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Bai Giang Tu Dong Hoa He Thong Dien
Bai Giang Tu Dong Hoa He Thong Dien
1.1. ngha ca TD
i vi nhng h tiu th quan trng cn phi cung cp in lin tc. Nu cung
cp in theo mch kn s i hi nhiu thit b, s bo v v phng thc vn
hnh rt phc tp. V vy trong li in phn phi ch dng s cung cp in theo
mch kn cho nhng ph ti c bit quan trng v cng sut ln.
Nu cung cp in bng mt ngun dn ti, v l do no m mch in h
hng, h tiu th s mt in gy nhiu tn tht kinh t, nht l mch in t dng ca
nh my in. Khi mt in t dng c th lm cho ton b nh my mt in ko theo
gy nh hng xu n qu trnh sn xut in nng.
Trong mt s trng hp, nu khng dng mch kn i vi nhng h quan
trng cn phi c ngun d tr. Bnh thng ngun d tr ny trng thi ct v phi
t b phn t ng ng ngun d tr (TD). Cng c th t ngun d tr bnh
thng vn lm vic, nhng khi ngun lm vic b hng n c nhanh chng tng
cng a vo lm vic .
1.2. Yu cu c bn i vi TD
Tt c cc thit b TD cn tha mn nhng yu cu c bn sau y :
1.2.1. Ch c ng my ct trn mch d tr sau khi m my ct trn
mch ang lm vic
A
B
V d trong s hnh 1.1,
khi ngn mch trn ng dy lm
3MC
1MC
vic D1 th bo v ng dy ch
Ph ti
Ph ti
ct 1MC cn 2MC vn ng, nu
TD tc ng ng ng dy d
D1
D2
tr D2 th c th ngn mch s xut
hin li. V vy, ch c ng
TD
my ct 4MC sau khi m my
ct 2MC. Thc hin yu cu ny
2MC
4MC
cng loi tr kh nng ng khng
C
ng b hai ngun cung cp.
Ph ti
1.2.4. gim thi gian ngng cung cp in, vic ng ngun d tr cn phi
nhanh nht c th c ngay sau khi ct ngun in.
Thi gian mt in tm ph thuc vo cc yu t sau :
tm < ttk
(1-1)
ttk : khong thi gian ln nht t lc mt in n khi ng ngun d tr m
cc ng c ni vo thanh gp h tiu th cn c th t khi ng.
tm > tkh ion
(1-2)
tkh ion: thi gian cn thit kh mi trng b ion ha do h quang ti ch
ngn mch (trng hp ngn mch trn thanh gp C - hnh 1.1).
1.2.5. tng tc ct ngun d tr khi ngn mch tn ti, cn tng tc
tc ng ca bo v ngun d tr sau khi thit b TD tc ng.
iu ny c bit quan trng khi h tiu th mt ngun cung cp c thit b
TD ni vi ngun d tr ang mang ti. Ct nhanh ngn mch lc ny l cn thit
ngn nga vic ph hy s lm vic bnh thng ca ngun d tr ang lm vic vi
cc h tiu th khc .
1.3. Mt s nguyn tc thc hin trong s TD
1.3.1 B phn khi ng thit b TD.
1.3.1.1. Khi ng bng r le bo
v:
B
A
C th dng bo v my bin p hoc
bo v thanh gp khi ng thit b TD
3MC
1MC
(hnh 1.2).
Khi c ngn mch trong my bin p
TD
hoc trn thanh gp C ca h tiu th, bo
v s tc ng ct my ct 2MC. Tip im
RLBV
ph ca my ct ny ng li lm khi ng
4MC
2MC
C
thit b TD, sau thit b TD a tn
hiu i ng my ct 3MC v 4MC.
Nguyn tc khi ng ny n gin,
khng cn thm rle lm nhim v khi
Hnh1.2 Khi ng TD
ng, nhng c nhc im l nu ng
bng rle bo v
dy ni t ngun n thanh gp A b hng
th TD khng khi ng c.
1.3.1.2. Khi ng bng rle km
p:
B
A
Nu v mt l do no m thanh gp
3MC
1MC
C b mt in, th rle gim p RU< s tc
ng lm khi ng rle thi gian RT
TD
(hnh1.3). Sau mt thi gian chm tr cn
thit, tip im RT ng a tn hiu i ct
RT
RU<
my ct 2MC v do khi ng TD.
TU
4MC
So vi nguyn tc khi ng bng
2MC
bo v rle th nguyn tc ny c u im l
C
khi ng TD vi bt c l do g khi cc
h tiu th ni vo thanh gp C b mt in,
Hnh1.3 Khi ng TD
k c trng hp h hng MBA hoc h
bng rle km p
hng ng dy ni t ngun n thanh gp
A.
5
1MC
3MC
N1
Lm vic
D tr
RT
RU< RU<
RU >
RGT
2TU
1TU
1
2MC
CC
4MC
C
6MC
5MC
N3
N2
UKRU< =
UNmin
kat.nu
(1-6)
UTK
kat.nu
(1-7)
Ulvmin
(1-8)
kat.ktv nU
Trong :
+ nU : h s bin i ca my bin in p 2TU.
+ Ulv min l in p nh nht m cc ng c cn c th t khi ng c.
1.5. S t ng ng my bin p d phng
1.5.1. S : Th hin trn hnh 1.8
+
A
1MC
CC
2TU
RU
6RG
3RG
>
+
+
4RT
RBV
2T
1T
5RGT
RU<
RU<
1
1TU
3MC
2MC
4MC
CC
1MC
3MC
1T
2T
RGT
CC 1
1 2
3 4
CC
2MC
4MC
P2
P1
5MC
11
Chng 2: T NG NG TR LI NGUN IN ( TL )
2.1. ngha ca thit b TL
Kinh nghim vn hnh cho thy, a s ngn mch xy ra trn ng dy truyn ti
in nng u c th t tiu tan nu ct nhanh ng dy bng thit b bo v rle. Ct
nhanh ng dy lm cho h quang sinh ra ch ngn mch b tt v khng gy nn
h hng nghim trng cn tr vic ng tr li ng dy. H hng t tiu nh vy
c gi l s c thong qua. Nhng h hng thong qua nh vy thng xy ra do s
b phng in b mt, do st nh hoc do gi mnh lm dy dn chm nhau hoc
chm phi cc vt bn cnh...ng tr li mt ng dy c h hng thong qua
thng l thnh cng.
Nhng h hng trn ng dy nh t dy dn, gy tr, v s ... khng th t
tiu tan, v vy chng c gi l h hng duy tr. Khi ng tr li ng dy c xy
ra ngn mch duy tr th ng dy li b ct mt ln na, vic ng tr li nh vy l
khng thnh cng .
gim thiu thi gian ngng cung cp in cho cc h tiu th, thao tc ng tr
li ng dy cn c thc hin mt cch t ng nh cc thit b T ng ng tr
li (TL). Thit b TL cng c th tc ng c khi my ct ra do thao tc nhm ca
nhn vin vn hnh hoc do thit b bo v rle lm vic khng ng .
p dngTL c hiu qu nht l nhng ng dy c ngun cung cp mt pha,
v trong trng hp ny TL thnh cng s khi phc ngun cung cp cho cc h tiu
th. mch vng, ct mt ng dy khng lm ngng cung cp in, tuy nhin p
dng TL l hp l v lm tng nhanh vic loi tr ch khng bnh thng v khi
phc s mng, m bo vn hnh kinh t v tin cy. Kh nng TL thnh cng
nhng ng dy ti in trn khng vo khong (70-90)%. v (40-60)% cho ng
cp ngm.
Ngn mch thong qua c th xy ra khng nhng ng dy m cn c thanh
gp ca trm. V vy nhng trm c t bo v thanh gp tc ng nhanh ngi ta
cng s dng TL ng in tr li thanh gp trong trng hp n b ct ra bi bo
v rle.
Hiu qu ca thit b TL thanh gp rt cao v nu thnh cng s ngn nga c
vic ct s c ton b hoc mt s phn t trong trm.
Thit b TL c trang b cho cc my bin p v TL my bin p c thc
hin sao cho n tc ng khi my bin p c ct ra do bo v qu dng in. ng
tr li khi h hng bn trong my bin p thng khng c thc hin .
2.2. Phn loi thit b TL
Trong thc t ngi ta c th p dng nhng loi thit b TL sau:
TL 3 pha, thc hin ng c 3 pha ca my ct sau khi n b ct ra bi bo v
rle.
TL 1 pha, thc hin ng my ct 1 pha sau khi n b ct ra bi bo v chng
ngn mch mt pha. TL hn hp, ng 3 pha (khi ngn mch nhiu pha) hay ng 1
pha (khi ngn mch mt pha).
Ring thit b TL 3 pha c phn ra thnh mt s dng: TL n gin, TL
tc ng nhanh, TL c kim tra in p, TL c kim tra ng b....
Theo loi thit b m TL tc ng c: TL ng dy, TL thanh gp, TL
my bin p, TL ng c in.
Theo s ln tc ng c: TL mt ln v TL nhiu ln. Theo thng k, hiu qu
ca TL trn ng dy trn khng theo s ln TL l:
12
Giy
0,08
0,15
0,28
0,5
MC
BVRL
C1 C0 C
TL
L
KK
0 1
7
MC1
TL
L
14
Relay TL
KK
C2C1 12
2RG
RT2
RT
R3
C
R
RT1
1RG1
KK
C2C1 12
1RG
R4
II
Cm TL
U
4
1RG
I
1RG2
Mch TL
Th
6
N
4RG2
KK
4RG1
C2C1 12
4RG2
U
MC2
Tn hiu
C
Mch ng MC
R1
C2C1 12
IV
BVRL
4RG1
3RG
Mch phn nh
v tr ct ca MC
MC1
Mch chng
ng MC lp
i lp li
CC
Mch ct MC
Mch bo v r le
R2
Mch phn nh v
tr ng ca MC
MC ng, ng dy c in
MC ct
TL
thnh cng
TL khng
thnh cng
tBV
tTL
tC
MC ng, NM tn ti
2M BV
C
tC
tTL
UC
2M BV
C
2M
C
t
RT1 ng
MC ct
tC
tTL
TL
thnh cng
U ngun
2M
C
TL khng
thnh cng
16
1TU
B
1MC
2TU
1TL
1N
3TU
2TL
1RKU
2RKU
1RK
2RK
4TU
2N
17
B 1MC
2MC
/C
/C
PT
2.I>
1.I>
TL
18
3MC
A
3.I>>
3.I>
1MC
2MC
B
2.I>
1.I>
TL
a)
Hnh 2.8 S tng tc tc ng ca
bo v trc TL
a) S mng in
b) S tng tc bo v trc TL
RT
51
RG
RT
50
TL
RG
Ct 3MC
b)
19
Hnh 2.9 TL th t
Thi gian lm vic ca cc thit b TL c chn tng dn theo hng t
ngun tr i:
t3TL < t2TL < t1TL
20
21
(3-1)
XF
UF IF
UF
IFXF
IF
22
TK
TK
RKT
WKT
KT
MF
MF
WKT
WKTF
RKT
WKT
KT
b)
a)
TI
TI
TK
TK
TU
TU
IKT
IKT
RKT
RKT
MF
WKT
KT
WKT
MF
KT
WKT
WKT
WKTf
c)
d)
23
WRoto
WKT
4RG
MF
KT
1TU
RKT
2TU
3RG
4RG
3RG
Tn hiu t cu ch
1RG
3 RU >
2RG
MC
1 RU<
2 RU<
U kdRU
U mF
kat .ktv .nU
(3-2)
24
U kR
k at
U
U mF 1,3 mF
k tv .nU
nU
(3-3)
Ikt
Wkt
KT
Rkt
I
K
TI
WRot
IRk
BA
CL
I
25
( R pt R) 2 (L) 2
(3-5)
Wxc
Trong :
Wk
R, L l in tr v in cm ca cun
dy lm vic Wlv
ik
Rpt -in tr ca ph ti
Uk
Thng L ln hn rt nhiu so vi R,
nn vi Uxc v Rpt l hng s th tr s ca Ixc
ch ph thuc vo in cm L, m in cm L
Hnh 3.6 Cu to khuch i t
li ph thuc vo thm t ca li thp
theo cng thc:
0,4. .Wlv2 .S M
(3-6)
L
8
l M .10
Trong :
-Wk: s vng cun dy lm vic (cun xoay chiu)
- SM: tit din dn t li thp
- lM : chiu di trung bnh li thp
Mt khc :
B
0,4. .H
(3-7)
ikWk
0 v B0= 0. im lm vic ti im 0 ca ta .
l
27
B
H4
H3
H2
H1
H1
H2
H3
H4
, L
Ixc
Ixc = f(iW)k
ik
X = f(iW)k
+ik
-(iW)k
+(iW)k
c.H s khuch i:
28
Ppt
Pk
(3-8)
Trong :
- Ppt : thay i cng sut ph ti.
- Pk: thay i cng sut tng ng trong mch iu khin.
T hnh 3.9, ta thy h s khuch i cn c c trng bi dc ca c
tnh Ixc =f(ik). Ngha l c tnh cng dc th h s khuch i Kp cng ln.
d.Tc dng ca cun t:
Cun dy t W dng xc nh v tr
Ixc
ban u ca ng c tnh Ixc=f(ik) ca
khuch i t. Khi I trong cun t W l hng
s th ngay vi ik = 0 trong tr gia ca
khuch i t sn c mt lng t thng,
I>0
I=0
ch khi I = -ik th t ha trong li st mi l
nh nht. Do khi thay i tr s v chiu ca
dng t th ta s dch chuyn c tnh
Ixc=f(ik) sang tri v sang phi trc tung (hnh
ik
3.10). V vy cun t cn c gi l cun
dch chuyn.
Hnh 3.10: c tnh Ixc=f(ik)
e. Khuch i c phn hi:
khi thay i I
V h s khuch i c c trng bi
dc ca c tnh Ixc=f(ik). Mun thay i h
s khuch i ca khuch i t ta phi thay
i dc ca c tnh Ixc=f(ik). t c
Rpt
mc ch trn ta a vo khuch i t cun
dy phn hi Wph.
Uxc
Dng xoay chiu trong mch chnh
c chnh lu thnh dng in mt chiu qua
cun phn hi t ha li thp.
Wph
- Nu sc t ng ca cun dy phn hi
cng chiu vi cun iu khin, ta c phn hi
Wxc
dng.
Khi tng ik, dng ph ti v sc t ng
Wk
phn hi tng ln. Nh c thm sc t ng
phn hi dng ph ti cng c tng thm. V
cng nh c cun phn hi m h s khuch
ik
i tng ln nhiu hn khi khng c cun phn
Uk
hi.
- Nu sc t ng ca cc cun dy iu
Hnh 3.11 Khuch i t c
khin v phn hi ngc chiu nhau th lp
phn hi
lun tng t, ta thy h s khuch i gim,
v ta c phn hi m.
Trong cun phn hi, dng in c
chiu xc nh, cn ik c th dng hoc
Ixc
C phn hi
29
Khng c
(iXWk2)
Wk1
(iRWk1)
iR
X
iX
UFm
Wk2
0
Uab = UF
(i.Wk)
30
Wktf-1 Wkt
F
KT
ikt
Rkt
WRto
IRkt
iktf-1
TU
Wlv
Wph
iR
KT1 Wk1
X
Wk2
CL1
iX
Wlv
Wph
iR
KT2 Wk1
X
Wk2
CL2
iX
b. Nguyn l lm vic:
31
- Corector thun:
corrector thun, sc t ng cun kch t ph WktF1 trong my kch thch do
dng corector iktf-1 to nn cng hng vi sc t ng ca cun kch t chnh Wkt
ca my kch thch.
Trong KT corrector thun KT1, sc t ng phn hi cng hng vi sc t
ng iu khin Wk1 do dng in tuyn tnh iR to nn.
Do c:
(iW)1 = (iW)ph + [(iW)k1- (iW)k2]
Hay sc t ng ca KT1 :
(iW)1 = (iW)ph+ (iW)k
V vy trong vng m iR nh hn
dng khng tuyn tnh iX (vng UF < UF1)
trong khuch i t c phn hi dng, h
s khuch i ln (hnh 3.16.a).
im lm vic ng vi Um ca my
pht nm phn thay i theo ng thng
v l on c dc ln nht (h s khuch
i cao nht) ca khuch i t.
Khi in p gim UF < Um, v sc t
ng do b phn o lng cung cp
(iW)k> 0 v tng ln lm cho dng in
u ra iktF1 ca corrector tng ln dn n
dng kch t tng ca my pht kch thch
tng ln. Kt qu lm tng in p ca my
pht in xoay chiu.
Khi in p tng trong gii hn
UF<UF1, v sc t ng do b phn o lng
cung cp (iW)k < 0 v gim, dng in u
ra ca corrector iktf-1 gim, nn in p c
khi phc.
Nu in p tng ln hn UF1, dng
in u ra ca corrector iktf-1 khng gim
m li tng, lm cho in p my pht tng
thm.
khc phc nhc im ngi
ta mc chnh lu CL1 vo mch dng tuyn
tnh v khng tuyn tnh.
Nu chn thng s ca cc cun Wk1
v Wk2 nh nhau v c in tr nh nhau
Rk1=Rk2 th khi iR>iX trong vng m
UF<UF1 chnh lu CL1 b kha, v lc
iRWk1>iXWk2 in p t vo CL1 lc ny
ngc vi chiu cho dng qua ca CL1.
i.Wk
(iXWk2)
(iRWk1)
iWph
a)
UF
UFm
iWk
iW1
iWk1
A
b)
UFm
UF
UF1
iktF1
c)
UFm
UF
32
33
UF
UF2
UF1
UTG
I
a
)
Iq2
Iq1
Iq
b)
Iq Iq
Iq
34
B i u chinh c tinh
T
I
B i u chinh c tinh
T
I
TK
TU
Xb
Rb
TU
IKT
RKT
WKT
KT
Xb
Rb
IKT
RKT
MF
TK
MF
WKT
KT
WKTF
WKTF
WKTf
WKTf
UF
2
U
UF1
UF2
IF1
IF2(QF2)
Iq2
IF1
Iq2
Iq1
Iq1
IF1(QF1)
35
I F 2 tag1 K pt 2
Trong :
Kpt - h s ph thuc, c trng cho dc ca c tnh. Nu Kpt nh th dc
c tnh t v IF ln ngha l cng sut phn khng phn phi t l nghch vi K pt
Ngi ta chng minh c khi cc my lm vic song song c c tuyn
iu chnh ph thuc th tng dng phn khng tng s t ng phn phi gia cc
my t l vi h s ph thuc ca c tuyn iu chnh mi my:
I qi
I q
1
i 1 K
pti
n
K pti
Trong :
- Iq : thay i dng phn khng tng ca cc my lm vic song song
- Ii: thay i dng phn khng ca my th i
- Kpti: h s ph thuc ca my th i
khi phc in p ti gi tr U F1 v phn phi cng sut phn khng ti u
ngi ta phi hp vi c tuyn ca my pht bng cch iu chnh c tuyn (thay
i dc), lm c iu ngi ta a vo TA b iu chnh c tuyn hay
cn gi l b b ph ti. Nh tc dng b m m bo n nh phn phi cng sut
phn khng gia cc my pht ni vo thanh gp UF.
Nh vy khi cc my pht in ni chung trc tip vi thanh gp v c tuyn
iu chnh ca chng l ph thuc th thay i cng sut phn khng tng Iq s t
ng phn phi t l nghch vi h s ph thuc ca c tuyn iu chnh mi my,
cn in p trn thanh gp khi cng sut phn khng thay i cng s thay i theo.
3.4 T ng iu khin b t trm
3.4.1. Khi nim
Mt trong cc bin php iu chnh in p vn hnh l b cng sut phn
khng. Trong thc t, do ph ti lun thay i nn vic a cng sut phn khng vo
li cn c s iu chnh hp l sut trong qu trnh b trnh trng hp khi ti
gim li ng thm t lm in p tng cao, cn khi ti tng li ct t lm in p cng
gim. Mt s nguyn l iu chnh dung lng b thng c p dng l: b theo
in p, b theo dng in lm vic, b theo thi gian, theo cos. Sau y ta xt mt
s s b c bn c s dng trn thc t.
36
CD
AT2
N
MC
RG2
MC1
AT3
1RT
2RT
1RU 2RU
NC
a
b
c
MC2
CC
RG
RG
BVRL
NK
RG1
1RU
MC1
2RU
MC2
1RT
2RT
38
AT2
6-35kV
AT3
N
CL
MC
RU<
MC
MC1
1RT
3
2RT
MC2
NC
CC
4
5
7
RG
11
13
15
17
19
RG
BVRL
a
b
c
RG2
NK
RU1
RG1
1RT
MC1
ST
RU2
2RT
MC2
ST
10
12
Cu hi n tp chng 3:
Cu 1/ Nhim v v cc nguyn tc thc hin t ng iu chnh in p MF.
Cu 2/ Trnh by ni dung iu chnh in p MF theo nguyn tc kch t nhanh?
Cu 3/ Trnh by ni dung iu chnh in p MF theo nguyn tc Kom pun dng?
Cu 4/ Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca b phn khuch i ca corect
in p?
Cu 5/ Trnh by cu to, nhim v ca b phn o lng corect in p?
Cu 6/ Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca corect in p thun-nghch?
Cu 7/ Trnh by s t ng iu chnh dung lng t b theo nguyn tc thi gian;
in p?
39