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(Royal Forest)). ,
,
(woodland)

(Amazon Rainforest) .

altitudes ,
(tree line), , ,

(angiosperms) ( ) -
(gymnosperms) ( , , ),
(
(tropical rain) ),
( , ). ,
(biomass)

(detritus). (lignin) ,

(decompose)
(cellulose) .
(woodland)s (canopy) :
, ,


( (savanna)).
(biome)s :

(rain forest) ( )

(taiga)

(temperate hardwood forest)

(tropical dry forest)

, , () ,
(Alluaudia procera) ( ) .

, ""
( (evergreen) (deciduous)).
broadleaf , (conifer)( -) ,

(Boreal forest)s subarctic (subarctic)

.

(Temperate) broadleaf (,
(temperate deciduous forest)) (,
(Temperate coniferous forests) rainforest (Temperate rainforest)s).
broadleaf , (laurel forest)

(Tropical) subtropical (subtropical)

subtropical (tropical and subtropical moist forests),
subtropical (tropical and subtropical dry forests)
subtropical (tropical and subtropical coniferous forests).

(Physiognomy)
( (old growth) (second growth)).

,
(forest types) ( , ponderosa
/ - ).

 ,
[2](') Subformations ' WCMC
26 ,
26 6 reclassified
:

(Temperate) (needleleaf)

, ,
. , , (
(Coniferophyta)). (Pinus), (Picea),
(Larix), (Abies), (Pseudotsuga)
(Tsuga), ,
(Araucariaceae) (Podocarpaceae),

broadleaf

(Anthophyta). ,
, . ,
, ,
(sclerophyllous) ,
(Nothofagus) .

The best known and most

extensive are the lowland evergreen broadleaf rainforests include, for example: the seasonally
inundated varzea (varzea) and igap forests and the terra firme forests of the Amazon Basin; the
peat (peat) forests and moist dipterocarp (dipterocarp) forests of Southeast Asia; and the high
forests of the Congo Basin. The forests of tropical mountains are also included in this broad
category, generally divided into upper and lower montane (montane) formations on the basis of
their physiognomy, which varies with altitude. (cloud
forest) , ,
(vascular)
(epiphytes). (Mangrove) ,

(drought). deciduousness ,
, ,
,
"characterised (sclerophyllous)". (Thorn
forest), ,
,
, , (savannas)
()

parkland 10-30% canopies

occur
(boreal) seasonally . ,
,
, variously
, (lichen) tundra. , ,
bryophyte (bryophyte)

, (timber) pulpwood (pulpwood)

. / ,
,

,
(watershed)s .
fuelwood

26 harmonised
:

Importance of Forests
Forests and biodiversity is key to all life forms. The richer the diversity of life, the greater the
opportunity for medical discoveries, economic development and adaptive responses to such new
challenges as climate change.
Below are some more importance of forests:
Watershed
Forests serve as a watershed. This is because almost all water ultimately comes from rivers and
lakes and from forest-derived water tables. Some rivers running through forests are also kept
cool and from drying out. "The Amazon is by far the largest watershed and largest river system
in the world occupying over 6 million square kilometers. Over two-thirds of all the fresh water
found on Earth is in the Amazon Basin's rivers, streams, and tributaries." - RainTree

Habitat and Ecosystems

Forests serve as a home (habitat) to millions of animals. Think of the many types of reptiles
(snakes and lizards) wild animals, butterflies and insects, birds and tree-top animals as well as all
those that live in the forest streams and rivers.
Animals form part of the food chain in the forests. All these different animals and plants are
called biodiversity, and the interaction with one another and with their physical environment is
what we call ecosystem. Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and recover from a variety of
disasters such as floods and wildfires.
Economic benefits
Forests are of immense economic importance to us. For example, plantation forests provide
humans with timber and wood, which is exported and used in all parts of the world. They also
provide tourism income to inhabitants (people living in or close to forests) when people visit to
see the best of nature.

Climate Control
Climate control and atmosphere purification is key for human existence. Trees and soils help
regulate atmospheric temperatures through a process called evapotranspiration. This helps to
stabilize the climate. Additionally, they enrich the atmosphere by absorbing bad gases (example
CO2 and other greenhouse gases) and producing oxygen. Trees also helps to remove air
pollutants.

A forest is a large area of land covered with trees or other woody vegetation.[1] Hundreds of more
precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree
density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function.[2][3][4] According to the
widely-used[5][6] United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered an
area of four billion hectares (15 million square miles) or approximately 30 percent of the world's
land area in 2006.[4]
Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem on Earth, and are distributed across the globe.[7]
Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain
80% of the Earth's plant biomass.[7]
Forests at different latitudes form distinctly different ecozones: boreal forests near the poles tend
to consist of evergreens, while tropical forests near the equator tend to be distinct from the
temperate forests at mid-latitude. The amount of precipitation and the elevation of the forest also
affects forest composition.
Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and negative ways.[8] Forests
provide ecosystem services to humans, but also impose economic, environmental, health and
aesthetic costs. Human interactions with the forest, including harvesting forest resources, affect
the forest ecosystem.