omegac);
% Unnormalized Butterworth Analog Lowpass Filter Prototype
% -------------------------------------------------------%
[b,a] = u_buttap(N,Omegac);
%
b = numerator polynomial coefficients of Ha(s)
%
a = denominator polynomial coefficients of Ha(s)
%
N = Order of the Butterworth Filter
%
Omegac = Cutoff frequency in radians/sec
%
[z,p,k] = buttap(N);
p = p*Omegac;
k = k*Omegac^N;
B = real(poly(z));
b0 = k;
b = k*B;
a = real(poly(p));

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X l tn hiu s

Hm [b,a] = bilinear(cs,ds,Fs)
Bin i song tuyn tnh chuyn Ha(s) thnh H(z)
b = cc h s

t thc ca H(z)

a = cc h s

mu thc ca H(z)

cs = cc h s

t thc ca Ha(s)

ds = cc h s

mu thc ca Ha(s)

Fs = tn s ly mu
Hm [db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(b,a);
Tnh bin tng i (dB), bin tuyt i, pha, nhm tr, di mu tn s t
hm h thng H(z) c h s t thc l b, h s mu thc l a .
function [db,mag,pha,grd,w]=freqz_m(b,a);
% Modified version of freqz subroutine
%..................................
% [db,mag,pha,grd,w]=freqz_m(b,a);
% db=Relative magnitude in dB computed over 0 to pi radians
% mag=absolute magnitude computed over 0 to pi radians
% grd= Group delay over 0 to pi radians
% w=501 frequency samples between 0 to pi radians
% b=numerator polynomial of H(z) (for FIR: a=h)
% a=demonitor polynomial of H(z) (for FIR: a=[1])
%
[H,w]=freqz(b,a,1000,'whole');
H=(H(1:1:501))';w=(w(1:1:501))';
mag=abs(H);
db=20*log10((mag+eps)/max(mag));
pha=angle(H);
grd=grpdelay(b,a,w);

Hm [C,B,A] = dir2cas(b,a): Chuyn i dng trc tip thnh dng ghp tng.
function [b0,B,A] = dir2cas(b,a);
%DIRECT-form to CASCADE-form conversion (cplxpair version)
%.........................................................
%[b0,B,A]=dir2cas(b,a)
%b0=gain coefficient
%B= K by 3 matrix of real coefficient
%A= K by 3 matrix of real coefficient
%b = numerator polynomial coefficient of DIRECT form
%a = numerator polynomial coefficient of DIRECT form
% compute gain coefficient b0
b0 = b(1); b = b/b0;
a0 = a(1); a = a/a0;
b0 = b0/a0;

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Bo co tiu lun

------

X l tn hiu s

M = length(b);N = length(a);
if N > M
b=[b zeros(1,N-M)];
elseif M > N
a=[a zeros(1,M-N)];N=M;
else
NM=0;
end
%
K=floor(N/2);B = zeros(K,3);A = zeros(K,3);
if K*2 == N;
b=[b 0];
a=[a 0];
end
%
broots = cplxpair(roots(b));
aroots = cplxpair(roots(a));
for i=1:2:2*K
Brow = broots(i:1:i+1,:);
Brow = real(poly(Brow));
B(fix((i+1)/2),:) = Brow;
Arow = aroots(i:1:i+1,:);
Arow = real(poly(Arow));
A(fix((i+1)/2),:) = Arow;
end

M t s hm khc:

Hm [bz,az] = zmapping(bZ,aZ,Nz,Dz): Chuyn i bng tn thu c cc

b lc chn tn khc t b lc thng thp s thit k c.
Hm [ha,x,t] = impulse(cs,ds): p ng xung ha(t) ca b lc Analog
Hm y = filter(b,a,x)

Lc tn hiu x qua h thng H(z) c h s t thc l b, h s mu thc l a.

y l tn hiu thu c sau khi lc

Hm fft(x,n)

Bin i Fourier nhanh tn hiu x vi n im.

y ng dng phn tch ph tn hiu vo ra.

Hm zplane(num,den): v im zeros v im poles trn mt phng phc

Hm freqz(b,a): v p ng bin (dB) v p ng pha ()

ai V Quc Bnh

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Bo co tiu lun

2. Ch

------

X l tn hiu s

ngtrnh:

clear all
close all
clc
% Nhp cc thng s k thut
wp = input('

- Tan so cat canh dai thong wp = ');

ws = input('

- Tan so cat canh dai chan ws = ');

As = input('

- Suy hao dai chan As = ');

Rp = input('

- Do gon song dai thong Rp = ');

%% Thit k thng thp

%%
Fs = 1000;
T = 1/Fs;
f_pass = wp*Fs/2/pi;
f_stop = ws*Fs/2/pi;
fprintf('\nDai chuyen tiep: [%5.1f,%5.1f]Hz\n',f_pass,f_stop);
OmegaP = (2/T)*tan(wp/2);
OmegaS = (2/T)*tan(ws/2);
[cs,ds] = afd_butt(OmegaP,OmegaS,Rp,As);
%% Bin i song tuyn tnh
%%
[b,a] = bilinear(cs,ds,Fs);
[db,mag,pha,grd,w]=freqz_m(b,a);
[C,B,A] = dir2cas(b,a)
delta_w=pi/500;
Asd = floor(-max(db(ws/delta_w+1:500)))
Rpd = -min(db(1:wp/delta_w+1))
%% Dap ung xung
[ha,x,t] = impulse(cs,ds);
[delta,n] = impseq(0,0,50);
h=filter(b,a,delta);
%% Cc tn hiu vo
%%
nth = 0:1/Fs:2;
f1=150; f2=200; f3=280; f4=350;
TH1 = 2*sin(2*pi*f1*nth);
TH2 = 2*cos(2*pi*f2*nth);
TH3 = 2*sin(2*pi*f3*nth);
TH4 = 2*cos(2*pi*f4*nth);
TH = TH1+TH2+TH3+TH4;
%% Lc tn hiu
y = filter(b,a,TH); % y l tn hiu ra

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X l tn hiu s

%% Phn tch ph tn hiu

spec_in=abs(fft(TH,512)); spec_in = spec_in(1:257); % ch ly 1 na
spec_out=abs(fft(y,512)); spec_out = spec_out(1:257);
f = Fs*[0:256]/512;
%% Mat phang nghiem phuc
figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1); zplane(cs,ds); title('s-plane','fontsize',12);
subplot(2,1,2); zplane(b,a); title('z-plane','fontsize',12);
%% V p ng bin
figure(2);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(w/pi,mag,'Linewidth',2);grid
title('Magnitude Response','fontsize',12);
ylabel('|H|'); xlabel('w/pi');
axis([0 1 -0.1 1.1]);
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',[0;wp/pi;ws/pi;1]);
set(gca,'YTickMode','manual','YTick',[0;1]);
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(w/pi,db,'Linewidth',2);grid ;
title('Magnitude in dB','fontsize',12);
ylabel('Decibels'); xlabel('w/pi');
axis([0 1 -Asd-3 2]);
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',[0;wp/pi;ws/pi;1]);
set(gca,'YTickMode','manual','YTick',[-Asd;0]);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,ha);grid;
title('Impulse Response Analog','fontsize',12);
axis([0 50*T floor(min(ha))-50 ceil(max(ha))+50]);
subplot(2,2,4)
stem(n,h);grid
title('Impulse Response Digital','fontsize',12);
axis([0 50*T -0.5 0.5]);
figure(3)
freqz(b,a); %Ve dap ung bien do va dap ung pha trn 1 ca s
%% V tn hiu u vo, u ra
figure(3)
Sam = 100;
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(nth(1:Sam),TH(1:Sam));
title('Input Signal','fontsize',12);
axis([0 nth(Sam) min(TH)-0.5 max(TH)+0.5]);
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(nth(1:Sam),y(1:Sam));

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Bo co tiu lun

------

X l tn hiu s

title('Output Signal','fontsize',12);
axis([0 nth(Sam) min(TH)-0.5 max(TH)+0.5]);
% V ph tn hiu
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(f,spec_in);%grid
title('Spectrum of the Input Signal','fontsize',12);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
axis([0 Fs/2 -1 max(spec_in)+2]);
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',[0;f1;f2;f3;f4;Fs/2]);
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(f,spec_out);%grid
title('Spectrum of the Output Signal','fontsize',12);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
axis([0 Fs/2 -1 max(spec_in)+2]);
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',[0;f1;f2;f3;f4;Fs/2]);

3. K t qu :
- Tan so cat canh dai thong wp = 0.5*pi
- Tan so cat canh dai chan ws = 0.6*pi
- Suy hao dai chan As = 50
- Do gon song dai thong Rp = 0.5
Do rong dai tan chuyen tiep: [250.0, 300.0]Hz
*** Butterworth Filter Order = 22
C =
4.4762e-006
B =
1.0000

3.3221

2.7806

1.0000

3.0243

2.4289

1.0000

2.6183

1.9509

1.0000

2.2487

1.5214

1.0000

1.9405

1.1696

1.0000

1.7669

0.8096

1.0000

1.6944

0.8903

1.0000

1.5088

0.6817

1.0000

1.3707

0.5307

1.0000

1.2765

0.4303

1.0000

1.2289

0.3802

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Bo co tiu lun

------

X l tn hiu s

A =
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.0892
0.0788
0.0708
0.0646
0.0598
0.0560
0.0531
0.0509
0.0494
0.0484
0.0479

0.8670
0.6497
0.4825
0.3525
0.2511
0.1721
0.1113
0.0657
0.0331
0.0121
0.0018

As thuc te:
Asd =
51
Rp thuc te:
Rpd =
0.3844

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Bo co tiu lun

------

X l tn hiu s

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X l tn hiu s

Ta tnh c tn s ct ca b lc ny l fc = 256.9Hz fc c FS
2

Quan st ph ca tn hiu, ta thy u vo t hp gm 4 thnh phn c tn s ln lt l

150Hz, 200Hz, 280Hz, 350Hz.
B lc thng thp ny c tn s ct fc = 256.9Hz nn ch cho tn hiu c tn s 150Hz
v 200Hz i qua, hai tn hiu cn li b chn, ta c th d dng thy iu ny qua ph ca tn
hiu u ra.

4. M ph ng bng simulink:
ca s command, g simulink, to mt file mi v thit k s nh hnh di y

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X l tn hiu s

Cc kh itrongs trn:
-

Kh i Lowpass filter (FDATool):

Ta dng khi ny thit k b lc IIR Butterworth c cc thng s
wp = 0.5*pi, ws = 0.6*pi, As = 60dB, Rp = 0.5dB

Cc kh i tn hiu:

Tn hiu 1: Tn hiu sin r i rc c tn s 350Hz, Fs = 1000sam/s

Tn hiu 2: Tn hiu sin r i rc c tn s 150Hz, Fs = 1000sam/s
Tn hiu 3: Tn hiu r i rc c tn s bin thin lin tc trong khong 50Hz n
400Hz, Fs = 1000sam/s.

Cho 3 tn hiu vo b c ng lm tn hiu u vo ca b l c IIR

Hai kh i phn tch tn hiu u vo v u ra

Chy m phng ta thu c kt qu nh sau:

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Bo co tiu lun

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X l tn hiu s

Tn hiu u vo

Hnh trn gmc3 th :

-

Tn hiu vo theo th i gian (s)

Mt cng sut ph bin Mag2/(rad/s), do tn hiu vo gm c 3 thnh phn vi 3

tn s khc nhau, nhn vo th ta thy r rng mt cng sut ph ca 3 tn hiu ny
ng vi 3 gi tr tn s ( y theo n v rad/s).
350Hz 2199rad/s
150Hz 942.5rad/s
Tn hiu cn li c tn s bin thin theo th i gian

Mt ph pha

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X l tn hiu s

Tn hiu u ra

Theo tnh ton th b lc ny c tn s ct l fc = 256.9Hz do n ch cho tn hiu c

tn s 150Hz qua, hai tn hiu kia b chn li
Nhn vo th ta thy r rng ch cn li ph ca tn hiu c tn s 150Hz, v dng tn
hiu trong min th i gian l dng sin.

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Bo co tiu lun

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X l tn hiu s

PH NIV:

NHGIK TQU - K TLU N

I. Ch tiu k thu t:

p ng c cc thng s k thut nh yu cu (P , S , AS , RP )
p ng bin bng phng ti a v i hi bc N cao hn (nhiu im cc hn)
t c cng mt ch tiu di chn. Tuy nhin chng c mt p ng pha khng
tuyn tnh trong di thng (nhn vo p ng pha v c, ta thy pha gn tuyn tnh).
Nh p dng phng php bin i song tuyn tnh (phng php bin i tt nht)
nn b lc s thu c:
-

p ng tt cc ch tiu k thut.

Khng c aliasing (sai s ly mu) trong min tn s.

B lc thit k l n nh (cc im cc u nm trong ng trn n v z-plane)

Tuy nhin quan h gia theo l phi tuyn.

II. Ch tl

ng l c thc t :

Quan st qu trnh m phng vi tn hiu vo

ng tng i tt.

trn, ta nhn thy b lc thit k hot

Nh p ng bin bng phng trong c hai di nn hu nh khng gy mo m tn

hiu i qua di thng cng nh lm suy gim hon ton (theo ch tiu) tn hiu qua di
chn
Tuy nhin chng ta vn quan st thy tn hiu ra b tr pha so vi tn hiu vo

III. K t lu n:
Tiu lun tm tt cc vn l thuyt c bn v thit k b lc s IIR. Nu cc c
tnh b lc s cn xc nh v cc phng php khi thit k b lc: S dng 4 kiu
Butterworth, Chebyshev 1-2, Ellipic. Tiu lun i su nghin cu phng php thit k b
lc IIR thng thp s dng b lc Butterworth v php bin i song tuyn tnh.
Sau khi tm hiu l thuyt c bn ca phng php ny, tiu lun vn dng
MATLAB minh ha l thuyt ng th i nu ra bi ton thit k v cch gii quyt, so snh
kt qu t c.
Tuy ht sc c gng nhng chc chn tiu lun vn cn nhiu thiu st, rt mong
nhn c s gp ca Thy ni dung ca tiu lun c hon chnh hn.

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