a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ESvkH;vSpmay jzefYcsDa&;
trSwf...5?vrf; 100? vGwfvyfa&;&yfuGuf? r*FvmawmifnGefYNrdKUe,f? ( 11221 )&efukefNrdKU/
pmwdkufaowm ( 87 )? A[dkpmwdkufBuD;? urf;em;vrf;? &efukefNrdKU/
ykHESdyfrSwfwrf;
1997? azazmf0g&Dv? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& ( 1000 )?150 usyf/
1998? Mo*kwfv? 'kwd,tBudrf? tkyfa& ( 500 )? 200 usyf/

twGif;ykHESdyfESifY xkwfa0ol
OD;aTxGef;atmif? vkyftm;yHkEdSyfwdkuf ( 0207 )? ESvkH;vSpmay ( 01522 )
trSwf 5? vrf; 100? r*FvmawmifnGefY? &efukefNrdKU/
pmrlcGifYjyKcsuf.......... 50/98 ( 8 )
rsufESmzkH;cGifYjyKcsuf..........30/98 ( 8 )

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

rmwdum
(yxrydkif;)
tcef;(1)
ax&0g' ESifh r[m,me

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

Ak'jzpfawmfpOf tusOf;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

ou&mZf &Sif;csuf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

oCm*dkPf; uGJjcif;taMumif; .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

ax&0g'ESifh r[moHCdu

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

Ak'bmom *dkPf;uGJrsm;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

ax&0g'ESifh 0dbZ0g'D*dkPf; .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

jAm[PwdkU\ aoG;cGJrSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

ok*Facwf Ak'omoem

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

uedoQurif;ESifh Ak'bmom .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

11

uedoQurif;\ oH*g,emwifyGJ

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

13

ax&0g'? r[m,me? [de,me

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

14

r[m,me*dkPf;\ y"mevrf;pOf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

15

tdEd, omoemuG,fyHk

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

17

ax&0g'omoem jyefUyGm;&m .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

19

oD[dkVfEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

19

oD[dkVfoHCm*dkPf;rsm;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

20

,ckacwf*dkPf;rsm;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

22

xdkif;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

23

xdkif;EdkifiH wnfaxmifjcif;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

24

uarm'D;,m;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

25

owr Z,0&refrif;ESifh Ak'bmom .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

26

tcef; (2)

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

avmEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

27

ax&0g'oH0g,emyGJrsm;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

28

oH*g,emed'gef;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

28

yxr oH*g,emyGJawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

30

'kwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

32

wwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

33

pwkw oH*g,emyGJawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

35

yOr oH*g,emyGJawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

36

q|r oH*g,emyGJawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

38

ax&0g' yd#uwfawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

40

ax&0g'[lonf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

40

0de, yd#uwfawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

41

okw yd#uwfawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

41

tbd"r yd#uwfawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

44

Ak'usrf;pm pdppf&m

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

45

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

47

bmomrsm;xJu Ak'bmom .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

47

Ak'bmom0ifjzpfjcif;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

48

Ak'bmom oDv

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

49

umvmra'oem pHjyKp&m

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

50

raumif;rSK p&dkufqkd; 10 yg; .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

51

tcef;(3)

tcef;(4)

tcef;(5)
ax&0g' "r&wem

ii

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

vlwdkUusifh&m r*Fvm

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

52

BuD;yGm;csrf;om a'oem

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

54

Ak'\ 'ew&m;awmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

56

r*if&Spfyg; jrwfw&m;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

58

edAmef oabmw&m;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

60

ax&0g' ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

62

Ak'bk&m;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

62

omoemtp wykESifh ovdu

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

64

'kwd,ajrmuf omoema&mufjcif;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

66

ax&0g'ESifh okawoetjrif

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

68

oa&acw&macwf ax&0g'

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

70

jrefrmwdkU 0ifa&mufvmjcif;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

73

ax&0g' omoemh EdkifiHawmf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

75

jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf Ak'bmom .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

77

tcef;(6)

tcef;(7)
ax&0g' *dkPf;uGJrsm;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

79

yk*Hacwf*dkPf;uGJrsm;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

79

&mrn oHCm*dkPf;rsm;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

80

omoemawmf oefU&Sif;pifMu,fa&; .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

82

t&nf;BuD;*dkPf;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

83

yGJausmif;*dkPf;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

86

oabmif*dkPf;ESifh t&Hk*dkPf; .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

89

,aeUacwf*dkPf;rsm;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

91

bmom0ifOD;a& ESdkif;,SOfcsuf .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

92
iii

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

( 'kwd,ydkif; )
tcef;(1)
ax&0g' a&maESmvmaom udk;uG,frSKrsm; .....

.....

.....

.....

95

udk;uG,frSKxGef;um;vmjcif; .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

96

jrefrmwdkU ewfudk;uG,frSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

98

odMum;ewfudk;uG,frSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

99

ol&wDewf udk;uG,frSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

102

uGrf,ifr,fawmfudk;uG,frSK .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

105

N*dK[fewfudk;uG,frSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

106

ewfBuD; 5yg;ESifh a'0D 21yg; .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

109

jynfwGif;jzpfewfrsm; udk;uG,frSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

111

bdk;awmf? r,fawmf udk;uG,frSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

114

rif;0wf&kyfyGm; udk;uG,frSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

117

'dudPomcgESifh tjcm;&kyfyGm;udk;uG,frSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

121

&SifOy*kwf udk;uG,frSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

123

ax&0g'a&maESmaom ,HkMunfrSKrsm;

.....

.....

.....

.....

127

*Em&Dtwuf ,HkMunfrSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

128

aA'if,HkMunfrSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

130

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

132

e*g;udk;uG,frSK vufusef,HkMunfrSK .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

136

t[dwfedrdwfponf ,HkMunfrSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

138

rEef&Gwfqdk ,HkMunfrSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

141

pdwfykwD;jyem tajz&Sm

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

144

od'dwifjcif;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

146

.....
.....

.....

tcef;(2)

&aohwdkU pdwfajz&musrf;pmrsm;

iv

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcef;(3)
ax&0g'ESifh jyify,HkMunfudk;uG,frSK .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

149

jyifyudk;uG,frSK awmfvSefa&;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

150

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

152

ax&0g'tjrifESifh u,fwif&Sif

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

154

ax&0g'ESifh twdedrdwf,HkMunfrSK

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

156

edrdwfpGJqefUusifa&; Zmwfawmfrsm; .....

.....

.....

.....

.....

159

ax&0g' Ak'bmom rl 5-&yf

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

161

,HkMunfudk;uG,frSK rSefuefa&;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

163

e*kF|Zmwfawmf

.....

ed*Hk;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

166

udk;um;pmpkpm&if;

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

167

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ax&0g' Ak'bmom
( yxrydkif; )
tcef; ( 1 )
ax&0g'ESifY r[m,me
Ak'jzpfawmfpOftusOf;
bk&m;tavmif;awmf od'wrif;om;onf uydv0wfjynfbk&if oka'g'er[m&mZm\ rdz&m;BuD;
oD&dr[mrm,ma'0DrS r[mou&mZf 68 ck? uqkefvjynfY aomMumaeYwGif vkrdeDrnfaom
tifMuif;awm

zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/

tavmif;awmfonf

touf

16

ESpft&G,fwGif

,aomf"&ma'0DESifYtwl eef;r 3aqmif rif;pnf;pdrfudk 29 ESpftG,ftxdcHpm;cJYonf/

xdkYaemuf

edrdwfBuD;

4yg;udkjrifawmfrl

w&m;"rusifYMuHcJY\

oHa0*&awmfrlojzifY

'ku&p&d,[kqdkaom

tusifYrsKd;udk

awm0emodkYxGufum

yifyef;BuD;pGmusifYokH;cJY\/

w&m;rSefudkr&ojzifY rZdsry#dy'g usifYxkH;jzifYajymif;vJusifYokH;cJY&m r[mou&mZf 103 ck?

uqkefvjynfY

Ak'[l;aeYwGif

bk&m;tjzpfodkYa&mufawmfrlNyD;aemuf
w&m;a&at;tNrdKufaq;udk

bk&m;tjzpfodkY
uGswfxdkufaoma0ae&

wdkufauGs;awmfrl\/

45

a&mufawmfrlavonf/
ow0g

ESpfumvywfvkH;

vlewfjA[mwdkYtm;
"ra'oemwdkYudk

a[mMum;cJYonf/
oufawmf 80 jynfYaomtcg r[mou&mZf 148 ck? uqkefvjynfY t*FgaeY ukodem&kHjynf
rvmrif;wdkY\ tifMuif;a[rm O,smOfom0,f y&dedAmef jyKawmfrlavonf/
ou&mZfSif;csuf
r[mou&mZf qdkonfrSm bk&m;ryGifYrDu bdk;awmftOerif; wnfxm;aom ou&mZfudk ac: onf/
omoemou&mZf

qdkonfrSm

bk&m;y&dedAmefjyKNyD;

yxroH*g,emwifonfYESpfrSp

a&wGufaomESpfjzpfonf/ jrefrmou&mZfqdkonfrSm ykym;apm&[ef;rif;vufxuf wnfxm;aom

ou&mZfjzpfonf/ c&pfESpf ( bD? pD )qdkonfrSm c&pfray:rDESpfudk ac: onf/ c&pfESpf (at?'D)
qdkonfrSm c&pfawmfay:NyD;ESpfrSp a&wGufonf/ omoemou&mZfonf jrefrmou&mZfxuf
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

1182 ESpf BuD;onf/ c&pfou&mZfxuf 554 ESpf BuD;onf/ c&pfou&mZf ( at? 'D )onf jrefrm
ou&mZfxuf 638 ESpf BuD;onf/ xdkYaMumifY bk&m;Sif y&dedAmefjyKaomESpfudk c&pfray:rD bDpD 544
[k omoemYordkif;rsm;u twnfjyKxm;\/ urmYordkif;tqdkESifY tenf;i,fjcm;em;rlYSdonf/
oHCm*dkPf;uGJjcif;taMumif;
bk&m;Sif

y&dedAmefjyKNyD;aemuf

a'oemwdkYudk

wpfaoGrwdrf;

wjynfYom;

&[ef;oHCmwdkYonf

vdkufemcJYMuonf/

odkYa&mufaomtcgrl

bk&m;Sifa[mMum;aom

usifYMuHcJYMuonf/

&[ef;om;avmu

omoemESpf

100

tawG;tjrifrsm;ajymif;vJvmMuonf/

oabmw&m;opfrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ Ak'\ 0de,Oya'udk jyifqifrI jyKvmMuonf/

xdk&[ef;rsm;rSm a0omvDjynfrS 0Zdykwuac: 0Zdwdkif;om;&[ef;rsm;jzpfonf/ 0Zdwdkif;om;
&[ef;wdkYonf

bk&m;Sif\

0denf;a'oemESifYqefYusifaom

t"r0wK10rsKd;udk

jyifqifusifYokH;aeMuonf/ ,if;yk*dKvfwdkY jyifqifusifYokH;aom t"r0wKrsm;rSm odkYjzpfonf/

(1) o*avmPuy/ / om;csKdbl;xJxnfY aqmifxm;tyfaomqm;udk aeYpOf qGrf;pm;wdkif;
a&maESmpm;Edkifonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;wdkYonf rdrdbmom odrf;qnf;
aemuf&ufa&mufrS qGrf;ESifYa&m okH;aqmifygvQif ygpdwftmywfoifY\/ )
(2) 'G*Fkvuy/ /rGef;wnfYNyD;aemuf ae&dyfvufESpfopfvGefonftxd &[ef;rsm; qGrf;paom
t[m&udk

okH;aqmifEdkifonf[kjyifqifonf/

&[ef;wdkYonf

rGef;wnfYNyD;aemuf

abmZOft[m&udkokH;aqmifvQif 0dumvabmZe odumyk'ft& ygpdwftmywfoifY\/ )

(3) tm0gouy/

odrfwpfcktwGif;yif

udk,fYtkyfpkESifYudk,f

wpfzGJYqDcGJ

oHCmYuHrsm;jyKvkyfEdkifonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( 0denf;a'oemt& odrfwpfcktwGif;rSm

oHCmnDnGwfrIYudkjyK&ef
xdkifMu&onf/

&[ef;wpfyg;ESifY

wpfyg;

udk,fYtkyfpkESifYudk,f

wpfawmiYfxGm[wygofpyfatmif

oHCmuHjyKvkyfygu

uHysufonf/

oHCmuGJjym;aeaomaMumifY tmywfoifYonf/ )
(4) tEkywduy/

/oHCmYtpnf;ta0;jyKvkyf&mwGif

aemufrSa&mufvmaom

oHCmYxHrS

tvsifa&mufESifYaom

oHCmrsm;u

oabmwlnDcsufudk

oHCmpkHnDatmifrapmifYbJ
aemufrS&,lrnf[kMuH

oHCmYuHjyKEdkifonf[k

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

jyifqifonf/
2

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(oHCmYtpnf;ta0;odkY
qkH;jzwforQudk

rwufa&mufEdkifaom

oabmwlaMumif;

BudKwif

oHCmrsm;onf

xdktpnf;ta0;u

qEay;Mu&onf/

tpnf;ta0;jyD;rS

ay;aomqEonf w&m;r0ifay/ xdkYaMumifY oabmwlnDcsuf r&SdbJ a&muforQ oHCm

wpfpdwfwpfydkif;jzifY qkH;jzwfrIYonf w&m;r0if/ oHCmrnDnGwfaom qkH;jzwfrIYrSmvnf;
atmifjrifrIYrSdacs/ )
(5) tmpdPuy/ /rdrdwdkY\ q&morm;jyKvkyfcJYaom tpOftvmudk vufcHjyKvkyfEdkif
cGifYSdonf/

q&morm;wdkYudk

twkvdkuf

jyKvkyfjcif;aMumifY

tmywfroifY[k

jyifqifonf/( q&morm;wdkY jyKvkyfaom tpOftvmxkH;pHrsm;onfvnf; 0denf;ESifYnDvQif

tmywfroifY/ 0denf;ESifYrnDvQifum; tmywfoifYonfomjzpfonf/ )
(6) *grE&uy/

/tjcm;GmodkYoGm;&ef

udpSdygu

y0g&dyfoifYaom

&[ef;onf

twd&dwf0denf;uHrjyKbJ qGrf;udkpm;Edkifonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;onf qGrf;pm;pOf

]]awmfNyD;}}

[kajymvQif

y0g&dyfoifYonf[kac:

tu,fpm;vdkjyefvQif

tjcm;&[ef;tm;pGefYvdkuf&onf/

pm;cGifY&Sdonf/

jyKvkyfjcif;udk

odkY

\/

pm;cGifYr&SdawmYay/
xdk&[ef;rS

jyefay;rS

twd&dwf0Denf;uHjyKvkyfonf[kac:

\/

twd&dwf0denf;uH rjyKbJ pm;okH;ygu ygpdwf tmywfoifYonf/ )

(7) trxdwuy/ /y0g&dyfoifYaom &[ef;onf twd&dwf0denf;uHrjyKbJ EdkY&nftjzpfudkvGef
'defcsOftjzpfra&mufao;aom
(

0dwnf;odumyk'fwGif

EdkYcsOfudk

aomufcGifY&Sdonf[k

EdkY&nfudkvnf;aumif;?

xnfYoGif;xm;&mpyful;ryful;umvjzpfaom

jyifqifonf/

'defcsOfudkvnf;aumif;?
EdkYcsOf&nfrSm

abmZOf

bk&m;a[mabmZOfrS

tvGwfjzpfonf[k MuHq avQmYaygYjyifqifjcif;jzpfonf/ )

(8) ZaVm*D/ /aumufnif;qef? xef;vQuf? MuHoumponfwdkYudk pdrf&nfjzpfatmif az:pyf&m
pdrf&nftjzpfra&mufao;aom

ao&nftEkpm;?

xef;&nfcg;wdkYudk

&[ef;awmfrsm;

aomufokH;Edkifonf[kjyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;awmfrsm;onf pdrf&nf? xef;&nf? acgif&nf?

ao&nftEkpm;

rl;,pfaq;0g;udk

okH;aqmifcGifYr&Sd/

okH;aqmifygu

ygpdyf

tmywfoifYonf/)

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(9) t'ouHedoD'eH/ / &[ef;rsm;twGuf tNrdwftqmrygaom edoD'dkif ( ae&mxdkifcif; )
udkokH;aqmiftyfonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( tNrdwftqmrygaom ae&mxdkifcif; ( edoD'dkif )
udkrtyfpyf[k Ak'ynwfcsuf&Sdonf/ )
(10) Zmwly &Zw/ / &[ef;awmfrsm;onf aT aiG tojym udktvlcHEdkifonf[k jyifqifonf/
( &[ef;awmfrsm;onf aT aiGwdkYudk tvlrcH&[k Ak'ynwfcsufSdonf/ )
ax&0g'ESifY r[moHCdu
0Zdwdkif;om; &[ef;wdkYonf txufygjyifqifcsuf 10 ck ( 'o0wKu ) wdkYudk w&m;0iftvkyfuJYodkY
ajymifajymifwif;wif; vkyfudkifaeMuonf/ Sifr[m,orax&fBuD;onf xdkowif;udkMum;ojzifY
a0omvDjynf r[m0efausmif;wdkufodkY &mufSdvmonf/ xdktcsdefwGif oHCmrsm; OykofjyKcsdefESifY
wdkufqdkifae\/

xdkaeYwGif

&[ef;wdkYonf

oHCmYtv,frSm

aTzvm;BuD;

csxm;\/

OykofaeYwGifw&m;emaom 'g,um 'g,dumrwdkYudk y&du&mzdk; vI'ef;Mu&efa[majymonf/

vlwdkYuvJ wwftm;ovl'ef;Muonf/ Sifr[m,oonf vkyf&yf 0denf;w&m;awmfESifY
rnDaomaMumifY rjyKvkyf&efajymMum;onf/ odkYaomfvnf; 0Zd&[ef;wdkYu Sifr[m,o\ pum;udk
vufrcHay/
]]Sifr[m,oonf 'g,umwdkY\ o'gw&m;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifol}}[l jypfwifIwfcsMuonf/
aemufqkH;wGif Sifr[m,otm; oHCmYabmifrS 0dkif;y,frl ( OauyeD,uH )jyKMuawmYonf/
Sifr[m,oonf
&[ef;wdkYudk

0Zdwdkif;om;&[ef;wdkYESifY
pkpnf;&onf/

&if;jrpfususvufcHvdkaom

oabmxm;rnDnGwfojzifY

pnf;kH;&onf/

&[ef;rsm;pGmudk

xdktcg

pkpnf;rdvm\/

rdrdESifYoabmwl&m

bk&m;Sif\a'oemwdkYudk
Sifr[m,oonf

rdrdESifY

oabmwl&moHCmwdkYudk aygif;pk Ak'a'oemwdkYudk oH*g,emwifMu&onf/

oH*g,emwifyGJwGif <ua&mufvmaom oHCmawmftm;vkH;wdkYu....
]]Ak'bk&m;Sif\ "ra'oemwdkYudk jyifqifjcif;? jznfYpGufjcif;? Ekwfy,fjcif;rjyKbJ rlvSdonfYtwdkif;
vufcHusifYokH;Mu&ef}} [lqkH;jzwfcsufcscJYMuonf/ xdk*dkPf;onf aemiftcg ]]ax&0g'*dkPf;}}
[l xifSm;vmavonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

owif;udk Mum;&aomtcg 0Zdwdkif;om;&[ef;wdkYonfvnf; rdrdwdkYESifYoabmwl&m &[ef;wdkYudk
pnf;kH;Muonf/ xdkYaemuf oabmwl oHCmaygif; 10000( wpfaomif; )jzifY aumorDjynf
oD;jcm;oH*g,emwifyGJ

jyKvkyfMuonf/

rdrdwdkYwifaom

oH*g,emudk

r[moH*Dwd[k

ac:

qdkMuonf/ rdrdwdkYoHCmtzGJYtpnf;udkvnf; ]] r[moHCdu*dkPf;}} [kac: qdkMuavonf/

xdkaMumifY omoemESpf 100 tMumwGif Ak'bmom&[ef;awmf avmu
(1) ax&0g' Ak'bmom*dkPf;
(2) r[moHCdu Ak'bmom*dkPf;
[l*dkPf;BuD; 2 *dkPf; uGJjym;oGm;avonf/
Ak'bmom *dkPf;uGJrsm;
rlvAk'bmomxJrS
*dkPf;cGJrludk

r[moHCdu*dkPf;BuD;

cJGxGufoGm;jyD;aemuf

pdwf0ifpm;vmMu[efwlygonf/

tiftm;&Sdaom

tjcm;&[ef;tkyfpkwdkYuvJ
oHCmYacgif;aqmifwdkYonf

tajctaeay;wdkif;? tcGifYtcgoifYwdkif; *dkPf;opfrsm;udk zGJUpnf;cJYMuonf/

r[moHCdu*dkPf;BuD;rS.....
(1) a*gukvdu*dkPf;
(2) {uaAsm[m&du*dkPf; [l 2 *dkPf; uGJjym;onf/
..........wpfzef a*gukvdu*dkPf;rS
(3) yPwd0g'*dkPf;
(4) A[kkwdu*dkPf; [l 2 *dkPf; uGJjym;onf/
wpfzef A[kkwd*dkPf;rS
(5) apwd,*dkPf;[l 1 *dkPf;cGJxGufonf/
xdkaMumifY r[moHodu*dkPf;rS *dkPf;&if;ESifYwuG oHCm ( 6 )*dkPf; uGJjym;oGm;avonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

r[moHodu*dkPf;BuD;udk twkvdkuf rlvax&0g'rSvnf; *dkPf;trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;ukefMuunf/
aS;OD;pGm rlvax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;rS......
(1) r[domou*dkPf;
(2) 0Zdykw*dkPf; [l 2 *dkPf;uGJjym;onf/
(3) "rKw&d,*dkPf;
(4) bj',medu*dkPf;
(5) qE*g&du*dkPf;
(6) ordwd,*kdPf;[l 4 *dkPf;uGJjym;onf/
.........wpfzef r[domu*dkPf;rS
(7) oAwd0g'*dkPf;
(8) "r*kwdu*dkPf;[l 2*dkPf;uGJjym;onf/
......... wpfzef oAwd0g'*dkPf;rS
(9) uydu*dkPf; cJGxGufjyefonf/
...........wpfzef uydu*dkPf;rS
(10)

ouFEdu*dkPf;cGJxGufjyefonf/

...........wpfzef ouFEdu*dkPf;rS
(11)

okw0g'*dkPf; cGJxGufjyefonf/

xdkYaMumifY rlv ax&0g'ESifYaygif;vQif ax&0g'*dkPf;aygif; ( 12 )*dkPf;Sdayonf/ ax&0g'ESifY

r[moHCdu *dkPf;rBuD;rsm;ESifY *dkPf;uGJtm;vkH;aygif;vQif *dkPf;aygif; ( 18 )*dkPf;Sdavonf/
xdk

18

*dkPf;uGJykHudk

ty&aovd,*dkPf;?

'Dy0Housrf;jyqdkxm;\/

&mZ*d&du*dkPf;?

od'wdu*dkPf;?

,if;*dkPf;rsm;tjyif

ykAaovd,*dkPf;

a[r0wdu*dkPf;?

0gZd&d,*dkPf;?

Ow&myx*dkPf;? a0wkv*dkPf;? a[wk0g'*dkPf; ponfjzifYqufvufuGJjym;aMumif; uxm0wK

t|uxm jyqdkxm;onf/
xdkYjyif ouwbmomjzifY a&;om;xm;aom 0okrdMw\ rSwfwrf;wGif tjcm;*dkPf;trnfrsm;vnf;
ygSdao;onf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ouwpma&;q&mBuD; bAs\rSwfwrf;wGif xl;jcm;aom *dkPf;trnfopfrsm;udk awGU&jyefonf/

bAsrSwfwrf;xJwGif ] 0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;} [laom emrnfwpfckudk xnfYoGif;xm;\/ xdk*dkPf;emrnf
txuf 18 *dkPf;vnf; rygSday/ xdk*dkPf;onf ax&0g' yifr*dkPf;twGufyg ta&;ygaom
*dkPf;wpfckjzpfygonf/ omoem0ifusrf;rsm; trSwfrJYjzpfaeaom *dkPf;vJjzpfonf/
azmfjycJYaom

*dkPf;rsm;onf

omoESpf

200

cefYtwGif;

uGJjym;cJYaom*dkPf;rsm;jzpfonf/

taomurif; eef;wufcsdefavmufwGif *dkPf;toD;oD;wdkYonf udk,fYtifudk,fYtm;ESifYBuD;yGm;aeMujyD;

xdktxJwGif

0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;onf

taomurif;w&m;\

ajrmufpm;ylaZmfrIudk

cH&aom

*dkPf;BuD;jzpfayonf/
ax&0g'ESifY 0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;
0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;onf rlvax&0g'rS*dkPf;cJGwpfckjzpfonf[k rSwfwrf;qdkygonf/ rnfonfYtcsdefu
uGJjym;onf[k rajymEdkifay/ odkYaomfvnf; 0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;rSm taomurif;BuD;vufwufwGif
BuD;yGm;aeNyD;vdkY ajymEdkifygonf/ taomurif; eef;wufNyD;aemuf Ak'bm0ifjzpfcsdefwGif tEd,EdkifiH
Ak'bmomqdkif&m tIyftaxG;rsm;ay: aygufaeNyD;/ oefYSif;aomAk'bmomr[kwfawmYay/
omoemYjyifyjzpfaom

wdwdwdkYuvJ

&[ef;w&m;udktm;rxkwfMu/
em;rvnfMuay/

Ak'omoemxJ0if

&[ef;jyKaeMu\/

wdwdwdkY\tvkyfudkomvkyfaeMuonf/

taomurif;onf

omoemawmfoefYpifa&;twGuf

odkYaomf

Ak'w&m;awmfudk
aqmifGuf&onf/

&[ef;w&m;udk ar;ppfonf/ xdktcg &[ef;a,mifwdkYu rajzEdkifMu/

]]jrwfAk'onf tb,ft,lSdygoenf;/}} [kar;vQif &[ef;wcsKdUu ]]jrwfAk'onf ow
t,lSdygonf}}

[kqdkoluqdkonf/

[kajzoluajzonf/

taomurif;onf

tcsKdUvnf;

]]jrwfAk'onf

xdk&[ef;wkrsm;udk

vlxGufap

Oapt,lSdygonf}}
omoemYabmifrS

ESifxkwfavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

taomurif;onf &[ef;aumif;wdkYtm; ]]tSifbk&m;wdkY? jrwfAk'[m tb,ft,l Sdygoenf;}}
[kar;onf/ xdktcg &[ef;wdkYu ]]rif;BuD; jrwfAk'[m owt,l? Oap't,l wdkYudk
cGJjcm;a0zef tavYtm;jzifYqdkawmfrlwwfaom 0dbZ0g'Djzpfygonf}} [kajzqdkMu\/
taomurif;onf

xdktajzudkMum;&ojzifY

xdk0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;oHCmwdkYudk

csD;jrifY

&[ef;ppf

&[ef;rSefudkawGU&NyD;[k

ylaZmfavawmYonf/

xdktcsdefu

qkH;jzwf

0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;onf

taomurif;BuD;\ t"du udk;uG,f&m*dkPf;jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/

0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;\

t,l0g'wdkYudk

omoemYordkif;wdkYazmfjyrxm;ay/

odkYraz:jyonfrSm

rlvax&0g'ESifY t,ltqcsif; w&m;"rcsif; cH,lrlU wlnDaomaMumifY[k qdk&ayrnf/ odkY

t,l0g'csif;

wlnDaomaMumifYvnf;

aemiftcgwGif

0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;onf

rlvax&0g'ESifY

jyefvnfaygif;pyfEdkifcJYjcif; jzpfayonf/
jAm[PwdkY\ aoG;cGJrlY
&mpkESpf

tenf;i,ftwGif;

Ak'bmom*dkPf;rsm;

rQuGJjym;oGm;&onfrSm

jAm[PwdkY\

aoG;cGJxdk;ESufrlYvnf;ruif;Edkifay/ jAm[PwdkYonf Ak'bmomudk rsufrkef;usKd;aeolrsm; jzpfMu\/

Ak'bk&m; yGifYay: vmpOfuyif jAm[wdkYu &efoltjzpf rSwf,lcJYMuonf/
rSefygonf/

Ak'bk&m;onf

jAm[PwdkYvufcHxm;aom

ta&;ygonfY

t,ltqrsm;udk

acszsufa[mMum;cJYonf/ jAm[PwdkYu tww&m;udk vufudkifxm;a[mMum;aeMu\/

Ak'bk&m;url

teww&m;udk

emMunf;oGm;\/
vlwef;pm;rsm;udk

xdkYtjyif

t"dua[mMum;&m

jAm[PwdkYrSm

vlrIa&;avmuvnf;

jA[PwdkYu

ykHaocJGjcm;xm;Mu\/

tdIufudktxdk;cH&ovdk
Zwfpepfudk

Zwfpepfudkvnf;

tajccH
Ak'bk&m;u

acszsufa[mMum;jyefonf/ jAm[PwdkYu b,frSmESpfoufEdkifMurnfenf;/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jAm[PwdkYu xm0&bk&m;ocif zefqif;Sifudk twnfjyKonf/ Ak'bk&m;u zefqif;Sifudk
jiif;y,fonf/ jAm[PwdkY\ t"dut,ltqrsm;udk Ak'bk&m;uacszsufa[mMum;aeojzifY Ak'onf
jAm[wdkY\ &efoljzpfcJY&onf/ if;wdkYu &efNidK;zGJYcJYMuavonf/
taomuacwfodkY

a&mufaomtcgwGif

arS;rdSefjrKyfwdrfae&onf/
yl;owfcJYMuonf/

xdktcgrsKd;wGif

Ak'bmomtwkta&mif

Ak'bmomudktm;ay;ojzifY
tcsKdUjA[PwdkYonf
jA[PwdkYonf

jAm[PwdkY

Ak'bmomtwGif;odkY0if
Ak'bmomyd#uwfawmfwdkYudk

avYvmvQuf usrf;pmrsm;udk a&;jyKMu\/ rdrdwdkY\ oabmt,ltqrsm;udk Ak'bmomtwGif;odkY

oGwfoGif;Muonf/ topfxJYoGif;xm;aom t,ltqrsm;udk BudKufESpfoufolrsm;vnf; Sdvmonf/
xdkyk*dKvfwdkYonf

vufopft,ltqygaom

usrf;pmwdkYudkvufcH

*dkPf;*PtopfwdkYudk

xlaxmifMuonf/ odkYjzifY *dkPf;opfrsm; wzGm;zGm; ay: aygufvmcJYavonf/

bDpD

&mpk

taomurif;vufxufavmufuyif

r[m0wKt0'geusrf;

t0avmudawo&ac:

r[moHCdu*dkPf;rS

ay:xGufvmaom

bk&m;avmif;oabmw&m;

0g'rsm;udk

Ak'bmomtwGif;odkY oG,f0dkuf oGwfoGif;vmMuNyD; jzpf\/ aemiftcgwGif xdkbk&m;avmif;onf

r[m,me*dkPf;\ t"duudk;uG,f&m bk&m;avmif;BuD;wpfyg; jzpfvmcJYavonf/
r[m,me*dkPf;[l yDjyifpGm jzpfay: vmaomtcsdef jAm[PwdkY\ t,l0g'rsm;jzpfaom wE&?
rE&oabmw&m;rsm;udkyg odrf;,lvufcHcJYMujyefonf/ aemufqkH;wGif tdEd,Sd Ak'bmomonf
[dELjAm[P0g'ESifY a&maxG;,Sufwif jzpfoGm;&avonf/
ok*Facwf Ak'omoem
Ak'bmom*dkPf;rsm;onf tdE,e,fajr tESHtjym;wGif vIyfSm;aeMu&m

tcsKdU*dkPf;rsm;vnf;

BuD;yGm;wdk;wufMuonf/ tcsKdU*dkPf;rsm;rSmrl tm;enf;vQufSdMu\/ EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfaomrif;wdkYu

ajrmufpm;vQif

xdk*dkPf;rSm

BuD;yGm;pnfyifvm&jrJjzpfonf/

xdk*dkPf;rsm;xJwGif

taomurif;ajrmufpm;ojzifY awmuf<um;cJY&aom*dkPf;rSm ax&0g' 0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;BuD; jzpfonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;ESifYtwl

xifSm;aom*dkPf;BuD;ESpf*dkPf;vnf;Sdao;onf/

xdk*dkPf;rsm;rSm

ax&0g'rScGJxGufxm;aom oAwd0g'D*dkPf;ESifY r[moHCdu*dkPf;wdkYjzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifY taomuacwfaemufydkif;wGif xifSm;aom*dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;udkawGUjrif&ayrnf/
,if;wdkYrSm........
(1) ax&0g'ESifY 0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;
(2) ax&0g' oAwd0g'D*dkPf;
(3) r[moHCdu*dkPf;wdkYjzpfonf/
xdk*dkPf;BuD;rsm;

xGef;um;aepOf

taomurif;\EdkifiHawmf

rif;quftajymif;tvJrsm;

jzpfvmonf/ r*"EdkifiHawmfwGif taomuaemuf 6 qufajrmuf bDpD 185 ckESpfwGif

jAm[PvlrsKd;jzpfaom ykoQrdw&ppfolBuD;u arm&d,{u&mZfudk eef;csum ok*Frif;qufudk
xlaxmifavonf/

ok*FykoQrdw&rif;onf

jAm[PrsKd;jzpfonfYtavsuf

jAm[Pbmomudk

t"duudk;uG,fonf/
jAm[Pbmomudkyif
,ZfewfylaZmfyGJBuD;rsm;
tmPmpuf&SdvmNyD;jzpf&m

EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf
tBuD;tus,f

aMunmonf/

jyKvkyfavonf/

t"du&efNidK;xm;aeaom

wd&pmefwdkYudk

owf

jAm[PwdkYonf

rdrdwdkY

Ak'bmomudk

zdESdyfMuawmYonf/

rif;\tmPmudk aemufcHjyK Ak'bmomudk tjywfNzdKMuonf/

ok*FykoQrdw&rif;uvnf; jAm[wdkY\ tvdkudkvdkufavsm trdefYaMunmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefonf/
rdrdEdkifiHawmftwGif; Ak'bmom&[ef;\ OD;acgif;wpfvkH;udkjzwf qufoEdkifygu qkaiG 1000
ay;rnf[kyifaMunmxm;onf/ Ak'bmom &[ef;awmfwdkYonf rm*"wdkif;? aumovwdkif;paom
rZdsra'owdkY rae0HMuawmYojzifY wdkif;pGef;jynfzsm;odkY xGufajy;ykef;aSmifMu&avawmYonf/
xdktcsdefwGif tiftm;Sdaom ax&0g'*dkPf;oHCmawmfwdkYrSm 0d'dom ( 0d'dSm ) NrdKUteD;Sd qefcsD
( oOD ) apwDSd&m apwd,yAodkY aTUajymif;oGm;Muonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

10

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ax&0g' oAwdu*dkPf; oHCmwdkYum tdEd,taemufajrmufydkif; rxk&mNrdKU teD;Sd Okrk@

( a*g0Ee ) awmifodkY aTUajymif;oGm;Muavonf/
xdktcsdefwGif 0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;oHCmwdkYvnf; awmifydkif;a'oodkYyif aTUajymif;Mu&ygonf/ xdk
0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;oHCm wdkYonf aemiftcgwGif Sifr[dEESifY oHCrdwmwdkY tquftEG,frsm;Sd&m
oD[dkVfuGsef;odkY

ul;a&mufoGm;MuNyD;

oD[dkVfoHCmwdkYESifYyl;aygif;

omoemjyKaecJYMuonf/

xdktcsdefrSp 0dbZ0g'Dtrnfaysmufum yifr ax&0g'ESifY wpfaygif;wnf;? wpfom;wnf;

jzpfoGm;avawmYonf/
uedoQurif;ESifY Ak'bmom
r*wdkif;wGif ok*Frif;quf ukefqkH;NyD;aemuf uefArif;qufudkxlaxmifMuonf/ xdkrif;qufudkvnf;
tE&rif;rsm;u odrf;ydkufvdkufaomaMumifY tdEd, taSUawmifydkif;wpfckvkH;rSm tE&rif;wdkY\
vufatmufodkY

usa&mufoGm;ayonf/

xdktcsdefwGif

tdEd,taemufajrmuf

a'oBuD;wpfckvkH;rSmvnf; wdkif;wpfyg;vlrsKd;wdkYu qifYuJvma&muf pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfvsufSdonf/

xdktxJwGifxifSm;aomrif;qufrSm ukoQefrif;quf jzpfavonf/
ukoQefvlrsKd;wdkYonf tdEd,taemufajrmuf a'oBuD;wpfckvkH;udk odrf;ydkufvsuf at'D 40
ckESpfrSp ukoQefrif;qufudk xlaxmifonf/ xdkrif;rsm;teuf at'D 120 rS 162 txd
pdk;pHoGm;aom uedoQu bk&ifonf wefcdk;tBuD;qkH; jzpfonf/
uedoQurif;onf

rlvu

Ak'bmom0ifjzpfvmNyD;aemuf

ygSifbmom0if

rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/

Ak'omoemxGef;um;a&;udk

tBuD;tus,f

aemufydkif;wGif
tm;ay;onf/

Ak'bmom0ifwdkYu xdkrif;udk 'kwd, taomurif;[l ac: Muonf/ uedoQrif;onf

ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJrsm;jzpfaom oAwd0g'D*dkPf;&[ef;awmfwdkYudk t"duxm; MunfndKudk;uG,fonf/
odkYtavsmuf ax&0g' oAwd*dkPf;u wefcdk;BuD;xGm;aeonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

11

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

xdktcsdefwGif yif&if;ax&0g'ESifY 0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;oHCmwdkYrSm tdEdawmifydkif; qefcsD tajccsaeMu\/
wpf*dkPfESifY wpf*dkPf;tvGefa0;uGmaeMuNyD/
uedoQurif;onf
wnfxm;onf/

Ak'bmom0ifjzpfvmNyD;aemuf
Ak'\"mwfawmfarGawmfwdkYudk

omoedu

SmazGvQuf

aqmufttkHtrsm;tjym;udk

apwDykxdk;wdkYwGif

Xmyemonf/

ykkoQyl&NrdKUawmf tjrifY oHawmif 160 ausmf? t0ef;oHawmif 300 rQSdaom apwDawmfBuD;udk

wnfxm;onf/ uedoQuapwDawmf [kxifSm;onf/ xdkYtjyif apwDawmfteD;rSmyif r[maAm"dudk
pdkufysKd;ylaZmfonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;&ef ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk wnfaxmifonf/ ]] uedoQu
ausmif;wdkuf }} [kyifac: Muonf/
rif;BuD;onf

uedoQuausmif;wdkufBuD;ESifY

oAwd0g'D*dkPf;rS

q&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm;tyfESH

uedoQuausmif;wdkufBuD;onf
rSdaomtcgvnf;

apwDawmf

Ak'omoemjyK&m

xdkausmif;wdkufBuD;udk

paom

omoetaqmufttkHrsm;udk

tkyfcsKyfapmifYaSmufaponf/

xdkacwfwGif

A[dkXmeBuD;jzpfavonf/

uedoQurif;

ax&0g'

oAwd0g'D*dkPf;

oHCmawmfwdkYuyif

omoemESpf 1000 cefYtxd xdkausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm ax&0g'tpOftvm

yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk

tpOftquf omoemjyKvkyfief;udk aqmifGufaecJYMuonf/

ydkYcsaeaomausmif;wdkufBuD;jzpfaMumif;

wkwf&[ef;awmfwdkY\

rSwfwrf;qdkygonf/

wkwfrSwfwrf;t& oAwd0g'D*dkPf;0if &[ef;awmfwdkYu rdrdwdkYudk,fudk ]ax&0g'} [kyif okH;EIef;ac:

qdkcJYMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif if;wdkY\ ax&0g'rSm rlvyifrax&0g'r[kwfbJ oAwd0g'D*dkPf;cJG
ax&0g'om jzpfEdkifygonf/
aS;a[mif; okawoeXmerS avYvmcsuft& xdka'oSdapwDysufrS &Sdaom uedoQurif;\
"mwfawmfMuKwfwGif ouwbmomjzifY urnf;pma&;xdk;xm;onf/
]]tmus&,meH q&Aofqwd Am'DeH y&d*&a[}} t"dym,frSm ]]oAwd*dkPf;0if q&mSifwdkY
odrf;qnf;ydkifqdkifonf/}} [ljzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifY uedoQuausmif;wdkufSd ax&0g'oHCmwdkYrSm
oAwd0g'D*dkPf;0if ax&0g'om jzpfEdkifaMumif; aumufcsufcs&ygonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

12

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

uedoQdurif;\ oH*g,emwifyGJ
uedoQurif;vufxufwGif tdEd,jynf Ak'omoem*dkPf;uGJrsm; tSdeft0gaumif;aeqJjzpfonf/
*dkPf;tcsif;csif; t,ltqa&;&mrsm;ESifY ywfouf rnDnGwfMuay/ oabmw&m;a&;qdkif&m
tIyftaxG;rsm;

jzpfae\/

uedoQurif;onf

uJYodkY

Ak'bmomtcsif;csif;

*dkPf;*PuGJjym;aerIudk tm;r&jzpf&onf/ *dkPf;tm;vkH; aygif;pnf;nDnGwfapcsifonf/

odkYaygif;pnf;&efrSm taomurif; vufxufuuJYodkY oH*g,emwifyGJ jyKvkyfrSjzpfrnf[k
oabmaygufonf/ xdkYaMumifY rdrdudk;uG,faom ax&0g' oAwd*dkPf; oHCmwdkYudk avQmufxm;
Ak'a'oemwdkYudk oH*g,emwif&ef qkH;jzwfonf/ rdrdtkyfcsKyf&m EdkifiHtwGif;rS *dkPf;aygif;pkH
oHCmwdkYudk

yifYaqmifonf/

r[moHCdu*dkPf;rSp

*dkPf;aygif;pkHavmufyif

<ua&mufawmfrlMuonf/
oH*g,emwifyGJodkY

awmifydkif;ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;

tenf;i,fom

<ua&mufonf

[kqdkygonf/ oH*g,emyGJrSm ax&0g' oAwd0g'D*dkPf;u OD;aqmifjyKvkyfojzifY ax&0g' ( yifr )

oHCmwdkYrSm

avYvmoltjzpfom

<ua&mufcJYMuygonf/

xdkYjyif

yifrax&0g'oHCmwdkYu

xdkoH*g,emwifyGJudk rdrdwdkY oH*g,emyGJp&if; xnfYoGif;jcif;rjyKcJYMuay/

oH*g,emyGJodkY vkH;0rwufa&mufaom oHCm*dkPf;vnf;Sdao;onf/ ,if;*dkPfum; taomurif;
oH*g&emyGJudk

OD;aqmifcJYMuaom

ax&0g'

0dbZ0g'D*dkPf;jzpfonf/

xdk*dkPf;onf

yifrax&0g'*dkPf;ESifY aygif;pnf;cJYaom *dkPf;yifjzpfygonf/ uedoQurif;onf oAwd0g'D*dkPf;rS

q&mawmf

0okrdMwrax&fudk

tBuD;trl;jyK

*dkPf;aygif;pkHrS

&[ef;awmf

500

wdkYjzifY

oH*g&emwifyGJudk usif;yavonf/
xdkoH*g&emwifyGJrS

oHCmwdkYonf

okwf?

0denf;?

tbd"rmwdkY\

tzGifYjzpfaom

r[m0dbmomusrf;udk jyKpkMu\/ ,if;wdkYrSm...............

(1) okwEyd#utzGifY 0dbmomusrf; ( *gxmwpfodef; )
(2) 0de,yd#utzGifY 0dbmomusrf; ( *gxmwpfodef; )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

13

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(3) tbd"rmyd#utzGifY 0dbmomusrf; ( *gxmwpfodef; ) wdkYjzpfavonf/
uedoQurif;onf xdkoH*g,emrS xGufay: vmaom *gxm 3 odef;&Sd 0dbmomusrf;rsm;udk
aMu;jym;ay: wGif ouwbmomjzifY a&;om; ausmufaowmBuD;rsm;jzifY xnfYoGif;um
apwDwpfql Xmyemonf[kqdkygonf/
xdk0dbmomusrf;rsm;udk aemiftcg wkwfbmomjzifY jyefqdkavonf/
uedoQurif;onf

tdEd,jynfomrubJ

aqmifGufcJYonf/

odkYjzpf

jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf;

if;\vufxufrSmyif

omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;udk

tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif

Ak'bmom

jyefYyGm;cJYavonf/
ax&0g'? r[m,me? [de,me
uedoQurif;

oH*g,emwifpOfu

r[m,me[laom

emrnfrSdao;acs/

uedoQurif;onf

omoem*dkPf;uGJwdkYudk yl;aygif;nDnGwfapvdkojzifY *dkPf;aygif;pkH pkqkH oH*g,emwifcJYjcif;

jzpfayonf/ odkYaomfvnf; uedoQurif;\ apwemrSm t&mra&mufcJYay/ omoem*dkPf;uGJrsm;
yaysmufjcif;rSdcJYay/ qufvnf; *dkPf;uGJrsm;ay: aygufcJYonf/
uedoQurif;vufxuf

twnfjyKcJYaom

ax&0g'

oAwd0g'D*dkPf;\

wpfcsKdU*dkPf;rsm;uvufrcHcJY/ qufvuf oabmw&m;topfrsm;udk

xdk*dkPf;uGJrsm;onf

ajrmufydkif;aoo

rdrdwdkY\*dkPf;

a'oemwdkYudk

jyKpkysKd;axmifcJYMuonf/
BuD;yGg;rlYudkjyKvkyfcJYMuonf/

oabmw&m;topfrsm;udk jzefYa0cJYMuonf/ odkYtavsmuf ,if;wdkY\ omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;vnf;

us,fjyefYoGm;cJYavonf/
odkY us,fjyefYvmaomaMumifY at'D 2 &mpkrS 4 &mpktwGif;wGif xdk*dkPf;oHCmwdkYu
rdrdwdkY\*dkPf;trnfudk

BuD;us,faom*dkPf;[l

t"dym,f&onfY

]r[m,me*dkPf;}

[lac:

qdkvmMuonf/ rdrdwdkYESifY t,l0g'rwlrQonfY oAwd0g'D*dkPf;ponfwdkYudk [de,me*dkPf; ( 0g )

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

14

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

r[m,meatmuf ,kwfavQmYaom*dkPf;[l ac: qdkcJYMuonf/
xdktrnfrSnfYac: csdef rlvyifr ax&0g'rSm r[m,mewdkYESifY tquftoG,f rSdawmYay/
r[m,mewdkYu

[de,me[kac:

qdkaom

*dkPf;rsm;rSm

uedoQu\oH*g,emrS

uGJjym;oGm;aom*dkPf;tcsKdUudk ac: qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif r[m,me*dkPf;BuD;rSm wdAuf?

qpfuif;?

blwef?

eDayg?

rGef*dk,m;?

wkwf?

AD,uferf?

udk;&D;,m;?

*syefEdkifiHwdkY

xGef;um;oGm;onf/
rlvu

[de,me[kac:

arS;rdSefoGm;onf/

cJY&aom

xdktcsdefwGif

*dkPf;rsm;rSmrl

tdEd,EdkifiH

yifrax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;rSm

wjznf;jznf;

oD[dkVf?

tm;enf;

jrefrmpaomEdkifiHwdkY

a&mufSdjyefYESHYoGm;onf/ aemiftcgwGif rdrdwdkYESifY t,l0g'rwlnDaom ax&0g'*dkPf;udkvnf;

[de,me[l a&maxG;ac: qdkvmMuavonf/
tcsKdUokawoDwdkYurl

yifrax&0g'xGef;um;&m

[kac:

awmifydkif;omoem}

Muonf/

EdkifiHrsm;rSm

r[m,me*dkPf;rSm

awmifydkif;a'oSdojzifY
ajrmufydkif;a'o

xGef;um;

aeaomaMumifY ] ajrmufydkif;omoem } [mac: qdkMuonf/ awmifydkif;omoem ax&0g'ESifY

ajrmufydkif;omoem r[m,mewdkYrSm t,l0g'a&;&m rsm;pGmjcm;em;aeMuNyD;/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif
aumufoif;aumufovdk

SmazGrS

wlnDrI

tenf;i,fudk

awGY&awmYonf/

oabmw&m;trsm;tjym;rSmrI wGJr&atmif uGJjym;aeavonf/

r[m,me*dkPf;\ y"mevrf;pOf
r[m,me*dkPf;\ pmayrsm;t& tusifY 3 rsKd;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
,if;wdkYrSm
(1) om0u,me
(2) yapuAk',me
(3) Ak',mewdkY jzpfayonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

15

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

,me 3 rsKd;onf ax&0g'ygaom om0uaAm"d? ormoarmwdkYESifY twljzpfonf/ tqdkyg 3
rsKd;onf edAmefodkY a&mufEdkifaom vrf;pOfcsnf;jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; r[m,mewdkYurl
om0u,meESifY yapuAk',mewdkYrSm wpfudk,faumif;tusifYjzpfonf[k ,lqNyD; tm;ay;jzif;
rjyKMuay/
Ak',metusifYrSm ow0grsm;udk u,fwifEdkifonf/ Ak',meonfom tjrwfqkH;jzpfonf[k
vufcHMuonf/ xdkYaMumifY aAm"dowac: bk&m;avmif;vrf;pOfudk tav;xm;Muonf/ rsm;pGmaom
aAm"dowwdkYudk &nfrSef; kyfwkrsm;jyKvkyfum udk;uG,fqnf;uyfMuonf/ tvm;wlyif a*gwrAk'
kyfyGm;rsm;udkvnf; xkvkyfudk;uG,fMuonf/ aemiftcgwGif *gxmrEefrsm;jzifY ylaZmfrIrsm;vnf;
xGef;um;onf/
r[m,mewdkY udk;uG,faom aAm"dowac: bk&m;avmif;rsm;teuf xifSm;aom aAm"dowudk
odkYawGU&\/
t0avmudawo&aAm"dow/ / ,if;aAm"dowfrSm txifSm;qkH;jzpfonf/ Muifemoem;wwfaom
aAm"dowfjzpf t0Dpdi&JodkY usa&mufaeolrsm;udkyif u,fwifoljzpfayonf/
rOLoD&d aAm"dowf/ / vlom;wdkYtm; trSefw&m;udk em;vnfap&ef vIHUaqmfay;olljzpfonf/
vufwpfzufwGif "m;vG,fudkudkifaqmifxm;NyD; tjcm;wpfzufwGif pmtkyfudkudkifaqmifxm;onf/
"m;udkudkifaqmifxm;jcif;rSm raumif;rIjyKolwdkYudk acsrIef;&efjzpf\/ pmtkyfudk udkifaqmifxm;jcif;rSm
yg&rD 10 yg;udk tjrJvufudkifusifYokH;aeaMumif; azmfjyonf/
0Zd&ygPd

aAm"dow/

EewfuJYodkY

0&Zdefrdk;BudK;vufESufudk

udkifaqmifxm;onf

,if;aAm"dowfrSmvnf; raumif;rIudkjyKvkyfol tjypfusK;vGefolwdkYudk acsrIef;avYSdonf/

araw,s aAm"dow/ / ,if;aAm"dowfrSm todrfarGUqkH;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf tem*wfumvwGif
Ak'pifppfjzpfrnfY aAm"dowfjzpf\/ ( ax&0g'vnf; ,if;aAm"dowfudk awGU&rnf/ )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

16

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

r[m,me*dkPf;t&

vlwdkif;onf

ow0grsm;udk

u,fwifEdkif&eftwGuf

aAm"dowfqkudk

,lMu&onf/ aAm"dowfwdkY\ udk,fusifYw&m;rsm;wGif 'ge? oDv? 0D&d,? cED? psmef? ynm xdk yg&rD
6

yg;udk

jznfYusifY&\/

xl;jcm;onfrSm

rsm;pGmtav;rxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/

r[m,mewdkYonf

bk&m;qkyefaom

0denf;w&m;rsm;udk

bk&m;avmif;rsm;twGuf

usyfwnf;

usif;ajrmif;aom 0denf;Oya'rsm; rvdktyf[k ,lqMuonf/

r[m,mewdkY

,kHMunfcsuft&

oufSdow0gtm;vkH;rSm

aAm"dowfrsm;BuD;jzpfonf/

yg&rD

tEkt&ifYomvQif uGmjcm; tajccHcsif; twlwlyifjzpfonf/ aemufqkH; ow0gtm;vkH;yif

uGswfwrf;0if edAefodkY a&mufMu&rnf jzpfavonf/
tdEd, omoemuG,fykH
Ak'yGifY&m

rZdsra'o

taMumif;&yfrsm;udk
vGJrSm;rIudkvnf;

omoemuG,fy&jcif;taMumif;udk

awGUMu&\/
taMumif;wpf&yf

t"duusaomusifY0wfwdkYudk

xdktxJwGif

Ak'bmom&[ef;awmfwdkY\usifY0wfusifYxkH;rsm;

taejzifYawGUMu&onf/

raqmifGufMu?

avYvmaomtcgtaxGaxGaom

pdwful;,Of

&[ef;awmfwdkYonf
tpGJtvrf;wdkYudk

rdrdwdkY\
tajccHaom

pdwful;,Ofb0rsKd;udk arQmfvifY vkyfudkifaeMuonf/

b0rsKd;wdkYrSm od'dSifb0? apwvkH;ydkifSifb0? 0dZmb0? xGuf&yfaygufq&mb0? arSmfq&mb0
ponfYb0rsm;jzpfMuonf/
&aoYwdkY

wDxGifcJYaom

pdwful;,Ofb0rsKd;udk
vrf;pOfjzpfonf/

SmazGaomtvkyfrSm

0g'onf

[dEL

tdEd,acwfOD;uyif

jAm[P

wdkYvufxuf

wE&*dkPf;[kac:um wGifus,fpGm vkyfudkifaeMuonf/

aS;acwfOD; &aoYwdkYonf ewftrsKd;rsKd;? bk&m;trsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ *kPfudk zGJUqdkxm;aom *gxm? rE&m;?
arSmf? yOvufponfY yg0ifaom wE&usrf;rsm;udk a&;om;cJYMuonf/ xdkusrf;rsm;udk tajccH
vdkufemusifYokH;aom*dkPf;udk ] wE&*dkPf; }[kac: \/ wE&*dkPf; vuf0J*dkPf;? vuf,m*dkPf; 2
rsKd;Sdonf/ vuf0J*dkPf;om;wdkYonf pkef;? wap? ajrzkwf? ewfbDvl;? ewfrdpm? &udKofponfY
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

17

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

qif;&J'kuudk ay;wwfaom wd&pmefrsm;udk apcdkif;Edkifaom *gxm? rE&m;? tif;tdkif? cg;vSJY?
vufzGJUponfwdkYudk

pD&ifMuonf/

vuf0J*dkPf;pD&ifenf;udk

jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdkYu

] atmufvrf;pD&ifenf; } [kac: Muonf/

vuf,m*dkPf;rSm b&m;? ewfwdkY\*kPfudk zGJUqdkxm;aom *gxmrEefwdkYjzifY

a&m*ga0'em

yaysmufa&;? pnf;pdrfOpmwdk;wufa&; ponfwdkYudk NyD;ajrmufap&ef tm;xkwfMu&onf/ jrefrmwdkYu

] txufvrf;pD&ifenf; } [kac: Muonf/
[dEL jAm[PwdkY\ wE&*dkPf;udk twk,l Ak'bmombkef;BuD;wdkYuvJ ] Ak'wE&*dkPf;}
udkxlaxmifMuonf/ usifY0wfusifYxkH;rsm;udk wDxGifMuonf/ xdktxJwGif [dEL jAm[PwdkY\
usifYxkH;udk xyfwlvdkufrIrsm;vnf;Sdonf/ cGJjcm;usifYokH;rIrsm;vnf;Sdonf/
wE&Ak'bmom*dkPf;\ vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; *gxmrEef? tif;tdkif? cg;vSJY? vufzGJY? arSmftwwf?
pkef;twwf? ya,m*twwf? aA'iftwwf? t*d&wftwwfponfwdkYudk avYvmvdkufpm;aom
bmomjzpfonf/ wdAufjynfwGif arSmfynmudk wwfajrmufojzifY od'dajrmufoGm;aom y*dKvf 84
a,mufSdonf[k tqdkSd\/ b,fvdkaygufoGm;onf[kum; rod&ay/
tdEd,Sd Ak'bmom&[ef;wdkYonfvnf; uJYodkY pdwful;,Of od'dSifb0ponfwdkYudk &vdrfYEdk;jzifY
arQmfudk;usifYokH;aeMuonf/
vspfvsLIaeMu\/
r[mynmXmeBuD;uvnf;

Ak'bk&m;\

tdEd,wGif
tdrfrufxJu

vufawGUusaom
tvGefxifSm;cJYaom
tvSr,fudk

vlom;tusKd;

jyKvkyfief;udkrI

emvEAk'wuodkvfuJYodkY

wu,f&Edk;jzifY

arQmfudk;SmazGaeaom

ynmrskKd;udk tm;ay; oifMum;aecJYonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

18

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcef;(2)
ax&0g'omoem jyefYyGm;&m
at'D

12

&mpkwGif

tm&SwdkufwpfcGif

tdEd,EdkifiH

Ak'bmom

Ak'bmomuG,faysmufoGm;cJY&onf/

jyefYyGm;xGef;um;aeavNyD;/

xdktcsdefwGif

tmSwdkufa'owpfcsKdUwGif

taomuvufxuf? odkYr[kwf xdkxufapmaom umvuyif Ak'omoem a&mufSdjyefYyGm;aecJY\/

r[m,meAk'bmomonf

ajrmufydkif;a'oBuD;rsm;

pnfyifaeouJYodkY

ax&0g'Ak'bmomonfvnf; awmifydkif;a'orsm; xGef;jyefYaeavonf/

ax&0g'Ak'bmomxGef;jyefY&m EdkifiHrsm;um; ,ck oD&dvuFmac: oD[dkVfEdkifiH? jrefrmEdkifiH? xdkif;EdkifiH?
uarm'D;,m;EdkifiH? avmEdkifiHwdkYjzpfonf/ xdkEdkifiHrsm;odkY ax&0g'Ak'bmom a&mufSdjyefUyGm;vmykH
ordkif;tcsKyfudk xkwfEkwf avYvmMuygOD;pdkU/
oD[dkVfEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf
Ak'bk&m;Sif y&dedAmefjyKNyD;aemuf omoemou&mZf 235 ckESpf taomurif;w&m;onf
9wdkif;a'o 9 XmeodkY omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm; aqmifGuf&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;udk apvGwfonf/
Xmersm;wGif oD&dvuFm ac: oD[dkVfEdkifiHvnf;yg0ifonf/
oD[dkVfEdkifiH

wm0efusaom

rax&frsm;rSm

om;awmftSifr[dEESifY

aemufyg

oHCmawmf

5yg;jzpfonf/ tSifr[dErax&fESifY tzGJYonf 236 ck? e,kefvjynfYaeYwGif oD[dkVfEdkifiHodkY

a&mufSdonf/ xdkYaemuf orD;awmf oHCrdwmax&Dudkvnf; oD&dvuFmol trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
bduKeD ( &[ef;r )jyKvkyfay;&eftwGuf apvGwfcJYjyefonf/
oHCmrdwmax&Dr,fonf

Ak'*g,mSd

r[maAm"dyifrS

awmifudkif;udkyGm;,lum

oD[dkVfodkY

yifYaqmifcJYonf/ oD[dkVfEdkifiH tEk&m"NrdKU pdkufysKd;xm;&m ,ckwdkif rsKd;qufrjywfSdaeavonf/

tSifr[dEwdkY

a&mufoGm;csdefwGif

oD[dkVfEdkifiH

a'0geHyd,wdrif;

tkyfpdk;aecsdefjzpfonf/

xdkrif;onf tbdodufcH wpfvrQomSdao;onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

19

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

yd,wdrif;onf

rif;jzpf

awmupm;xGufvmonf/
tSifr[dEraxu

wpfvajrmufaom

xdkawmifay:yif

e,kefvjynfYaeYwGif
tSifr[dEraxESifY

a'0geHyd,wdrif;tm;

rduawmifodkY
awGYqkHzl;MuKH&onf/

plV[wdya'gyrokwfudk

a[mMum;onf/

a'oemawmftqkH;wGif aemufvdkuftacGst&H 40000 ( av;aomif; )ESifYwuG o&P*HkwnfMuNyD;

Ak'bmom0ifjzpfMuukef\/
tSifr[dErax&fESifYtzGJYonf 0gqdkvjynfYaeYwGif Oykoftdrf odrfudkorkwfMuNyD; t&d|trwfESifY 55
a,mufwdkYudk &[ef;cHay;onf/ xdkESpfwGif rduawmifyif 0guyf omoemjyKawmfrlMuonf/
a'0geHyd&wdrif;onf

rax&frsm;

aqmufvkyfvl'ef;onf/

xdkYjyif

apwD?

oDwif;okH;&eftwGuf
ykxdk;?

aAm"d?

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk
odrf?

t&mrfrsm;udkvnf;

wnfxm;aqmufvkyfavonf/
aemufrif;rsm;vufxufwGifvnf; Ak'omoemudk qufvuftm;ay;cJYMuonf/ xdkrif;rsm;xJwGif
Ak'bmomudk txl;tm;ay;aom rif;rsm;vnf;ay: xGufcJYonf/
'k|*grPdrif;onf avm[ygom'ac: ausmif;wdkufBuD;udkwnfaxmifonf/ tEk&m"NrdKUawmf
r[mapwDBuD;udkvnf;wnfaxmifonf/ xdkapwDBuD;onf oD&dvuFm ,ckwdkif xifSm;aom
apwDBuD;jzpfonf/

oD[dkVfoHCmwdkY\

xl;jcm;aomaqmifGufcsufrSm

Ak'a'oemwdkYudk

oH*g,emyGJusif;y ayvGmGufjzifY tu&mwifEdkifjcif;yif jzpfygonf/

oD[dkVf oHCm*dkPf;rsm;
oD[dkVfEdkifiHvnf;

ax&0g'omoema&;qdkif&m

odkYuGJjym;vmcJYonfrSm

EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfaomrif;wdkYu

*dkPf;uGJrsm;ay:

xGufcJYygonf/

tm;ay;cJYaomaMumifYvnf;jzpfonf/

oD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif aS;OD;acwfuuGJjym;aom *dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;Sd\/ ,if;wdkYrSm

(1) r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;
(2) tb,*d&d0goD*dkPf;
(3) aZw0e0goD*dkPf; wdkYjzpfayonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

20

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;/
yifr*dkPf;jzpfonf/
rax&frsm;

*dkPf;BuD;rSm

a'0geHyd&wdrif;

pOfqufrjywf

tSifr[dErax&fwdkYacwfu

wnfaxmifay;aom

apmifYaSufvmcJYaomaMumifY

wnfSdvmaom

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;
r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;

[k

ac:wGifvmjcif;jzpfonf/
tb,*d&d0goD*dkPf;/
ykef;aSifae&pOf

0#*grPdrif;onf

&[ef;awmfwdkYu

wpfBudrfrif;jzpfvQif

usnf;om;wdkY\

jyKpkaxmufyHYxm;cJYonf/

tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufESifY

ab;&efaMumifY
xdkrif;onf

xGufajy;
aemufxyf

tb,*d&dapwDawmfudkwnfxm;

aus;Zl;jyKcJYzl;aom tSifwdrax&ftm; wifvSLonf/

xdktSifwdrax&fonf ukvoHo| jzpfaomaMumifY r[m0d[m&0goD &[ef;wdkYu yAmZed,uH
jyKMuonf/

xdktcg

tSifwd\wjynfYjzpfol

r[m'|d,wd&[ef;u

wm;jrpfonf/

xdk&[ef;udkvnf; rpifMu,frIudk twkvdkufol[k qdkum 0dkif;y,frI ( Oauyed,uH ) jyKMujyefonf/

xdk&[ef;onf

rdrdtm;0dkif;y,frIudk

r[m0d[m&0g'D*dkPf;rS

xGufoGm;\/

rauseyfaomaMumifY
xdktcsdefrSp

oHCm

500

tb,*d&d0goD*dkPf;[k

wdkYudkcJG,l
xifSm;oGm;\/

xdk*dkPf;cGJaomESpfrSm omoemESpf 454 ckESpf wnf;/

aZw0e0goD*dkPf;/
r[maoerif;onf

xdk*dkPf;onf

r[maoerif;

vufxufwGif

r[m0d[m&0goDausmif;wdkufBuD;twGif;

ay:aygufvmonf/
aZw0efausmif;BuD;udk

wnfaqmufonf/ xdkausmif;BuD;odkY 'udP*d&dausmif;wdkufrS oHCmrsm;vma&mufaexdkifMuonf/

xdkoHCmrsm;onf

r[m0d[m&0goD

&[ef;wdkYESifY

aygif;azmfrIrjyKbJ

oD;jcm;*dkPf;wpfckudkwnfaxmifMuonf/ aZw0e0goD*dkPf;[k ac: Muonf/

aZw0e0goDwdkYonf

r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk

zsufqD;Muonf/

ysufpD;ap&ef

r[maoerif;ESifYwdkifyif

'k|*grPdrif;BuD;

aqmufvkyfcJYaom

avm[ygom'jymom'fausmif;BuD;udk zsufqD;Muonf/ xdkYaMumifY r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm

9ESpfrQ oHCmqdwfokOf; ae&avonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

21

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

azmfjyyg *dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;wdkYrSm oD[dkVfEdkifiH ESpfaygif; tawmfMumrQ wnfwHYaecJYonf/
oD&docFaAm"d

y&urAm[krif;

eef;wufaomtcgwGif

r[m0d[m&0goD

oHCmwdkYtm;

oefYpifaom*dkPf; oHCm[l todtrSwfjyKonf/ usef 2 *dkPf;rS oHCmwdkYudk tusifYrJYaom

'kDvrsm;jzpfonf[kqdkum vlxGufaponf/
xdktcsdefrSp r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;om usefSdawmYonf/
,ckacwf*dkPf;rsm;
,cktcsdefwGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiH aS;OD;*dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;pvkH; uG,faysmufcJYNyD;/ xdkEdkifiH
wdkif;wpfyg;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufpdk;rdk;aomaMumifY vnf;aumif; obm0ab; tE&,frsm;aMumifY
vnf;aumif; ax&0g'omoem tm;enf;arS;aysmYcJY&onf/ xdkYaMumifY aemufydkif;acwfrsm;wGif
jrefrmEdkifiHESifYxdkif;ESdifiHwdkYrS tultnDjzifY omoemawmf jyefvnftm;qufcJY&ayonf/
,cktcsdefwGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiH atmufyg*dkPf;BuD;rsm; xGef;um;jyefYyGm;vsufSdonf/
oQmrf;*dkPf;/ / omoemou&mZf 2289 ckESpf eef;wufaom udwdod&d &mZoD[rif;vufxuf
&[ef;oHCmrsm;rSdaomaMumifY

,dk;',m;

ac:

xdkif;EdkifiHrS

&[ef;wdkYudk

yifYaqmif

omoemudkjyKpkcJY&\/ xdk*dkPf;udk oQmrf;*dkPf; ( oQmredum, )[kac: onf/

tr&yl&*dkPf;/ / omoemESpf 2344 ckESpfwGif oD[dkVfomraP 6 yg;ESifY Oygoumwpfa,muf
jrefrmEdkifiH

tr&yl&NrdKYawmfodkY

a&mufSdvmNyD;

qifBudK;aT*lodrf

Pmbd0Ho

"raoemywdrax&fudk OyZsm,fjyK yOif;cHMuonf/ xdkYaemufvnf; oD[dkVf&[ef;wdkYvma&mufNyD;

odumopfwif,lMuonf/ xdk&[ef;wdkY\ tquftEG,frsm;onf oD[dkVfEdkifiH tr&yl&*dkPf;
( tr&yl&edum, ) [kxifSm;onf/
&mrn*dkPf;/ /omoemESpf 2406 ckESpfwGif oD[dkVfrS tSif"rmvuFm&? tSifokrewdESifY &[ef;
17 yg;wdkYonf &mrnwdkif; yJcl;NrdKUodkY <ua&mufvmMuNyD; &efukefNrdKUrS o'r"&r[max&fudk

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

22

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

OyZsm,fjyK uvsmPDodrfawmf odumopf wif,lMuonf/ xdk*dkPf;udk &mrn*dkPf; ( &mrn
edum, ) [k ac: onf/
xdkjyif 'kwd,urmppf rwdkifrDu oD[dkVfom;wpfcsKdUonf rEav;NrdKU r[m0dok'gkHwdkufodkY
vma&muf

ynmoifcJYMubl;onf/

oD[dkVfjyefa&mufaomtcg
qufyGm;wynfY

xdk&[ef;rsm;xJrS

r[m0dok'g&mrausmif;wdkufudk

oHCmrsm;xGefum;cJYonf/

odkY&mwGif

Sifod&do'rq&mawmfonf
wnfaxmif

xdkq&mawmf

omoemjyK&m
ysHvGefonfYaemuf

wynfY&[ef;rsm;\ tm;enf;rIaMumifY oD&dvuFm aTusif*dkPf;rSm xifSmjcif;rSdawmYacs/

xdkif;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf
xdkif;EdkifiHonf acwfOD;umvu xdkif;vlrsKd;rsm;e,fajrr[kwfay/ rGefvlrsKd;wdkY tajcpdkufcJYaom
EdkifiHjzpfonf/

rGefvlrsKd;wdkYonf

,ck

xdkif;EdkifiH

e,fajr

rGefjynfaxmif

ckudk

wnfaxmifcJYMuonf/ awmifydkif;rGefEdkifiHudk 'Gg&0wD[kac: onf/ NrdKUawmfrSm avmYyl&D ( v0yl& )

jzpfonf/

avmYyl&DNrdKUum;

,ckwdkif

Sdao;onf/

AefaumufNrdKUawmf\ajrmufbuf

rJerfjrpfurf;ay: wnfSdonf/
ajrmufydkif;EdkifiHudk

[&dbkO[kac:

onf/

NrdKUawmfrSm

vefzkef;jzpfonf/

xdkNrdKUrSmvnf;

Zif;r,fNrdKUawmif,Gef; ,ckwdkif Sdaeygao;onf/

'Gg&0wDEdkifiHonf

at'D

&mpkausmfavmufwGif
ysufpD;cJY&onf/

700

ckwGif

wefcdk;tBuD;rm;qkH;aomumvjzpfonf/

uarm'D;,m;vlrsKd;rsm;

,if;crm

pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaeMuonf/

uarm'D;,m;

xdkYaMumifY

at'D

vma&mufwdkufcdkufMuaomaMumifY
)

avmYyl&Drif;orD;

vlrsKd;wdkYonf

10

rGefEdkifiH

xdkif;EdkifiHtv,fydkif;txd

cskmra'0Donf

tiftm;opfrsm;pkkH;

[&dykO,EdkifiHudk jyefvnfxlaxmifcJYonf/
xdktcsdefwGif

wkyfjynf

taemufydkif;rS

xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf

awmifbufodkY

wjznf;jznf;

aTUqif;vmMuonf/ xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf 11 &mpkavmufwGif uarm'D;,m; ac: crmwdkY

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

23

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tkyfcsKyf&me,fajrodkY a&mufSdvmMuonf/ crmwdkY tkyfcsKyfrIatmuf cdkvIHaecJYMuonf/ xdkpOfu
xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf

tkyfpdk;ol

jAm[PbmomwdkYudkyif

crmwdkY

udk;uG,faom

udk;uG,fMuonf/

xdkYaMumifY

r[m,me

Ak'bmomESifY

xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYtay:

r[m,meESifY

jAm[PwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm; vTrf;rdk;cHcJY&onf/

,ckwdkif

xdkif;wdkY\

"avYxkH;pHrsm;ESifY

yGJvrf;obiftcrf;tem;rsm;wGif

r[m,me

ESifY

[dELbmom,Ofaus;rI t&dyftaiGUrsm; xif[yf xifusefaeqJ jzpfayonf/

xdkif;EdkifiH wnfaxmifjcif;
c&pfESpf 13 &mpk tv,fydkif;avmuf a&mufaomtcg xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf tiftm;aumif;vmojzifY
uarm'D;,m;wdkYudk

wdkufxkywfvdkufMuonf/

[&dykO,EdkifiHi,fudkvnf;

odrf;ydkufvdkufMuonf/ xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf ajrmufydkif; vefem

tv,fydkif; qlcdkxdkif;

( Sukhothai )

( Lanna )

zsufqD;

EdkifiHudkvnf;aumif;?

EdkifiHudkvnf;aumif; wnfaxmifvdkufMuonf/ xdktcsdefrSp

xdkif;EdkifiH[k xifSm;ay: aygufvmavonf/

xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf vefemESifYqlcdkxdkif; 2 EdkifiHudk wnfaxmifNyD;onfYaemufwGifrl xdkif;bk&ifwdkYonf
oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodkY

&[ef;awmfrsm;udk

ynmwwfq&mawmfrsm;udkvnf;

apvGwf

ynmoif,lapcJonf/

xdkif;EdkifiHodkYyifYaqmif

oD&dvuFmrS

ax&0g'omoemawmfudk

jyKpkapcJYMuonf/
odkYaqmifGufcJYMuojzifY
jAm[Pt,l0g'rsm;rSm
ax&0g'uvTrf;rdk;vmNyD;

uarm'D;,m;vufatmufcHb0u
wjznf;jznf;

cH,lcJYaom

jrKyfwdrfarS;rdSefoGm;&onf/

ax&0g'Ak'bmomonfomvQif

r[m,meESifY
aemufydkif;wGif

EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpfodkY

a&mufSdvmavonf/
c&pfESpf 19 &mpktv,fydkif;wGif tkyfpdk;aom armif;uGwf

( Mongkyt )bk&ifonf

bkef;BuD;aom

rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ ax&0g'Ak'bmomudkvnf; tvGefdkaoaomoljzpf\/ armif;uGwfbk&ifonf

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

24

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

omoemawmf oefYSif;ap&efESifY 0denf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufemap&eftwGuf xr,kwfac:aom
"r,kwd*dkPf;udk pwif wnfaxmifonf/
xdktcsdefrSp xdkif;EdkifiH
(1) xr,kwf*dkPf; ( "r,kwd*dkPf; )
(2) r[meDudkif*dkPf; ( r[medum,*dkPf; )
[l *dkPf;BuD; 2 *dkPf; jzpfay: vmavonf/
uarm'D;,m;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf
tif'dkcsKdif;em;uGsef;qG,fBuD;onf at'D 1 &mpkavmufuyif tdEd,ukefonfrsm; ul;oef;oGm;vm&m
jzpfcJYonf/ tif'dkcsKdif;em;udk aS;tcgu tmeH[k ac: Muonf/ tdEd,EdkifiHrS yv0gvlrsKd;wdkYonf
tmeHa'oodkY ukefa&mif;ukef0,f vma&mufMuonf/ tcsKdU yv0gwdkYonf prm

( Chanpa )t&yfwGif

tajccsum plrMwm; (okrdw)? *smAm;ESifY taSUtdEd,uGsef;pkrsm;odkY ul;oef;aecJYMuonf/

ESpfSnfvmaomtcg prmonf ukefoG,fqdyfurf;jzpf pnfum;vmonf/
yxrOD;qkH;

prma'oudk

tkyfpdk;aombk&ifrSm

tdEd,EdkifiH

yv0gaejynfawmf

uefcsDrS

jAm[PtEG,f0if aum@nonf rif;jyK bdodufcHaomtcg yv0grif;rsm; cH,laombJGUtwdkif;

0&ref

( Varman )

[laom bGJUudkcH,lonf/ xdktcsdefurif;rsm;onf [dELbmomudk t"dutm;jzifY

udk;uG,fMuonf/

ax&0g'rS

cGJxGufxm;aom

oAwd0g'D*dkPf;vnf;

tenf;tusOf;

Sdonf[kod&onf/
uarm'D;,m;awmifydkif;

[dELrif;rsm;

tkyfpdk;aecsdefwGif

ajrmufydkif;a'orI

urLZ[laom

vlrsKd;rsm;aexdkifMuonf/ xdkvlrskKd;wdkYonf at'D 435 ckESpfwGif uarmZEdkifiHudk xlaxmifMuonf/

uarmZrif;rsm;onf

rdrdwdkY\e,fwGif

Ak'omoemYtaqmufttkHrsm;udk

aqmufvkyfMu\/

apwDykxdk;wdkYudk wnfxm;Mu\/ Ak'bmomudk pkrMwmuGsef;? oD&d0dZ,EdkifiHrS &,ludk;uG,fMuonf/

at'D 9 &mpkwGif Z,0&ref

( Jaya Varman )

rif;onf uarm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif tifaumtrnfSdaom

NrdKUawmfudk wnfaqmufonf/ tifaum t"dym,frSm rif;aejynfjzpfonf/ tifaumaejynfawmf

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

25

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tifaum0yfac: bk&m;ausmif;BuD;udkvnf; BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm aqmufvkyf\/ xdkausmif;BuD;onf
urmYtHYzG,frsm;teuf

wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/

tifaumbk&ifwdkYonf

[dELbmom0ifrsm;

jzpfaomfvnf; r[m,me Ak'bmomudkvnf; tm;ay;csD;ajrmufcJYMuonf/

owr Z,0&refESifY Ak'bmom
at'D 11 &mpkcefYwGifrl Ak'bmomudk MunfndKudk;uG,faomrif;rsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ xdktcsdefu
Ak'bmomrSm r[m,meAk'bmomjzpf\/
Ak'bmomudktm;ay;aom

rif;rsm;teuf

owrajrmuf

Z,0&refrif;onf

tBuD;us,fqkH;

tm;ay;aom rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ xdkrif;onf tjcm;EdkifiHawmfzGHUNzdK;a&;udkvnf; pGrf;pGrf;wrH

aqmifGufonf/

tifaumNrdKUawmfopfudk

tifaumNrdKUawmfopfudk

tvsm;

rdkif?

12

&mpk

teH

twGif;
rdkif

wnfaqmufcJYonf/

us,f0ef;aom

pwk&ef;ykHjzifY

wduspGmaqmufvkyfxm;\/ NrdKUawmftvnfA[dkwGif bm,GeftrnfSd Ak'bmomausmif;BuD;udkvnf;

wnfaqmufonf/

bm,Gefausmif;BuD;onf

ausmif;awmfBuD;udk

tEkynmvuf&mrsm;pGmjzifh

ayaygif;

130

jrifYonf/

0&refrif;onf

jc,frIef;wnfaqmufonf/

ausmif;awmf\

A[dkarQmfpOfBuD;wGif Pfawmf 102 aySd Ak'kyfyGm;awmfBuD;udk xkvkyfylaZmfxm;cJYavonf/

0&refrif;onf

eef;pHNyD;aemuf

wnfaqmufcJYonf/

ESpftMumwGif

ausmif;awmfBuD;rSm

wmyGefac:

rdbk&m;BuD;\

ausmif;wdkufBuD;udkvnf;

r,fawmftwGuf

&nfpl;

aqmufvkyfcJYjcif;jzpfayonf/ wmyGefausmif;awmfBuD; aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf aus;Gmaygif; 3140

rS

GmolGmom;aygif;

79365

a,mufudk

tvkyfwm0ef

ay;cJYonf[k

qdkygonf/

xdkausmif;wdkufBuD; q&mawmfBuD;aygif; 18 yg;

&[ef;awmfaygif; 2740 yg;
omraPaygif; 2202 yg; oDwif;okH;aexdkifMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

26

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

at'D 1200 ckavmufrSmyif 0&refrif;qufvnf; ukefqkH;cJYygonf/ at'D 12 &mpkavmufwGif
jrefrmEdkifiHrS

&[ef;wpfyg;onf

a[mMum;jzefYjzL;cJYonf/

uarm'D;,m;EdkifiHodkY

xdktcsdefwGif

<ua&muf

ax&0g'Ak'omoemudk

uarm'D;,m;bk&ifwdkYonf

ax&0g'Ak'bmomudk

ESpfNcdKufMuojzifY tm;ay;ulnDcJYMuonf/ aemufydkif;wGif ax&0g'omoem jyefYyGm;vm&m 13 &mpk

ukefcsdef r[m,meESifY [dELbmomwdkY aysmufuG,foGm;&\/
14 &mpkavmufwGif oD&dvuFm ax&0g'Ak'bmomESifY vnf;aumif; xdkif;EdkifiH ax&0g'
Ak'bmomwdkYESifYvnf;aumif; qufoG,frdMuonf/ xdkrS aemufydkif;wGif ax&0g'om tajccdkif
wnfwHYvmcJYonf/
,cktcsdefwGif

uarm'D;,m;EdkifiH

ax&0g'Ak'bmomonf

aerif;yrm

vrif;tvm;

xifSm;aeavonf/
avmEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf
avm ( vmtdk )EdkifiHonf 14 &mpka&mufrS oDjcm;EdkifiHay: aygufvmjcif;jcpfonf/ avmEdkifiHjzpfay:
vma&;twGuf

crmwdkYu

tultnDay;cJMu&onf/

avmEdkifiHwGif

tapmydkif;umvrsm;u

r[m,meAk'bmomvnf; xGef;um;cJYbl;onf/ ax&0g'Ak'bmomudkrl crm(uarm'D;,m;)ESifY

xdkif;EdkifiHwdkYrSwpfqifY &SdcJYonf[k qdkayonf/
avmEdkifiHbk&ifwdkYonf ax&0g'Ak'bmomudk tm;ay;csD;ajrmufcJYojzifY 14 &mpkausmf umvuyif
ax&0g'Ak'bmomudk edkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf aMunmEdkifcJYonf/ avmEdkifiHonf uGefjrLepfrsm;
tkyfpdk;aom umvvnf; ax&0g'Ak'bmomrSm ,dkifvJjydKuGJjcif;rSdbJ wnfwHYjrJwnfwHYaecJYonf/
Ak'bmomtSdeft0g usqkH;jcif;rSdbJ ydkyif wdk;wufaeonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
,cktcsdefwGif avmEdkifiHSd vlOD;a& 95 &mcdkifEIef;rSm ax&0g'Ak'bmom0ifrsm; jzpfaeMuavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

27

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcef; ( 3 )
ax&0g'oH*g,emyGJrsm;
oH*g,em ed'gef;
Ak'bk&m;Sifonf r[mou&mZf 148 ck? ( bDpD 544 ) uqkefvjynfY t*FgaeYwGif ukodemkHjynf
tifMuif;O,Of y&dedAmefjyKawmfrlavonf/ Sifr[muyrax&fjrwfonf aemufyg &[ef; 500
jcH&Hvsuf

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk

raxjrwfESifYtzGJUonf

zl;jrif&ef

yg0gjynfrS

vrf;c&D;tMum;

ukodemkHjynfodkY<uvmMuonf/

&moDOwkyljyif;aomaMumifY

opfyifatmuf

em;cdkaeMuonf/ xdkpOf tmZD0u wuwGef; wpfa,mufonf ukodemkHrSyg0gjynfodkY vmae\/

wuwGef;onf tem;,laeaom Sifr[muyESifY awGYqkHMuonf/
Sifr[muyraxjrwfu

jrwfpGmbk&m;Sif\

taMumif;ar;jref;&m

]]

bk&m;Sif

y&dedAmefjyKoGm;NyD;jzpfaMumif; }} avsmufxm;\/ &[ef;oHCmwdkYonf xdkowif;udk odvdkuf&ojzifY

aqmufwnf&mr&awmYbJ 0rf;enf;ylaqG; idka<u;Muavonf/
tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;

idka<u;aeMuaomfvnf;

okb'f&[ef;rSmrl

idka<u;&rSef;rod?

bk&m;rSdawmYonfudkyif 0rf;om\/ okb'f&[ef;onf idka<u;aom&[ef;wdkYudk tm;ay;pum;

ajymMum;onf/
] igYSifwdkY? bmjzpfvdkY idka<u;aeMuoenf;? igwdkY[m a*gwr&[ef;BuD;vufrS vGwfajrmuf
oGm;MuNyD;? a*gwrSdwkef;uqdkvQif igwdkYudk 'DtrIYrvkyfESifY? 'DtrIYudk vkyf&rnf } qdkNyD;
uefYowfcsufawG

jyKvkyfaecJYonf/

olrBudKufwmvkyfrdvQif

b,ftmywfoifYapqdkNyD;

Oya'ynwfcsufawGESifY wm;qD;aeonf/ a*gwr[m igwdkYudk EdSyfpufnOf;qJaeoljzpfonf/ ckawmY

igwdkYjyKvdkorQ jyKEdkifMuNyD;? vkyfcsif&mudk vkyfEdkifNyD;? vGwfvyfNyD; }
okb'f&[ef;\ pum;udkMum;&ojzifY Sifr[muyrax&fBuD;onf ]] ,cktcsdefuyif rzG,fr&m
ajymqdkpnf;kH;aeNyD;?

aemifwpfcsdef

'D&[ef;rsKd;awGwdk;yGm;vmygu

t"rrIrsm;

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

wGifus,f

28

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

vmawmYrnf/ Ak'bk&m;Sif a[mMum;xm;aom "ra'oemawmfwdkYudk oH*g,emwifxm;rSomvQif
oifYawmfvdrfYrnf/ }} [k MuHpnfpOf;pm;rdavonf/
Sifr[muyESifYtzGJYonf ukodemkHjynfodkY a&mufvmaomtcg bk&m;Sif\kyfuvmyfawmfudk
awaZm"mwfavmifuGsrf;jcif;?
e,kefvqef;

"mwfawmfjzefYcsDjcif;udpwdkYudk

&ufaeYwGif

oHCmtpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif

"mwfawmfxm;&mZ&yf

aqmifGuf&onf/
oHCmtpnf;ta0;

Sifr[muyrax&fBuD;u

xdkYaemuf
usif;yonf/

oH*g,emwifyGJusif;ya&;udk

tqdkjyKavQmufxm;\/
]ighSifwdkY?

okb'f&[ef;vdk

Mo0g'a'oemawmfrsm;
wnfSdaerSomvQif

&[ef;zsif;rsm;

uG,fyoGm;Edkifygonf/

bk&m;Sif\omoemawmf

toif;tyif;rsm;cJYvQif
bk&m;Sif\

Ak'bk&m;Sif\

a'oemawmfrsm;

tSnfwnfwHYaernfjzpfygonf/

rysufrpD;
a'oemawmf

wnfwHYaeorQ bk&m;Sif oufawmfxifSm; SdaeouJYodkY jzpfygrnf/

odkYjzpf...
rolawmfw&m; rjyefYyGm;rD
olawmfaumif;w&m; raysmufysufrD
tvZDwdkY 0denf;w&m; rysufjym;rD
t"r0g'DwdkY tiftm;raumif;rD
"r0g'DwdkY tm;renf;rD...
bk&m;Sif

a[mMum;awmfrIaom

okwefa'oemawmf?

0denf;a'oemawmf?

tbd"rm

a'oemawmfwdkYudk pkaygif; oH*g,emwifMuygukeftHY? } [k avQmufxm;onf/

Sifr[muy\ tqdkjyKcsufudk oHCmawmfwdkYu ] tSifwifjyaomtaMumif;rSm tvGef
oifYavQmfvSygonf? oH*g,emwif&eftwGuf tSifbk&m;u OD;aqmifOD;GufjyK oifYavQmfrnfY
oHCmwdkYudk aG;aumufawmfrIyg? } avQmufxm;Muonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

29

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

yxr oH*g,emyGJawmf
Sifr[muyrax&fBuD;onf

oH*g,emwifyGJ

usif;yEdkif&eftwGuf

y&d,wd"r

uGsrf;usifawmfrlaom y#dord'gyw&[Em 499 yg;udk aG;cs,fpdppf pm&if;aumuf,lonf/

oH*g,emwifyGJtwGuf

&[Em

SiftmeEmyg0if&efvnf;

500

yg0if&ef

&nfG,fxm;onf/

&nfG,fxm;onf/

odkYaomfvnf;

xdktxJwGifvnf;

xdktcsdef

SiftmeEmrSm

aomwmyeftqifYom Sdaeao;onfYtwGuf pm&if;roGif;Edkifao;ay/

xdktcg

tjcm;oHCmawmfwdkYu

SiftmeEmonf

w&m;awmft&mrSm

b@mpdk;BuD;jzpfaMumif;?

bk&m;SifaSUawmfrSm

oifMum;

aouyk*dKvfyifJjzpfaomfjim;vnf;

"ruEmaygif;

Spfaomif;av;axmifudk

EIwfwGifaqmifxm;EdkifoljzpfaMumif;?

jrwfpGmbk&m;\

tvkyftauGs;jzpfcJYaom vuf&if;wynfYBuD; SiftmeEmudkcsefxm;NyD; oH*g,em rwifoifYaMumif;

avQmufxm;Muonf/
xdktcgrS Sifr[muyonf SiftmeEmudkaG;aumuf oHCmawmf 500 jynfYoGm;\/
SiftmeEmonf

rdrdudkaG;cs,fNyD;aemuf

&[Emtjzpf

oH*g,emwifyGJ0if&ef

w&m;"rudk

IUMunfYtm;xkwfav&m oH*g,emwifyGJrwdkifrD &[Em jzpfoGm;avonf/

Sifr[muyonf oHCmawmf 500 udk aG;cs,fNyD;aemuf oH*g,emwifrnfY ae&mtwGuf
&mZN*dK[fjynfudk
0gqdk0guyf&rnf/

aG;cs,fvdkufonf/
tjcm;oHCmwdkYudkrl

oH*g,emwifrnfY

oHCmwdkYonf

tjcm;NrdKUGmrsm;

0gqdkap\/

&mZN*dK[fjynf
oHCmawmfwdkYonf

&mZN*dK[fjynf 0guyfNyD;aemuf &[ef;awmf 8 yg;udk aG;cs,f tZmwowfrif;xH apvGwfonf/

oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;wGif tZmwowfrif;u

ypnf; 4 yg; 'g,um jyKvkyf tmPmpufjzifY

ulnD&ef arwm&yfcHonf/
tZmwowfrif;onf &[ef;awmfwdkYtrdefYSdonfudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omvufcHvdkuf\/ xdkYaemuf
oH*g,emwif&eftwGuf a0bm&awmif p&nf;yifBuD;Sd&m owyPdvdkPf*l0 BuD;us,fcef;em;aom
r@yfBuD;udk aqmufvkyfay;onf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

30

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

Sifr[muyESifY oHCm 500 wdkYonf bk&m;Sif y&dedAmefJjyKNyD;aemuf 3 v tMum r[mou&mZf

148

ck?

0gacgifvjynfY

vqkwf

[kvnf;qdk\

aeY

oH*g,emwifyGJudk

qifEGJusif;yMuavonf/
oH*g,emwifyGJwGif yxroH*Dwdem,u ykpu ( tar;yk*dKvf ) tjzpf Sifr[muyrax&fu
aqmifGufonf/
0denf;yd#uawmfudk bk&m;SdpOfu {w'*fxm;cJYaom SifOygvdrax&fu 0dZu ( tajzyk*dKvf )
jyK ajzqdk&onf/
SiftmeEmonf

yd#uwfawmftm;vkH;udk

rsufuG,frSd

emMum;cJYoljzpfonf/

odkYaomfvnf;

SifOygvdrSm 0denf;t&m {w'*fxm;cJYonfudk av;pm;aomtm;jzifY SifOygvdudk 0dZutjzpf

aqmifGufapjcif;jzpfonf/

xdkYaemuf

okwefyd#uESifY

tbd"rmyd#ua'oemwdkYudk

SiftmeEmraxu 0dZujyK ajzMum;avonf/

uJYodkY

tar;tajzrsm;

Gwfjyefo&Zsm,fawmfrlMuonf/

jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf
xdkyxrtMudrf

oHCmawmf

500

oH*g,emwifyGJrSm

wdkYuaygif;pk

MumNyD;rS

NyD;ajrmufcJYavonf/
Ak'bmom0ifwdkYonf

omoemou&mZfudk

xdkESpfrSp

a&wGufcJYMu\/

omoemESpftpudk

urmYordkif;ynmSifwdkYu bDpD 487 [kvnf;aumif;? 485 [kvnf;aumif; trSwftom;jyKMuonf/

oD[dkVfrl bDpD 544 udk twnfjyKxm;Muonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

31

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

'kwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf
omoemawmfESpf 100? c&pfray:rD ( bD?pD ) 387 ta&mufwGif a0omvDjynf 0Zdwdkif;om;
&[ef;wdkYonf

0denf;awmfESifY

rnDaom

t"r0wK

10

yg;

'o0wKu

)tusifY

usifYMuHjyKrlvmMuonf/ ( 10 yg;udk txufuazmfjycJYNyD;/ )

xdktcg

"r0g'Drax&fwdkYonf

y,fSm;vdkaomaMumifYvnf;aumif;?

t"r0g'DwdkY\
"r0g'Dudk

0denf;a'oem

jyKjyifusifYokH;rlUudk

uspfvspfcdkifrmapvdkaomaMumifYvnf;aumif;

oH*g,emwif&ef pDrHMu&jyefonf/
xdkoH*g,emwifyGJudk

SiftmeEm\

tSifa&owrrax&f?

tSifoAumrdrax&f?

tSifr[m,orax&f?
o'd0d[m&duwjynfY

wjynfYBuD;rsm;jzpfaom

oufawmf

tSifomVrax&f?

Sd

tSifckZaombdwrax&f

tSiforLvrax&fwdkYonfvnf;aumif;?
tSif0dob*grdrax&f?

180

tSiftEkk'g\

tSifokrerax&fwdkYonfvnf;aumif;

'kwd,oH*g,emwifyGJtwGuf OD;aqmifOD;GufjyKolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdktxJrS tcsKdUrax&fwdkYonf

Ak'bk&m;Sifudk awGUMuKH zl;jrifcJY&olrsm;jzpfonf/
txufyg rax&fwdkYtxJu tSifr[m,orax&fudk trSL;xm; &[Em 700 wdkYonf
a0omvDjynf 0gvdumkHausmif;awmfBuD; 8 vwdkifwdkif 'kwd,tBudrf oH*g,emwifyGJudk
usif;yMuonf/ ,if;oH*g,emwifyGJudk a0omvDjynf umvmaomu rif;BuD;u ypnf;av;yg;jzifY
omoemY'g,um jyKvkyf tmPmpufjzifY jznfYpGufulnDcJYavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

32

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

wwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf
yg#vdykwfjynf

taomu

oD&d"rmaomu

rif;vufxufwGif

Ak'omoemawmf

pnfa0zGHUNzdK;ae\/ taomurif;onf apmapmydkif;u Ak'bmom0ifr[kwfaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif

Ak'bmom0if jzpfvmcJYonf/ taomurif;onf Ak'bmom0if jzpfNyD;aemuf Ak'omoemudk
tBuD;tus,f csD;ajrmufonf/ odkYtavsmuf omoemY0efxrf; &[ef;a,musfm;? &[ef;rdef;rrsm;
tajrmuftrsm;wdk;yGm;vm\/
tajctaeudk tcGifYaumif;,lvsuf omoemYjyifyrS wdwdwdkYonf Ak'omoemwGif;odkY0if
&[ef;jyKMuonf/ ,if;wdwdwdkYonf Ak'bmomudk ,kHMunf 0ifa&ufvmolrsm; r[kwfMu/
omoemawmf

w&m;udkvnf;

roifMum;Muay/

xdk&[ef;wk

&[ef;a,mifwdkYonf

Ak'w&m;ESifYrpyfqdkifaom t,l0g'rsm;udk Ak'w&m;awmftjzpf a[majymaeMuonf/ rdrdwdkY\

t,l0g'rsm;udk Ak'w&m;xJodkY xnfYoGif;aeMuonf/ Ak'\ "ra'oemrsm;rSm oefYpifrIr&SdawmY/
tcsKdU&[ef;wdkYurI rD;udkylaZmfMuonf/ vkyfa<u;Muonf/ aeudkylaZmfMuonf/ vkyfa<u;Muonf/
Ak'&[ef;awmf

trnfcHNyD;

omoemYjyifyudk;uG,frlrsm;udk

ylaZmfudk;uG,faeMuonf/

oHCmppfoHCmrSefwdkYonf azmfjyyg &[ef;wkrsm;ESifY taygif;toif;rjyKMu/ Oykofy0g&Pm paom

oHCmYuHrsm; rjyKvkyfMuay/
taomukH ausmif;wdkufBuD; aexdkifaom oHCmwdkYonf odkY t,l0g'uGJjym; aeonfrSm 7
ESpfrQ MujrifYcJYonf/ taomu tkyfcsKyfaome,fajrt&yf&yfwGifvnf; odkYyif omoemawmfa&;
rpifMu,frIrsm;? t,l0g' a&maxG;aerIrsm; us,fyGm;jyefYyGm;aeavonf/ taomurif;onf
uJYodkY roefYSif;rpifMu,fjzpfaeaom Ak'omoemawmfudk oefYSif;aom omoemjzpfap&ef
pDrHonf/
taomurif;onf

Ak'omoemwGif;

0ifa&mufaeMuaom

&[ef;wk&[ef;a,mifwdkYudk

0g'a&;&mESifYywfouf ppfar;onf/ &[ef;a,mifwdkYonf Ak''tppftrSefudk rajzMuEdkifMu/

Ak'0g'jyifyt,l0g'rsm;udk Ak'0g'tjzpf a&maESmajzqdkMuonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

33

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

taomurif;onf uJYodkYppfaq;NyD;aemuf Ak'0g'trSefudk rajzEdkifaom &[ef;wk wdwdaygif;

60000

(ajcmufaomif;)

ESifxkwfypfvdkufonf/
Sifr[marm*vdykwwd

udkt0wfjzLvJ

taomrif;onf
trI;jyKaom

vlxGufaponf/

taomukHausmif;wdkufrS

omoemawmfoefYpifa&;udk
&[Emaygif;

1000

aqmifGufNyD;aemuf

(wpfaxmif)wdkYonf/

Ak'\

"ra'oemoefYpifa&;twGuf wwd,tBudrf oH*g,emwif&jyefonf/

wwd,oH*g,emwifyGJudk omoemESpf 235 ( bD? pD 252 )ck? e,kefvrSpjyKvkyf&m 9 v-MumrS
NyD;ajrmufonf/ xdkwwd,oH*g,em wifyGJBuD;\ omoemY'g,umrSm taomurif;w&m;BuD;yif
jzpfavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

34

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

pwkw oH*g,emyGJawmf
pwkwoH*g,em rwifrD tBudKESpfrsm;u oD[dkVfuGsef; 0#*grPdrif; eef;pHcJYonf/ eef;pH
rMumrDrSmyif usnf;om;vlrsKd;wdkY\ jA[Pwd olykefab;BuD;jzpfyGm;onf/ 0#*grPdonf
olykef&efab;aMumifY eef;rSqif; xGufajy;ykef;atmif;ae&\/ xdkumvrSmyif rdk;uvnf;acgifojzifY
oD;ESHrsm;ysufcJY&m wpfuGsef;vkH; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jyD; 'kAduE&uyfBuD;ESifY &ifqdkifMu&avonf/
oHCmawmfwdkY

tpmjywfojzifY

Ak'\

yd#uwfa'oemawmfwdkYudk

GwfqdkEdkifjcif;rSdMuay/

xdktcsdefxd oHCmwdkYonf Ak'\ "ra'oemwdkYudk EIwfjzifYom xdef;odef;vmcJYMu\/ uJYodkY

iwfrGwfab;ESifYMuHKawGU&aomtcg &[ef;wdkYavema&m*gx a&m*gb,rsm; jzpfay:vmMuonf/
odkYaomfvnf;

yd#uwfawmfrsm;

rarYaysmuf&ef

BudK;pm;

Gwfqdkxdef;odrf;aeMu&onf/

tcsKdU&[ef;awmfrsm;rSm t[m&jywf jyefvGefawmf rlukefMuonf/

raoraysmufbJ usef&pfaomoHCmwdkYu yd#uwfawmfwdkYudk EIwfqifYurf; xdef;odrf;aeMu&onf/
odkY yifyef;BuD;pGm apmifYaSmufae&onfrSm 12 ESpfrQ MumjrifYcJYavonf/ xdkESpfrsm;twGif;
0#*grPdrif;onf olykef&efudk jyefvnfEdSrfeif;EdkifojzifY 'kwd,tBudrf xD;eef;udk pHjref;&jyefonf/
xdktcg yd#uwf 3 ykHudk EIwfikHaqmifcJYaom &[ef;wdkYonf EIwfqifYurf; o,faqmif&ojzifY
wm0efBuD;vSonf/ tu,f ab;'kuESifyMuKHojzifY jyefqdkjcif; rjyKEdkifvQif Ak'a'oemawmfrsm;
uG,faysmufoGm;Edkifonf/ xdkYaMumifY a'oemawmf t&yf&yfudk pmayjzifY rSwfwrf;wifxm;rS
pdwfcs&rnf[k pOf;pm;rdMuonf/
xdkYaMumifY oD[dkVfoHCm &[EmwdkYonf yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ayvGmGufay: tu&mpmjzifY
rSwfwrf;jyK oH*g,emwifMu&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/ ,if;odkY qkH;jzwfNyD;aemuf tSifr[m"r&udw
trI;jyKaom &[Em 500 wdkYonf omoemESpf 450 ckESpfwGif rv,Zeyk'f tmavmu vdkPf*l
pwkw

oH*g,emwifyGJudk

usif;yMuonf/

yd#uwfa'oemwdkYudk

ayxuftu&m

wifawmfrlMuavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

35

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

yOr oH*g,emyGJawmf
NrefrmEkdifiHudkpdk;tkyfaom rif;wkef;rif;onf Nrefrmou&mZf 1221 ckESpfwGif rEav;&wemyHkNrdKUudk
wnfaxmifonf/

rif;wkef;rif;onf

NrdKUawmfopf

aumif;rIawmf

avmurm&Zdef

ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m; twkr&Sdausmif;awmfBuD;paom aumif;rIawmfrsm;pGmwdkYudk wnfxm;onf/

&efukefNrdKU&Sd a&Twd*HkapwDawmfBuD;udkvnf; xD;awmftopf wifvIonf/
rif;wkef;rif;onf

1222

ayxuftu&mwifonf/
a&S;acwfomoemNyKrif;rsm;

ck

wefaqmifrkef;vup

xdkrQNzifYtm;r&ao;bJ
raqmif&Gufbl;aom

yd#uwfoHk;yHk

yd#uwfawmfrsm;
yd#uwfawmf

ygVdawmfwdkYudk

t&SnfwnfwHYa&;twGuf
ausmufxuftu&mwif&ef

qE&SdvmNyefonf/
xdkYaBumifY pusifawmifrS ausmufNym;rsm;udkrSm,l yd#uefawmf ausmufxuftu&mwifvkyfief;udk
aqmif&Gufonf/ yd#uwfawmfwdkYudk rlrSefoefYpifa&;twGuf atmufyg q&mawmfBuD;rsm;udk
avQmufxm;wm0efay;onf/
1/ rdzk&m;acgifBuD; pBuma'0D\q&mNzpfaom ]Zm*&mbd0Ho wdyd#u "&r[m"r&mZm"d&mZ*k&k}
bGJYawmf& 'udPm&mrq&mawmf?
2/ aoewf0efBuD;\ q&mNzpfaom ]e&dEmbd od&d o'r aZmwdygv"Z &mZm*k&k} bGJU&q&mawmf?
3/ ]okr*Fvomrd od&d y0& rPd"Z r[m"r&mZm"d &mZ*k&k} bGJY&q&mawmfwdkYNzpfonf/
vlyk*dKvfrsm;bufrSvnf; cef;ywfNrdKUpm;? a,mNrdKUpm;? rdkif;cdkif;NrdKUpm; ponfYyk*KdvfwdkYudk BuD;Buyf
aqmif&Gufap\/
rif;wkef;rif;\ausmufxuftu&mwifvkyfief;rSm ou&mZf 1230 NynfYESpf?uqkefvqef; 14
&ufaeYwGif NyD;pD;atmifNrifcJYonf/ yd#uwfawmfwdkYudk ausmufpmtNzpfrSwfwrf;wif&m
1/ 0denf;ig;usrf;ygVdawmf...............111 csyf
2/ tbd"rmygVdawmf........................208 csyf
3/ okwefygVdawmf............................410 csyf
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

36

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

pkpkaygif;ausmufcsyfa& 729 csyf&Sdayonf/
rif;wkef;rif;onf a&S;a&S;aomrif;rsm;NzpfonfY tZmwowf? umvmaomu? oD&d"rmaomu?
0#*grPdrif;wdkY vufxufuuJYodkY yd#uwfawmfudk EIwfNzifY&Gwfqdkaom oH*g,emwifyGJudk
NyKvkyfvdkaomqE

Nzpfay:vmNyefonf/

q&mawmfrsm;ESifYnSdEIif;

oH*g,emwifyGJ

xdktaBumif;udk
usif;y&ef

a&TNrdKUawmf&Sd

wHqdyf&?

qkH;jzwfonf/

r&

xdkYaemuf

'udPm&mrq&mawmf? qD;befeDq&mawmf? pD;awmfjrif;0efwdkufq&mawmf wdkYudk trSL;xm;

oHCmawmf 2400 wdkYudk aTeef;awmfodkY yifYaqmifNyD;vQif jrefrmou&mZf 1233 ck? omoemESpf
2415 ck? c&pfESpf 1871 ck? wefcl;vjynfYausmf 11 &ufaeYwGif yOroH*g,emwifyGJudk usif;yonf/
xdkoH*g,emwifyGJwGif

yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk

EIwfjzifY

GwfqdkMu&m

5-vESifY

3-&ufMumrS

NyD;ajrmufcJYavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

37

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

q| oH*g,emyGJawmf
jrefrmou&mZf

1247-ckESpfwGif

jrefrmEkdifiHonf

t*Fvdyf

ukdvkdeDwkdY\

vufatmufokdY

usa&mufcJh&onf/ jrefrmwkdYonf t*FvdyfwkdY\ vufatmufu kef;xGuf&ef enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh

BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ vlyk*dKvfrsm;omr[kwf? Ak'bmom &[ef;awmfwkdYvnf; vGyfvyfa&;twGuf
yg0ifa[majymMuonf/

toif;tzGJUrsm;

wnfaxmif

vlrsdK;

bmom

omoemtwGuf

tm;BudK;rmefwuf aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ xkdtcsdefu rsdK;cspftoif;rsm;pGm ay:aygufcJh\/

oHCmawmfwkdYonfvnf;

toif;tzGJUxlaxmif

omoema0NzdK;a&;ukd

BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/

xkdtzGJUrsm;teuf ] oHComr*D } ac:tzGJUBuD;onf tiftm;aumif;aom tzGJUBuD; jzpfonf/

oHComr*DtzGJUrS oHCmawmfwkdYonf c&pfESpf 1920-jynfhvGefESpfavmufuyif q|rtBudrf
oH*g,emwif&ef aqmfMocJhMuonf/ okdYaomfvnf; t*Fvdyftpkd;&onf oH*g,emwifa&;ukd
pdwftawG;rQ r0ifcJhMuay/ okdYjzifh 1948-ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&; &vmonf/
xkdtcsdef jrefrmq&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf q|oH*g,emwif&eftwGuf Ekd;Mum;wuf<u vmMuonf/
vuf&Sd yd#uwfawmfrsm;rSm wpfqifh ul;,l&mwGifvnf;aumif;? ykHESdyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? yk'f? ygXf?
tu&m?

0gus

csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;

tu&mcsdKU,Gif;ygu

wjznf;jznf;

ay:aygufvm

t"dym,fjyefqkdrIvnf;vGJrSm;Ekdifonf/

aeonf/
t"dym,f

yk'f?

ygXfrrSef
vGJrSm;ygu

y&d,wda'oemrsm; ysufpD;oGm;Ekdifayonf/
xkdYaMumifh y&d,wda'oem oefYpifa&;twGuf q|rtBudrf oH*g,emwif&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/
xkdoH*g,emwifyGJBuD;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHawmforw OD;bOD;u omoem'g,umtjzpf cH,lonf/
EkdifiHawmf tpkd;&tzGJU\ tBuD;tuJjzpfol 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Eku taxGaxG tmPmpufjzifh
ulnDaqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef,lonf/
owdk;oD&dok"r

olaX;BuD;

wkdif;oljynfom;wkdY\udk,fpm;

qmOD;oGifOD;aqmifaom
ypnf;av;yg;jzifh

EkdifiHawmf

Ak'omoemtzGJUBuD;uvnf;

axmufyHhylaZmf&ef

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

wm0ef,lMu\/
38

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

0efBuD;csKyfuawmf a':jr&DtrSL;jyKaom trsdK;orD;rsm;uvnf; oH*g,em a0,sm0p vkyfief;rsm;ukd
tm;wufoa&m yg0if vkyftm;'gersm; vSL'gef;Muonf/
okdY tzufzufrS jynfhpkHNyD;aemuf rEav;NrdKUrS anmif&rf;q&mawmf tbd"Z r[m&|*kk
b'Ea&0wrax&f trSL;jyKaom oHCmawmf 2500-wkdYonf &efukefNrdKU? urm at;ukef;ajr&dS
r[mygomPvkdPf*lawmfBuD;- omoemou&mZf 2498-ck?
- c&pfESpf 1954-ck? arv (17) &uf ?
- jrefrmou&mZf 1316-ck? uqkefvqef; (15) &ufaeYwGif q|rtBudrf oH*g,emwifyGJukfd usif;yMuavonf/
q|oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;okdY xkdif;? uarm'D;,m;?avm? oD&dvuFmEkdifiHwkdYrS ax&0g'&[ef;awmf
144-yg;? jrefrmEkdifiHrS &[ef;awmf 2473-yg;wkdYu 245-&uf MumjrifhpGm &GwfyGm;awmfrlMuonf/
xkdoH*g,emwifyGJokdY ax&0g'r[kwfaom *syef? wdAuf? AD,uferf? ukd&D;,m;? *smAm;uRef;?
rav;uRef;?

qpfuif;jynfpaom

EkdifiHwkdYrS

r[m,me*kdPf;

&[ef;awmfwkdYvnf;

oH*Dwdum&utjzpfvnf;aumif;? tm*EK{nfhonfawmftjzpfvnf;aumif; <ua&mufMu ayonf/

xkdoH*g,emyGJBuD;wGif q|oH*Dwdykpu (tar;yk*dKvf) tjzpf t*r[my@dw r[mpnfq&mawmf
b'EaombP rax&fuvnf;aumif;? q|oH*Dwd 0dZu (tajz yk*dKvf)tjzpf wdyd#u"&
"rb@m*g&du

t*r[m

y@dw?

tbd"Z

r[m&X*k&k

b'E

0dpdwom&mbd0Ho

rax&fuvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufawmfrlMuonf/
xkdYaemuf

yd#uwfa'oemawmfwkdYukd

puLxuf

tu&mwif

oefYpifa&;ukd

aqmif&GufawmfrlMuonf/
q|oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;onf omoemawmf 2500-jynfonfhESpf? jrefrmou&mZf 1318-ck?
uqkefvjynfhaeY? c&pfESpf 1956-ckESpf? arv 24-&ufaeYwGif NyD;qkH;cJhavonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

39

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcef; (4)
ax&0g' yd#uwfawmf
ax&0g'[lonf
ax&0g'\ t"dym,fukd ] Ak'a'oemawmfa0g[m&tbd"mef } usrf; pmrsufESm 274--] ]] rax&f
tqufqufwkdY raysmufrysuf&atmif aqmifxm;tyfaom xdef;odrf;tyfaom bk&m;pum;awmf
t,lpum;pOf }}
]] t&Sifr[muy tp&Sdaom rax&f tqufqufwkdY rl&if;rysuf oH*g,emwifvsuf xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufxm;tyfaom bk&m;pum;ygVdawmftwkdif; usifhMuHaexkdifaom t,l0g'ukd ] ax&0g' }
[k ac:onf/ }}[l zGifhjyxm;onf/
ax&0g'&[ef;awmfwkdYonf

rdrdwkdY\

"ra'oemrsm;ukd

ygVdbmomjzifh

EIwfqifhurf;

vnf;aumif;? pmrSwfwrf;jzifhvnf;aumif; xdef;odrf;vmcJhMu\/ xkda'oem t&yf&yfwkdYukdpkaygif;

] yd#uwfawmf } [k ac:qkdMuonf/
yd#u\ t"dym,frSm ] jcif;awmif; } [l jzpfonf/ vlwkdYonf o,f,lp&m ypnf;rsm;ukd
jcif;awmif;wkdYjzifh

o,f,lMu\/

xkdYtwl

Ak'w&m;awmfwkfdYukdvnf;

Ak'bk&m;&Sif

vufxufawmfrSp acwftqufquf rax&fjrwfwkdYu vufqifhurf; o,f,lcJhMuojzifh

jcif;awmif;ESifh wifpm;um yd#u[l ac:qkdvmcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/
ax&0g' Ak'bmom0ifwkdY xdef;odrf;vmcJhaom yd#ursm;rSm(1) 0de, yd#u?
(2) okwE yd#u?
(3) tbd"r yd#u[l okH;rsdK; &Sdonf/ xkdokH;rsdK;vkH;ukd aygif;kH; ac:qkdaomtcg ] yd#uwf } [l
ac:qkdMuavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

40

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(1) 0de, yd#uawmf
&[ef;a,musfm;ESifh &[ef;rdef;rrsm;twGuf owfrSwf ynwfxm;aom usifh0wfpnf;urf;rsm;
jzpfonf/ xkd0de,yd#uukd 5-usrf; xyfrH cGJjcm;xm;\/
(u) yg&mZduPf ygVdawmf . &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf &nfnTef;aom odumyk'f 49-yg; yg&Sdonf/
(c)

ygpdwf

ygVdawmf

&[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf

&nfnTef;aom

odumyk'f

178-yg;ESifh

bduKeDwkdYtwGuf &nfnTef;aom odumyk'f 311-yg; yg&dSonf/

(*) r[m0* ygVdawmf . oHCmrsm; vkdufem&rnfh usifh0wfrsm;? vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm;ukd tcef; 10ckjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/
(C) plV0* ygVdawmf . oHCmhtzGJUESifh ywfoufaom pnf;rsOf; Oya'wkdYukd tcef;aygif; 12-ckwkdYjzifh
azmfjyxm;onf/
(i) y&d0g ygVdawmf . 0denf;odumyk'fwkdYukd usufrSwfvkdolwkdYtwGuf tusOf;csKyf jyKpkxm;aom
usrf;jzpfonf/
(2) okwE yd#uawmf
Ak'bk&m;&Sif a&S;OD;pGm a[mMum;aom "rpMumw&m;awmfrS p y&dedAmefjyKcgeD; aemufqkH;jzpfaom
Mo0g'a'oemawmftxd 45-ESpfywfvkH; a[mMum;awmfrlonfh a'oemawmf trsdK;tpm;rsm;
jzpfonf/
okwE yd#uukd edum,ftm;jzifh 5-pk zGJUxm;onf/ ,if;wkdYrSm(u) 'DCedum,f ?
(c) rZdredum,f ?
(*) oH,kwedum,f ?
(C) t*kFw&edum,f ?
(i) ck'uedum,fwkdY jzpfayonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

41

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(u) 'DCedum,f . &Snfvsm;aom okwfwkdYukd aygif;pnf;xm;aomaMumifh 'DCedum,f[k ac:onf/
,if;'DCedum,f(1) oDvuE0* 13-okwf ?
(2) r[m0* 10-okwf ?
(3) ygxdu0* 11-okwf yg0ifonf/
(c)

rZdredum,f

r&SnfvGef;

rwkdvGef;tv,ftvwfjzpfaom

okwfwkdYukd

aygif;pnf;xm;aomaMumifh rZdredum,f[k ac:onf/

,if;rZdredum,f(1) rlvyPmo 50-okwf ?
(2) rZdryPm, 50-okwf ?
(3) Oy&dyPmo 52-okwf yg0ifonf/
(*)

oH,kwedum,f

a'oemawmfcsif;

wlnDaom

tcsufwpfckckukd

rlxm;

pkpnf;

aygif;pyfxm;aom okwfrsm;ukd oH,kwedum,f[k ac:onf/

,if;oH,kwedum,f(1) o*gxm0*f oH,kwfaygif; 11 ?
(2) ed'ge0*f oH,kwfaygif; 10 ?
(3) cE0*f oH,kwfaygif; 13 ?
(4) oVm,we0*f oH,kwfaygif; 12 ?
(5) r[m0*f oH,kwfaygif; 12- yg0ifonf/
(C) t*Fkw&edum,f . {uedygwfrS {um'oedygwfwkdifatmif tykdif;i,f edygwf 11-ck? okwfaygif;
9557-okwf/
(i) ck'uedum,f . a&S;edum,f av;&yfwkdYrS aemufxyfjzpfaom ck'uygXponfh usrf;tpkukd
ac:onf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

42

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

,if;ck'uedum,f atmufygusrf;rsm; yg0ifonf/
(1) ck'uygX . wkdawmif;onfh tpk 9-rsdK; yg0ifonf/
(2) "ry' . 0*faygif; 26? *gxmaygif; 423-yg0ifonf/
(3) O'ge . Ak'bk&m;&Sif usL;&ifhaom pum;rsm; jzpfonf/ 0*faygif; 8-ckESifh O'gef;aygif; 82-yk'f
yg0ifonf/
(4) wd0kwu . edygwf 4-ck? okwfaygif; 120-yg0ifonf/
(5) okwedygw . okwfi,frsm; pkaygif;xm;onf/ 0*f 5-ck? okwf 54-ESifh ykpm 61ck yg0ifonf/
(6) 0drme0wK . bkHeef;Adrmefqkdif&m tjzpftysufwkdYukd azmfjyxm;\/ 0*f 7-ck? Zmwf 83-yk'f
yg0ifonf/
(7) ayw0wK . i&Javmu\ qif;&JwkdYukd azmfjyxm;\/ 0*f 4-ck? 0wKyk'faygif; 50- yg0ifonf/
(8) ax&*gxm . rax&fBuD; 107-yg;\ tqkdtrdefYrsm;ukd edygwf 21-ckjzifh cGJjcm; azmfjyxm;onf/
(9) ax&D*gxm . ax&Dr,f 73-yg;wkdY\ wifjycsufrsm;ukd edygwf 16-ckjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/
(10) Zmwu . Ak'bk&m;&Sif\ a&S;jzpfpOfwkdYukd azmfjyxm;\/ tykdif;i,f edygwf 22-ck?
Zmwf0wKaygif; 547-Zmwf yg0ifonf/
(11) r[meda'o .okwedygwfusrf;vm t|u0*f\ a0g[m&t"dym,fwkdYukd xyfrH zGifhqkdxm;onf/
(12) plVeda'o . okwedygwfusrf;vm aemuf0*f 3-ckukd xyfrH csJUzGifhxm;onf/
(13) y#dord'gr* . "r\ tajccH tcsufwkdYukd okyfcGJ a0zefjyonf/ u@BuD; 3-ckESifh
u@i,f rsm;pGm yg0ifonf/
(14) ty'ge . rGefjrwfaom usifhxkH;wkdYukd usifhokH;cJhaom yk*dKvfwkdY taMumif;ukd azmfjyxm;onf/
u@ 55-ckjzifh rax&f 550-wkdY b0ukd azmfjyxm;\/ xkfdYjyif u@ 4-ckwkdYjzifh ax&D 40-wkdY\
b0ukdvnf;aumif;?

aemufqufwJGtjzpf

Ak'y'geESifh

yapuAk'y'gewkdYukd

qufvuf

azmfjyxm;onf/
(15) Ak'0Ho . bk&m;&SifwkdY\ b0jzpfpOfukd tpDtpOfjzifh azmfjyxm;\/ xkdYjyif Ak'yudPu
u@ESifh "mwkbmZed, uxmwkdYukdvnf; xnfhoGif; azmfjyxm;onf/
(16) p&d,myd#u . bk&m;tavmif;awmf yg&rD jznfhqnf;cJhonfh b0wkdYukd azmfjyonf/ Ak'\
a&S;b0aygif; 35-ckom yg0ifonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

43

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(3) tbd"r yd#uawmf
okwef? 0denf;wkdYxuf uJvGefaom oabmw&m;rsm;? eufeJaom obm0"rrsm;ukd pkpnf;
azmfjyxm;aomaMumifh tbd"ryd#u[k ac:onf/ tbd"r yd#uukd usrf;tm;jzifh 7-usrf;
cGJjcm;xm;onf/
(u) "ro*FPD . tykdif;BuD; 4-ykdif; cGJvsuf ouf&Sdf oufrJhtm;vkH;wkdY\ kyfemrfobm0ukd
a&wGufjyonf/
(c) 0db*F . "robm0ukd t"dym,f cGJjcrf;jyoxm;aom 0db*Fac: tzGifhaygif; 18-ck yg0ifonf/
(*) "mwkuxm . y&rww&m;wkdYukd u@ 14-ck cGJjcm;um enf; 4-yg;wkdYjzifh tus,fw0ef;
&Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf/
(C) yk*vynwd .u@BuD; 10-ckwkdY 1-rS 10-txd yk*dKvftrsdK;tpm;wkdYukd eda'otvkduf
xnfhoGif;xm;\/
(i) uxm0wK . Ak'0g' *kdPf;uGJrsm;\ t,l0g'rsm;ukd pkaygif;wifjyxm;onf/ 0*faygif; 23ckjzifh ax&0g'rS okwfaygif; 500-ESifh y&0g'rS okwfaygif; 500-wkdYukd EdIif;,SOfjyxm;onf/
(p) ,ru . tbd"rmoabmw&m;rsm; jzpfwnfaeykHukd rlv? cE? tm,we? "mwk? op? ocFg&?
tEko,? pdw? "r? `Ed,[laom ,ru 10-yg;wkdYjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/
(q) y|me . "rtEkavmrponfwkdY wduy|mepaom y|mef; 6-yg;wkdYjzifh yGm;tyfonf jzpf
24-yg;aom y|mef;wkdYukd &&Sdonf/ y|mef;wpfyg;pD y#dp0g&paom 0g& (7) yg;wkdYjzihf
wefqmqifxm;onf/
txufu

azmfjycJhNyD;aom

yd#uwfawmfrsm;rSwpfyg;

tjcm;aom

ygVdusrf;*ef

rsm;vnf;

&Sdao;onf/ xkdusrf;rsm;onf yd#uwfokH;ykH\ aemufqufwGJusrf;rsm; jzpfonf/ t|uxmwkdY\

a&SUajy;jzpfaom ygVdusrf;pmrsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;usrf;wkdYukd atmufygtwkdif; awGU&onf/
(1)

aewdyu&P

."ra&;&mESifh

ywfoufaom

a0g[m&ESihf

t"dym,fwkdYukd

&Sif;vif;

azmfjyxm;onf/
(2) ay#aumya'o . yd#uwfokH;ykHrS aumif;Ekd;&m&m tcsufwkdYukd aygif;pk wifjyxm;onf/
(3) rdvdEyOm . yd#uwfawmfwGif tus,fw0ifh yg&Sdaom owd? orm"d?ynm ponfh
tusifhw&m;rsm;? z? a0'empaom tjzpfw&m;rsm;ukd aphpyfpGm aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;onf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

44

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

Ak'usrf;pm pdppf&m
ax&0g'

Ak'0g'Dyk*dKvfwkdYonf

Ak'bk&m;

a[mMum;aom

yd#uwfokH;ykH

w&m;pkHwkdYukd

pwkwoH*g,emwifyGJ ay&Gufjzifh tu&mwifcJhMu\/

yOr oH*g,emwifyGJ ausmufpmjzifh tu&mwif rSwfwrf;jyKcJhMuonf/
q| oH*g,emwifyGJwGifrl puLjzifh tu&mwif rSwfwrf; jyKcJhMuonf/ q| oH*g,emrSrSwfwrf;
jyK&m ] q|rl } ac: pmtkyfrsm;jzifh okdY cGJjcm; kdufESdyfxm;Mu\/
usrf;trnf...........

usrf;a&...............

pmtkyfa&

0denf;..................

5........................

'DCedum,f..........

3........................

rZdredum,f.........

3........................

oH,kwedum,f.....

5........................

t*Fkw&edum,f....

11......................

ck'uedum,f.......

19......................

11

tbd"rm.............

7........................

12

pkpkaygif;.............

53......................

40

pwkw? yOr? q| oH*g,emwifyGJwkdY aypm? ausmufpm? puLpmwkdYjzifh rSwfwrf;wifcJhMu&mwGif

ta&twGufwkdYukd okdY awGU&Sd&onf/
- ay&Gufa&..................

6345 - &Guf ?

- ausmufcsyfa&............

729 - csyf ?

- pmtkyfa&...................

40 - tkyf ?

- pm&Gufa&...................

6547 - &Guf ?

- pmrsufESm...................

13094 - rsufESm ?

- pmaMumif;a&..............

404070 - aMumif; &Sdayonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

45

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

yd#uwf okH;ykHvkH; yg0ifaom tu&m vkH;a&rSm 11021750 (wpfuka# wpf oef; ESpfaomif;
wpfaxmif ckepf&mh ig;q,f) &Sdavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

46

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcef; (5)
ax&0g' "r&wem
bmomrsm;xJu Ak'bmom
urmhorkdif; wpfavQmufwGif vlom;wkdY ukd;uG,fcJhMuaom bmom0g'rsm;um; rsm;jym;vSayonf/
orkdif;OD; bmoma&;onf vlom;wkdY\ t,ltqt& jzpfay:vmaom bmomt,l0g'rsm;
jzpfonf/ aemufykdif;wGif bmom0g'ukdxlaxmifaom vlom;rsm; ay:aygufvm\/ bmomw&m;ukd
a[majymaom yk*dKvfrsm;onf bmom&Sifrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/
bmom0g'ukd xlaxmifa[majymaom olwkdYonf omrefyk*dKvfrsm; r[kwfMu/ obm0ukd
avhvmvsuf tawGUopf? todopfwkdYukd &SmazGMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ rdrdwkdY\ ywf0ef;usifwGif
cH,laeMuaom

,kHMunfcsufrsm;ukd

xkda[mMum;csufrsm;ukd

aESmif;vlwkdYu

todopfjzifh

acszsuf

rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf/

a[mMum;Muonf/

xkdrSwfwrf;BuD;

rsm;onf

bmom&SifwkdY\ "rpmayrsm;tjzpf wnf&Sdaeavonf/

bmom0g'rsm;ukd

avhvm&m

tcsdKUaom

bmom&SifwkdYonf

rdrdwkdY\

"ropfrsm;ukd

kd;&m,Ofaus;rIjzifh csOf;uyf a[majymMuonf/ "avha[mif; ,Ofaus;rIukd rSDckd bmom0g'ukd

xlaxmifMuonf/ xkdbmom0g'rsm;rSm(1) [dELbmom ?
(2) c&pf,mefbmom ?
(3) tpvmrfbmom ponfwkdY jzpfonf/
urmay:wGif

xif&Sm;aom

txufyg

bmomBuD;

3-ckwkdYonf

a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI

t,l0g'rsm;wGif yg0ifaeaom xm0&bk&m;ukd tajcjyKonfh bmom0g'rsm; jzpf ayonf/

xm0&bk&m; qkdonfum; urmavmuBuD;ESifhwuG ouf&Sd oufrJh t&mtm;vkH;ukd zefqif;aom
teEwefckd;&Sif jzpfonf/ tvkH;pkHukdodaom Pfawmf&Sifvnf; jzpfonf/ arwm&Sifvnf;

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

47

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jzpfonf/ xkdt&Sifonf pMu0VmteE tpOfxm0& wnf&Sdaeonf/ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; r&Sdaom
wefckd;&SifBuD; jzpfonf/
vl wd&pmefESifh rnfonfht&m0wKrqkd xm0&bk&m;ocif\ tvkdqEtwkdif;om jzpfay:vm&onf/
ysufpD;oGm;&onf/ pMu0Vm avmu"mwfBuD; r&SdrDuyif xm0&bk&m;&Sif &SdaeNyD jzpf\/
pMu0VmBuD;

ysufpD;oGm;aomfvnf;

xm0&bk&m;ocifum;

ysufpD;jcif;

r&Sd/

qufvuf

wnf&SdaeOD;rnf jzpf\/ um; xm0&bk&m;ocif\ oabmyif jzpfonf/

xm0&bk&m;ukd jiif;y,fvsuf obm0w&m;ukd azmfjyaom bmomum; Ak' bmom jzpfonf/
Ak'bmom- xm0&bk&m;ukd jiif;y,f\/
- tww&m;ukd vufrcH/
- u,fwif&Sif[l r&Sd/
- zefqif;rIukd twnfrjyK/
rdrdukd,fukd rdrdomvQif zefwD;onf[laom "ra'oemopfukd a[mMum;vsuf bmom0g'ukd
xlaxmifcJholum; a*gwrAk' jzpfonf/ Ak'bk&m;onf "avhkd;&m pdwful;,Of0g'rsm;ukd vufrcHbJ
tajccHusaom vlom;b0ukd t"duxm; w&m;"rwkdYukd a[mMum;cJhavonf/
Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf rdrd\ "ropfa'oemwkdYukd 45-ESpfywfvkH; aumovwkdif;? r*"wkdif;ESifh
**Fgjrpf0Srf;ajrmufbuf&Sd a'otESHYtjym; a[mjycJhonf/ rdrd\ bmom0g' jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf
oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;ukd xlaxmif atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf/
Ak'bmom0if jzpfjcif;
Ak'bmom0ifwpfOD; jzpf&eftwGuf us,fjyefYaom Oya'rsm; r&Sday/ Ak'bmom avmu
ukd;uG,f&m 3-rsdK; &Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm(1) Ak'bk&m;ukd ukd;uG,f&m[l qnf;uyfjcif;?
(2) Ak'\ w&m;awmfukd ukd;uG,f&m[l qnf;uyfjcif;?
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

48

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(3) Ak'\ oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;ukd ukd;uG,f&m[lk qnf;uyfjcif;wkdY jzpfayonf/ okH;yg;ukd ,kHMunfvufcHvkdufygu Ak'bmom0if jzpfayNyD/ xkdokH;yg;ukd
o&P*kH 3-yg;[k Ak'bmomwkdY ac:qkdMuonf/
Ak'bmom oDv
Ak'bmom0if wpfOD;twGuf vkdufemusifhokH;&onfh usifh0wf 5-rsdK; &Sdonf/
(1) olUtoufukd owfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?
(2) olwpfyg; ypnf;ukd ckd;,ljcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?
(3) umr*kPf azmufjyefrIrS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?
(4) r[kwfrrSef ajymqkdjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?
(5) rl;,pfypnf; okH;pGJjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif; wkdY jzpfonf/
Ak'bmom0ifwkdYonf tcgBuD; &ufBuD;rsm;wGif 8-yg;oDvukd aqmufwnf usifhokH;Mu\/ xkdYjyif
tjcm; usifh0wfoDvrsm;vnf; &Sdao;\/ Ak'bk&m;\ "ra'oemrsm; vlom;wkdYtwGuf vufiif;
vufawGU tusdK;jzpfaprnfh "ra'oemrsm;vnf; rsm;jym;aX;<u,fvSonf/ Ak'bk&m;u ol\
"ra'oemwkdYrSm vufiif;csrf;omukd &&Sdap&rnf/ tcgrqkdif; tusdK;&Sdap&rnf/ prf;oyfcHEkdifaom
pGrf;&nf &Sdonf[l twdtvif; a[mMum;cJhonf/
Ak'bk&m;vufxufwGif bmom0g'ukd xlaxmifaeMuaom *kfdPf;q&mBuD;rsm; ay:aygufae\/
,if;q&mBuD;wkdYuvnf; rdrdwYkd\ w&m;omvQif trSefjzpfygonf[k a<u;aMumf atmf[pfvsuf
a[m>rufaeMu\/ tdEd,jynfolwkdYonf 0g'rsm;tMum; Asmrsm;aeMuolrsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf/
rnfonfh0g'urSefonf

rSm;onf[l

ra0cGJwwfolrsm;

&Sdaeonf/

xkdtxJwGif

auorkwed*kH;&Gmom; umvmrrif;om;wkdYvnf; tygt0if jzpfonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

49

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

umvmra'oem pHjyKp&m
auorkw&Gmom; umvmrrif;om;wkdYu Ak'bk&m;&Siftm; okdY avQmufxm;\/
]] jrwfpGmbk&m;? auorkwed*kH;okdY a&mufvmMuonfh &[ef;ykPm; *kdPf;q&mrsm;u rdrdwkdY\
t,l0g'om rSefonf? tjcm; t,l0g'rsm; rSm;onf[k IwfcsuJh&JhNyD; ajymqkdMuygonf?
wynfhawmfwkdUYrSm b,ft,l0g'u trSefjzpfonf[k ra0cGJEkdifatmif jzpfae&ygonf? t,l0g'awG
tay:rSm oHo,jzpfae&ygonfbk&m;? 0g'rSef &rnfh enf;vrf;ukd a[mMum;awmfrlyg? }}
xkdtcg

Ak'bk&m;&Sifu

t,l0g'a&;&mESifh

ywfouf

pHxm;p&m

a'oem

10-csufukd

a[mjyawmfrlonf/
]] tkd- umvmr rif;om;wkdY? oifwkdYonf t,l0g' wpf&yfukd(1) wpfqifhpum; Mum;&kHjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(2) ab;bkd;pOfvm t,l0g' jzpfvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(3) ] 'Dt&mu 'Dvkd jzpfowJh } [laom aumvm[v pum;ukdvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(4) rdrdwkdY avhvmxm;aom usrf;pmESifh nDnGwfonf[lvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(5) rdrdwkdY awG;ac: MuHqrIESifh ukdufnDkHrQjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(6) ] 'Dt&m[m ,kwd&Sdonf } [k enf;rSD axmufq &HkrQjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(7) ] 'Dt&m[m rSefuefNyD } [k rdrdbmom qifjcif okH;oyf &kHrQjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(8 ) rdrdwkdY pOf;pm;awG;MuH vufcHxm;aom t,l0g'ESifh ukdufnDNyD[lvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(9) rdrdwkdY ,HkMunfxkdufaom yk*dKvfBuD;u ajymaompum; jzpfvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(10) rdrdwkdY av;pm;aom q&morm;\ pum;jzpfvnf; vufrcHMuESifh? }}
tcsufwkdYukd

axmufIaomtm;jzifh

Ak'bk&m;onf

vlrItusdK;w&m;ukd

azmfaqmifEkdifrnfh

op0g'ukd &&SdEkdif&eftwGuf PcsdefcGifwGif wif qkH;jzwfckdif;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ Ak'bk&m;onf

0g'a&;&m

pHjyKp&m

10-csufukd

a[mjyNyD;aemuf

ukd,fwkdifvufawGU

prf;oyf&rnfh

a'oem"rukdvnf; qufvuf a[mjyawmfrlonf/

]] tkd- umvmrrif;om;wkdY? oifwkdYonf ] 'Dw&m;u raumif;rI tukokdvfw&m;yJ? 'Dw&m;u
tjypf&SdwJh w&m;jzpfw,f? ynm&SdwkdY uJh&JhtyfwJh w&m;jzpfw,f? 'Dw&m;ukd usifhokH;&if
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

50

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tusdK;rJhjzpfr,f? qif;&J'ku a&mufapr,f } [k oifwkdYukd,fwkdif od&SdvmrnfqkdvQif xkdw&m;ukd
z,f&Sm;Mu&rnf? }}
ae&mwGif aumif;rIESifh raumif;rIqkdaom oabmw&m;ukd avhvm&awmhrnf/ raumif;rI[laom
oabmukd

t,l0g'wpfckESifhwpfck

owfrSwfykHcsif;

rwlnDMuay/

Ak'a'oemawmfurl

raumif;aomtrI raumif;aom pkdufwkdYukd okdY tajz&Smay;xm;onf/

raumif;rI pkdufqkd; 10-yg;
Ak'a'oemawmf raumif;rI pkdufqkd; 10-yg;ukd rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;\/
,if; 10-yg;wkdYrSm(1) ukd,fjzifh jyKvkyfaom pkdufqkd; 3-yg; ?
(2) EIwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom pkdufqkd; 4-yg; ?
(3) pdwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom pkdufqkd; 3-yg;wkdY jzpfayonf/ ,if;pkdufqkd; 10-yg;ukdvnf; okdY csJUzGifhjyxm;\/
(1) ukd,fjzifh jyKvkyftyfaom pkdufqkd; 3-yg;rSm(u) olwpfyg;\ toufukd owfjcif; ?
(c) olwpfyg;\ Opmukd ckd;,ljcif; ?
(*) umrrI azmufjyefjcif; wkdYjzpfonf/
(2) EIwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom pkdufqkd; 4-yg;rSm(u) r[kwfrrSef vdrfnm ajymqkdjcif; ?
(c) cifrifaeol tcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uGJatmif ukef;wkdufpum; ajymqkdjcif; ?
(*) rdrd olwpfyg; tusdK;r&Sdaom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif; ?
(C) Murf;wrf;aom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif; wkdY jzpfonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

51

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(3) pdwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom pkdufqkd; 3-yg;rSm(u) olwpfyg;\ ypnf;ukd rdrd&,l&ef rw&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh MuHpnfjcif; ?
(c) olwpfyg;\ pnf;pdrfOpmukd zsufqD;&ef MuHpnfjcif; ?
(*) t,ltjrif rSm;,Gif;jcif; wkdY jzpfonf/
azmfjyyg pkdufqkd;rsm;ukd rjyKvkyfbJ a&SmifMuOfaeolukd pkdufaumif;&Sdol? pm&dwaumif;ol [l
Ak'a'oemawmf a[mjyxm;avonf/
vlwkdYusifh&m r*Fvm
Ak'a'oemawmf vlrIb0usifhxkH;rsm;ukd taumif;qkH;azmfjyonfh a'oemwpfckvnf; &Sdonf/
,if;um; r*Fvokwfw&m;awmf jzpfonf/ r*Fvokwfonf vlUb0wpfckvkH;twGuf aqmif&ef
a&Smif&efrsm;ukd azmfjyxm;\/ w&m;awmfukd tESpfcsKyfvQif 38-yg;rQ &Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
(1) vlrkdufukd raygif;azmfjcif;?
(2) ynm&Sdolukd qnf;uyfjcif;?
(3) ylkaZmfxdkufolukd ylaZmfjcif;?
(4) oifhavsmfaom t&yfa'o aexkdifjcif;?
(5) a&S;u jyKaom aumif;rI&Sdjcif;?
(6) rdrdukd,fukd aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;jcif;?
(7) tMum;tjrif A[kokw rsm;jcif;?
(*) pufrI vufrIpaom tjypfrJhynmukd wwfajrmufjcif;?
(9) ,Ofaus;rI tusifhodumukd oif,ljcif;?
(10) aumif;aom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif;?
(11) rdbESpfyg;wkdYtm; vkyfauR;jcif;?
(12) om; r,m;wkdYtm; ay;urf; axmufyHhjcif;?
(13) rnfolUukdrQ rxdckdfufaom tvkyfukd vkyfjcif;?
(14) ay;urf; vSK'gef;jcif;?
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

52

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(15) jrwfaomtusifhukd usifhjcif;?
(16) aqGrsdK;wkdYukd wwfEkdifoavmuf axmufyHhjcif;?
(17) tukokdvf uif;aom tvkyfukd vkyfjcif;?
(18) raumif;rIukd pdwfjzifh a0;pGm a&Smifjcif;?
(19) raumif;rIukd ukd,f EIwfESpfyg;jzifh a&Smifjcif;?
(20) ao&nf ao&uf rl;,pfaq;0g;wkdYukd a&Smifjcif;?
(21) aumif;rIwkdY rarhavsmhjcif; ?
(22) kdaoxkdufolukd kdaojcif;?
(23) armufrmrI r&SdbJ ESdrfhcsjcif;?
(24) &orQESifh a&mifh&J wif;wdrfjcif;?
(25) olwpfyg;\ aus;Zl;ukd odwwfjcif;?
(26) tcgtcGifh oifhwkdif; w&m;emjcif;?
(27) onf;cHwwfjcif;?
(28) qkdqkH;r vG,fulol jzpfjcif;?
(29) t&d,m oHCmwkdYukd zl;awGUjcif;?
(30) oifhavsmfaom tcg w&m;aqG;aEG;jcif;?
(31) NcdK;jcHpGm usifhjcif;?
(32) jrwfaom tusifh &Sd&jcif;?
(33) t&d,opmw&m;ukd odjrif&jcif;?
(34) edAmefcsrf;omukd rsufarSmufjyKEkdifjcif;?
(35) avmu"Hw&m;wkdYukd cHEkdif&nf &Sdjcif;?
(36) pkd;&drf aMumifhMurI r&Sdjcif;?
(37) jyif;jyaom tvkd&ruf uif;jcif;?
(38) aMumuf&GHUrI r&Sdjcif;?

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

53

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

BuD;yGm;csrf;om a'oem
vlom;wkdYonf b0wpfck jzpfwnfvmNyDqkdvQif t"duusaom vlUb0vkdtifrsm; rvGJraoG
jzpfay:vm&onf/ ta&; 4-yg;onf vlUb0\ y"mevkdtifrsm; jzpf\/ ,if;wkdYrSm(1) pm;aomufa&; ?
(2) 0wfqifa&; ?
(3) aexkdifa&; ?
(4) pdwfajza&; wkdY jzpfayonf/
orkdif;pOfquf

vlom;wkdYonf

ta&;

4-yg;

jynfh0a&;twGuf

vIyf&Sm;cJhMu&onf/

kef;uefcJhMu&onf/ vlUorkdif;BuD; wnf&SdaeorQ enf;[ef trsdK;rsdK;jzifh vIyf&Sm;aeMu&rnfom

jzpfonf/ okdY vIyf&Sm;aerSomvQif b0vkdtifrsm; jynfhpkHvmrnf/ vkdtifrsm; jynfh0a&;twGuf
pD;yGm;OpmwkdYukd &SmazGMu&onf/ pD;yGm;Opm jynfhpkHrSomvQif ta&; 4-yg;ukd vG,fulpGm
ajz&Sif;EkdifMu\/
Ak'bk&m;onf

vlrIb0

zlvkHa&;?

pD;yGm;Opm

jzpfxGef;a&;

twGufvnf;

a'oemrsm;jzifh

a[mMum;cJhonf/ oAnKw Pftjrifjzifh bufpkH axmifhpkHrS a[mjycJhonf/

Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf yu&ywrnfaom ed*kH; oDwif;okH;aepOf As*yZac:aom 'g,umwpfa,mufu
vlrIb0 zlvkHa&;twGuf pD;yGm;jzpfaMumif; w&m;wkdYukd ar;avQmufcJhonf/ xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifu
avmucsrf;om&aMumif;&Sm or'gw&m; 4-yg;ukd a[mjyawmfrlavonf/
(1) O|me or'g = rysif;r&d x<uvkHYv 0D&D,&SdrIESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?
(2)

tm&u

or'g

&&Sdvmonfh

ypnf;OpmwkdYukd

vdrmuRrf;usifpGm

apmifha&Smuf

xdef;odrf;wwfrIESifh jynfpkHjcif;?
(3) uvsmPrdw or'g = rSDckd ukd;pm; tm;xm;avmufonfh rdwfaqGaumif; &SdrIESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?
(4) orZD0dw or'g = pepfwus rQwpGm toufarG; okH;pGJ aexkdifwwfrIESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?
xkdYjyif BuD;yGm;csrf;omjcif;? atmifjrifausmfMum;jcif;paom tusKd;aumif;rsm; &&Sda&;twGuf
orwdpufac:aom puf 4-rsdK;ESifhvnf; jynfhpkH&ef vkdtyfonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

54

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(1) y#dly a'o0go = pD;yGm;a&;? bmoma&;ponfh atmifjrif wkd;wufEkdifaomt&yf tajccs
aexkdif&jcif;?
(2) oyK&dolyed, = olawmfaumif;rsm;ESifh ynm&Sd rdwfaqGaumif; taygif;toif;rsm; &Sd&jcif; ?
(3) tworm yPd"d = rdrdukd,fukd vlawmfvlaumif; jzpfatmif jyKjyifay;&jcif;?
(4) ykaAp uwyknwm = a&SUykdif;umv a&S;b0u jznfhusifh qnf;yl;cJhaom aumif;aom
vkyfaqmifrI &Sd&jcif;?
avmuD avmukw&m bufpkHzGHUNzdK; wkd;wufa&;ukd &,lvkdaomyk*dKvfonf txufyg a'oemtwkdif;
vkdufemusifhokH;tyfayonf/

a'oemawmfvm

BuD;yGm;csrf;omaMumif;

w&m;rsm;onf

vufiif;b0twGuf {uef BuD;yGm;EkdfifaomOya'orsm; jzpfonf/ vufawGUusaom w&m;"rvnf;

jzpfonf/
]] OKHzG ref;vQif t&rf; BuD;yGm;rnf? }} [laom rE&a'oem pdwful;,Of *gxmrsKd;vnf; r[kwf/
]] wu,fvkyfrS t[kwfBuD;yGm;rnf? }} [laom vufawGU a'oem aqmifyk'fpmrsm; jzpfacsonf/
vlwkdYonf or'g 4-yg;ESifhtnD BudK;pm;tm;xkwfojzifh b0ESifh b0pnf;pdrfrsm;ukd &&SdEkdifMuonf/
xkd&&Sdvmaom
vkdtyfonf/

b0tajctaeukd
tu,f

rdrdu

rysufr,Gif;atmif
taetxkdif

rdrdb0ukd

rwwfcJhvQif

xdef;odrf;aewwfzkdYvnf;

&&SdNyD;aom

b0pnf;pdrfrsm;

ysufpD;oGm;&rnf jzpfonf/
b0pnf;pdrfOpm ysufpD; qkwf,kwfaMumif; w&m;rsm;ukd okdY azmfjyxm;\/
(1) ao&nfao&ufpaom rl;,pfypnf;rsm;ukd okH;pGJavh &Sdjcif;?
(2) tcsdeftcgrJh c&D;oGm;vmavh &Sdjcif;?
(3) yGJobifwkdY oGm;vm MunhfIavh &Sdjcif;?
(4) avmif;upm; ponf 0goemxkHjcif;?
(5) raumif;aom taqGcifyGef;wkdYESifh aygif;oif;jcif;?
(6) ysif;&davh &Sdjcif;?
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

55

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

Ak'pmay od*Fgavm0g'okwf a'oemawmfonf vlrI'ku ajz&Sif;a&;? vlwef;pm;tcsif;csif;

ajyvnfpGm qufqHa&;paom vlrIa&;uxm pOf;rsOf;tjzmjzmwkdYukd azmfjyxm;aom w&m;awmf
jzpfonf/ Ak'w&m;awmfrsm;onf vlom;wkdY\ ta&; 4-yg;twGuf vufawGU&&SdEkdfifaom
"ra'oemrsm; jzpfonf/
Ak'\a'oemwkdYwGif vkd&if;ukdEkwf tusOf;csKyfxm;aom a'oemwpfyk'f &Sdonf/ ,if;a'oemrSm(1) raumif;rIukd rjyK&?
(2) aumif;rIukd jyK&rnf?
(3) pdwfukd jzLpifap&rnf[l jzpfayonf/ txufyg 3-csufonf Ak'bk&m;&Sif\ "ra'oemawmf tESpfcsKyf jzpfownf;/
Ak'\ 'ew&m;awmf
Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf

trSefw&m;ukd&SmazG&mwGif

obm0w&m;tay:

csOf;uyf

&SmazGcJhonf/

avmuobm0ukd tajccHuspGm okH;oyfMunfhIcJhonf/ xkdtcg avmuobm0 wu,fwrf;

&Sdaeaom w&m; 4-rsdK;ukd awGUjrifvm&onf/
(1) tmkHukd odwwfaom pdwfobm0w&m;?
(2) pdwfukd trSDjyK jzpfay:wwfaom apwodufobm0w&m;?
(3) azmufjyef ajymif;vJaeaom kyfobm0w&m;?
(4) pGJvrf;rIrsm;rS vGwfajrmufaom edAmefoabmw&m;?
azmfjyyg obm0w&m; 4-yg;wkdYonf wu,fwrf;&Sdaeaom obm0w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/
xkdt&Sdw&m; 4-yg;wkdYwGif edAmef[laom obm0w&m;rSm Ak'ukd,fwkdif &SmazGawGU&SdcJhaom
"mwfobm0wpfck jzpfonf/ edAme"mwfonf vlom;wkdY\ Nidrf;csrf;rIukd tpOfxm0&ay;aeaom
"mwfobm0vnf; jzpf\/ Ak'bmomwkdY\ txGwftxdyfjzpfaom "mwfvnf; jzpfonf/
edAme"mwf\ tESpfom&obm0ukd &&SdEkdif&eftwGuf Ak'bmom0ifwkdif; tywfwukwf BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfaeMuavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

56

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf

edAme"mwfobm0ukd

odjrifcHpm;Ekdif&eftwGuf

a'oemtpm;pm;jzifh

a[mMum;jychJonf/ edAme"mwfukd odjrifEkdif&eftwGuf tm;xkwfMu&m a&SmifMuOf&rnfh udpwkdYukd

a&S;OD;pGm a[mjyxm;onf/
- umr*kPftmkHaemufokdY &rufBuD;pGmvkduf cHpm;aeojzifh edAme"mwfukd rodEkdif/
- rdrdcEmukd,fukd tqif;&JcH yifyef;BuD;pGm usifhaeojzifhvnf; edAme"mwfukd rodEkdif/
rSefayonf/ edAme"mwfoabmukd PfpuKjzifhom od&SdEkdif\/ cEmukd,fukd tyifyef;cH
usifhMuHjcif;jzifh Pfvrf;aMumif;ay:okdY ra&mufEkdifay/
Ak'bk&m;&Sifukd,fwkdif 6-ESpfMumrQ cEmukd,fukd tyifyef;cH usifhMuHcJhzl;onf/ tyifyef;cHvQif
tjrifrSef &vdrfhrnf[kvnf; ,kHMunfcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefu tdEd,EkdifiH&Sd kd;&musifhxkH;rsm;rSm
trsm;tm;jzifh cEmukd,fukd nOf;yef;&aom usifhxkH;rsm; jzpfonf/
Ak'avmif;vsm vkdcsifonfum; b0Nidfrf;csrf;rI jzpf\/ jidrf;csrf;rI &&Sd&eftwGuf cEmukd,fukd
nOf;yef;usifh&onf/ cEmukd nOf;qJojzifh cEm'kuom &cJhonf/ b0Nidrf;csrf;rIukd r&cJhay/
xkdYaMumifh kd;&musifhxkH;rsm;ukd vufvTwfNyD; b0Nidrf;csrf;rIukd rZdry#dy'gac: tv,ftvwf
vrf;pOfjzifh &SmazGcJhonf/ xkdtcgrS Nidrf;csrf;aom edAme"mwfukd awGUod& onf/ Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf(1) qif;&Jjcif; w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;?
(2) qif;&Jjcif; taMumif;w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;?
(3) Nidrf;csrf;rI w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;?
(4) Nidrf;csrf;jcif; taMumif;w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;ukd,fykdifPfjzifh awGUjrifvmonf/ xkd 4-rsdK;ukd opm (trSefw&m;) av;yg;[k ac:qkd\/ ,if;
4-yg;\ t"dym,frSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
(1) qif;&Jjcif;w&m;/ / y#doaE ae&jcif;? tkdrif;&jcif;? emzsm;&jcif;? aoqkH;&jcif;? rcspfolESifh
aygif;&jcif;? cspfolESifh cGJ&jcif;? tvkd&Sdaom tmkHukd r&jcif;? tusOf;tm; jzifh pGJvrf;rItmkHjzpfaom
kyfemrftpkwkdYonf qif;&Jjcif;w&m; rnf\/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

57

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(2) qif;&JaMumif;w&m;/ / jyif;jyaom vkdcsifrI (0g) wPSmonf b0opfukdarQmfvifh jzpfay:avh
&Sd\/ xkdwPSmonf umrukd pGJvrf;jcif;? b0ukd pGJvrf;jcif;? 0db0ukd pGJvrf;jcif;rsm;
jzpfay:aponf/ xkdtpGJtvrf;rsm;onf qif;&JaMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/
(3) Nidrf;csrf;rIw&m;/ / pGJvrf;rIw&m;\ uif;&m? csKyfNidrf;&m? wPSm\ uyfNidfjcif;uif;&m
edAmefonf &Sd\/ xkdedAmef[laom oabmw&m;onf qif;&J\ csKyfNidrf;&m Nidrf;csrf;rI trSef jzpf\/
(4) Nidrf;csrf;jcif; taMumif;w&m;/ / edAme"mwfoabmukd od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf tajccHw&m; 8-yg;
&Sdonf/ xkd 8-yg;udk rZdry#dy'gvrf;pOf[k ac:onf/ r*if 8- yg;[kvnf; ac:\/
r*if&Spfyg; jrwfw&m;
(1) orm'd|d/ / rSefuefaom tofdtjrifukd ac:onf/
'kuopmukd odjrifjcif;? 'kuopmjzpfaMumif; ork',opmukd odjrifjcif;? 'ku csKyfNidrf;&m
eda&m"opmukd odjrifjcif;? 'kucsKyf&m edAmefokdY a&mufaMumif; tusifhukd oddjrifjcif;?
(2) ormouFy/ / rSefuefaom tMuHtpnfukd ac:onf/
umr*kPftpGJrS xGufajrmuf&mukd MuHpnfjcif;? olwpfyg;wkdYtwGuf aumif;pm;a&; csrf;om;a&;ukd
MuHpnfjcif;? oem;a&S;I ow0gwkdY\ csrf;oma&;ukd MuHpnfjcif;?
(3) or0gpm/ / rSefuefaompum; ajymqkfdjcif;ukd ac:onf/
r[kwfrrSef ajymqkdjcif;? ukef;wkdufpum; ajymjcif;? kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom pum;ukd ajymjcif;?
tusdK;r&Sd jydefzsif;aom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif;wkdYrS a&SmifMuOfjcif;?
(4) ormurE/ / rSefuefaomtrI jyKjcif;ukd ac:onf/
olUtouf owfjcif;? olUOpmukd ckd;,ljcif;? 0wKumr*kPfwkdY rSm;,Gif;pGm usifhjcif;wkdYrS
a&SmifMuOfjcif;?
(5) ormtmZD0/ / rSefuefaom toufarG;rI jyKjcif;ukd ac:onf/
toufarG;rI vkyfief;ukd jyKvkyfaomtcg EIwfrI pkdufqkd; 4-yg;? ukd,frI pkdufqkd; 3-yg;wkdYukd
a&SmifMuOfjcif;?
(6) orm0g,mr/ / rSefuefaom tm;xkwfrIukd ac:onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

58

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

rjzpfao;aom tukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd rjzpfap&ef tm;xkwfjcif;? jzpfNyD;aom tukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd
qufvuf rjzpfay:ap&ef tm;xkwfjcif;? rjzpfao;aom ukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd jzpfay:ap&ef
tm;xkwfjcif;? jzpfNyD;aom ukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd xyfrH jyefYyGm;ap&ef tm;xkwfjcif;?
(7) ormowd/ / rSefuefaom atmufarhrIukd ac:onf/
um,? a0'em? pdwf? "r[laom kyfemrf obm0wkdY tBudrfBudrf avhvmatmufarhjcif;?
(8) ormorm"d/ / rSefuefaom wnfMunfrIukd ac:onf/
kyfemrf obm0ukd Ijrifqifjcif&m pdwfukd wnfNidrfpGm xm;&Sdjcif;?
txufazmfjyyg r*if&Spf&yf w&m;jrwfukd tkyfpk trsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;&m - or'd|d? orouFywkdYukd ] ynmr*if } vnf;aumif;?
- orm0gpm? orurE? ormtmZD0wkdYukd ] oDvr*if } vnf;aumif;?
- or0g,mr? ormowd? ormorm"dwkdYukd ] orm"dr*if } vnf;aumif; xnfhoGif;
zGJUpnf;xm;avonf/
r*if&Spfyg;onf opmac: trSefw&m;ukd odjrifEkdifaom w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/ edAme"mwfukd
awGUjrifEkdifaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/ edAm"mwf\ obm0ukd awGUjrifod&Sdaomolonf
Ak'bmom\ txGwftxdyfjzpfaom w&m;"rukd &&Sdol rnfavawmhonf/
Ak'bk&m;onf jrifhjrwfaom trSefw&m; (opm) 4-yg;ukd rd*'g0kefawm0em tapmqkH;
a[mMum;cJhonf/ a'oemawmf\ trnfukd ] "rpuy0weokwf } [k ac:onf/ xkdokwf
a[mxm;aom a'oemxJwGif t"dym,fazmf,l&ef cufcJaom taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf/
t"dym,f t,ltqrsm;vnf; uGJjym;Ekdifonf/
okwfawmfom r[kwf/ Ak'bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;aom tjcm;a'oemawmfrsm;vnf; t"dym,f
azmf,l&ef vQdKU0SufeufIdif;aom cufcJodrfarGUaom taMumif;&yfrsm;ukd awGU&SdMu&onf/ vGefcJhaom
ESpfaygif;

2600-cefYu

a[mMum;cJhaoma'oempum;

a0g[m&rsm;rS

&nfnTef;csufwkdYukd

,aeYacwftjrifESifh t"dym,fazmf,l&ef cufcJonfrSm tqef;r[kwfay/ xkdYjyif Ak'a[mMum;aom

bmompum;uvnf; jrefrmbmom pum;r[kwf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

59

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 900-0ef;usifu yk*Hacwfxkd; jrefrmbmoma&; ausmufpmrsm;ukdyif jrefrmwkdY

t"dym,fzGifhqkdcsufrsm;? aumuf,lqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;cJhMuonf r[kwfygavm/ rnfokdY
&Sdap? "rpuy0weokwf a[mMum;aom a'oemawmf\ vkd&if;tcsufukdrl odEkdifMuygonf/
ow0gwkdY

qif;&Jjzpfay:ae&onfrSm

jzwfawmufEkdifvQif

pdwfykdif;qkdif&m

wPSm[laom
qif;&J'kuvnf;

pGJvrf;rIaMumifh

jzpfonf/

jywfuif;oGm;rnf/

wPSmukd

qif;&Juif;&m

edAme"mwfukdvnf; awGUjrifEkdifrnf jzpfavonf/

edAmefoabmw&m;
edAmefqkdonfrSm edyk'f? 0geyk'fwkdYukd aygif;pyfxm;aom a0g[m&jzpfonf/
ed= r&Sdjcif;? 0ge= pGJvrf;rI[l t"dym,f &Sdonf/ pGJvrf;rI r&Sdjcif;onfyif edAme"mwf\ t"dym,fjzpfonf/ a0g[m&ukd
jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'bmom0ifwkdYu ] edAmef } [l ygVdowf a0g[m&jzifh ac: qkdaeMuonf/
edAmef\ *kPfyk'fukd zGifhqkda&;om;Muaom pmayrsm; tvGefrsm;jym;vSonf/ edAmefonf tvGefw&m
jrifhjrwfonf/ tpOfxm0& wnfNrJaeaom w&m;jzpf\/ ajr a& av rD;[laom "mwfBuD; 4yg;wkdYjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom t&mvnf; r[kwf/ qif;&JrIukd ausmfvGef\/ qif;&JrI\
tqkH;vnf; jzpf\/ rnfolrQ zefqif;xm;aom t&mvnf; r[kwf/ wPSm Oyg'gefwkdYukd tajccH
jzpfay:vmaom cHpm;rI a0'emrsdK;vnf; r&Sday/
edAmef jzpfjcif;oabmw&m;vnf; r&Sd/ ysufjcif;oabmw&m;vnf; r&Sd/
obm0tavsmuf xm0&Nidrf;csrf;rI &Sdae\/ edAmef\ wnf&mukd nTefjyvnf; rjzpf/ tcsdefra&G;?
ae&mra&G; aoG;ESifhukd,f om;ESifhukd,fyif edAmefcsrf;omukd &&SdEkdifMuonf/ edAmefcsrf;omukd
wpfBudrfrQ awGU&SdcHpm;zl;olonf edAmef\ t&omukd xyfrHqkH;IH;onf[k r&Sdawmhay/ tcsdefra&G;
edAmeft&omukd cHpm;EkdifMuavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

60

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

edAmefonf txnfukd,fj'yf[l xif&Sm;r&SdbJ obm0tm;jzifh csKyfjidrf;aeonfh oknwvuPm
&Sdonf/ xkdjidrf;csrf;rIonf xm0&wnf&Sdaeaom obm0w&m; jzpfonf/ xm0&jidrf;csrf;aeaom
obm0onf xm0&0dnmOfawmfESifh rnfokdYrQ rywfoufacs/
edAmefonf umvrJhoabmw&m;vnf; jzpfonf/ tjzpfw&m; r&SdbJ wnfwHh ae\/ xkdYaMumifh
edAmefukd ] tjzpfrJh t&Sdw&m; } [k ac:qkdtyfayonf/ xkdtjzpfrJh t&dSw&m; tmkHay:
pdwf0dnmOfukd wnfxm;Ekdifolonf vGwfajrmufrIukd &&SdoGm;awmhonf/ edAmef\ Nidrf;csrf;rI
oabmukd awGUjrifol jzpfayawmhonf/
edAmefukd jrifodEkdifaom? edAmef\ t&omukd cHpm;Ekdifaom yk*dKvfwkdYukd Ak'a'oemawmf (1) aomwmyef tqifh?
(2) ou'g*grf tqifh?
(3) tem*grf tqifh?
(4) &[Em tqifh [l 4-rsdK; cGJjcm; xm;\/
okdY 4-rsdK; cGJjcm;xm;onfrSm pGJvrf;rI w&m;rsm;ukd y,fcGmEkdifaom pdwfpGrf;tm;ukd Munfh
tqifhjyKvkyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ tqifh 4-rsdK;vkH;yif edAmefukd odjrifEkdifolrsm; jzpfonf/
xkdyk*dKvfrsm;ukd ] t&d,myk*dKvf } [l ac:qkdxm;avonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

61

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcef; (6)
ax&0g'ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH
Ak'bk&m;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH
Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf

oufawmfxif&Sm;

&SdpOfuyif

jrefrmEkdifiHokdY

<ua&mufcJhaMumif;

tcsdKU

rSwfwrf;rsm; azmfjyMuonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf *0Hywd&[Emrax&f\ yifhavQmufcsuft& aemufyg

&[Em 500-ESifhtwl ok0PbkrdNrdKUokdY <ua&mufawmfrlvm\/ bk&m;&Sifonf yifv,fjyifxuf
aumif;uifjyifrS <uvmawmfrlpOf yifv,fa&jyiftwGif; [oFmwpf0yfpmrQ ay:aeaom oJjyifay:
[oFmzkdu atmuf? [oFmru xyf 0yfaeonfukd jrif&onf/ xkdjzpf&yfukd Munfh bk&m;&Sif
NyHK;awmfrl\/ xkdtaMumif;ukd ar;avQmuf&m ]] aemifaomtcg ae&mrSm [Hom0wDtrnf&Sdaom
jynfBuD; jzpfvdrfhrnf? }} [l Asm'dwfMum;awmfrl\/
ok0PbkrdjynfESifh

Ouvmyjynf

omoemawmf

wnfxGef;rnfhtaMumif;ukdvnf;

Asm'dwfay;cJhonf/ ,if;Asm'dwfpum;t& [Hom0wDjynf? ok0Pbkrdjynf? OuvmyjynfwkdYrSm

omoemxGef;um;&m jynfrsm; jzpfcJhMuonf/
tvm;wlyif t&dr'eac: yk*HjynfBuD; wnfrnfhtaMumif;ESifh omoemawmf xGefum;rnfh
taMumif;ukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifonf wefYMunfhawmifrS Asm'dwfay;awmfrlonf/ okemy&E? ty&E ac:
rif;bl;

v,fukdif;ausmif;awmf&mokdYvnf;

<ua&mufonf/

pufawmf&mrsm;ukdvnf;

csxm;awmfrlavonf/ xkdrQ ruao;/ jrefrmEkdifiH apwDykxkd; trsdKrsdK;ESifh NrdKUawmfwnf&m

tjzmjzmwkdYukdvnf; bk&m;&Sif\ Asm'dwfawmft& jzpfay:vm&aMumif; orkdif;tapmifapmifwkdY
a&;om; azmfjyxm;Muonf/ ,if;okdY a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm o'gw&m;ukd tajccH ay:ayguf
vmaom pmayrsm; jzpfygonf/
Ak'bk&m;ESifh

qufpyf

oD[kdVfEkdifiHuvnf;

azmfjyaeMuonfrSm
Ak'bk&m;onf

jrefrmEkdiHom

oD[kdVfuRef;okdY

r[kwf/

oD&dvuFmac:

<ua&mufawmfrlvmaMumif;

oD[kdVfAk'bmom0ifwkdY vufcH,kHMunfaecJhMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

62

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcsdKUokawoDwkdYu

jrefrmEkdifiHokdY

ukd;um;jyMuonf/

bk&m;&Sif

ukd;um;csufwkdYrSmvnf;

<uvmawmfrlaMumif;
rjiif;omaom

t|uxmpum;jzifh

ukd;um;csufrsm;

jzpfonf/

tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf jrefrmEkdifiH twGif;&Sd omoedu txdrf;trSwf tcsdKUrSm xkdusrf;rsm;ESifh

ukdufnDaeaomaMumifhwnf;/

okdY

ukdufnDaeonfrSmvnf;

a&S;acwfjrefrm

wkdYonf

omoemawmfusrf;vm jzpfpOfwkdYukd twkvkduf jyKvkyfxm;aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/

&Sif;ygOD;rnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf &mpkESpf tapmykdif;uyif tdEd,vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh qufqHcJhMuonf/
tdEd,,Ofaus;rIukd
jrefrmwkdYonf

vufcHcJhMuonf/
Ak'bmomukd

xkdYaemuf

Ak'bmomvnf;

vufcHNyD;aemuf

a&muf&Sdvmavonf/

Ak'pmayrsm;ukd

avhvmMuonf/

MunfndKo'gyGm;Muonf/ Ak'bmom pmayxJu trnfemrrsm;ukd jrwfEkd;ojzifh twk,l

rSnfhac:Muonf/
aemufykdif;wGif Ak'bmom0ifwkdYonf xkdtrnfwkdYukd tajccH Ak'omoedu txdrf;trSwf
ypnf;rsm;ukd

wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/

xkdypnf;rsm;ukd

usrf;*efwkdYjzifh

jyefvnf

udk;um;

orkdif;jyKMujyef&m jrefrmEkdifiHokdY bk&m;&Sif <ua&mufvmygonfqkdaom t,ltqrsm; tjiif;yGm;p&m

jzpfae&avonf/
usrf;*efvm pum;t& omoeduvuf&m ypnf;rsm;pGmukd wnfxm;jyKpkMuonf/ orkdif;rsm;ukd
a&;om;Muonf/ okdY a&;om;&mrS 'Gd[jzpf&mrsm; ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfayonf/
trSefrl Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&mufjcif;? ra&mufjcif;rSm jyemwpf&yf r[kwfyg/
t"durSm

Ak'bk&m;&Sif\

Ak'a'oemawmfrsm;

"ra'oemawmfrsm;

a&muf&Sdaeojzifh

a&muf&Sdvmjcif;om

w&m;awmf\

y"me

tESpfom&ukd

jzpfayonf/
&&SdaeMuonf?

usifhokH;aeMu&onf/
okdY w&m;"rukd awGodusihfyGm;ae&onfyif Ak'bk&m;ukd awGUodzl;jrifae&jcif; jzpfygonf/
Ak'w&m;awmfukd rcH,l&vQif Ak'a&muf&SdchJaomfvnf; tusdK;w&m; xl;jcm;rnf r[kwfay/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

63

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

Ak'bk&m;&Sif ukd,fwkdifuvnf; w&m;awmf\ tESpfom&ukd rjrifvQif igbk&m;ukd zl;jrif&onf

rrnfaMumif;? w&m;awmfukd jrifrSom igbk&m;ukd jrifodEkdifrnf jzpfaMumif; 0uvd&[ef;tm;
a[mMum;cJhygonf/ ,ckqkdvQif Ak'yGifh&m rZdra'o omoemawmf tm;enf;arS;rSdefae&NyD/
omoemqkdonfrSm

tqkH;trw&m;awmf

jzpfonf/

w&m;a'oemawmf

uG,faysmufvQif

vnf;aumif;? vlom;wkdYu ,kHMunfrI r&SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif; omoem uG,fy&rnfom

jzpfonf/
okdY

,kHMunfrIukd

vufqifhurf;

rxdef;odrf;EkdifcJhojzifh

qHcsDxlyg?

aAma&mAl;'l;?

tifaum0yfpaom apwDykxkd;wkdYrSm a&S;a[mif;ypnf;rsm; tjzpf txD;usef jzpfaecJh&avonf/

,cktcg jrefrmEkdifiHonf vufqifhurf; o,faqmifEkdifcJhojzifh ax&0g' Ak'bmom yGifhvif;&m
t"duEkdifiHawmf wpfcktjzpf &yfwnfaeEkdifcJhygonf/ ax&0g' 5-EkdifiH\ OD;aqmifEkdifiHvnf;
jzpfae\/ ax&0g' Ak'bmomonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY rnfonfhumvrS p 0ifa&mufvmcJhavoenf;/
omoemtp wykESifh bvdu
jrefrmEkdifiHokdY

Ak'bmomukd

bvdunDaemifwkdY

jzpfaMumif;

pwifo,faqmifvmolrsm;rSm
orkdif;a[mif;rsm;

OuvmyNrdKUom;

azmfjyMuonf/

wykESifh

taxmuftxm;ukd

r[m0gygVdawmfrS ,l wifjycJhjcif; jzpfonf/ rlvu Ouvmyonf jrefrmjynf &Sdonf

r[kwfay/ tdEd,EkdifiHwGif Ouv wkdif;[kac:onf/ Ouvwkdif;\ a&S;trnfrSm todwOe jzpf\/
,cktcg a"mufvD[k ac:Muonf/ b*Fvm;taemufawmifbuf Mo&dm(O&dqm)e,f yk&D'dpBwdwf
pD&ifpk e,fy,frsm;0,f &Sdonf/
wyk?

bvdu?

OuvwkdYESifh

ywfouf

Ak'omoeduyx0D0ifusrf;

okdY

&Sif;csufxkwfxm;onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

64

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jrefrmjynf OuvmytrnfrSm tdEd,jynf Ouvwkdif;rS ajymif;a&TUvmMuaom vlrsdK;rsm;u rdrdwkdY
ae&if;Xme Ouvtrnfukd ,l rSnfhac:vmjcif; jzpfonf[k rSwf,l&rnf/ xkdYaemuf OuvrS
Ouvmy[k trnfajymif;vJvm\/ wykESifh bvdunDaemifwkdY\ trnfukd ,if;usrf;
] wyk }ESifh bvddu[k ac:qkdxm;\/ wykESifh bvduwkdY\ rl&if;Zmwfd ae&yfa[mif;rSm
tdEd,EkdifiH&Sd Ouvwkdif; jzpfonf/
ukefonfnDaemifwkdY\
jrefrmjynfatmufykdif;

rsdK;kd;onf
&mrnwkdif;

Ak'ryGifhrD

ESpfaygif;

tajccscJhMuolrsm;

jzpfonf/

100-ausmfavmufuyif
ukefonfnDaemifwkdYonf

jrefrmjynf OuvmyESifh tdEd,jynf OuvwkdY tMum; ukeful;oef;aeolrsm; jzpfonf/

ukefonfnDaemifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ Zmwd Ouvwkdif;rS wpfqifh rZdra'ookdY ukefa&mif;
oGm;Muonf/

y@Kwkdif;?

vmVwkdif;wkdYukdausmf

Oka0vawmpcef;okdY

a&mufoGm;&m

rxlaxmif&ao;ay/

yGifhawmfrlNyD;p

Ak'bk&m;&SifESifh awGUMu&onf/
xkdtcsdefwGif

Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf

oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;ukd

umvjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh nDaemifwkdYonf o&P*kH 2-yg;ukdom cH,lMu&onf/ xkdYaemuf

bk&m;&Sifonf qHawmf"mwfrsm;ukd csD;ajrmufcJhonf/ ukefonfnDaemifwkdYonf qHawmf"mwfukd
yifhaqmifNyD;aemuf Zmwd Ouvwkdkif;rS y0wdXme jrefrmjynf OuvmyNrdKUokdY jyefa&mufvmMuonf/
OuvmyokdY jyefa&mufvmaomtcg Ak'bk&m;&Sif\ qHawmf"mwfwkdYukd Xmyem wdukH (a&Twd*kH)
apwDawmfukd wnfxm; ylaZmfMuonf/
xkdtcsdefrS p jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'omoem a&muf&SdcJhonf[k rSwf,lEkdifonf/
qkH;jzwfcsuft&qkdvQif

Ak'bmomESifh

ywfoufaom

apwDykxkd;wkdYwGif

jrefrmEkdfifiH&Sd

a&Twd*kHapwDawmfonf urmay:wGif a&S;tusqkH; apwDawmf[k qkd&rnf/

]] apwDtp a&Twd*kHu }} [l aqmifyk'frSwfwrf;jyK vufcH&awmhrnf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

65

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

'kwd,ajrmuf omoema&mufjcif;
taomurif;vufxuf wwd,oH*g,em wifNyD;aemuf wkdif;a'oBuD; 9-ckokdY omoemjyK
rax&frsm;ukd apvTwfcJhonf/ xkdtxJwGif t&SifaomPESifh t&SifOw&rax&f wkdY trSL;jyKaom
omoemjyK tzGJUonf ok0PbkrdokdY <ua&muf omoemjyKMu&onf/
xdkdtcsdefwGif

ok0Pbkrd

&udKofbDvl;rsm;

&Sdaeonf/

vlwkdYonf

bDvl;wkdY0if

aESmifh,SufaeaomaMumifh tE&m,fESifh &ifqkdifaeMu&onf/ &[Em 2-yg;wkdYonf bDvl;wkdY\

tE&m,fukd umuG,fay;Ekdfifojzifh vlwkdYu tm;xm;vmMuonf/
t&SifaomPESifh t&SifOw&rax&fwkdYonf vlwkdYtm; jA[Zmvokwfawmfukd a[mMum;Mu\/
o&P*kH

oDvwkdY

wnfap\/

rax&fwkdY\

a[mMum;rIaMumifh

Ak'bmom0ifaygif;

60000(ajcmufaomif;)rQ &&Sdvmonf/ a,musfm; rdef;raygif; 1500-wkdYonf omoemhabmif 0if

&[ef;jyKMuavonf/
wGif ok0Pbkrdac:aom a'oukd jrefrm&mZ0if omoem0if usrf;rsm; rGefjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd
ok"rmyl&ac: oxkHNrdKUjzpfonf[k a&;om;azmfjycJhMuonf/ acwfopf orkdif;okawoDwkdYurl
ok0PbkrdqkdonfrSm

qkrMwmuRef;qG,fukd

ok0Pbkrd

ac:qkdaMumif;

aumufcsufcs

jyxm;Muonf/
qkrMwm;[laom trnfonf a&S;u okrdwac:aom tdEd,wkdif;om; ukefonfwpfOD;u a&S;OD;pGm
uRef;okdY vma&muf tajccsaomaMumifh xkdyk*dKvf\ trnfukdpGJ ac:qkdvmjcif; jzpfonf[k
qkdonf/ ygVdbmomjzifh okrdw? ouwbmomjzifh qkrdMwrS qkrMwm;[k ac:qkdvmMuonf
qkdayonf/
qkrMwm;uRef;qG,f a'oukdyif ok0Pbkrd[k ac:qkdvmMuonfrSm tdEd,om;rsm;yif jzpfonf/
a&Sacwfu tdEd,wkdif;om;rsm;onf a'ookdY ukefa&mif; ukef0,f vma&mufMuonf/ a'oukd

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

66

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

rSD pD;yGm;jzpfxGef;Muonf/ rdrdwkdYtwGuf a&TuJhokdY tzkd;wefaom e,fajr[k owfrSwfvmMu\/
xkdYaMumifh qkrMwm;uRef;qG,fa'oukd ok0Pbkrd (a&Tajr) [l wifpm; ac:qkdcJhMuavonf/
ok0Pbkrdac: a&Tajra'orSm oxkHwpf0kduftxd yg0ifonf[k ynm&SifwkdY vufcHcJhMu\/
tqkdjyKcsufukd qufvuf avhvmaomtcg axmufcHEkdifaom taMumif; rsm;ukd awGU&Sd&onf/
t&SifaomPESifh t&SifOw&wkdY omoemjyK a&mufpOfu vlwkdYrSm bDvl;wkdY\ ab;&efrsm;ukd
cHpm;aeMu&onf/

a&S;a[mif;

rGef&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;?

"rapwD

rif;\

ausmufpmrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; oxkHa'oukd &uyl& (a&bDvl;EkdifiH)[k a&S;OD;u ac:qkdcJhMuonf/

taxmuftxm;t& oxkHa'oukd bDvl;rsm; tkyfpkd;cJhaMumif; od&Sd&\/ xkd bDvl;qkdaom
yk*dKvfrsm;rSmvnf; eD*&pfwkd trsdK;tEG,frsm;ukdyif ac:onf[k rSwf,lEkdifonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH e,fajr
tESHYtjym; a&S;OD;acwfu eD*&pfwkdtEG,f vlrsdK;rsm; aexkdifoGm;aMumif; a&S;a[mif;okawoe
avhvmcsufrsm;t&vnf; od&Sdxm;Muonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH ta&SUawmifykdif;a'ookdY rGefcrmtEG,f0if vlrsdK;rsm; a&mufvmaomtcgwGif &Sd&if;pGJ
eD*&pfwkdtEG,f0ifwkdYESifh y#dyu jzpfMu&onf/ rGefcrmwkdYu ppfyGJrsm;qifETJ e,fajrrsm;ukd
odrf;ykdufMuonf/

eD*&pfwkdwkdYonf

e,fajrrsm;ukd

pGefYvTwfMu&onf/

yifv,fbufokdY

ajymif;a&TUukefMu&onf/ ,ckwkdif oHvGifjrpf0 armfvNrdKifteD;wGif bDvl;uRef;ac:aom uRef;BuD;

&Sdaejcif;u oufaoaumif;wpfck jzpfonf/
t&SifaomPwkdY omoemjyKa&mufcsdefwGif rGefvlrsdK;wkdYESifh eD*&pfwkdtEG,f0if a&bDvl;wkdY ppfyGJrsm;
jzpfaecsdef[l

aumufcsufcsEkdifonf/

rax&f

2-yg;wkdYu

bDvl;wkdY

&efudk

umuG,fay;cJhonfrSmvnf; eD*&pfwkd vlrsdK;wkdYom jzpfaMumif; em;vnfEkdifMuayonf/

apmapmykdif;u rGefvlrsdK;wkdYESifh a&bDvl; vlrsdK;wkdY tcsif;csif; bufNydKif wkdufckdufaecJhaomfvnf;
aemufykdif;wGif

rGefESifh

bDvl;tcsdKUwkdYrSm

tcsif;csif;

oifhjrwfatmif

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

aexkdifjcif;?
67

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

Ak'bmomw&m;awmfukd ouf0if ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ aexkdifcJhonf [k
qkdEkdifayonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf rGefjynfe,f bD;vif;NrdKUe,f&Sd Zkwfokwf&Gm xD;aqmif;bk&m;ukd
bDvl;rsm;u wnfxm; ukd;uG,fcJhMuaomaMumifhaywnf;/
ok0Pbkrdac: oxkHNrdKUukd bDpD 17-&mpkuyif wnfaxmifcJhonf[k rGefjrefrm &mZ0ifwkdYu
a&;qkdMu\/ okdY&mwGif wdusaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;ukd rawGU&ao;acs/
orkdif;wifacwf a&mufaomtcg ok0PbkrdESifh pyf acgryx0D0if ynm&Sif awmfvrDa&;aom
yx0Dusrf; awGU&Sd&\/ awmfvrDu aApif*ac: rkwryifv,fauGU urf;kd;wef; wpfavQmufwGif
t&yfyk Murf;wrf;aom MuHhckdifaom vlMurf;rsm; aexkdifaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhonf/
xkdvlrsdK;pkkrsm;rSm pmaywkdY bDvl;[kac:aom vlrsdK;rsm; jzpfonf/ xkdvlrsdK;pk trsm;tjym;rSm
vlrsdK;opfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg yifv,fwGif;&Sd uRef;pkrsm;ay:okdY ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muavonf/
tcsdKUbDvl;rsdK;

tenf;pkrSm

aomifwifaecJholrsm;vnf;

vl,Ofaus;wkdY
&Sdayonf/

raevkdaom

ykHpHtm;jzifhqkdvQif

awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm;
jrefrm&mZ0ifrS

r[mor0ESifh

plVor0Zmwfvrf; ygaom ppfukdif;awmifwef;ae p@rkcd bDvl;ronfvnf;aumif;? ykym;awmifrS

r0Pac:aom yef;a&mif;pm;onfh bDvl;ronfvnf;aumif; jrefrmjynf aomifwifaecJhaom
bDvl;tEG,f0if vlrsdK;pkrsm; jzpfayonf/
azmfjyyg taMumif;&yfwkdYukd axmufq &SifaomPESifh Ow&rax&fwkdYonf oxkHwpf0kduf&Sd vlrsdK;pk
2-ckvkH;ukd Ak'bmomokdY ouf0if,kHMunfap&ef a[majympnf;kH; EkdifcJhonf[k rSwf,lEkdifMuayonf/
ax&0g'ESifh okawoetjrif
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY

Ak'bmom

a&muf&SdykHukd

a&S;a[mif;okawoeenf;jzifh

avhvmMu&m

ysLacwfuyif Ak'bmom a&muf&Sdaeonfukd awGUMu&onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

68

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

wGif

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY

vkdvmjyefonf/

0ifa&muftajccsaom

jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;

vlrsdK;BuD;rsm;ukd

eD*&pfwkfd

tusOf;csKyf

trsdK;tEG,frsm;

avhvmzkdY

tajccschJzl;aMumif;

orkdif;okawoet& od&NyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;tEG,fwkdYukd ta&SUawmifykdif;a'o rGefwkdYu 0ifa&muf

wkdufckdufojzifh ysufpD;cJhaMumif;ukdvnf; txufu qkdcJhNyD/ xkdppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;csdefrSm bDpD 3&mpkcefYu jzpfayonf/
xkdtcsdefrSmyif jrefrmjynf tv,fykdif;a'ovnf; eD*&pfwkdwkdYvufrS e,fajrrsm;ukd ysLvlrsdK;wkdYu
wkdufckdufodrf;ykdufaeNyD[k

ajymEkdifayonf/

okdYjzpfvQif

ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf

rnfonfhumvu

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufvmcJhMuoenf;/
ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; AdEkd;NrdKUawmfukd 1-&mpkwGif wnfaqmufcJh Muonf/
xkfdtcsdefwGif ,Ofaus;rI tqifhvnf; jrifhrm;aeNyD jzpfonf/ ysLwkdYonf 1-&mpk wGif NrdKUjyEkdifiHukd
wnfaqmufEkdifcJhMuojzifh

xdkxuf

apmaomumvuyif

jrefrmhajray:okdY

a&muf&SdaeNyD[k

ajymEkdifonf/ ysLwkdY 0ifa&mufvmcsdefukd bDpD 3-&mpk[k cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/

cefYrSef;csufukd axmufcHEkdifaom taxmuftxm;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ csif NrdKUpm;BuD;\
ppfwyfwkdYonf csdtifvlrsdK;wkdYukd bdDpD 350-wGif tjyif;txef wkdufckdufcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefu
vkdvdktpk0ifjzpfaom ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf ppfab;tE&m,f uif;&mokdY xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifMu&onf/
xkdppfajy;'kuonfwkdYonf
oHvGifjrpfaMumif;twkdif;
a&TvDjrpfaMumif;twkdif;

a'otoD;oD;okdY
vkdufolwkdYonf
vkduf

,leefe,f

pkefqif;cJhMuonf/

ajy;a&SmifMuonf/

xkdtxJwGif

taemufykdif;a&mufaomtcg
olwkdYonf

jrefrmjynf

wydef?

ajrjyefYa'o

tajccsaeMuonf/ xkdvlrsdK;pkonf at'D 1-&mpkwGif AdEkd;NrdKUawmfukd xlaxmifcJhonf[k

qkdEkdifayonf/
AdEkd;ukd wnfaxmifaom ysLwkdYonf vlrIqufqHa&;wGif odrfarGYaomolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
,Ofaus;rI twwfynmrsm;ukd tdEd,rSyif ,lcJhonf/ trsm;pk ukd;uG,faombmomrSm Ak'bmom
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

69

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jzpfonf/ Ak'bmomonf tdEd,rSyif wkduf&kduf &&SdcJhonf/ AdEkd;NrdKUa[mif;ukd wl;azmf&mwGif
] oHCoD&d } [laom trSwftom;ygonfh wHqdyfwpfckukd awGU&SfdMu&onf/ xkdtcsufukd axmuf
AdEkd;NrdKUawmf Ak'bmom &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH; omoemjyKaeMuNyD[k qkdEkdifayonf/
AdEkd;okdY

a&muf&Sdvmaom

omoemrSm

tdEd,awmifykdif;

tE&a'o

xGef;um;aeaom

omoemrsdK; jzpfonf/ ,if;omoemrSm kyfyGm;qif;wkukd ukd;uG,fjcif;rjyKaom omoem*kdPf;

jzpfonf[k okawoDwkdUu aumufcsufcsMuonf/
at'D 4-&mpkcefYwGif tjcm;ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonfvnf; NrdKUjyEkdifiHopfrsm;ukd xlaxmif tkyfpkd;Muonf/
jynfNrdKUteD; oa&acw&mNrdKUawmf? ausmufqnfa'oteD; rkdif;arm [k ac:aeMuaom
yifv,fNrdKUa[mif;? a&Tbkda'o [efvif;BuD;paom NrdKUjyrsm;rSm orkdif;wGif xif&Sm;Muonf/
at'D

5-&mpkwGif

AdEkd;NrdKUawmfonf

oa&acw&mysLwkdYu

0ifa&muf

wkfdufckdufojzifh

ysufokOf;cJh&avonf/
oa&acw&macwf ax&0g'
oa&acw&macwfukd wnfaxmifaom ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonfvnf; Ak'bmomukd ukd;uG,fMuonf/
oa&acw&macwfwGif ax&0g'Ak'bmomESifhtwl r[m,me*kdPf;rS ukd;uG,frI txdrf;trSwf
ypnf;rsm;ukdvnf; awGU&SdMu&onf/ oa&acw&m cifbukef;rS wl;azmf&&Sdaom a&Taycsyf 20-wGif
tdEd,jynfawmifykdif;

a&S;a[mif;

awv*l

uem#dtu&mjzifh

ax&0g'yd#uwfawmf

aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd awGU&Sd&onf/
uef0ufacgif;ukef;rS

&&Sdaom

rPdawmftusdK;

rsufESmav;zufvkH;

ysL?

ouwwkdYjzifh

Ak'kyfyGm;awmfwpfql\

yvifywfvnf

rSwfwrf;a&;xm;onfukd

awGU&\/

oa&acw&mNrdKUa[mif;wGif Ak'bmomESifhywfoufaom tjcm;taxmuftxm; rsm;pGmukdvnf;

awGU&Sd&onf/

taxmuftxm;rsm;pGmwkdYrSm

ax&0g'ESifhywfoufaom

trSwftom;rsm;u

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

70

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ykdrkdae\/ xkdYaMumifh oa&acw&macwf Ak'bmomrSm ax&0g' Ak'bmom jzpfaMumif; ckdifrmpGm
od&SdMu&ayonf/
oa&acw&mysLwkdYonf Ak'bmomw&m;awmfxJrS tbd"rmyd#uawmfukd ykd ta&;xm;um
av;pm;cJhMuonf[k qkdEkdif\/ Ak'bk&m;\ 'ea'oemawmfukd tajcjyKonfh a,"rmtpcsD
*gxmrSm ysLvlrsdK;wkfdY tBudKufqkH;*gxm jzpf[efwlonf/*gxmukd ysLe,fajrrsm; rMumcP
awGUMu&onf/ *gxmrSm okdY jzpf\/
a,"rm a[wkyb0g
awoH a[wkH wxm*awm tm[
awoO a,m eda&ma"m
{0H 0g'D r[moraPm/
(jrefrmjyef) / / ]] tMuif ('ku)w&m;wkdYonf taMumif;(ork',)aMumifh jzpfukef\/ xkd ('ku)
w&m;wkdY\ taMumif; (ork',) jzpfaom w&m;ukdvnf; aumif;? xkdtusdK; ('ku)? taMumif;
(ork',) w&m;wkdY\ csKyfNidrf;&m (eda&m")? csKyfNidrf;aMumif; (r*) w&m;udkvnf;aumif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a[mawmfrl\/ &[ef;jrwfonf okdY t,l&Sdyg\/ }} (q|oH*g,emrl)
oa&acw&mysLwkdY\

Ak'bmom

wkwfrSwfwrf;wkdYvnf;

,kHMunfrItaMumif;ukd

awGU&Sd&onf/

at'D

,if;rSwfwrf;rS

800-cefYu

Ak'bmomESifh

a&;om;aom
ywfoufaom

taMumif;t&mwkdYukd a&G;EkwfazmfNyygrnf/
]] NrdKUawmfwGif wHcg;0aygif; 12-ck &Sdonf/ NrdKUav;axmifhwGif wpfaxmifhvQif bk&m;wpfql
wnfxm;onf/ bk&ifrif;jrwf pHjref;&m eef;awmfa&SU wHcg;0ukd rsufESmjyKum Pfawmf ay 100xuf

jrifh

ESif;yGifhuJhokdYjzLazG;aom

taoG;&Sdonfh

xkdifawmfrl

Ak'kyfyGm;awmfwpfqlukd

wnfxm;onf/
w&m;wabmif jzpfMuol ESpfOD;ukd bk&ifrif;jrwfu xkdkyfyGm;awmfjrwfa&SUwGif tarT;wkdifrsm;
xGef;ndapNyD; rdrdwkdY\ jypfrIrsm;ukd jyefvnfpOf;pm;apjcif;jzifh w&m;jzpfMuol ESpfOD;wkdY rMumrD
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

71

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

oifhjrwfoGm;Muonf/ NrdKU&Gma'orsm;wGif ab;tE&m,frsm;? uyfqkd;BuD;rsm; qkdufa&mufvmvQif
bk&ifrif;jrwfonf kyfyGm;awmf a&SUarSmufwGif tarT;eHYom xGef;ndylaZmf jynfoljynfom;wkdYukd
w&m;ESifhtnD tkyfpkd;ygrnf[k opmt"d|mef jyK&onf/
ysLwkdY a'owGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;aygif; 100-ausmfrQru &Sdonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif
a&TaiGwkdYjzifh pDjc,f [oFjy'g;ESifh awmufyaomta&mifrsm; okwfvdrf;xm;onfh crf;rBuD;
toG,foG,f &Sdonf/ Murf;jyifrsm;ukdvnf; teDa&mifqkd; yef;yGifh rsm;xkd;xm;aom aumfaZmrsm;
cif;xm;onf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;\ trkd;rsm;ukd eef;awmfacgifrkd;uJhokdYyif pOfhokwfxm;aom
tkwf<uyfrsm;jzifh rkd;xm;onf/
ysLvlrsdK; a,musfm;av;? rdef;uav; toD;oD;wkdYonf touf 7-ESpft&G,fa&mufvQif qHyifrsm;ukd
y,fjzwf

bkef;BuD;ausmif;okdYoGm;um

omoemhabmifwGif;okdY

0ifa&mufavh

&SdMuonf/

touf20-okdY a&mufaomtcg Ak'\ usifh0wfodumwkdYukdqufvuf vkdufemjcif;r&SdvQif vlxGuf

qHyifrsm;ukd jyefvnf t&Snfxm;Muavonf/ }}
azmfjyyg taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ysLwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ vlaerIb0ukd Ak'bmom,Ofaus;rIjzifh
wnfaqmufxm;aMumif; od&Sd&onf/ ysLwkdY\ vlaerIb0ukd Ak'a'oemu vTrf;jcKHxm;onf[k
qkd&ayvdrfhrnf/
ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ Ak'bmomukd trTrf;wif*kPf,lavh &SdMuonf/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh
awGUMuKHvQifvnf;

Ak'bmomukdyif

trTrf;wif

ajymMum;Muonf/

Ak'\

"raw;rsm;ukd

oDukH;Muonf/
at'D 800-802 ckESpfwGif ysL,Ofaus;rI aw;*DwtzGJUonf w&kwfEkdifiHokdY oGm;a&mufcJhMu\/
xefw&kwfbk&if\ eef;awmf azsmfajzMu&onf/ xkdazsmfajzyGJwGif Ak'bmom\ *kPfukdzGJUqkdaom
Ak'0ifaw;rsm;jzifh azsmfajzcJhMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

72

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcsKyftm;jzifhqkd&vQif ysLvlrsdK;wkdY\ b0"avhonf ax&0g' Ak'bmom,Ofaus;rI"avh jzpfonf/
ysLwkdYonf Ak'bmom avmif;&dyfukd ckdvIHvsuf rdrdwkdY\b0ukd xdef;ausmif;aexdkifcJhMuavonf/
jrefrmwkdY 0ifa&mufvmjcif;
AdEkd;?

oa&acw&mpaom

NrdKUjyrsm;ukd

wnfaxmifcsdefu

jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdYonf

jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufrvmMuao;ay/ jreffrm[k ac:wGifrnfh vlrsdK;rsm;um; aemufrS

a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;

jzpfonf/

jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdYonf

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY

rnfonfhumvu

a&muf&dSvmMuoenf;/
a&S;a[mif; &mZ0ifwkdY tqkdt& jrefrmwkdYonf bDpD 6-&mpk? okdYr[kwf 9-&mpkuyif a&muf&SdaeNyD[k
qkdMuonf/ tqkdrSm jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdYukd &nfnTef;jcif; r[kwfay/ tdEd,rS oustEG,fwkdY
a&muf&Sdvmcsdefukd a&;qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
tcsdKU okawoDwkdYurl at'D 9-&mpk a&mufrS 0ifa&mufvmMuonf[k qkd\/ tqkdukd pwif
azmfxkwfolrSm t*FvdyfvlrsdK; ygarmuvkpf jzpfonf/ rpwmvkpfonf wkwfwkdU a&;aom
refSL;usrf;udk ukd;um; a&;om;cJhonf/
if;u jrefrmwkdYonf at'D 9-&mpkwGif ewfxdyfawmifMum;vrf;rS 0ifvmNyD; ausmufqnfvGifjyif
tajccs aecJhMuonf qkd\/ ]] jrefrmtp ausmufqnfu }} [laom orkdif;opftqkdukd
a<u;aMumfcJhonf/

xkdtqkdukd

ol\

wynfhrsm;u

us,fjyefYatmif

aqmif&GufcJhMuojzifh

aemiftcsdefwGif ausmif;okH; pmtkyfrsm;ESifh jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;rsm;txd us,fjyefYoGm;avonf/

txufyg tqkfdukd vufcHEkdifzG,f r&Sdyg/ 9-&mpkwGif a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;rSm ]riftpk0ifrsm;} om
jzpfygonf/ rpwmvkpfonf ] riftpk } ESifh ] jrefrmtpk } ukd cGJjcm; ravhvmrdaomaMumifh
tqkdrsm; wdrf;,drf;cJh&onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

73

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jrefrm[k ac:wGifrnfh tpk0ifrsm;onf at'D 5-&mpkavmufuyif jrefrmjynf ajrjyefYa'ookdY
tajccscJhNyD[k qkdEkdifayonf/
a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf at'D 5-&mpkcefYwGif taxGaxG taMumif;rsm;aMumifh a&Munf&m jrufEk&mokdY
qif;vmMuonf/ tcsdKUonf &ckdifawmifwef;qDokdY a&mufoGm;Muonf/ olwkdYonf &ckdifa'o
] urf;,H } trnfjzifh tajccs aexkdifMuonf/ tcsdKUonf ykHawmif ykHnmokdY wufoGm;Muonf/
olwkdYukd ] a,m } (,0f) [k ac:onf/
tcsdKU jrefrmwkdYonf {&m0wDESifh csif;wGif;jrpf ESpfoG,f pyfMum; ae&mopfukd &SmazGMuonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif

jrefrmwkdYtwGuf

tajccsp&m

ae&maumif;rsm;

&Sm;yg;aeNyD/

ajraumif;

ajrjyefYa'orsm;rSm ysLvlrsdK;wkdY\ vufatmuf &SdaecJhMuNyD/

a&Tbkd0ef;usifonf

[efvif;ysLwkdY\

ausmufqnfvGifjyifrSmvnf;

vufatmuf

yifv,fysLwkdY\

vufatmuf

&Sdae\/

v,fwGif;a'o

&Sdae\/

atmufykdif;a'orSm

oa&acw&mysLwkdY\ e,fajrjzpfonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf

ae&mopfukd

&SmazGMu&m

jrpf0Srf;a'oukdvnf;

vkdcsifMuonf/

okdY&mwGif

jrpf0Srf;a'o ae&maumif;rsm; &Sm;yg;aeNyD/ xkdYaMumifh ysLvlrsdK;wkdY rufarmjcif; r&Sdaom

a'owpfck tajccs aexkdifMu&onf/ xkda'oum; aemiftcgwGif t&dr'eyl& ac: yk*HNrdKUawmfBuD;
jzpfvmrnfh {&m0wDjrpfauGU a'oyifwnf;/
{&m0wDjrpfauGU&Sd wk&ifawmifajc a'oonf jrpfESifh eD;aomfvnf; pkdufcif;ysdK; uGuf vkyfcsuf
raumif;ay/

rkd;enf;a'ovnf;

jzpfonf/

&moDOwk

yljyif;onf/

xkdYaMumifh

usefppfom;ausmufpmrsm; yk*Ha'oukd ] wwa'o } (avmavmylaomt&yf) [k qkdcJh\/

ajreDoJ0Srf;rsm; jzpfaomaMumifh ] wr'Dy } (aMu;eDa&mifa'o) [lvnf; &Sif'domygarmuf
ausmufpm a&;xkd;xm;cJhavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

74

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

at'D 6-&mpkavmufwGif jrefrmwkdY tiftm;pkpnf;rdvmNyD/ rdrdwkdY\ ukd,fykdif,Ofaus;rIukd
xlaxmifMuNyD/ at'D 638-ckESpfwGif jrefrmwkdYu ukd,fykdif ou&mZfukd tokH; jyKMuonf/
at'D 9-&mpkausmfavmufwGif eefacsmif (eefapm) a'o uGJuGmae&pfaom jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdYESifh
wpfEG,fwnf; jzpfonfh ] riftpk } 0ifwkdYvnf; jrefrmjynfwGif;okdY a&muf&SdvmMuonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif jrefrmwkdY tiftm;pk BuD;xGm;vmNyD; yk*Hukd A[kdjyK EkdifiHawmfopfukd xlaxmifMuonf/
xkdtcsdef ysLvlrsdK;wkdYvnf; 0g;tpnf;ajyovkd jzpfaeMuNyD/ oa&acw&monf vlrsdK;pkcsif;
y#dujzpfjcif;? ukd;uG,frIjcif; rajyrvnfjzpfjcif;paom taMumif;wkdYaMumifh pdwf0rf;uGJaeMuNyD
jzpf tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmvnf; rwnfwHhawmh/ tmPmvk wkdufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;&mrS aejynfawmf
ysufpD;cJh&onf/
ajrmufykdif;&Sd [efvif;NrdKUawmfrSmvnf; at'D 832-ckESpfwGif eefacsmifwkdY wkfdufckdufaomaMumifh
ysufpD;&onf/ wpfzef 835-ckESpfwGif v,fwGif;a'o yefavmifjrpfteD;&Sd rkdif;arm[k ac:aeMuaom
yxryifv,fNrdKU

(wkwftac:

rdcsJif=

pyg;NrdKU)ukdvnf;

eefacsmifwkdYu

qufvuf

wkdufckdufzsufqD;cJhjyefonf/ okdYjzifh ysLa'o tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm; ysufpD;cJh&avonf/

xkdtcsdefwGif

yk*Ha'o&Sdaom

ysLe,fajrrsm;ukdyg
tkyfcsKyfrIukdcH,l&aom

jrefrmwkdYonf

tkyfpkd;vmEkdifMuonf/
vlrsdK;rsm;

EkdifiHawmftiftm;ukd

ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf

jzpfvmMuonf/

csJUxGifEkdifMuonf/

wjznf;jznf;ESifh

aemufykdif;

jrefrmwkdY\

&mpkESpfrsm;wGif

ysLwkdYonf

jrefrmwkdYESifh aoG;aESmum ]] ysLvnf; jrefrm jrefrmvnf; ysL }} [laom tqihfokdY

a&muf&SdvmcJhavawmhonf/
ax&0g' omoemhEkdifiHawmf
at'D 8-&mpk 0ef;usifwGif ysLwkdY\ NrdKUjyEkdifiHi,frsm; bmomt,l0g'rsm; IyfaxG;ae\/
r[m,me?

jA[P0g'?

ewfukd;uG,frI?

e*g;ukd;uG,frIpaom

t,l0g'rsdK;pkHukd

vufcH

usifhokH;aeMuonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

75

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

t,l0g'rsdK;pkHonf

jrefrmEkdifiHawmfopfukd

ul;a&mufvmMuonf/

xkdYaMumifhyif

xlaxmifaomtcg

yk*HacwfOD;

t,l0g'rsdK;pkHukd

yk*HNrdKUawmfokdY
awGU&SdaeMu&onf/

xkdt,l0g'rsm;xJwGif orxD; t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ wE&*kdPf;rSm tus,fjyefYqkH;[k qkdEkdifonf/

yk*HacwfOD;wGif t&nf;BuD;acgif;aqmif wE&&[ef;BuD; 3-usdyfESifh wynfhaygif; 60000(ajcmufaomif;) rQ &Sdaeavonf/
taemf&xmrif;

eef;wufvmaomtcg

tm;jydKifaeMuonf/

taemf&xmrif;onf

t,l0g'rsdK;pkHwkdYrSm

ukd,fhenf;ukd,fh[efESifh

ukd;uG,frIoefYpifa&;ukd

aqmif&GufvkdaomqE

jyif;jyvsuf &Sdonf/ okdYaomfvnf; rnfodYk aqmif&Guf&rnf[k rodEkdifbJ jzpfae& avonf/

xkdtcsdefwGif oxkHrS t&Sift&[Hrax&fESifh awGUBuKHcJh&onf/ Ak'\ ax&0g' a'oemawmfukd
emMum;cJh&onf/ taemf&xmrif;onf t&Sift&[H\ a'oemawmfukd oabmusoGm;onf/
MunfndKo'gyGm;oGm;onf/ rdrd\ yk*Haejynfawmf ax&0g' Ak'bmom xGef;jyefYap&rnf[k
qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/
xkdYaemuf t&Sift&[Hrax&fukd q&mjyK ukd;uG,frIoefYpifa&;ukd aqmif&Gufavawmhonf/
,cifu

jynfolwkdYukd;uG,faeaom

yk*HjynfolwkdYukd

vSnfhpm;aeaom

t,l0g'rsm;ukd

acszsufypfonf/

t&nf;BuD;wkdYtm;

wE&

rE&wkdYjhzifh

vl0wfvJaponf/

xkdYaemuf

t&nf;BuD;vlkxGufrsm;ukd tJarmif; vSHukdif qifacs;usKH; jrif;acs;usKH; tvkyfwkdYukd apckdif;onf/

awmifolBuD;rif; vuffxufu tm;ay;ojzifh xGef;um;cJhaom e*g;udk;uG,frIukdvnf; rif;rdefYjzifh
wm;qD;ypfonf/
xkdtcsdefrSp ax&0g' Ak'bmom xGef;um;vmavonf/ EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfaomrif;u tm;ay;ojzifh
EkdifiHom;wkdYuvnf; Ak'bmomukd ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfvmMuonf/ aemufykdif;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf
ax&0g' omoemhEkdifiHawmf jzpfvmcJhavonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

76

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf Ak'bmom
taemf&xmrif;BuD;

jyKpkcJhaom

ax&0g'

Ak'bmomrSm

tajcckdifoavmuf&SdaeNyD;rS

apmvl;rif;vufxufwGif tm;enf;ovkd jzpfoGm;&jyefonf/

apmvl;rif;onf t&nftcsif; csnfheJYaom rif;wpfyg; jzpfonf/ pGrf;&nf&SdolwkdYukd rcsD;ajrmufwwf/
rdrdukd tE&m,fjyKrnfholtm; eef;wGif;xm; ajrmufpm;onf/ usefppfom;uJhokdY opmapmifhodaom
vlpGrf;aumif;ukdyif yk*HaejynfawmfrS y,fxkwfxm; cJhonf/
tcGifhaumif;ukd,l yJcl;pm; i&refu ykefuefonf/ i&refonf apmvl;rif; ajrmufpm;xm;aom
NrdKUpm;wpfOD; jzpfonf/ i&refonf ppftiftm;ukd pkpnf;vsuf yk*Haejynfawmfukd odrf;ykduf&ef
csDwufvmavonf/
apmvl;rif;onf yJcl;pm; i&ref\ ppfOD;ukd ukd,fwkdifcsDwuf wkdufckdufonf/ i&ref\
ppfy&d,m,fukd em;rvnfaomaMumifh apmvl;rif; tzrf;cH&onf/ xkdpOf usefppfom;u oGm;a&muf
u,fwifao;onf/ okdYaomfvnf; usefppfom;ukd txifvGJojzifh tu,frcHcJh/ aemufqkH;wGif
apmvl;rif;onf i&ref\ vufcsufjzifh toufao&avonf/
i&ref\ xkd;ppfqifvmrIaMumifh yk*HjynfolwkdYonf aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYaeMu\/ apmvlrif;
usqkH; yk*HwyfBuD;ysufaomtcg NrdKUawmfae jynfolrsm;ESifh &[ef;oHCmwkdYonf NrdKUawmfESifh
a0;&mokdY

ajy;a&SmifukefMuonf/

yk*Hjynf

kwfw&uf

vlOD;a&avsmhyg;oGm;NyD;

pnfa0p

&[ef;oHCmrsm;vnf; yg;&Sm;oGm;awmhonf/
aemufykdif;wGif usefppfom;OD;aqmif i&ref\ykefuefrIBuD;ukd EdIrfeif;EkdifcJhonf/ usefppfom;
atmifEkdifojzifh yk*HjynfolwkdYu usefppfom;tm; yk*HxD;eef;ukd tkyfcsKyf&ef vTJtyfMuonf/
usefppfom;onf rarQmfvifhbJ rif;jzpfvm&onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

77

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

usefppfom;rif;onf yk*Hjynfukd jyefvnfpnfyGm;atmif aqmif&Guf&onf/ ajy;a&Smifaeaom
yk*HjynfolwkdYukd jyef ac:aqmif&onf/ &[ef;awmfwkdYukd jyef yifhaqmif&onf/ okdY jyefvnf
pnf;kH;Ekdifojzifh yk*Hjynf Ak'omoemvnf; qufvuf zGHUNzKd;vmcJhavonf/
xkdYaemuf yk*HacwfwpfavQmuf tkyfpkd;oGm;Muaom rif;wkdYonf ax&0g' Ak'bmomukdyif
qufvuf ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/ tm;ay;csD;ajrmufcJhMuonf/ jrefrmrif;pOf wpfavQmufvkH;wGif
Ak'bmomukd tav;rxm;bJ rav;rpm;vkyfaom rif;[l tvGefenf;yg;vSonf/
yk*Hacwf

e&olrif;onf

Ak'bmomukd

&[ef;awmfwkdYukd

r,kHMunfaomaMumifh

rif;wpfOD;ukdvnf;

awGU&onf/

taeSmifht,Suf

&[ef;awmfwkdYukd
okd[efbGm;onf

ay;cJhzl;onf/
owfjzwfaom

Ak'bmom0if

tif;0acwfwGif
okd[efbGm;uJhokdY
r[kwfaomaMumifh

omoemh0efxrf;wkdYukd ESdyfpufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/

apmapmykdif;u

Ak'bmom0if

jzpfygvsuf

aemufykdif;wGif

rdrdbmomukd

opmazmufum

tjcm;bmomokdY ul;ajymif;oGm;aom rif;wpfyg;ukdvnf; &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; awGU&onf/ xkdrif;um;

&wkbk&if[k ac:wGifaeMuaom awmifilbk&if ewf&Sifaemif jzpfayonf/
jrefrmorkdif;pOf &mZ0ifwpfavQmufwGif Ak'bmomukd trnf;uGufxifatmif jyKvkyfcJholwkdYrSm
xkdrif; 3-OD;omvQif &Sdavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

78

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcef; (7)
ax&0g' *kdfPf;uGJrsm;
yk*Hacwf *kdPf;uGJrsm;
tdEd,EkdifiHESifh

oD&dvuFmEkdifiHwkdYwGif

jrefrmEkdifiHvnf;

omoem*kdPf;uGJrsm;

Ak'omoem*kdPf;uGJrsm;
ay:aygufcJh\/

ay:aygufvmouJhokdY

okdY&mwGif

tdEd,*kdPf;uGJrsm;rSm

t0wftqif? tusifhtMuH? pmayrS p tvGefuGJjym;Muonf/

jrefrmEkdifiH uGJjym;aom *kdPf;rsm;rSmrl rQ jcm;em;jcif; r&Sday/ ax&0g' avmif;&dyfrSyif
uGJjym;cJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH omoem*kdPf;uGJrsm;ukd avhvmvQif tcsdKUrSm rmeukd tajccH
uGJjym;Muonf/ tcsdKUrSm tenf;i,faom t,ltqukd tajccH uGJjym;Muonf/
tenf;i,faom

usifhMuHrIukd

tajccH

uGJjym;Muonf/

ukd;uG,fol

bk&iftm;ukd;jzifh

uGJjym;Muonf/ q&mpGJ twpGJukd tajccH uGJjym;Muonf/ yk*HacwfwGif rlvu oxkHrSvmaom

t&Sift&[H

OD;aqmif

jyKpkcJhonfh

oHCmh

tzGJUtpnf;

wpfckwnf;om

&Sdonf/

e&ywdpnfolrif;vufxuf a&mufaomtcg oD[kdVfjyef oHCmhtzGJUu q&mpGJjzifh oHCmhuHukd

oD;jcm;jyKMu&mrS *kdPf;wpf*kdPf; xyfyGm;vmonf/
xkdtcsdefrS p yk*Hjynf oHCm*kdPf; 2-*kdPf; jzpfvmonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm(1) yk&droHCm*kdPf; ?
(2) ypmoHCm*kdPf;wkdY jzpfayonf/
(1) yk&droHCm*kdfPf;rSm t&Sift&[H xlaxmifcJhonfh a&S;OD;oHCm*kdPf; jzpfonf/
(2) ypmoHCm*kdPf;rSm t&Sifqy'rax&f xlaxmifaom*dkPf; jzpfonf/
qy'onfoD[kdVfokdY

oGm;

pmayoifMum;&mrS

tjyefwGif

t&SifoD0vd?

t&SifwmrvdE?

t&SiftmeEmESifh t&Sif&m[kvmwkdYukd yifhvmcJhonf/ jrefrmjynf a&mufaomtcg if;wkdYu

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

79

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

rdrdwkdYbmom oHCmhuHukd jyKvkyfMuonf/ e&ywdpnfolrif;uvnf; xkd&[ef;tzGJUukd tm;ay;onf/
xkd*kdPf;rSm aemufrS ay:aygufvmaomaMumifh ] ypmoHCm*kdPf; } [k ac:Muonf/
xkd*kdPf;xJrS t&Sif&m[kvmrSm vlxGufNyD; rmvm,kokdY xGufoGm;onf/ rMumrD t&Sifqy'vnf;
ysHvGefawmfrlonf/ acgif;aqmifrax&f 3-yg;om usefawmhonf/
xkdrax&f 3-yg;wkdYvnf; aemufykdif;wGif vmbfvmbESifh pyf oabmxm; rnDnGwfojzifh
uGJjym;ukefMuonf/ *kdfPf;wpfckpD xlaxmifMuonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif yk*Hjynf(1) yk&droHCm*kdPf; ?
......ypmoHCm*kdPf;rS(2) t&SifoD0vd tEG,f*kdPf; ?
(3) t&SifwmrvdE tEG,f*kdPf; ?
(4) t&SiftmeEm*kdfPf;[l 4-*kdPf; ay:aygufcJhavonf/
&mrnoHCm*kdPf;rsm;
yk*Hacwf aemufykdif;wGif atmufykdif;a'ovnf; &mrn*kdPf;ac: oHCm*kdPf;uGJ rsm; ay:aygufcJh\/
xkd*kdPf;xJrS tcsdKU*kdPf;rsm;rSm yk*Homoem*kdPf;uGJrsm;rS jyefYyGm;aeaom *kdPf;rsm; jzpfonf/
&mrnwkdif; [Hom0wDukd tkyfpkd;aom "rapwDrif; vufxuf oHCm*kdPf;BuD; 6-*kdPf;rQ
&Sdaeonf/
(1) uarmZ*kdPf;/ / taomurif; vufxufu t&SifaomPESifh t&SifOw&rax&fwkdY
tquftEG,f*kdPf; jzpfonf/ ,if;*kdPf;ukd ] t&d,moHCm*kdPf; } [kvnf; ac:onf/ xkd*kdPf;rS
rax&fwpfyg;onf pmayy&d,wf jynfhpkHaomaMumifh xif&Sm;onf/ xkdrax&fonf vud,NrdKU?
y*Fgacsmif;teD; oDwif;okH;onf/ xkdausmif;ESifh reD;ra0; tdrfaps;BuD;vnf; &Sdonf/ xkdtdrfaps;
ywf0ef;usifwGif uarmZwkdif;om; okHUyef;wkdYukd aeaponf/ xkdaps;ukdvnf; uarmZaps;[k
ac:onf/ aemufykdif;wGifum; ausmif;ukdvnf; uarmZaps;ausmif;[k ac:onf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

80

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

wpf&Haomtcg 'vNrdKUrS oD&dpnfol trnf&Sdaom 'g,umu uarmZaps;ausmif; rax&ftm;

ausmif;BuD;aqmuf

wifvSLukd;uG,fonf/

xkdrax&frS

qif;oufvmaom

oHCmwkdYukd

]uarmZ*kfdPf; } oHCm[k ac:qkdMuonf/

(2) &SifoD0vd*kdPf;/ / xkd*kdfPf;rSm yk*Hjynf t&SifoD0vd rax&f*kdPf;rS qufyGm;vmaom*kdPf;
jzpfonf/
(3) &SifwmrvdE*kdfPf;/ / yk*HrSyif a&mufvmonf/
(4) &SiftmeEm*kdPf;/ / yk*HrSyif a&mufvmonf/
(5) &SifAk'0Ho*kdPf;/ / rkwrNrdKUom; t&SifAk'0Hoonf oD[kdVfokdY oGm; yOif;cHNyD; jyefvmonf/
rdzk&m;u ukd;uG,fojzifh rdzk&m;q&mawmf[k ac:onf/ xkdq&mawmfuvnf; *kdfPf;wnfaxmif
oHCmhuHukd oD;jcm; jyKavonf/
(6) &Sifr[mem**kdPf;/ / xkdrax&frSmvnf; rkwrNrdKUom;yif jzpfonf/ oD[kdVfoGm; yOif;cHonf/
jyefvmaomtcg oD;jcm; oHCmhuH jyK *kdPf;axmifaeol jzpfonf/
txufyg *kdPf;BuD; 6-*kdPf;wkdYonf wpf*kdPf;ESifh wpf*kdfPf; aygif;oif;jcif; rjyKMu/ rdrdwkdY
*kdPf;tcsif;csif;om oHCmhuH jyKaeMuonf/ "rapwDrif; eef;wufcsdeftxd xkdtwkdif;yif aqmif&Guf
jyKusifhaeMuonf/
"rapwDrif;onf omoemawmf xGef;um; jyefYyGm;a&;ukd txl;aqmif&Gufaeonf/ omoedu
taqmufttkH rsm;pGmukd aqmufvkyfonf/ oHCmawmfwkdYtm; ypnf; av;yg;jzifh axmufyHh
ylaZmfonf/

okdYaomfvnf;

oHCmwkdYrSm

*kdPf;tcsif;csif;

aygif;oif;jcif;

rjyKMuojzifh

pdwfauseyf[ef rwlay/ oHCmcsif; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfapcsifonf/ okdYaomfvnf; a&S;txufuyif

uGJjym;vmcJhMuojzifh pnf;vkH;ay;&ef rvG,fvSacs/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

81

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

"rapwDrif;onf
xlaxmif&ef

oHCm*kdfPf;rsm;ukd
qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/

pnf;kH;&ef
udpukd

rjzpfEkdifaomaMumifh

oD;jcm;

aqmif&GufEkdif&eftwGuf

omoemukd
odrfoHo,

ukdtaMumif;jyonf/
"rapwDrif;onf vuf&Sdodrfrsm;rSm oHo,jzpfzG,f &Sdonf[k qkdum &[ef;awmf rsm;ukd oD[kdVfokdY
apvTwf

odumopf

wifaponf/

jyefa&mufvQif

oD[kdVfjyef

q&mawmf

rsm;jzifh

uvsmPDodrfawmfBuD;ukd orkwfonf/ xkdodrfawmfBuD; yOif;opf tajrmuftjrm;ukd cH,laponf/

tjcm; &[ef;awmfrsm;ukdvnf; odumopf wif,laponf/ "rapwD rif;onf uvsmPDodrfxGuf
&[ef;wkdYukd OD;pm;ay;onf/ tjcm;odrfrsm;rS &[ef;jyKolwkdYukd tav;rxm;awmhay/
"rapwDrif;\ aqmif&Gufcsufonf atmifjrifonf[k qkd&ygrnf/ aemufykdif; wGif txufyg *kdPf;
6-*kdPf;rS

&[ef;wkdYvnf;

uvsmPDodrfawmf

odumopfukd

wif,lMuonf/

yl;aygif;

nDnGwfoGm;Muonf/
"rapwDacwf aemufykdif;wGif oHCm*kdPf;uGJrsm;vnf; arS;rSdefoGm;\/ aysmufuG,foGm;awmh\/
"rapwDrif;\ *kdPf;aygif;pnf;a&; aqmif&GufcsufrSm csD;usL;zG,f aumif;vS\/
omoemawmf oefY&Sif;pifMu,fa&;
"rapwDrif;onf omoemawmf oefYpifa&;ukdvnf; tav;xm; aqmif&Gufonf/ xkdacwfwGif
omoemawmfESifh rtyfpyfaom tvkyfwkdYukd usifhaqmifaeolrsm; &Sdonf/
xkd&[ef;rsdK;ukd

Ekdifeif;pGm

omoemawmfa&;

wm;jrpfyg&ef

avQmufxm;csufrsm;rS

q&mawmfwkdYtm;

avQmufxm;cJh\/

atmufygtcsufwkdYukd

MunfhvQif

rif;BuD;\
xkdacwf\

roefYpifrIrsm;udk awGUMu&ygrnf/
- aq;ukaom trIukd jyKaom&[ef; ?
- *Pef; (aA'if)twwf? vuform;twwf? qifpG,fyGwform; twwfukd jyKaom&[ef; ?
- rif;ESifh rif;trwf tp&Sdaom olwkdY\ uav;oli,fwkdYukd csDykd;xdrf;,jcif;ukd jyKay;aom &[ef; ?
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

82

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

- OygwoEdusrf;? edrdwfzwfusrf;? tdyfrufzwfusrf; zwfjcif;ukd jyKojzifh csrf;omqif;&Jukd
a[majymaom &[ef; ?
-

yef;csDaq;a&;trI?

yefykorm;trI?

yef;xdrform;trI?

bk&m;qif;wk

vkyfaom

yef;&eform;trIponfwkdYukd jyK umr*kPf pnf;pdrfukd cHpm;ukefaom vlwkdYuJhokdY toufarG;aom

&[ef; ?
- 0gcif;? oav;cif;? aumufcif;? rka,mcif;? ikwfcif; ponfwkdYokdY oGm; &SnfpGmaom
oDcsif;oHjzifh w&m;a[mvsuf 0g? aumufpyg;? oav;pyg;? rka,mpyg;? ikwfoD;ponfukd
&onf&Sdaomf ukefoG,fa&mif;csjcif;jyKaom &[ef; ?
- ravsmfaom vlwkdYESifh a&maESmjcif;jzifh a&maESmaexkdifaom &[ef; ?
xkdtvkH;pkHaom &[ef;wkdYonf ,kwfrmaom &[ef;wkdYwnf;/ xkd,kwfrmaom &[ef;wkdYtm;
t&Sifbk&m;wkdYonf rdrdtxH tNrJrjywf aepdrfhaomiSm tcGifh ray;Muapukefownf;/
"rapwDrif;onf okdYyif omoemawmfoefYpifa&;? t,ltjrif rSefuefa&;ukd OD;pm;ay;
aqmif&GufcJhaom rif;jzpfayonf/
t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;
yk*Hacwf

aemufykdif;rS

jrefrmjynfwpf0ef;wGif

*kdPf;BuD;

2-*kdPf;

xGef;um;cJhonf/

xkd*kdfPf;BuD;rsm;rSm ] t&nf;BuD;*kdPf; } ESifh ] yGJausmif;*kdPf; } wkdY jzpfonf/

,ckazmfjyrnfh
r[kwfay/

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm
taemf&xm

rwkdifrDu

taemf&xmrwkdifrDu

ay:aygufcJhaom

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;

r[m,me*kdPf;rS

yJhyGm;vmaom

wE&*kdPf;uGJwpfck jzpfonf/ xkd*kdPf;rSm taemf&xmrif;u wkdufzsufvkdufojzifh 11-&mpkuyif

uG,faysmufoGm;cJhonf/ xkd*kdPf;ukd yxrt&nf;BuD;*kdPf;[k ac:Ekdifonf/
,ck

azmfjyrnfh

*kdPf;jzpfonf/

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm
xkd*kdPf;ukd

e&ywdpnfolrif;

omoem0if

vufxufrSp

q&mpOfwkdY

ay:aygufvmaom

xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;

r&Sday/

okawoeynm&SifwkdYu ausmufpmtukd;tum;jzifh &SmazGawGU&Sdxm;aom *kdPf;jzpfonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

83

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

t&nf;qkdonfrSm t&n[laom ygVda0g[m&ukd emrowfjyK ac:qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

jrefrmbmomjzifh ] awmausmiff;*kdPf; } [k t"dym,f&onf/
awmausmif;*kdPf;0if

t&nf;BuD;wkdYonf

awmausmif;

aeMuaomfvnf;

w&m;bm0emukd

yGm;rsm;aeMuolrsm; r[kwfay/ olwkdYonf avmuDt,l0g'wkdYukd vkdufpm;Muonf/ wE&*kdPf;\

vkyfaqmifcsufwkdYukd tarGcH vkyfukdifMuonf/ 0dZmjzpfa&;? od'daygufa&;qkdaom vkyfief;rsm;ukd
jyKvkyfMuonf/
t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;0ifwkdYrSm trJtpm pm;jcif;? ao&nft&uf aomufokH;jcif;? nbufwGif trJao&nf
ponf tvSLcH okH;aqmifMuaMumif; ausmufpma[mif;rsm; awGUMu&onf/
xkd*kdPf;ukd wnfaxmifolrSm &Sifuy jzpfonf/ &Sifuyonf awmausmif; ae wE&*kdfPf;
tvkyfukd wGifus,fatmif jzefYjzL;onf/ rdrdukd,fwkdifum; ax&0g'Ak'bmom &[ef;awmftjzpf
cH,lxm;onf/ ax&0g'avmif;&dyfukd ckdvIH avmuDwE& tvkyfukd BudK;ukwf aqmif&Gufaeol
jzpfonf/
xkd&Sifuy\

twKywdwGif

usm;ukdpD;

c&D;oGm;jcif;?

rdausmif;ukdpD;

yifv,fjyifukd

jzwfausmfjcif;paom tHhbeef;Zmwfvrf;rsm;jzifh tqef;wMu,f azmfjyMu\/ xkdyk*dKvfBuD;ukd

wefckd;&Sif? od'd&Sif? r[d'd&SifBuD;tjzpf Pftm;csnfheJYolwkdYu ,kHMunfcJh Muavonf/
&Sifuyonf tedrfhawmausmif;[kac:aom t&yfrS ae *kdPf;BuD;yGGm;atmif csJUkjzefYcJhonf/
a&S;acwfu MuHwl (uefwl) [k ac:onf/ ,cktcg a&pBudK csif;wGif;jrpful; wHwm;BuD;\
ta&SUbufurf;

teD;

&Sdonf/

&Sifuy\

awmausmif;wkdufa[mif;BuD;ukd

,aeYwkdif

awGUEkdifMuao;onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

84

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

xkdrax&fonf e&ywdpnfolrif; vufxufwGif yk*HjynfokdY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ yk*HjynfolwkdYonf
rax&fBuD;ukd MunfndKMu\/ wE&qefaom vkyf&yfwkfdYukd oabmus ESpfjcdKufukefMuonf/
rif;rSL;rwf

tokdif;t0kdif;rS

yk*dKvfwkdYonf

rax&ftwGuf

yk*Hjynf

ausmif;uefrsm;ukd

wnfaqmufvSL'gef;Muonf/ ajr,mrsm;pGmukd vSLK'gef;Muonf/

yk*HjynfolwkdYonf

t&nf;BuD;wkdY\

pdwf0ifpm;vmMuonf/

wefckd;'dyg'f

vkyf&yfrsm;

jzpfaom

&&Sda&;?

a'0g

wE&qefonfh
a'0DwkdY\

tvkyfwkdYukd
ulnDrI&&Sda&;ukd

arQmfvifhvmMuonf/ ]] ukd,fhtm;ukd,fukd; }} 0g'xuf ]] olrsm;tm; ukd,fukd; }} 0g'ukd

cH,larQmfvifhaeMuonf/
at'D 13-&mpkwGif rGef*kdwkdYu usL;ausmfwkdfufckdufvmMuonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif tarQmfvGef0g'ESifh
obm0vGef tmkHwkdYukd ckHrifaeMuaom jrefrmwkdYrSm tIH;ESifh &ifqkdifMu&onf/ ppfIH;&jcif;rSm
taMumif;onf

t"du

r[kwfaomfvnf;

taMumif;wpf&yftaejzifh

yg0ifaMumif;

rjiif;qkdEkdifMuay/
tdEd,EkdifiHwGifvnf; uJhokdY tarQmfvGef0g'aMumifh EkdifiHjcm;om;wkdY vuf atmufokdY vG,fulpGm
usa&mufcJh&onf/ Ak'bmomvnf; uG,fycJh&onf r[kwfavm/
yk*Hacwf ukefvkeD;umvwGif awmausmif;*kdPf;BuD;onf txGwftxdyfokdY a&mufcJhonf/ &Sifuy
r&Sdonfh

aemufvnf;

olUwynfhrsm;u

t&nf;*kdPf;

vkyfief;rsm;ukd

qufvuf

aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif rif;tqufquf orm;kd;us omoemjyKcJhMuaom *gr0goD y&d,wdoifMum;a&;
*kdPfrsm;ukd

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;avmuf

vlBudKufrsm;[ef

rwlawmhay/

tcdsKU

*gr0goD

q&mawmfwkdYonf uJhokdY pdwful;,Ofvrf;aMumif;ukd vkdufaeMuvQif omoemawmfvnf;

usqkH;rnf/ EkdifiHawmfvnf; epfemawmhrnf[k oabmaygufvmcJhMu onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

85

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

yif;,acwf a&mufaomtcg y&d,wdomoemukd jzefYa0aeaom *gr0goD &[ef;awmfwkdYonf
vufawGUusaom twwfynmrsm;ukd tajcjyKonfh ] yGJausmif;*kdPf;}ukd xlaxmifcJhMu\/
yGJausmif;*dkPf;BuD;

pnfa0wkd;wufvmaomtcg

tmenf;oGm;&onf/

15-&mpkavmufwGif

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;ac:

awmausmif;

wjznf;jznf;
*kdPf;BuD;

aysmufuG,foGm;&onf[k orkdif;okawoDwkdY cefYrSef;Muonf/

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;BuD; aysmufuG,foGm;aomfvnf; t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ vkyf&yfrsm;ukd qufvuf tarGcH
usifhokH;aom ax&0g' trnfcH bkef;BuD;rsm;ukd qufvuf awGU&SdMu &ygonf/
Am;rJhq&mawmf? Am;warmhq&mawmf? i&eJq&mawmf paom yk*dKvfwkdYonf aemufacwfwGif
t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ vkyf&yfrsm;ukd tarGcH ausmfMum;cJhaom yk*dKvfrsm; jzpfayonf/
t&nf;BuD;wkdY\

pdwZa0'emtvkyfukd

oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;0ifwkdYrSm

acwftqufquf

BudK;ukwfaqmif&GufMuaom
aysmufysuf&ef

rvG,fvSay/

ax&0g'
vlom;wkdY\

tawG;vGeftmkHESifh tarQmfvGef&ruf xefjyif;rIukd tajccH {uef &SdaevdrfhOD;rnf/ 20- &mpk

ukefvkeD;jzpfaom ,aeYtxdvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH wpfeHwpfvsm;wGif uGufwduGufusm; ay:aygufvsuf
wefckd;awmufaeMuqJwnf;/
yGJausmif;*kdPf;
yGJausmif;*kdPf;\ jrpfzsm;cH&m A[kdXmeum; pum; 7-ausmif; jzpfonf/ Opem rif;onf ou&mZf
684-ckESpfwGif yif;, rif;jyK\/ Opemrif;onf yif;usm;t&yf pum;opfjzifh ausmif;BuD; 7aqmif

aqmufvkyfonf/

ou&mZf

702-ckESpfwGif

ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;ukd

yk*Hacwfu

xif&Sm;cJhaom *gr0goD*kdPf;rS rax&fwkdYtm; wifvSL cJhonf/

Opemrif;onf rdrd\ ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;ukd *gr0goD *kdPf;BuD; 2-ckrS rax&fwkYd tm;
wifvSLcJhonf/ yk*Hacwfu *gr0goD oHCmwkdYrSm t&Sift&[HtEG,f yk&droHCm*kdPf; ESifh
t&Sifqy'tEG,f ypmoHCm*kdPf;[k 2-*kdPf; uGJae\/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

86

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

Opemrif;onf ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;ukd *kdPf; 2-ckvkH;rS rax&fwkdYukd yl;wGJ wifvSLcJhonf/

*kdPf;tcsif;csif; aygif;oif; nDnGwfapcsifaomaMumifh jzpf[efwlygonf/
qErsdK; &SdcJhygvQif Opemrif;\ qE jynfh0onf[k qkd&ygrnf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf *gr0goD
*kdPf;uGJrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
pum; 7-ausmif;ukd tvSLcH&aom oHCmwkdYonf yk*Hacwfu uGJjym;cJhaom *kdPf;*P pdwf"mwfukd
acszsuf pnf;vkH;a&;pdwf"mwfukd arG;jrLcJhMuonf/ EkdifiHawmfa&SUa&;twGuf vufawGUusaom
twwfynmrsm;ukd yl;wGJoifMum; ay;Muonf/
pum;ausmif;u oifMum;ay;aom avmuDtwwfynmrsm;rSm "m;ckwf? vSHxkd;? jrif;pD;? qifpD;?
ppfqifrI? pufoGif;vSHxkd;? vufa0SUxkd;paom ynm&yfrsm; jzpfonf/
xkdacwfu jynfolwkdYonf avmuD avmukw&m pG,fpkHynm&yfrsm;ukd oifMum;ay;aom *gr0goD
ausmif;rsm;okdY uav;rsm;ukd tyfESH twwfynmwkdYukd oifMum;apcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh *gr0goD
ausmif;rsm;onf uav; vlBuD; rsm;pGmwkdY 0ifxGufoGm;vm&m XmeBuD; jzpfvmonf/
okdY vl0ifvlxGuf rsm;jym;vmrIukd taMumif;jyK *gr0goD ausmif;rsm;ukd ] yGJausmif; } [l
ac:qkdvmMuonf/

aemufykdif;umvwGif

yGJausmif;rsm;

wkd;yGm;vm&m

yGJausmif;tzGJU0if

oHCmwkdYvnf; rsm;jym;vmonf/ xkdoHCmtiftm;pk BuD;xGm;vm&mrS ] yGJausmif;*kdPf; } [l

ac:wGifxif&Sm;vmavonf/
yGJausmif;*kdPf;BuD;

tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmonfhtavsmuf

yGJausmif;ukd

vSL'gef;Muaom

0wKuHajr,mrsm;vnf; tajrmuftjrm; jzpfvmonf/ yGJausmif;oHCmwkdYonf 0wKuH ajr,mwkdYukd

ajrvkyfom; csxm;jcif;? tcGefb@m awmif;cHjcif;? aqmfMo&jcif;? pyg;rsm;ukd jcifwG,f,l&jcif;?

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

87

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

uRJEGm; &SmazGay;&jcif;? ol&if;iSm;wkdY tIyftaxG;rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;ay;&jcif; paom wm0efwkdYukd
aqmif&GufMu&onf/
yGJausmif;oHCmwkdYonf ajr,mrIpaom trIudpwkdYukd ajz&Sif; aqmif&Gufae&ojzifh y&d,wf
y#dywftvkyfwkdYukd

aumif;pGm

q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ukd,fwkdif

raqmif&GufEkdifMu/

tcsdKU

ajz&Sif;ay;Mu&onf/

trIudprsm;rSm

oHCmhOD;aqmif

omoema&;qkdif&m

rIcif;rsm;ukd

bk&ifhkH;awmfuvnf; 0ifa&muf pGufzufavh r&SdMuacs/

omoema&;qkdif&m

rIcif;rsm;ukd

oHCmawmfrsm;uom

ajz&Sif;qkH;jzwfae&onf/

tcsKdU

q&mawmfBuD;rsm;rSm omoema&; rIcif;rsm;wGif bk&ifozG,f tkyfcsKyf ajz&Sif;ae&aomaMumifh

xkdtBuD;trSL; &[ef;wkdYukd ] oHC&mZm } (oHCmrif;)[k ac:qkdvmMuavonf/
jrefrmrif;wkdYonfvnf; i,fpOf uav;b0u yGJausmif;rsm; pmayukd oifMum;Mu&onf/
avmuDynmrsm;ukd qnf;yl;Mu&onf/ odkYjzpf rif;jzpfaom tcgwGif rdrdwkdYq&m oHC&mZmwkdYukd
ypnf;av;yg;wkdYjzifh vSL'gef; ylaZmfMuavonf/
ou&mZf 726-ckwGif tif;0ukd wnfaxmif tkyfpkd;aom owkd;rif;zsm;onf ywl;BuD; oHC&mZmukd
q&mjyK ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfonf/
ou&mZf 730-ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom rif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ vufxufwGif &ckdifq&mawmfukd
oHC&mZmbGJU qufuyf ylaZmfukd;uG,fonf/
ou&mZf 763-ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom bk&ifrif;acgifBuD; vufxufwGif yGJausmif;*kdfPf; oHC&mZm
q&mawmfwkdYukdyif ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfcJhonf/ jrefrmhorkdif;wGif xif&Sm;aom vufa0SYausmf
atmifpnf;ckH oHC&mZmonf xkdrif;vufxufrSmyif ay:xGuf cJhayonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

88

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

yGJausmif;*kdPf;BuD;onf
tm;enf;ovkd

acwftqufquf

jzpfvm&onf/

okdY

wkd;wufvmcJhNyD;aemuf
jzpf&onfrSm

anmif&rf;acwfaESmif;wGif

jrefrmjynf

tjcm;*kdPf;opfrsm;

ay:aygufvmaomaMumifhvnf; wpfaMumif;yg0ifonf/
ukef;abmifacwf
rjyKawmhay/

A'kHrif;vufxuf

aemufykdif;wGif

a&mufaomtcg

yGJausmif;*kdPf;ukd

yGJausmif;q&mawmfwkdYukd

rif;rdefYjzifh

wm;qD;ypfonf/

ukd;uG,fjcif;
A'kHrif;onf

yGJausmif;*kdPf;u oifMum;ay;aom ynmjzifh EkdifiHawmfukd ykefuefEkdifonf[k taMumif;jy

zsufodrf;ypfcJhonf/
xkdtcg jynfolESifh &[ef;oHCmwkdYonf yGJausmif;rsm;ukd zsufodrf;vkdufaom aMumifh rauseyfrIrsm;
ay:aygufcJh&onf/ xkdtajctaet& yGJausmif;rsm;ukd jyefvnf zGifhvSpfEkdifaMumif; A'kHrif;u
tcGifhjyKjyefonf/ okdYaomfvnf; yGJausmif;trsm;tjym;rSm ysufpD;cJhNyD jzpf wkd;wufpnfa0vmjcif;
r&Sdawmh/ yGJausmif; tcsdKUavmufom jyefvnf zGifhvSpfEkdifawmhonf/
yGJausmif;rsm; jyefvnf tm;,laepOf rif;wkef;rif; eef;wufvmonf/ rif;wkef; rif;onf ou&mZf
1217-ckESpfwGif

*gr0goD

yGJausmif;rsm;ukd

vkH;0

ydwfypfvkdufonf/

xkdtcsdefrS

yGJausmif;*kdPf;vnf; vkH;0 aysmufuG,foGm;&awmhonf/

yGJausmif;*kdPf;BuD;onf ou&mZf 702-ckESpfrS p wnfaxmifcJhonf/ ou&mZf 1217-ckESpfwGif
rif;wkef;rif;u tNyD;tykdif zsufodrf;vkdufonf/ xkdYaMumifh yGJausmif;*kdPf; BuD;onf ESpfaygif; 515ESpfrQ oufwrf;&SnfcJhonf[k qkdEkdifavonf/
twif*kdPf;ESifh tkH*kdPf;
twif*kdPf;ESifh tkH*kdPf;wkdYrSm omoem0ifwGif xif&Sm;aom *kdPf;BuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ csJUum;vnf;
a&;om;cJhMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

89

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

twif*kdPf;onf

ou&mZf

paerif;vufxufwGif
csif;wGif;jrpf

1060-ckESpf

ay:aygufvmonf[k

taemufbufurf;rS

eef;wufaom
qkdMuonf/

wkef&Gmausmif;ae

&rnf;oif;rif;om;awmf

xkdrif;vufxuf

t&Sif*kPmbdvuFm&

ovm0wD
rax&fonf

twif*kdPf;ukd xlaxmifcJhol[k qkd\/

q&mawmfonf omraPwkdYtm; &Gm0if &GmxGufwkdY ouFef;ukd rkHapbJ vuf0Jwpfzuf yckH;xuf
wifom 0ifaponf/ ,yfukd ukdifaponf/ okfdY ouFef;ukd wif 0if&aomaMumifh ] twif*kdPf;
} [k ac:onf/ wkef&Gmq&mawmf wnfaxmifaom *kdPf;jzpf ] wkef*kdPf; } [kvnf; ac:Muonf/
xkdtcg awmifilNrdKUae t&SifAk'uFk&? t&Sifpdw? 'DyJ,if;NrdKU aus;vufae t&SifokeE? wvkyfNrdKU
i&hHtkd&Gmae t&SifuvsmPwkdYurl omraPwkdY &GmwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufaomtcg ouFef;kH ,yfukd
ukdif;apNyD;rS 0if&onf/ okdU &Gm0if&GmxGufwkdY ouFef;ukd kHMu&ojzifh ] tkH*kdPf; } [k ac:onf/
ouFef;wifrI kHrIudpukd taMumif;jyK *kdPf;BuD; 2-*kdPf; uGJjym;oGm;onf/ aemufykdif;wGif
*kdPf;BuD;rsm; BuD;yGm;vm\/ t,ltqi,f wpfckukd taMumif;jyK y#dyursm; ay:aygufvm\/
*kdPf;tcsif;csif; nDnGwfjcif; r&SdMuacs/
tkH*kdPf;0if q&mawmfwkdYu we*FaEGrif; vufxufwGifvnf;aumif;? [Hom0wDa&mufrif;
vufxufwGifvnf;aumif;

rdrdwkdY\

tkH0g'om

trSefjzpfaMumif;

tqkdjyKMuojzifh

twiftkHufdpukd tqkd tacsjyK ajymqkdMu&onf/ okdYaomfvnf; jyemrSm ajyvnfrI r&cJhacs/

xkdYaemuf pOfhul;rif; eef;wufaomtcgwGif tkH*kdPf;0ifwkdYu rdrdwkdY tkH0g'om trSefjzpfaMumif;
tqkdjyKMujyefonf/ xkdYaMumifh twiftkHudpukd tqkH;tjzwf ,lMu&\/ xkdtcg tkH*kdPf;u
tEkdif&ojzifh twif*kdPf;BuD; arS;rSdefoGm;&onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

90

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

A'kHrif;vufxufwGif twif tkHjyem xyfrH jzpfyGm;vmjyefonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ta&;t&m
BuD;xGm; rvmawmhay/ aemufykdif;wGif tkH*kdPf;uom tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmNyD; twif*kdPf;rSm
wjznf;jznf; arS;rSefjrKyfwdrfcJh&avawmYonf/
,aeYacwf *kdPf;rsm;
,aeYacwfwGufvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH todtrSwf jyKxm;aom ax&0g'*kdPf;BuD; 9-*kdPf; &Sdonf
,if;wkdYrSm(1) ok"rm*kdPf; ?
(2) a&Tusiff*kdPf; ?
(3) r[m'Gg&*kdPf; ?
(4) rlv'Gg&*kdPf; ?
(5) taemufacsmif;'Gg&*kdPf; ?
(6) a0VK0ef*kdPf; ?
(7) iSufwGif;*kdPf; ?
(8) *P0drkwf*kdPf; ?
(9) r[m&if*dkPf; wkdYjzpfonf/
xkd*kdPf;BuD;rsm;teuf ok"rm*kdPf;rSm a&S;tusqkH; *kdPf;BuD; jzpfouJhokdY tiftm;tBuD;qkH;vnf;
jzpfayonf/
,ck &Sdaeaom 9-*kdPf;vkH;rSm ax&0g' abmiftwGif;rSyif uGJjym;aeaom *kdPf;rsm; jzpfonf/
r[m,me*kdPf;uJhokdY ax&0g' yd#uwfukd ajcuef awmfvSefaom *kdPf;rsm; r[kwfay/
tav;rxm;avmufaom tao;trTm; t,ltqukd tajccHxm; uGJjym;aeMujcif; jzpfayonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH

tpkd;&onf

uGJjym;aeaom

*kdPf;BuD;rsm;ukd

aygif;pnf;apvkdaom

qEjzifh

*kdPf;q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh awGUqkH aqG;aEG;avQmufxm;cJhonf/ ax&0g'tcsif; csif; nDnGwfyg&ef

awmif;yefcJhMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

91

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

xkdYaemuf *kdPf;aygif;pkH oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;ukd urmat;ukef;ajr&Sd q|oH*g,em r[mygomP
vkdPf*lawmfBuD; 1980-jynfhESpf? ou&mZf 1342-ck? e,kefvwGif usif;yEkdifcJhavonf/
xkd*kdPf;aygif;pkH oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;rSyif *kdPf;aygif;pkH oHCmrsm; yg0ifaom oHCem,utzGJU
tqifhqifhukd zGJUpnf; omoema&; wm0efukd aqmif&GufaeMuavonf/
bmom0ifOD;a& EIdif;,SOfcsuf
jrefrmEkdifiHonf acwftqufquf ax&0g' Ak'bmomukdom vufqifhurf; ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/
vlOD;a& wkd;yGm;vmoavmuf Ak'bmom0if OD;a&vnf; wkd;rsm; vmcJhonf/
jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxuf &Sdaom Ak'bmom0if pm&if;ukd rawGU&aomfvnf; t*FvdyfwkdY
tkyfcsKyfaom ukdvkdeDacwfwGifrl bmom0ifOD;a& pm&if;ukd wduspGm od&Sd&\/ ukdvkdeDacwftwGif;
1920-jynfhavmufu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlOD;a& 13-oef;cefYom &Sdao;onf/ xkdtcsdefu bmom0if
toD;oD;wkfdY pm&if;ukd okfdY awGTUod&onf/
...bmom a,musfm;+rdef;r vlOD;a&
Ak'bmom................. usm;.................. 5525159
....../........................... r .................... 5676784
ewfukd;uG,fol......... usm;...................... 369188
......./.......................... r.......................... 333399
[dELbmom.............. usm;...................... 378177
......./......................... r........................... 106255
yoDbmom............. usm;......................... 314527
......./......................... r............................ 186085

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

92

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

c&pf,mefbmom..... usm;......................... 132499
......../........................ r............................. 124608
t&d,bmom.......... usm;................................. 190
......../........................ r...................................... 80
A&mrkdqrwfbmom. usm;................................. 355
........./....................... r....................................... 93
uGefzsL&Syfbmom.... usm; .............................. 9964
........./ .................... r .................................. 4067
*sdef;bmom............. usm;................................. 866
......../ ..................... r..................................... 269
&[l'Dbmom.......... usm;................................. 587
..................................r..................................... 548
&Sifwkdbmom......... usm;.................................... 31
......./ ..................... r....................................... 14
qpfbmom........... usm;............................... 3704
....../ ..................... r................................... 1139
zm&qDbmom....... usm;................................. 229
......../ .................... r.................................... 151

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

93

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

oDtkdqkdzpfbmom. usm;................................... 40
........./ .................. r....................................... 11
bmomrukd;uG,fwwfol ....... usm;.......... 21453
........./ ..................................... r .............21640
xkdtcsdefu jrefrmEdkdifiH vlOD;a&aygif; wpfq,fhokH;oef; wpfodef; ajcmufaomif; ukd;axmif
ukd;q,fhukd;a,muf &Sdonf/ xkdvlOD;a&xJwGif&[ef;oHCmawmfaygif; 106429-yg;? oDv&Sifaygif; 47342-yg; &Sdavonf/
(EkdifiHa&; "ruxdue,'DyeDrS)
c&pfESpf 1986-ckESpf a&mufaomtcg jrefrmEkdifiH vlOD;a& 33-oef; &Sdvmonf/ xkdtcsdef
Ak'bmom0if OD;a&rsm; wkd;wufvmcJhonf/ tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;vnf; wkd;wufvmonfukd
awGU&ygonf/
Ak'bmom0if

30000000- ausmf

c&pf,mefbmom0if 1600000- ausmf

tpvefbmom0if

1300000- ausmf

ewfukd;uG,fol

390000

[dELbmom0if

170000

tjcm;

52000

jrefrmou&mZf 1356-ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH vlOD;a& oef;ygif; 40-ausmfNyD[k od&Sd&onf/

xkdtxJwGif &[ef;awmfaygif;

162098-yg;?

omraPaygif;

233840-yg;?

oDv&Sifaygif;

23022- yg;-

&Sdaeavonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

94

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ax&0g' Ak'bmom
( 'kwd,ykdif; )
tcef; (1)
ax&0g' a&maESmvmaom ukd;uG,frIrsm;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ewfukd;uG,fol OD;;a& okH;odef; ukd;aomif;ausmf &Sdonf[k aemuf qkH;pm&if;t&
od&Sd&onf/ xkdvlOD;a&rSm Ak'bmom ra&mufEkdifao;aom awmifwef;a'orsm; wkdif;&if;om;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/
tu,f Ak'bmomESifhtwl kd;&mewfukdyg ukd;uG,folwkdY pm&if;ukd aumuf ,lrnfqkdvQif oef;
30-ausmfyif jyef &&Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf Ak'bmom ukd;uG,fol 90- &mEIef;rSm
kd;&mewfwkdYukdvnf; vufrvTwfEkdifbJ ukd;uG,faeMuaomaMumifhaywnf;/
rSefygonf/

,aeY

ukd;uG,fMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiH
okdYaomfvnf;

jynfoljynfom;wkdYonf
kd;&mewfrsm;ukdvnf;

t"dutm;jzifh
wpfqifhedrfh

Ak'bmomukd

ae&m

xm;

ukd;uG,faeMuonf/ ylaZmfyoaeMuonf/ Ak'bmom ,kHMunfrIESifhtwl ewf0g',kHMunfrIukd

wGJzuf cH,laeMuonf/
ewfukd;uG,fonfh tvkyfrSm jrefrmjynfomr[kwf/ tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;vnf; rdrdwkdY\ kd;&mewfrsm;ukd
ukd;uG,fylaZmfaeMuonf/ ewfukd;uG,frIonf tvGeftkda[mif; aqG;ajrhaom acwfumvrSp
,aeYtxd wnf&Sdaeaom pdwful;,Of t,l0g'wpfck jzpfonf/
a&S;OD; urmhorkdif;ukd avhvmvQif acwftqufquf ewf0g'rsm; BuD;pkd;vmcJhonfukd awGU&Sd&\/
a&S;acwfOD; vlom;wkdYonf ukd;uG,fp&m ewfkyfwk tjzmjzmwkdYukd pdwftawG;jzifh SmazG
azmfxkwfcJhMuonf/

ewfbmom

ewf0g'ukd

azmfaqmifcJhMuonf/

urmhorkdif;\

ewf0g'orkdif;csKyfukd xkwfEkwf avhvmoifhayonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

95

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ukd;uG,frI xGef;um;vmjcif;
vGefcJhaom

ESpfaygif;

7000

wkd;wufajymif;vJvmonf/

(bDpD

pkdufysdK;a&;

5000)

cefYrS

vkyfief;rsm;ukd

vlom;wkdY\

wGifus,fpGm

,Ofaus;rIrsm;

vkyfukdifvmMuonf/

pkdufysdK;a&; ud&d,mrsm;ukd wDxGifMuonf/ pkdufysdK;a&;ESifh ywfoufvnf; tawG;tjrifrsm;

ay:aygufvmonf/
ajrBuD;onf vlom;wkdY\ tm[m& jznfhwif;a&;twGuf oD;ESHrsm;ukd xkwfvkyf ay;ae\/
a&onfvnf;

oD;ESHjzpfxGef;rIukd

tm;ay;ae\/

aea&mifjcnfonfvnf;

oDESHjzpfxGef;rIukd

taxmuftul jyKae\/ oabmukd vlwkdY em;vnfvmMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh obm0ypnf;rsm;

jzpfaom

ajr

a&

av

aepaom

t&m0wKwkdYukd

vlom;wkdY\

aus;Zl;&SifBuD;rsm;[l

owfrSwfcJhMuonf/
umvMumaomtcg ajr a& paom obm0"mwfBuD;rsm;ukd pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; [l ,kHrSwfvmMuonf/
pGrf;tm;&SifBuD;rsm;onf vlwkdY\ tm;xm;&m? ukd;uG,f&m[l ,kHMunfvmMuonf/ okdYjzifh
ajrewf? a&ewf? avewf? aeewf? rD;ewf paom ewfrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefu
ukd;uG,faom

ewfrsm;rSm

obm0kyfypnf;rsm;ukd

ukd;uG,faom

bmomjzpf

] obm0ukd;uG,frIbmom } ( Nature Worship ) [k ac:onf/

vlom;wkdYonf

ukd;uG,frI

acwfOD;

obm0kyfypnf;rsm;ukd

tajccH

bmom0g'ukd

xlaxmifcJhMu\/ xkdrS wpfqifh obm0avmuukd awG;awm MuHqvmMu jyefonf/

urmBuD;ukdvnf;aumif;? urmay:&Sd ouf&Sd oufrJht&m0wK rsm;ukdvnf;aumif; wpfpkHwpfOD;u
zefqif;xm;jcif; jzpfrnf[k rjrifrawGUEkdifaom pGrf;tm;&Sifukd azmfxkwf vmMuonf/
xkdpGrf;tm;&Sif

zefqif;&SifomvQif

,kHMunfvmMujyefonf/

vlwkdY\

xkdzefqif;&Sifonf

aus;Zl;&Sif?
tpOfxm0&

vlwkdY\

ukd;uG,f&m[lk

wnf&SdaeNyD;

rysufpD;Ekfdifaom

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

96

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

t&mjzpfonf[kvnf; cH,lvmMuonf/ xkdtcdsefrS p vlUurmwGif j'yfrJhtawG;jzifh zefwD;aom
bmomwpf&yf ay:aygufvmjyefavonf/
bDpD 3000-cefY aemufykdif;wGif vlUurm j'yf&Sd? j'yfrJh wkdYukd tajccHaom tawG;0g'rsm;
xGef;um;vmonf/

tawG;0g'ukd

tawG;,Ofaus;rIukd

tajccHaom

tajccH

tawG;,Ofaus;rIrsm;

twwfrsm;

ay:aygufvmonf/

xGef;um;vmonf/
tawG;,Ofaus;rI

rSwfwkdifBuD;rsm;tjzpf urmausmf ewfuGef;BuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJh avonf/

acwfOD; vlom;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ vlaerI pepfukd ewfbmoma&; tjrifjzifh zef wD;Muonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfukdvnf; ewf0g'jzifh azmfaqmifMuonf/ xkdtcg ewfbmomjzifh toufarG;aom
0efxrf;rsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ xkdewf0efxrf;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY ewfrsm;\ 'dyg'frsm;ukd csJUrTrf;
a[majymMuonf/ obm0u&Sdaeaom kyf0wKpGrf;&nfwkdYukd ewf'dyg'ftjzpf jrifhwifay;Muonf/
ewfukd;uG,frI

acwfpm;vmcsdefwGif

pdwftawG;jzifh

arG;xkwfaom

twwfynmrsm;vnf;

xGef;um;vmonf/ rEeftwwf? aA'iftwwf? ewfa[mtwwf? arSmftwwf? ,ZfylaZmfa&;

ponfwkdYrSm pdwftawG;jzifh arG;xkwfxm;aom vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf/
urmhorkdif;OD;u wDxGifxm;aom ewfrsm;ukd avhvmvQif obm0kyfypnf; rsm;ukdom awGU&rnf
jzpfonf/ kyfypnf;rsm;onf obm0tavsmuf jzpfwnfaeaom t&m0wKrsm;om jzpfonf/
touf0dnmOf&Sdaom ow0grsm; r[kwfay/
aemufykdif;acwfrsm;wGif opfyif? awm? awmif? ausmufwkH;? rkdBudK;? jrpf? acsmif; paom kyf0wK
tajrmuftjrm;ukdvnf; touf0dnmOf &Sdonf[k xifrSwf qnf;uyf ukd;uG,fvmMuonf/
urmhorkdif;OD; bmom0g'rsm;udk avhvmaomtcg(1) j'yf&Sd kyfypnf;wkdYukd ukd;uG,faom 0g'?
(2) j'yfrJh pdwful;,Of zefqif;&Sif ukd;uG,faom 0g' udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

97

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

[l ESpfrsdK; ESpfpm;ukd awGYMu&avonf/
ESpfrsdK;vkH;rSm vlwkdY\ tmomqEt& pdwftawG;jzifh zefwD;xm;aom ukd;uG,f&m bmomrsm;
jzpfonf/
urmhorkdif;OD;wGif uJhokdY pdwful;,Of tawG;bmomwkdY\ jrpfzsm;cH&m a'owkdYrSm tD*spf?
rufqkdykdawrD;,m;a'o? aAADvkHeD;,m;? tdEd,? wkwf? *&d? a&mr ponfh EkdifiHrsm; jzpfonf/
txufyg a'orsm;rS ukd;uG,frIrsm;rSm aemiftcgwGif urmwpf0ef;okdY ysHUESHYoGm; onf/
EkdifiHtcsif;csif;

ul;oef;a&mif;0,fMu&mrS

ukd;uG,frI

bmom,Ofaus;rIrsm;vnf;

a&muf&SdfoGm;Muonf/
xkdukd;uG,frIrsm;teuf ewfukd;uG,frIrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHokdYvnf; ul;pufysHUESHY vmcJhonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom ewfrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd,EkdifiHrS wifoGif;vmaom ewfrsm;
jzpfayonf/
jrefrmwkdY ewfukd;uG,frI
jrefrmwkdYonf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 4000 (bDpD 2000 ) cefYu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; okdY
ra&mufvmMuao;/

xkdtcsdefu

jrefrm[k

ac:wGifvmrnfh

vlrsdK;rsm;onf

taemufajrmufa'o tajccs aeMuonf/ xkdpOfu jrefrmwkdY\ emrnfukd ] csdtJef }

wkwfjynf
( Chang )

[k

ac:onf/
csdtJefvlrsdK;wkdYonf taMumif;trsdK;rsfdK;aMumifh a&TUajymif;vmcJhMu&m jrefrmEkdifiH wGif;okdY at'D 5&mpkavmufwGif 0ifa&mufvmcJhMuavonf/
csdtJefwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiH ajrjyefYa'ookdY ra&mufvmrDu ewfukd;uG,frI "avhrsm; &SdcJhonf[k
orkdif;okawoDwkdYu qkdMu\/ csdtJefwkdY ukd;uG,faom ewfrsm;rSm tdrfaxmifpkewf? v,fewf?
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

98

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

awmif,mewf? awmewf? opfyifewfwkdY jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif oD;ESHzGHUNzKd;atmif jyKvkyfaom ewfrsm;ukd
,ZfylaZmfaom

tavhtxvnf;

&Sdonf[k

qkdygonf/

jrefrmwkdY

a&S;ODukd;uG,faom

ewfrsm;rSmvnf; kyfypnf;wkdYukd 0dnmOf&Sdonf[k xif ukd;uG,fjcif;rsm;om jzpfygonf/

csdtJefwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY a&mufvmNyD;aemuf ] jrefrm } [laom trnfukd cH,lvkdufMu\/
jrefrmwkdYonf ajrjyefYa'owGif ysLvlrsdK;wkdYESifh aygif;oif;Mu&onf/ ysLwkdYxHrS ,Ofaus;trIrsm;ukd
enf;,lMuonf/
xkdtcsdef

ysKvlrsdK;wkdYonf

t"dutm;jzifh

ax&0g'Ak'bmomukd

ukd;uG,fMuaomfvnf;

[dELjAm[Pbmom? r,m,mebmom? e*g;ukd;uG,frIpaom t,l0g' rsm;vnf; &Sdae\/

jrefrmwkdYonf ysLEkdifiHawmfukd vufajymif; tkyfcsKyfMu&mwGif ysLvlrsdK;wkdY txHrS ukd;uG,f&m
,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukdvnf; cH,lcJhMuonf/ xkdtxJwGif ewfukd;uG,frIvnf; yg0ifvmcJhonf/ ysLwkdYxHrS
vufqifhurf;

ukd;uG,fMuaom

ewfrsm;rSmvnf;

rsm;jym;vSonf/

xkdtxJwGif

odMum;ewfukd;uG,frIonf a&SUwef;u &Sdaeavonf/

odMum;ewf ukd;uG,frI
odMum;ewf

ukd;uG,frIonf

tdEd,EkdifiHwGif

txl;ta&;ygvSonf/

odMum;ewfukd

ouwbmomjzifh ] `E } [k ac:\/ ygVdbmomjzifh ] E } [k ac:\/ okdYaomfvnf;

ou[laom a0g[m&jzifh tokH;rsm;onf/ oua0g[m&ukd jrefrmwkdYu ] odMum; } [k jyefqkfd
ac:a0:cJhMuonf/
xkdodMum;ewfonff

a&S;a[mif;jAm[Pusrf;rsm;omru

Ak'pmayxJvnf;

tcgrvyf

awGU&Sdae&aom ewfrif;BuD; jzpfonf/ xkdewf jzpfay:vmaom orkdif;aMumif;ukd avhvmaomtcg

tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYu pwifukd;uG,fvmaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ odMum;rif; jzpfpOfum; okdYwnf;/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

99

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

bDpD 2000-cefYwGif ta&SUbuf tm&Swkduf tv,fykdif;txd us,fjyefYaom jrufcif;a'orsm;wGif
r,Ofrkdif; vlrsdK;rsm; aexkdifcJhMuonf/ xkdvlrsdK;rsm;onf rl&if;a'orS t&yfav;rsufESmokdY
c&D;qefYMu&m

tcsdKUu

taemufbuf?

tcsdKUu

awmifbuf?

tcsdKUu

ta&SUbufqDokdY

OD;wnfvmcJhMuonf/
ta&SUbufqDokdY

OD;wnfvmcJhMuaom

ckdifbmawmifMum;vrf;rS
]tm&d,ef }

( Aryan )

wpfqifh

vlrsdK;rsm;onf

jrif;&xm;rsm;jzifh

tdEd,EkdifiH

taemufajrmufa'o&Sd

0ifa&mufvmMuonf/

xkdvlrsdK;rsm;ukd

vlrsdL;[k ac:onf/

tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf

tdEKjrpf0Srf;a'ookdY

a&muf&SdvmMuNyD;aemuf

a'ocHjzpfaom

'&mAD'D,efvlrsdK;wkdY\ ae&mrsm;ukd vk,ufwkdufckdufMuonf/ '&mAD'D,efwkdYonf tm&d,efwkdY\

wkdufckdufrIukd wkHYjyefwkdufckdufMuonf/ okdYaomfvnf; tm&d,efwkdYukd rwGef;vSefEkdifMu/ xkdYaMumifh
tdEKjrpf0Srf;a'oukd

ypfcGm

**Ffgjrpf0Srf;a'ookdY

ajymif;a&TUoGm;Mu&onf/

wGif

tdEKjrpf0Srf;a'oukd tm&d,efwkdYu pdk;rkd; tkyfcsKyfcJhMuavonf/

tm&d,efwkdYonf tdEKjrpf0Srf; a'ookfdY ra&mufvmrDuyif ewfukd;uG,frIrsm; yg&SdvmcJhonf/
,if;wkdY\ t"duukd;uG,f&mrSm Eac: odMum;ewf jzpfonf/ Eewfonf 0&Zdefvufeufac:
rkd;BudK;vufeufukd ukdifaqmifol jzpfonf/
a&S;OD; tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf rkd;BudK;ypfjcif;ukd tvGefaMumuf&GHUovkd tvGefvnf; tHhMoMuonf/
rkd;BudK;ypfjcif;onf tvGefpGrf;&nf jyif;xefaom ewfBuD;\ wefckd;tmEkabmfaMumifh jzpfonf[k
cH,lMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh rkd;BudK;vufeuf ykdif&SifBuD;ukd `E (E) odMum;ewf[l ac:a0:vsuf
ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/
tdEKjrpf0Srf;okdY

a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg

rkd;BudK;vufeufykdif&Sif

odMum;ewfBuD;onf

ewftm;vkH;wkdY\bk&if jzpfvmavonf/ tjcm;ewfrsm;xuf wefckd;'dyg'fukd jrifhwifay;Muonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

100

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

odMum;jzpf&yf

twKywfwkdYukd

csJUrTrf;

a&;om;vmMu\/

ygVdtbd"mefESifh

#Dumusrf;wkdY

odMum;ewf\ *kPfyk'fukd 37-yk'frQ xkwfjyxm;avonf/

aemiftcg

tm&d,efwkdYonf

odMum;ewfukd

bmoma&;avmuxJokdY

oGwfoGif;NyD;vQif

t"duae&m xm;&SdMuonf/ Eac: odMum;ewfonf tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdY ukd;uG,faom ewfBuD;

33-yg;wkdYwGif tBuD;qkH;aom ewfBuD;tjzpf a&SUwef; xm;&SdMucJh Muavonf/
tdEd,EkdifiH ewfukd;uG,frI xGef;um;vmcsdefwGif vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdYukd,fukd ewf rsdK; ewfEG,fjzpfol?
ewfukd;uG,foltjzpf *kPf,l ajymqkdvmMuonf/ ewfwkdYESifh aqGrdsK; pyfvmMuonf/ rdrdwkdYukd,fukd
ewfuarG;zGm;vmol ] ewfom; } (a'0ykw) [l *kPf,l ajymqkdMuonf/ aemiftcgwGif
tdEd,EkdifiH tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaom uedoQurif;onf ] a'0ykw } (ewfom;) [laom bGJUukd
cH,lcJhzl;avonf/
Ak'bk&m;\ omoemh0efxrf; &[ef;awmfwkdYukd ] bk&m;om;awmf } [k *kPf,l ac:qkdcJhMuonf/
ewfukd;uG,folwkdYuvnf; rdrdukd,fukd ] ewfom; } [k ac:qkdMuonfrSm tqef;r[kwfawmhacs/
ewforkdif;xJrS

odMum;ewfrif;

ukd;uG,fMuaom

jzpfpOfukd

obm0ukd;uG,frIbmomrS

avhvm&m

xkdewfonfvnf;

arG;xkwfxm;aom

orkdif;OD;

t,ltqjzpfaMumif;awGU&NyD/

odMum;ewfrSm vQyfppf"mwfaMumifh rkd;BudK;ypfwwfaom obm0ukd ewftjzpf ukd;uG,fcJhMujcif;

jzpfayonf/
odMum;ewf

ukd;uG,frIonf

jrefrmEkdifiHokdY

oa&acw&macwfuyif

ul;a&mufvmcJhonf/

ysLwkdYvufrS jrefrmrmwkdYu vufqifhurf; ukd;uG,fcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH twGif; 37rif;ewfpm&if;vnf;aumif;? tjyif 37-rif; ewfpm&if;vnf;aumif; tjcm; ewf&mxl;ae&m
tawmfrsm;rsm;vnf;aumif; yg0ifaeaom ewfZmwfvkdufBuD; jzpfayonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

101

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jrefrmha&S;OD;&mZ0ifwkdYukd

avhvmvQifvnf;

odMum;rif;ukd

ae&mcyfrsm;rsm;

awGU&onf/

oa&acw&mjynf wnf&mwGifvnf; odMum;rif; ygonf/ ysLapmxD;rif; eef;wuf&mwGifvnf;

odMum;rif;u vuf0Jvufukd r eef;wifonf[k qkdonf/ ae&m odMum;rif;qkdonfrSm
trwfwpfOD;u

odMum;rif;

t0wfwefqmwkdYukfd

0wfqif

eef;wifjcif;jzpfaMumif;

&mZ0HoZmvdeDusrf;q&mu aumufcsufcsjyxm;&m obm0usaom &mZ0if[mowpfyk'f jzpfyg\/

ol&wDewf ukd;uG,frI
a&S;OD;tm&d,efwkdYonf tdEd,taemufajrmufa'oukd pdk;rkd;aepOf ,Ofaus;rI tawG;tjrifopfrsm;ukd
azmfxkwfMuonf/ bmoma&;\ tajccH jzpfvmrnfh ukd;uG,frIqkdif&m pmayrsm;ukd a&;om;
jyKpkMuonf/ xkdpmayrsm;ukd aA'usrf;[l ac:qkdMu\/
aA'usrf;rsm; ay:aygufcJh&m a'oum; *srem; (,rkem) jzpfESifh qwvufjrpf tMum;&Sd
q&qGwDjrpfnma'o

jzpfonf/

q&qGwDjrpfonf

a&S;OD;tm&d,efwkdYtwGuf

tudsK;&Sdaom

jrpfjzpf\/ tm&d,efwkdYonf acwfOD;"avht& rdrdwkdYtwGuf tusdK;jyKaeaom q&qGwDjrpfukdvnf;

ukd;uG,f&mtjzpf owfrSwfcJhMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYonf {&m0wDjrpfukd rdrdwkdYtm; aus;Zl;jyKaeaomaMumifh ] trd{&m0wD } [k
ac:ouJhokdY tm&d,efwkdYuvnf; rdrdwkdY\ jrpfukd ] trdq&qGwD } [k wifpm; ac:qkfdcJhMuonf/
xkdrSwpfqifh ukd;uG,frI toGifajymif;vmaom tcgvnf; q&qGwDonf ewfrdr,fwpfOD;
jzpfvm&avonf/
[dELwkdYu

**Fgjrpfukd

twGwftjrwf

xm;MuouJhokdY

tm&d,efwkdYu

q&qGwDjrpf

ukd

tav;tjrwfxm; ylaZmfMu\/ q&qGwD jrpfurf;ezl; ylaZmfyGJrsm; jyKvkyf *gxm AEwkdYjzifh

zGJUqkdylaZmfjcif;? aw;oDcsif;rsm; oDukH;&Gwfqkdjcif;? vkd&mqkukd awmif;jcif;paom tcrf;tem;rsm;ukd
jyKvkyfMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

102

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

a0'acwf a&mufvQif q&qGwDewforD;ukd jrpfewforD;tjzpfom rubJ EIwfukd apmifhaom
ewforD;? yD,0gpm pum;ukd ajymqkdwwfaom ewforD;tjzpf ,kHMunfvmMu jyefonf/
q&qGwDewforD; wefckd;BuD;vmojzifh ,if;ewfESifh ywfoufaom wefckd;ukd zGJUqkdonfh pmayrsm;
tajrmuftjrm; &Sdvmonf/ wefckd;trsdK;rsdK;ukd jrifhwif zGJUqkdMuonf/
&d*fa0'usrf; q&qGwDewforD;onf ae v ork'&mESifh avmuBuD;wpfckvkH;ukd apmifhMuyfol
jzpfonf/

olUtm;

ukd;uG,folwkdYukd

qif;&Juif;atmif

jyKonf/

csrf;omoGm;atmif

apmifha&Smufonf/ ynm[lorQukd tpkd;&ol jzpfonf/ tylaZmfcHol ewfrsm;wGif tjrwfqkH;

jzpfonf/ ow0g rSeforQukfd tNrJapmifhMuyfaeojzifh ewfwkdif;u av;pm;&ol jzpfonf[k qkd\/
q&qGwDewforD;

ukd;uG,frIonf

aemiftcgwGif

[dELbmomwGif;okdY

0ifa&mufvmonf/

[dELwkdY\ vufxJokdY a&mufvmaomtcg wefckd;opfrsm;ukd zefwD;ay;Mujyefonf/

ewforD;onf EIwfxGufpum;ukdomrubJ twwfynmtm;vkH;ukd apmifhMuyfaom ewforD;?
wl&d,m? uAsmESifh pmayynmukd tpkd;&ol? ouwbmomukd wDxGifol ewforD; [l
,kHMunfvmMujyefonf/ ,kHMunfrI wkd;rsm;vmoavmuf ukd;uG,folwkdYvnf; rsm;jym;vmonf/
kyfwk kyfyGm;rsm; xkvkyfukd;uG,fvQif vkd&mod'd NyD;ajrmufrnf[k txif&Sd kyfwkrsm; xkyfvkyf
ukd;uG,fcJhMuavonf/
q&qGwDukd;uG,frIonf

aemiftcgwGif

Ak'bmom

twGif;okdYvnf;

a&muf&Sdvmonf/

Ak'bmom0ifwkdYu ygVdbmomjzifh ] ol&wD } [k ac:Muonf/

Ak'bmom xJokdY ol&wDukd;uG,frI a0'ea&muf&Sdvmaomtcg ol&wDa'0Dr,fonf yd#uwf
3-ykHukd apmifha&Smufaom ewforD;[l wefckd;opfwpfrsdK;ukd wkd; zefwD;ay; Mujyefonf/
xkdYaMumifh

ewfkyfykHukd

xkvkyfMu&mwGif

vufxJ

yd#uwfpmtkyfrsm;ukd

ukdifaqmif

xkvkyfMuonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

103

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ol&wDonf a0'acwfrS [dELacwf? Ak'bmomacwftxd wefckd;BuD;aom? *kPfBuD;aom

ewfrdr,fwpfOD;

jzpfaeonf/

avmu

*kPfBuD;olwkdYESifh

aqGrsdK;awmfpyf&vQif

*kPf,l

ajymMuouJhokdY *kPfBuD;aom ol&wDESifh aqGrsdK;pyf *kPf,lcJhMuaom pmayrsm;vnf;

ay:aygufvmonf/ ol&wDESifh aqGrsdK;pyfaom ykHjyifZmwfvrf;wkdYukd wDxGifa&;om;Muonf/
ol&wDr,fawmfonf r[mrked&aohBuD;ESifh ork'ewfrdzk&m;wkdYu arG;zGm;xm; aMumif;? yxrwGif
ork'&maeNyD;

aemufykdif;wGif

ork'&mrSwpfqifh

[dr0EmawmifxGwfwpfckjzpfonfh

auvmoawmifokdY [oFm,mOfukd pD; ajymif;a&TUoGm;aMumif;? [oFm,mOf pD;oGm;pOf olUukd,frS

usvmaom a&puf a&aygufrsm;rSm jrpfwpfjrpf jzpfoGm;aMumif;? xkdjrpfukd ol&wDjrpf[k
ac:aMumif;? a&;om;jyMuonf/
Zmwfvrf;rSm ] &aohwkdYvuf&m ykHjyifpm } [k qkdEkdifonf/ &aohwkdYonf ol&wDukd
arG;xkwfcJhaom zciftjzpf aqGrsdK;pyfxm;cJhonf/
jAm[Pyl&mPfusrf;wGifrl jA[mBuD;onf rdrdukd,frS pifMu,faom aoG;jzifh trsKd;orD;wpfOD;ukd
zefqif;cJhonf/ xkdtrsdK;orD;rSm ol&wDyif jzpfonf/ ol&wDonf tpykdif;u jA[mBuD;\
orD;jzpfaomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif jA[mBuD;uyif jyefvnfodrf;ykdufvkdufaomaMumifh jA[mhZeD;
jzpfoGm;jyefonf/
[dELwkdYonf ol&wDukd enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh aqGtrsdK;pyfum *kPf,l0ifh<um;cJhMuavonf/
[dELwkdY ,kHMunfukd;uG,frIjzpfaom ol&wDukd;uG,frIonf ,cktcsdefwGif eDaygEkdifiHvnf;
,kHMunfukd;uG,fvsuf &SdMu\/ eDaygwGif ESpfpOf ol&wDewforD;tm; ylaZmfonfh yGJawmf&ufukd
wpf&uf owffrSwfxm;onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

104

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYonfvnf; ol&wDukd;uG,frIukd [dELwkdY ,kHMunfonfhtwkdif;yif rdwLul;
vufcH ,kHMunfMuonf/ ykHawmf ykHkyfrsm; xkvkyf kdufESdyf ukd;uG,fMuonf/ *kPfyk'f*gxm
tjzmjzmwkdYjzifh &GwfyGm;ylaZmfMuonf/ ol&wDukd jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYu twGif; 37-rif;ac:
ewfpm&if; xnfhoGif;xm;Muonf/
jrpfwpfjrpf\

emrnfukd

ewftoGif

,kHrSwf

qnf;uyfukd;uG,fvmMu&mrS

xifay:ausmfMum;vmaom ol&wDewforD;\ kyfykHvTmrsm;onf jrefrmjynf&Sd tcsdKUtdrfrsm;

wefckd;xGm;um 0ihf<um;aeavonf/
uGrf,ifr,fawmf ukd;uG,frI
uGrf,ifr,fawmfonf twGif; 37-rif;? tjyif 37-rif; ewfpm&if;wkdY ryg/ a&S;acwfu
ukd;uG,faom tykdewfpm&if;xJvnf; r&Sd/ rMumrDuyif jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom
wkwfjynf\ oGif;ukefewfwpfOD; jzpfonf/
uGrf,if

( Kwan Yin )

r[m,me*kdPf;BuD;rS

ukd *syefbmomjzifh crfEGef[k ac:onf/ uGrf,ifr,fawmf qkdaom ewfonf

t"duxm;

ukd;uG,faom

t0avmudawo&

bk&m;avmif;rS

qifhyGm;,lxm;aom ewfjzpfonf/ t0avmudawo&onf rlvu yk&dovdifjzpfaom ewfwpfyg;

jzpfonf/ at'D 8-&mpk aemufykdif;a&mufrS wdvdiftoGif ajymif; ukd;uG,fcJhMujcif; jzpfonf[k
tcsdKUu qkd\/
uGrf,ifr,fawmf jzpfay:vmykHukd trsdK;rsdK; a&;om; ajymqkdMuonf/ r[m,me *kdPf;om;wkdYonf
[dELwE&*kdPf;ukd twk,l r[m,mewE&*kdPf;ukd xlaxmifMuonf/ [dELwE&*kdPf;wGif
a'0Dewfr,f

toG,foG,fukd

zefwD;xm;ouJhokdY

r[m,mewE&*kdPf;uvnf;

a'0DewfyGm;

tpm;pm;ukd zefwD;Muonf/
r[m,merS

t0avmudawo&

bk&m;avmif;ukdvnf;

Muif&mawmftjzpf

ynmyg&rdwmewfr,m;ukd arG;zGm;ay;vkdufonf/ ewforD;rSm bkef;BuD;rsm;om ukd;uG,fcGifh

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

105

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

&Muonf/ xkdYaMumifh omrefvl0wfaMumifrsm; ukd;uG,f&ef r[mpdewm&ma'0D ewforD;ukd
wDxGifay;Mu&jyefonf/
t0avmudawo&\

xkdpdewm&mewforD;ukd
rsuf&nfrSjzpfaom

xkdpdewm&ma'0DewforD;ukdyif

MumyGifhrS

uGrf,ifr,fawmftjzpf

w&kwfvkd

uGrf,if[kac:aom

zGm;jrifcJhonf[kvnf;
xkvkyf

tqkd&Sdonf/

ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[kvnf;

qkdjyefonf/
tcsdKYuvnf; uGrf,ifukd t0avmudawo&tjzpf yk&dovdifESifh &SdpOfu trsdK;orD;rsm; ukd;uG,fcGifh
r&cJhMu/ xkdYaMumifh t0avmudawo&ukdyif wdvdiftoGifajymif; ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[k
qkdjyefonf/
uGrf,ifr,fawmfonf avmuom;rsm; tay: om;orD;uJhokdY arwm u&kPm rsdK;jzifh
u,fwifapmifha&Smufwwfonf[k t,l&SdMu\/ uGrf,ifESifh ywfouf '@m&D Zmwfvrf;
cyfqef;qef;rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm &Sdonf/
ynmyg&rdwm ewforD;? pdewm&ma'0D? uGrf,ifr,fawmfpaom trnftrsdK;rsdK; wkdY\ tajccHrSm
t0avmudawo& bk&m;avmif;yif jzpfonf/ t0avmudawo&rS aygufyGm;aom pdwZkyfyGm;
a'0Drsm;omwnf;/
t0avmudawo& ukd;uG,frIonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY oa&acw&macwfuyif a&muf&SdcJhzl;NyD jzpfonf/
xkdpOfu t0avmudawo&rSm ykqkd;0wfjzifh vma&muf ukd;uG,f cHcJhonf/ uGrf,ifr,fawmf
qkdolum; wkwfjynfbufrS vSnfh xbD0wfjzifh Nyefvnf0ifa&mufvmjcif;om jzpfavonf/
N*dK[fewf ukd;uG,frI
N*dK[fewf ukd;uG,frIonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY tdEd,rSyif a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ xkdN*dK[fewf ukd;uG,frI\
jzpfzsm;cH&m a'orSm tdEd,EkdifiH r[kwfay/ urmhtapmqkH; N*dK[fukd;uG,frIukd aAADvkefeD;,m;acwfrS
p awGU&Sd&onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

106

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tenf;i,f &Sif;ygOD;rnf/
rufqkdykdawrD;,m;a'owGif

tajccsaeMuaom

qlrm&D,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf

tcsif;csif;

ppfNydKifwkdufckdufMuaomaMumifh bDpD 3000-cefYrS aemufykdif;wGif wjznf;jznf; wdrfaumvmcJhonf/

xkdYaemuf rufqkdykdawrD;,m;a'oonf qD;rkduftEG,f0if arm&dwvlrsdK;wkdY\ vufatmufokdY
usa&mufcJh&onf/ xkdvlrsdK;wkdYonf aAADvkefeD;,m;NrdKUawmfukd wnfaqmufcJhMu\/ ,if;NrdKUawmfukd
tpGJjyK aAADvkefeD;,m;vlrsdK;[l ac:wGifvmMuonf/
aAADvkefvlrsdK;wkdYonf

qlrm&D,ef

,Ofaus;rIrS

ewfrsm;ukd

qufvuf

ukd;uG,fMuonf/

xkdvlrsdK;wkdYonf aumif;uifrS N*dK[ftaetxm;wkdYukd Munfh tem*wfukd a[majymMuonf/

aumif;uif&Sd t*Fg? Ak'[l;? Mumoyaw;? aomMum? pae [laom N*dK[fBuD; 5-vkH;wkdYonf
vlom;wkdY\ tem*wf uHMurmukd vTrf;rkd;Ekdifonf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh N*Kd[fBuD; 5-vkH;ukd
bk&m;BuD; 5-qltjzpf owfrSwf ylaZmfukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/
urmhvlom;wkdY okH;pGJaeaom aeYtrnfrsm;rSm if;wkdY\ t,ltqrSyif ayguf zGm;cJhayonf/
azmfjyyg N*dK[fBuD; 5-vkH;xJokdY aeESifhv ESpfyg;ukd aygif;xnfhaomtcg ckepfyg; jzpfvmonf/
xkdckepfyg;ukd &Sdckd;ylaZmfaom tavhtxonf qD;&D;,m;okdY ul;a&mufoGm; aomtcg wpfaeYvQif
bk&m;wpfqluspD ukd;uG,faom "avhwpf&yf ay:aygufvmonf/
xkdbk&m;

ckepfqlukd

&Sdckd;&mwGif

7-&ufaphwkdif;

wpfywfvnfojzifh

aemiftcgwGif

N*dK[fewftrnfrsm;onfyif aeYemrnfrsm; jzpfvmonf/ aeewfbk&m;tm; ylaZmfonfhaeYukd aeaeY

(we*FaEGaeY)? v ewfbk&m;tm; ylaZmfonfh aeYukd v aeY (wevFmaeY) ponfjzifh toD;oD;
ac:a0:cJhMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

107

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

t,ltqonf tdEd,okdY a&muf&SdjyefYyGm;vm\/ tdEd,okdY a&mufcsdefwGif N*dK[fwkdY\ 'dyg'fukd
jrifhwifxm;MuNyD/ N*dK[fewfwkdYukd t&yf&SpfrsufESm ae&mcsxm; tykdkifpm; ay;xm;Muonf/
pdwful;,OfjzpfpOfwkdYukd wDxGifxm;Muonf/
tdEd,u jyKjyifxkwfvkyfvkdufaom N*dK[fewfrsm;rSm 9-ckrQ &Sdonf/ we*FaEGN*dK[f? wevFm? t*Fg?
Ak'[l;?

Mumoyaw;?

aomMum?

pae?

&m[k?

udwfN*dK[fwkdY

jzpfonf/

xkdtxJwGif

udwfN*dK[fqkdonfrSm twdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJvuPmukd ac:qkdxm;aom trnfjzpf onf/

,if;udwfrSm 3-rsdK;jym;\/
(1) ajrjyifudwf/ / ajray:rSm tckd;tvQH xGufjcif;? ta&mift0g jyjcif;ponfukd ac:onf/
(2) tE&udwf/ / NrdKYjy *lausmif; pkvpfrGef;cRef opfyifwkdYrS jzpfaom edrdwfukd ac:onf/
(3) aumif;uifudwf/ / aumif;uifrS Oumusjcif;? vMuwfjcif;? wdrfwHcGef? Mu,fwHcGef paom
edrdwfwkdYukd ac:onf/
xkdtwdwf edrdwfwkdYuvnf; vlom;wkdY\ b0Murm tajymif;tvJukd jzpfapwwfonf[k ,kHMunf
xifrSwfMuonf/ vlwkdYonf N*dK[fewfrsm; cspfcifap&eftwGuf N*dK[fewf 9-OD;ukd ylaZmfMuonf/
xkdN*dK[fBuD; 9-vkH;ukd ylaZmfaom "avhonf tdEd,rS wpfqifh jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&muf&SdcJhonf/
jreffrmwkdY\ N*dK[fBuD; 9-vkH; ylaZmfyGJwGif bk&m;ESifh &[Em 8-yg;wkdYukd yl;wGJxnfhoGif;xm;Mu\/
Ak'bmomESifh vkdufzufap&ef zefwD;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh jrefrmwkdYu ] ukd;qlqGrf;uyf } [kvnf; ac:Muonf/ tcsdKUu ] N*dK[fpmauR;yGJ }
[kvnf;ac:Muonf/
bk&m;ukd;ql qGrf;uyf"avhrSm jrefrmwkdYu wDxGifxm;jcif; r[kwf/ xkdif;EkdifiH Zif;r,frS wpfqifh
ul;jyefYvmonf[k qkfdavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

108

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jrefrmEkdifiH tcsdKUbk&m; ykxkd;rsm;wGif bk&m;ESifh wGJvnf;aumif;? bk&m;0if; twGif;vnf;aumif;
N*dK[fkyf N*dK[fwkdifrsm;ukd jyKvkyfavh &SdMuonf/ wpfcsdefuqkdvQif jrefrmEkdifiH\ *kPfaqmifjzpfaom
a&Twd*kHapwDawmfBuD; ajcawmf&if;rSmyif N*dK[fkyfBuD;rsm;ukd wnfxm;cJhMuzl;onf/ Ak'bmomukd
tusnf;wefapaom okyfjy jrifuGif;rsm; jzpfcJhayonf/
aumif;uif&Sd

N*dK[frsm;onf

vlUurmESifh

vlom;wkdYtm;

tqkd;taumif;ukd

jyKvkyfay;Ekdifoavm[laom ykpmukd ,aeY odyHynm&SifwkdY avhvmaeMuqJ jzpfayonf/

a&S;acwfu

cH,lcJhaom

&rf;qukd;uG,fjcif;rQom

N*dK[fESifh
jzpfayonf/

ywfoufonfh

t,ltqrsm;rSm

N*dK[fESifhywfoufaom

tEkrmetm;jzifh

,Ofaus;rIrsm;rSmvnf;

pdwf

tawG;jzifh arG;xkwfxm;aom '@m&Dokyfrsm;om jzpfavonf/

ewfBuD; 5-yg;ESifh a'0D 21-yg;
jrefrmjynfwGif tcsdKUyk*dKvfwkdYonf ewfBuD; 5-yg;ESifh a'0D 21-yg;wkdYukdvnf; ukd;uG,fMuonf/
xkdewfrsm;rSmvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd,jynfom; ewfrsm; jzpfonf/
] ukd;qlqGrf;uyf } [k ac:aom N*dK[fpmauR;yGJwGifvnf; ewfBuD; 5-yg;twGuf xrif; 5-yGJ
jyifMu&onf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdY\ EIwfzsm; ewfBuD; 5-yg;[k tajymrsm;Muaomf vnf;
ewfpm&if;ukdrl twdtus ajymEkdifol enf;yg;vSonf/ okdY rajymEkdifjcif;rSmvnf; a&wGufykHrsm;
IyfaxG;aeaomaMumifh jzpf\/
tcsdKUu odMum;rif;? aeewff? r[mydEJewf? AdEkd;ewf? uwJewfwkdYukd aumuf,lMuonf/
tcsdKUu y&rdoGmewf? aeewf? rD;ewf? AdEkd;ewf? '@DewfwkdUukd aumuf,l Muonf/
tcsdKUu "w&|? 0dlyu? 0dkVu? uka0&? y&rdoGmwkdYukd aumuf,lMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

109

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcsdKUu ol&wD? p@D? y&rdoGm? r[mydEJ? aCm&rEewfwkdYukd aumuf,l Muonf/
tcsdKUu y&rdoGm? r[mydEJ? AdEkd;? p@D? ol&wDewfwkdYukd aumuf,lMuonf/
,ckacwf ukd;qlq&mwkdYurl ol&wD? p@D? y&rdoGm? r[mydEJ? aCm&rEewf wkdYukd twnfjyK
ylaZmfaeMuonf/ xkdewfBuD; 5-yg; qkdolwkdY\ orkdif;jzpfpOfukd avhvmvQifvnf; [dELbmom
yg0ifaeaom ewfrsm; jzpfonfukd awGU&\/ Ak'bmomESifh rnfokdYrQ qufEG,frI r&Sdacs/
ewfukd;uG,folwkdY avmu a'0D 5-yg;? a'0D 12-yg;? a'0D 21-yg;[l ewfrsm;ukd tkyfpkzGJU
ukd;uG,frIrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ xkdtxJwGif a'0D21-yg;ac: ewfrdr,ftkyfpkonf *kdPf;avmu
wGifus,fae\/ ,if; 21-OD;ukd *dkPf;orm;wkdYu 3-tkyfpk cGJjcm; xm;ygonf/
tkyfpk (1)wGif ol&wDa'0D? pEma'0D? pEDa'0D? paEa'0D? pEma'0D? rdE&ma'0D?
r[ma'0D[l 7-OD;?
tkyfpk (2)wGif ol&wDa'0D? olZmr,f? yef;jrwfr,f? oZifr,f? Zmwdr,f?
rPdarcvmr,f? &EoDr,f[l 7-OD; ?
tkyfpk (3)wGif raem[&dr,f? &EoDa'0D? em*&Da'0D? udE&ma'0D? ol&wDa'0D? r[dE&ma'0D?
yd,ma'0D [l 7-OD; yg0ifonf/
xkd 3-tkyfpkxJwGif ol&wDonf tkyfpk 3-ckvkH; yg0ifaeonf/ tjcm; ewfr,fwkdYvnf; xyfwl
ygaeMu\/ ,if;ewfrdr,fwkdY\ emrnfrsm;ukd avhvmMunfhvQif Ak'bmom? [dELbmom?
jrefrmbmom emrnfrsm;ukd awGY&onf/ tcsdKU ygVdemrnfrsm;vnf; rjzpfEkdifaom emrnfrsm;
jzpfonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

110

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

xkdewfrdr,f tkyfpkrSm cyfnHhnHh *kdPf;orm;wkdYu Mum;zl;em;0&Sdaom emrnfwkdYukd aygif;pk
ukd;uG,fcJhMuaom AkyfIyfaxG; ewftkyfpkwpfck jzpfavonf/
xkd 21-OD;a'0D aumfrwDukd ylaZmfukd;uG,fvQif vmbfaygjcif;? pnf;pdfrfOpm wnfwHhjcif;?
MoZmtmPm &Sdjcif;? &mxl;wkd;wufjcif;? a>c&Hoif;yif; aygjcif;? tMum;tjrif &jcif;? taMumif;udp
&SdvQif tultnD&jcif;paom tusdK;xl;w&m;rsm;ukd &&SdapEkdifonf[l vljydef;BudKuf rufvkH;jzifh
pnf;kH;xm;Muavonf/
jynfwGif;jzpfewfrsm; ukd;uG,frI
jrefrmwkdYonf tdEd,EkdifiHjzpf ewfrsm;ukd ul;,lukd;uG,fcJhMuouJhokdY rdrdwkdY jynfwGif;vnf;
ewfopfrsm;ukd arG;xkwf ukd;uG,fcJhMuygonf/ r[m*d&dac: tdrfwGif;ewfESifh taygif;yg 7-OD;
ewftkyfpkonf jrefrmwkdY a&S;OD;wDxGif ukd;uG,fcJhaom ewfrsm;jzpfayonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf yk*HacwfwGif ewfopfrsm;ukd qufvufazmfxkwfcJh&m yk*Hacwf ukefcsdef ewfOD;a&
22-OD;rQ &Sdvmonf/ xkdYaemufvnf; ewfopfrsm;ukd qufvuf azmfxkwfcJh&m yif;,acwfwGif 1-OD;?
tif;0acwfwGif 9-OD;? awmifilacwfwGif 5-OD; arG;xkwfcJhMuonf/ ewfaygif; 37-OD;rQ &Sdvmonf/
,if;ewfwkdYukd jrefrmwkdYu ] tjyif 37- rif; } [k ac:Muonf/
awmifilacwf aemufykdif;wGif ewfwDxGifrIrsm; wdrfjrKyfoGm;\/ ewfq&mwkdYuvnf; ewfOD;a&ukd
37-OD;xuf ykdapcsif[ef rwlay/ xkdYaMumifh awmifilacwfukefwGif ewfrSwfykHwifvkyfief;ukd
ydwfxm;vkdufMuonf/
tjyif 37-rif;ac: ewfpm&if;wGif odMum;ewfrS vGJvQif tm;vkH;rSm jynfwGif;jzpf ewfrsm;om
jzpfonf/

jrefrmewfESifh

tdEd,ewfwkdYukd

avhvmvQif

jcm;em;rI&Sdonf/

tdEd,rSvmaom

ewfwkdYonf obm0ukd;uG,frIrS qif;oufvmaom ewfrsm;jzpf trsm;tm;jzifh kyfypnf;wkdYukd

touf0dnmOfoGif; ouf&Sdtjzpf ukd;uG,fcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

111

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jrefrmjynfjzpf

ewfwkdYum;

jrefrmhorkdif;wGif

&Sdaeaom

&mZ0ifZmwfaumif

toD;oD;wkdYu

jzpfoGm;aom ewfrsm;jzpfonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh ewfjzpfolwkdYrSm &mZ0ifxJu tpdrf;aoyk*dKvfrsm;

jzpfonf/
xkdYjyif jrefrmwkdY\ ewfavmu ] twGif; 37-rif; } ac:aom ewfrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/
xkdewfrsm;teuf 22-OD;aom ewfwkdYrSm jrefrmtrnfrsm;jzifh ac:a0:xm;aom aMumifh jynfwGif;jzpf
ewfrsm;yif jzpfEkdifygonf/
jrefrmwkdYu twGif; tjyif ac:aeaom ewfrsm;rSm yk*HNrdKU a&Tpnf;ckHbk&m;wHwkdif; twGif;&Sd
ewfrsm;ukd ] twGif; 37-rif; } [k ac:jcif; jzpfonf/ wHwkdif;tjyifbuf xm;aom ewfkyfrsm;ukd
] tjyif 37-rif; } [k ac:aejcif; jzpfonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 37-rif; ewfpm&if; ryg0ifaom a'oE&ewfrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym; &Sdonf/
a&iefykdif OD;&SifBuD;? eHu&kdif;paom ewfrsm;onf emrnfBuD;rsm; jzpfonf/
,cktcg jrefrmEkdfifiH tESHYtjym;wGif &Gmawmf&Sif? NrdKUawmf&Sif? e,fawmf&Sifpaom ewfrsm;
a'owkdif;vkdyif &Sdaeonf/ ewfuGef; ewfeef; trsdK;rsdK;ukd wnfaxmif ykHtrsdK;rsdK; xkvkyfum
ylaZmfyoaeMuonf/ ae&ma'otvkduf ewfyGJrsm; usif;yaeMuonf/
,cktcg awmifjyKef;t&yf&Sd ukvm;bDvl; ujym;nDaemif ewfyGJ? ycef; uleDewfyGJ ponfwkdYrSm
tvGef us,fajymaecJhNyD/ uleD ewfyGJ&ufrsm;qkdvQif ycef; ta&SUvufwGif ]]tjcm; yGJobifrsm;
rjyKvkyf&?

ewfrBudKuf?

}}[k

qkdum

OD;rif;ausmftmPmukd

tiSm;okH;

xGifvkH;jzifh

wm;qD;xm;Muonf/ ewfyGJ pnfum;a&;twGuf wm;qD;xm;Mujcif;om jzpf ayonf/

,ck 10-pkESpftwGif;avmufrSmyif yk*vduewfukfd;uG,frI? uem;ay;rIrsm; acwfpm;vmonf/
&yfuGufwkdif;vkdvkdrSmyif toHcsJUpufukd acgifrkd;ay:? opfyifay:wif atmf[pf qlnHaeaom
ewfaw;oH? ewf'kd;oHrsm;ukd em;rcHomatmif Mum;aeMu&onf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

112

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

pdwftawG;jzifh tvkyfvkyfolwkdYrSm em;IyfaomaMumifh tvkyfrjzpfMu/ vGyfvyfpGm ukd;uG,fcGifhukd

taMumif;jyK vlxkukd 'kuay;aeaom okyfysuf ,Ofaus;rIrsm;om jzpfayonf/
ewfyGJrsm; pnfum;vmjcif;? ewfuem;ay;yGJrsm; xlajymvmjcif;rSm ewfukd ,kHMunfukd;uG,fol
rsm;jym;vmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ewfyGJMuD;rsm; pnfum;aejcif; taMumif;rSm
vlwef;pm; 3-&yfukd tajccH\/ ,if;wkdYrSm(1) taysmfBuD;olrsm; ?
(2) tvkdBuD;olrsm; ?
(3) taMumufBuD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/
txufyg pdwZa0'emonf vlwef;pm;rsm;ukd tajccHxm; ewfrsm; BuD;xGm; &SifoefaeMuonf/
xkdvlwef;pmrsm;teuf trSwf 2? 3- wkdYukd pdppfMunf&ygrnf/ trSwf2-vlwef;pm;rsm;rSm ewfukd
ukd;uG,fylaZmfjcif;jzifh rdrdwkdY pD;yGm; vmbfvmb wkd;yGm;vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhcsufjzifh ylaZmfaeMujcif;
jzpfonf/
ae&m rEkaA'ynm&SifwkdY\ pum;ukd owd&zG,f jzpfonf/ rEkaA'ynm&SifwkdYu]] xm0&bk&m;onf vlukd zefqif;xm;jcif; r[kwf/ vlwkdYuom xm0&bk&m;ukd zefqif;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ }} [k zefqif;&Sif0g'ukd awmfvSefjycJhMuonf/
xkdpum;ukd enf;rSD;]] ewfwkdYonf vlukd r p Ekdifjcif; r&Sd/ vluomvQif ewfukd r p ae&jcif; jzpf onf/ }}
[k qkd&ayvdrfhrnf/
rSefygonf/ ewfwkdY wnf&SdaeonfrSm vlwkdYu ylaZmfukd;uG,f aeMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
vlom;wkdYu

rukd;uG,fawmhNyDqkdvQif

ewfrsm;vnf;

aysmufuG,foGm;&rnfom

jzpfonf/

ewfqkdonfrSm vlwkdY\ tawG;pdwfjzifh arG;xkwfxm;aom pdwZkyfaqmifrsm;om jzpfaMumif;

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

113

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

em;vnftyfayonf/ urmwpfcGifwGif a&S;a[mif;orkdif;pOfukd avhvm&mvnf; xkdoabmukd
awGUodvm&rnf jzpfonf/
bDpD 5000-cefYrS p ewfukd;uG,frI orkdif;ukd pwifcJh&m ,aeYtxd ewftajrmuftjrm;
ay:xGufcJhNyD/ tjcm; EkdifiHrsm;ukd xm;bdOD;/ tdEd,EkdifiH wpfckwnf;rSmyif ewfaygif; 33uka#ausmfrQ arG;xkwf ylaZmfcJhMuonf/ vlom;wkdY\ pdwful;Pfrsm;oavmuf ewfrsm;vnf;
aygufyGm;cJh\/ xkdewfrsm;onf vlwkdYu ,kHMunfukd;uG,f aecsdefom wnfwHhaecJhonf/ vlwkdY
r,kHMunf rukd;uG,fawmhvQif ewfrsm;vnf; aysmufuG,fukefMu&onf/
xkdYaMumifh ewfqkdonfrSm vlwkdYu zefqif;xm;aom t&mrsm; jzpfonf[k qkdvQifvnf;
vGeftHhrxif/ vlwkdYu zefqif;xm;aom ewfwkdYonf vlukdyif wnfrSDae&\/ xkdYaMumifhyif
ewfwkdYtm; vlwkdYu r p ae&jcif; jzpfonf[k qkdcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
ewfwkdYonf vlwkdYtm; 'kua&mufatmif vkyfEkdifonf[k ,kHMunfaomaMumifh ukd;uG,folwkdYvnf;
&Sdonf/

yoolwkdYvnf;

&Sdonf/

,kHMunfrIrSmvnf;

vlwkdYuyif

zefqif;ay;xm;aom?

tmPmay;xmaom ,kwdrJh ,kHMunfrIom jzpfonf/ wu,fwrf; qef;ppfvQif pdwZvkyf&yf

xkdxkdewfwkdYonf

vlom;wkdYtm;

okcyGm;ap&ef

twGufvnf;

aumif;?

'kursm;ap&ef

twGufvnf;aumif; bmrQ rjyKvkyfEkdifMuacs/ okdY tawG;rSef tNrifrSef pdwf"mwfjzifh

okH;oyfvsuf qkH;jzwfEkdifMuap&m\/
bkd;awmf r,fawmf ukd;uG,frI
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif *kdPf;vkyfief;ukd vkdufpm; bkd;awmf r,fawmf trnfcHolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/
xkdyk*dKvfrsm;onf tdEd,rSvmaom *kdPf;usifhpOfwkdYukd avhusifhvsuf bkd;awmf trnfcHaeolrsm;
jzpfonf/ xkdbkd;awmfqkdolwkdYukd xGuf&yfaygufol? od'dajrmufol? vlwkdY\ 'kuukd u,fwifEkdifol
jzpfonf[k qkdum ukd;uG,folrsm;vnf; 'kESifha'; &Sdonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

114

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jrefrmEkdfifiHwGif bkd;awmftjzpfjzifh emrnfBuD;oGm;olrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ bkd;bkd;atmif? bkd;rif;acgif?
&SiftZa*gP? Am;rJhbkef;BuD;? &ufuef;pifawmif paom yk*dKvfwkdY jzpfonf/
,aeYacwfwGifvnf; jrefrmEkdfifiH bkd;awmfESifh bkd;awmfjzpfatmif vkyfaeaom *kdPf;q&mrsm;
qufvuf

ay:aygufaeonf/

bkd;awmfftrnfrcHaomfvnf;

rdrdukd,fukd

bkd;awmftrnfcHolvnf;

bkd;awmftvkyfjzpfaom

*kdPf;vkyfief;ukd

&Sdonf/
q&mwpfql

vkyfaeolwkdYvnf; &Sdonf/
*kdPf;q&mqkdol tcsdKUwkdYonf bkd;awmf? bGm;awmf? r,fawmf? qm'l;? ol&wD? a'0D 21-yg;?
twGif; 37-rif;? tjyif 37-rif;? aygufq&m? apq&m trsdK;rsdK;ukd ukd;uG,f aeMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHonf Ak'bmomEkdifiH jzpfonf/ okdYjzpf *kdPf;q&m tcsdKUwkdYonf Ak'bmomt&dyfukd
ckdvIH *kdPf;vkyfief;ukd jyKvkyfMuonf/ Ak'\ "ra'oemwkdYukd od'dayguf vkyfief;xJokdY
oGwfoGif; tokH;csMuonf/ jzLpifaom Ak'bmomukd npfEGrf;atmif ta&mifvTrf;ay;aeMuonf/
*kdPf;q&mtrnfcH

bkd;awmftcsdKUwkdYonf

"mwfusonf[kqkdum

"mwfbk&m;rsm;ukd

wnfxm;Muonf/ bk&m;bGJUawmfukdvnf; od'da0g[m& ygatmif rSnfhac:Muonf/ ap? atmif?

uyfausmf paom a0g[m&wkdYjzifh ac:qkdMuonf/
*kdPf;q&m tcsdKUwkdYonf Ak'bmom y&d,wf? y#dywf vkyfief;ESifh rywfoufaom tvkyfrsm;ukd
omoemjyK

vkyfief;BuD;ozG,f

vkyfaqmifaeMuukef\/

a&;BuD;cGifus,f

om0u*kdPf;0if[k

a<u;aMumfatmf[pfvsuf
qkdaom

aemufvkduf

EkdifiHwkefatmif
aemufygwkdYvnf;

tiftm;xkx,fESifh &SdaeNyD/
- tawG;tac: csnfheJYaom acwfynmwwfrsm;?
- qifjcifPf tm;enf;aom pD;yGm;"e&Sifrsm;?
- todynm EkeYfeJYaom vlNydef;rsm;?
- pdwful;,Ofb0ukd arQmfvifhaom avmb&Sifrsm;udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

115

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ponfjzifh trsdK;tpm; pkHvSayonf/
*kdPf;vkyfief;ukd ,kHMunfolwkdYonf *kdPf;q&mBuD;\ Mo0g'ukd wpfoa0rwdrf; vkdufemMuonf/
ajymorQukd em;axmifonf/ ckdif;orQukd vkyfaqmifonf/ okdY vkdufemojzifh od'dwefckd;
trsdK;rsdK;wkdY a0NzdK;wkd;wufvmrnf[k,HkBunfonf/
xkdolwkdYonf

rdrdwkdY\

xkdod'd&SifBuD;tm;

q&mBuD;ukd

tpGrf;xufaom

axmufyHhvSL'gef;jcif;jzifh

vufiif;

od'd&SifBuD;[l
vufawGU

xifrSwfMuonf/

tusdK;aumif;w&m;rsm;

&&Sdvmrnf[k txif&SdMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh pD;yGm;"e&SifwkdYonf aiGaMu;rsm;pGmjzifh vSL'gef;

ylaZmfMuonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;uvnf; wwftm;oa&GU zspfnpfNyD; vSL'gef;Muonf/
*kdPf;q&mBuD;wkdYonf

&&Sdvmaom

aiGaMu;rsm;jzifh

"mwfbk&m;rsm;ukd

wnfxm;Muonf/

od'dkyfyGm;rsm;ukd ylaZmfMuonf/ ewfkyftrsdK;rsdK;ukd jyKvkyfMuonf/ 0dZmkyfrsm; xkvkyfonf/

bkd;awmfkyfrsm; oGef;avmif;onf/ N*dK[fkyfrsm;ukd zefwD;onf/ okdYjzifh *kdPf;\wnf&m XmewkdY
pdwful;,Of kyfpkHjywkdufBuD;rsm; jzpfae\/ omref vlNydef;wkdY\ pdwfwGif txifBuD;p&m okyfjy
trTrf;wifrsm; jzpfaeavonf/
uJhokdY okyfjy trTrf;wifrsm; vkyfjyEkdfifaomaMumifh *kdPf;q&mwkdYvnf; ykd wefckd;BuD;vmonf/
tD*spfESifh qlrm&D,efwkdYacwfu ewfwkdY wefckd;BuD;rIonf vlwkdYu tm;ay;rIaMumifh jzpfouJhokdY
*kdPf;q&mwkdY wefckd;BuD;rIrSmvnf; vltrsm;u tm;ay;aeaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
*kdPf;q&mwkdYonf vlwkdY\ 0kdif;0ef;tm;ay;rIaMumifh pdwfMuH&m NyD;pD;Ekdifaom pdEmr,d'd wefckd;ukd
&&SdoGm;\/ a&TaiG&wemukd &&SdEkdifaom "eod'dukd &&SdoGm;\/ onfrSm vlrsm;u vkyfay;
&&Sfdaom od'drsm; jzpfonf/
okdY&mwGif ajrvQdK;Ekdifaom od'drsdK;ukdrl wDaumifavmufyif pGrf;&nf r&SdMu/ tmumood'dac:
rdkf;ysHEkdifonfh ynmrsdK;rSmvnf; jcifwpfaumifavmufrQ rwwfEkdifMuay/ "m; vSH aoewf
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

116

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

NyD;onfqkdaom

um,od'd

atmifjrifzkdYum;

a0;pG/

ql;pl;onfukdyif

cHEkdif&nf

r&Sdaom

od'd&SifBuD;rsm; jzpfacsonf/
vlwkdYonf

tajctaerSefukd

rpOf;pm;Mu/

oabmw&m;rSefukd

rqifjcifwwfMu/

bkd;awmf*kdPf;q&mwkdYu r p vdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfpGJrSwf aeMuonf/ aeYcsif; ncsif; BuD;yGm;atmif

vkyfay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[laom avmb&ruftjrifjzifh ZGwf0if csOf;uyfaeMu onf/ wu,fawmh
bkd;awmf*kdPf;q&mwkdYonf vlwpfOD;\ uHMurmukd zefwD;ay;Ekdifol r[kwfay/ vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\
uHMurmukd rdrdomvQif zefwD;aeMu&onf/
okdYygvsuf rvkdvm;tyfaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd a&maxG; vufcHNyD;vQif bkd;awmfxH oGm;
tcsdefukefMuonf/ r,fawmfxH oGm; tcsdefjzKef;Muonf/ tcsdef\ wefzkd;ukd rSefuefpGm
tokH;rcswwfMu/

tarQmfvGef

tvkyfjzifh

tcsdefukefaeMuonf/

tawG;vGef

b0udkwrf;waeBuonf/ tacsmiform;b0udk rufarmaeBuonf/

tvkyfESifY tvkyf\tusKd;qufw&m;wdkYudk vGJrSm;pGmem;vnfaeBuonf/ uruxm? orm'd|dudk
vufcHaom Ak'bmom0if[l trnfcHxm;aomfvnf; wE&qefaom pdwZtmkHtvkyfNzifY
tcsdefykyfaeBu\/
ax&0g'Ak'bmomonf pifBu,faom bmomNzpf\/ oefYSif;aom 0g'Nzpf\/ rSefuefaom
t,lSd\/
b,fbdk;awmf

rdrdwdkY\

avmuDavmukwf

r,fawmfwdkYurS

"mwfcs

wdk;wufrIudk

rdrdudk,fwdkif

rpEkdifrnfr[kwf/

BudK;pm;,lBu&onf/

rdrdwdkY\

tusKd;pD;yGm;udk

Ak'bk&m;a[mBum;aom or'g w&m;NzifY kd;om;pGm BudK;pm;&rnfom Nzpfavonf/

rif;0wfkyfyGm; ukd;uG,frI
Ak'kyfyGm;awmfrsm;onf

bk&m;&Sifvufxufuyif

&SdcJhonf[k

aemufacwfa&;

pmayrsm;wGif

azmfjyxm;Muonf/ orkdif;okawoe ynm&SifwkdYurl Ak'kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd at'D 1-&mpkcefYwGif

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

117

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

xkvkyfukd;uG,fvmMuonf[k qkH;jzwfxm;Mu\/ xkdtqkdESpf&yfwGif orkdif;okawoe ynm&SifwkdY\
tqkdonf vufcHEkdifp&m &Sdygonf/
at'D 1-&mpk rwkdifrDu kyfyGm;awmf ray:ao;/ Ak'\ txdrf;trSwftjzpf pMum? aAm"dyif?
a&Tyvif? ajcawmf&m? Mumyef;ykHwkdYukd xkvkyfukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/
Ak'kyfyGm;awmfrsm; pwifxkvkyf&m a'orSm ukoQefrif;quf xGef;um;&m *Em&ESihf rxk&ma'owkdY
jzpfonf/ rlvu rxk&mynm&SifwkdYonf *sdef;t,l0g'qkdif&m &[ef;awmfrsm;\ ur|mef;
pD;jzef;aeykkH kyfwkrsm;ukd xkvkyfMuonf/ Ak'bmom0ifwkdYuvnf; xkdykHrsm;ukd twk,lum
Ak'kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd xkvkyfcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/
ax&0g'*kdfPf;0ifwkdYu Ak'kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd xkyfvkyfouJhokdY r[m,me Ak' bmom0ifwkdYuvnf;
rdrdwkdY ukd;uG,faom aAm"dowac: bk&m;avmif; kyfwkrsm;ukd xkvkyfylaZmfMuonf/ r[m,mewkdY
xkvkyfukd;uG,faom

kyfyGm;rsm;rSm

tavmif;awmf

ewfrsm;jzpf

tqifwefqmrsm;jzifh

xkvkyfMu&onf/
ax&0g' Ak'bmom0ifwkdY xkvkyfukd;uG,faom kyfyGm;awmfrsm;rSm ouFef;0wf tqifwefqmjzifhom
xkvkyfMu&onf/ acwfOD; *Em&ESifh rxk&m kyfyGm;awmfwkdYrSm ouFef;awmf 0wfqifrIhjzifhom
awGU&SdMu&onf/
aemiftcgwGif r[m,me Ak'bmomonf EkdfifiHtESHYtjym;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;\/ jrefrmEkdfifiHokdYvnf;
ysLacwfu a&muf&SdcJhonf/ r[m,mewkdY a&muf&Sdojzifh ,if;wkdY ukd;uG,faom aAm"dowfac:
bk&m;avmif; ewfkyfrsm;vnf; a&muf&SdcJhonf/
aAm"dowf ewfkyfwkdYukd avhvmvQif ykHoPmef rwlMuonfukd awGU&Sd&rnf/ okdY rwlonfrSm
kyfwkukd

jyKvkyfolwkdYonf

rdrdwkdYacwf?

rdrdwkdY

jrifzl;aom

rif;wkdY

0wfqifrItwkdif;

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

118

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

xkvkyfMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh rif;0wftqifwefqm kyfyGm;rsm;ukd qif,ifrI
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh awGUjrifaeMu&avonf/
Ak'kyfyGm;awmfwkdYum; b,facwfwGifrqkd ykHoPmefukd jyKjyif r&/ ouFef;kH? ouFef;wifjzifhom
xkvkyfMu&onf/ vlwkdYtwGuf pdwfcHpm;rIukd tajymif;tvJ rjzpfapEkdifay/
aAm"dowf ewfykHrsm;um; toGifqef;rsdK;pkH xkvkyfykH toD;oD;aMumifh cHpm;rI tajymif;tvJukd
jzpfap\/ cHpm;rIukd vkdvm;aomaMumifh ax&0g' Ak'bmom0if wkdYonf rukd#f? pvG,fpaom
rif;0wftqifwefqm kyfyGm;wkdYukd xkvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfEkdifayonf/
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif tcsdKUu Ak'kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd rif;0wftqifwefqmrsm;jzifh xkvkyf
ukd;uG,faeMuonf/ tjrifqef;? toGifqef; tqifwefqmwkdYjzifh jc,fvS,f xkvkyfMuonf/
kyfyGm;ykHpHukd ] ZrLywdcRwfcef; } [k tac:rsm;Muonf/ ZrLywdcRwfcef; Zmwfvrf;ukd
taMumif;jyK jzpfay:vmonf[k qkd\/
ZrLywdcRwfcef; Zmwfvrf;jzpfpOfukd avhvmaomtcg ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm ckdifrmaom
Zmwfvrf;r[kwfay/ ukef;abmifacwf 'DyJ,if;q&mawmf a&;om;aom wxm*wO'ge'DyeDusrf;
xnfhoGif; a&;om;xm;aom Zmwfvrf;jzpfonf/ xkdYxufapmaom umvu Zmwfvrf; r&Sday/
rif;0wfwefqmjzifh xkvkyfaom kyfyGm;rsm;rSm xkdYxufapmaom umvuyif &SdaecJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh
ZrLywdcRwfcef;ukd taMumif;jycsufrSmvnf; rckdifvkHawmhacs/
tcsdKUuvnf;

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

Ak'&mZmw&m;rif;

jzpfonfukdtpGJjyK

ykHrsdK;ukd

xkvkyfygonf[l MuHpnf ajzqkdMujyefao;onf/

rif;0wfwefqmbk&m;ESifh ywfouf ukef;abmifacwf ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; pdwf0ifpm;cJhMuonf/
txl;ojzifh r[mjrwfrkedkyfyGm;awmfBuD; a&muf&SdvmpOfu jzpfonf/ kyfyGm;awmf ykHpHESifh
ywfouf rkHa&G;aZw0efq&mawmfwkdY\ ajzMum;csufwkdYukdvnf; awGU&onf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

119

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

q&mawmfwkdY\

ajzqkdcsufrSmvnf;

tar;&Sdaeom

tajz&Smjyxm;jcif;

jzpfonf/

wdus

aocsmaom tajzukd ray;EkdifMuay/ ay;p&m tajzvnf; r&Sd/ okawoeynm&SifwkdYurl

r[m,mewkdY\ aAm"dowf ewfykHukd twk,l jyKvkyfxm;aMumif; twnfjyKxm;Muonf/
qkH;jzwfcsuft&

rif;0wfkyfyGm;rsm;rSm

ax&0g'

Ak'bmomESifh

roufqkdifouJhokdY

&Sdavawmhonf/
okdY&mwGif ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiH rukd#faqmif;? pvG,fqifjzifh toGifqef;atmif jyKvkyfxm;aom
kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd

ukd;uG,faeMu\/

kyfyGm;rsm;ukd

ukd;uG,foifh-

rukd;uG,foifh[laom

jyemukd ta&;w,l ajymqkdvmMuonf/ tcsdKUu rukd;uG,foifh [k qkd\/ tcsdKUuvnf;

ukd;uG,foifhygonf[k qkdjyefonf/ rdrdwkdY\ oabmxm; tjrifjzifh ajymqkdaeMujcif; jzpfayonf/
udptwGuf

qkH;jzwf&efrSm

tvGefcufcJvSonf/

rukd;uG,foihf[k

qkH;jzwfvQif

,aeY

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xif&Sm;vSaom rif;0wfkyfyGm;BuD;rsm;ukd b,fvkdaqmif&GufMurnfenf;/ b,fvkd

oabmxm;Murnfenf;/
tu,f

ukd;uG,foifhygonf[k

enf;,lxm;aom

kyfyGm;rsm;

qkdjyefvQifvnf;

jzpfaeonf/

xkdkyfyGm;rsm;rSm

kyfyGm;wkdYukd

r[m,me

ukd;uG,foihfvQif

*kdPf;rS
r[m,me

Ak'bmomudkvnf; ukd;uG,foihfygonf[k qkdvkd&m a&mufraeNyDavm/

a&S;acwfu

ax&0g'

Ak'bmom0ifwkdY

owd,Gif;cRwf

rqifrjcif

jyKvkyfcJhaomaMumifh

rif;0wfkyfyGm; jyemukd tajz&SmzkdY cufcJae&NyD/

rnfokdY&Sdap ax&0g' Ak'bm0ifwkdY taejzifhrl kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd Ak'0wfpkH ouFef;kHjzifh
xkvkyfukd;uG,fjcif;om taumif;qkH; jzpfavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

120

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

'udPomcgESifh tjcm;kyfyGm; ukd;uG,frI
jrefrmjynf 'udPomcg kyfyGm;awmf ukd;uG,frIvnf; acwfpm;vSonf/ kyfyGm;awmfESifh
ywfoufvnf; jzpf&yfZmwfvrf;rsm; axG;,Sufaeonf/
'udPomcgqkdonfrSm jrefrmbmjzifh ] awmiftukdif; } [l t"dym,f &onf/ bDpD 3-&mpkwGif
&Sifr[dEESifh oCFrdwm ax&Dr,fwkdYonf oD[kdVfokdY omoemjyK <ucJhMu onf/
oD[kdVfuRef;om;wkdY ukd;uG,f&ef r[maAm"dyifrS vuf,mawmifukdif;ukd jzwf,l oD[kdVfuRef;
pkdufysdK;cJh\/

xkdaAm"dyifrS

tom;wkdYukd

kyfyGm;xkvkyf

ukd;uG,f&mrS

'udPomcgbk&m;

ay:aygufvmonf qkfd\/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ou&mZf 788-ckESpf eef;wufaom rkd;nif;rif;w&m;vufxuf oD[kdVfuRef;rS
'udPomcg kyfyGm;awmf tqla& 300-ausmf a&muf&Sdvm&m &[ef;&Sifvl rSL;rwfjynfolwkdY
tjrwfwEkd;

ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/

xkdtcsdefrSp

'udPomcg

kyfyGm;awmf

ukd;uG,frI

tcsdK;tqpf

ajyjypfpGm

acwfpm;vmavonf/
a&S;OD;u

'udPomcg

kyfyGm;rsm;rSm

tjcm;kyfyGm;rsm;uJhokdYyif

xkvkyfcJhMuonf/ tjcm;kyfyGm;rsm;ESifh jcm;em;onfrSm Mumyef;aqmif;jcif;om xl;onf/ okdY

Mumyef;aqmif;aom jzpf&yfrSmrl r[m,me*kdPf;ESifh ,SufEG,faejyefonf/ r[m,meusrf;wkdY
okdY a&;qkdxm;onf/
aumovrif;ESifh rvdum rdzk&m;wkdYonf bk&m;&SiftxHokdY vmMu&m bk&m;&Sif r&SdckdufeSifh MuHKae\/
&Sifarm*vmefonf wefckd;awmfjzifh vkduf&Sm&m bk&m;&Sifonf MumrsdK; 5-yg; zlyGifhaeonfh
taemwwtkdifxJ MumyGifhBuD;wpfckay:rSm psef0ifpm;ae\/ tkdifapmifhewfBuD; 9-OD;wkdYuvnf;
bk&m;&Sifukd MumyGifhxD; wpfvufpDjzifh aqmif;rkd;ay;xm;Muonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

121

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jzpfpOfukd awGUjrifvmcJh&ojzifh &Sifarm*vmefonf aumovESifh rvdumrdzk&m;wkdYtm; jyefvnf
ajymjy\/ rif;ESifh rdzk&m;wkdYonf bk&m;&Sif pHjref;aeykHukd pdwful;jzifh MunfndKoGm;Muonf/
ykHoPmefrsdK;ukd kyfwkjyKvkyf ukd;uG,fvkdaMumif; &Sifarm*vmeftm; avQmufxm;Muonf/
cGifhjyKcsuf&ojzifh

rif;ESifh

rdzk&m;wkdYonf

Mumyef;aqmif;

kyfyGm;ukfd

ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[k

qkdavonf/
tqkdt& 'udPomcg kyfyGm;rsm;rSm r[m,mewkdY t,ltqt& xkvkyf ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[k
qkdEkdifjyefygonf/
aemufykdif;wGif 'udPomcg kyfyGm;ykHrsm;ukd *kdPf;q&mvkyfolwkdYu trsdK;rsdK; pdwful; csJUxGif
jyKvkyfMuonf/ kyfyGm;awmfwGif rdI 9-csuf kdufjcif;paom tpDtrHrsm; ukd xnfhoGif;xm;Muonf/
xkdkyfyGm;awmfukd ukd;uG,fvQif vmbfaygrsm;rnf/ ta&mif;t0,f aumif;rnf/ &mxl;wkd;rnf/
tE&m,f uif;rnf/ rD;ab;rS vGwfrnf/ od'daygif;pkH jyD;pD;Ekdifonf ponfjzifh *kdPf;q&mwkdY\
tokH;cscH kyfyGm;wpfql jzpfvmavonf/
tqkd;&Gm;qkH; jyKvkyfcsufrSm kyfyGm;awmf\ ykHoPmef jzpfonf/ kyfyGm;ykHpHukd yef;ykrwwfol
xkvkyfouJhokdY

yktkdifhaom?

vnfukyfwkdaom

ykHqkd;rsm;ukd

xkvkyfMuonf/

Ak'bk&m;onf

vuPmawmfBuD;i,f toG,foG,fwkdYjzifh jynfhpkHol jzpf tjypfajymzG,f r&Sd/

wifhw,faom lyum,awmf &Sdygonf/ uJhokdY qkd;&Gm;aom ykHoPmef kyfyGm;wkdYukd xkvkyf
ukd;uG,faeMuonfrSm bk&m;&Sif\ MunfndKjrwfEkd;zG,f&m kyftqif;ukd zsufqD;xm;jcif;yif
jzpfygawmhonf/
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif Ak'&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK; t,ltq toG,foG,fwkdYjzifh xkvkyf
wnfxm; ukd;uG,faeMuonf/
- EIwfcrf;arT;wyfaom kyfyGm;rsm; ?
- rsufrSefwyfaom kyfyGm;rsm; ?
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

122

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

- rSJYwyfaom kyfyGm;rsm; ?
- ezl; tzkwyfaom kyfyGm;rsm; ?
- vufpGyf0wfaom kyfyGm;rsm; ?
- a>rywfaom kyfyGm;rsm; ?
- qifpD; jrif;&H kyfyGm;rsm;ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK; jyKvkyfaeMuonf/
tcsdKU kyfyGm;rsm;rSm rlvwifysOfacG kyfyGm;\ 'l;ESpfzufESifh yckH;ESpfzufay: rwf&yfkyfyGm;av;rsm;ukd
xnfhoGif; xkvkyfxm;onfukd awGU&onf/ yvyfpwpfjzifh avmif;xm;aom kyfyGm;jzpfonf/
xkdkyfyGm;ukd Munfh qyfuyfjyaeovm;[k xifrSm;avmufatmif tkyfqkd; tusnf;wefaeygonf/
tcsdKU bk&m;&ifjyifay: vlBudKufrsm;aom bkd;bkd;atmif? bkd;rif;acgifpaom bkd;awmfqkdol
pdwZkyfaumifwkdYukd jyKvkyfxm;&m Ak'bmomtwGuf &SufzG,faumif;aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
jzpfayonf/
,ck azmfjycJhaom taMumif;&yfrsm;rSm ax&0g' a&maESmaeonfh ukd;uG,frIrsm; xJrS xif&Sm;aom
ukd;uG,frIrsm;

jzpfygonf/

rxifr&Sm;jzifh

ukd;pm;aeMuaom

tao;trTm;

udprsm;vnf;

r[m,me*dkPf;rS

t,ltqrsm;udk

tajrmuftjrm; &Sdaeacsao;\/
SifOy*kwf udk;uG,frI
ax&0g'Ak'bmom

udk;uG,frIrsm;xJwGif

vufcHaeonfudkvnf; awGY&\/ xdkt,lrsm;teuf

a&maESm

SifOy*kwf udk;uG,frIonf aSYwef;

Sdaeavonf/
SifOy*kwrax&f\

twKywfonf

r[m,me*dkPf;oHk;

usrf;pmNzpfaom

'dAsm0'geusrf;rS

zefwD;ay;vdkufaom Zwfvrf;Nzpfonf/ SifOy*kwfrax&fonf E*kw? t*kw? wdem*?

Oy*kwwdem*? tm*wfpw,rked[laombGJUrnf trsKd;rsKd;NzifYxifay:ausmfBum;olNzpfonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

123

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

SifOy*kwfrax&fESifY ywfoufax&0g' yd#uwfawmf t|uxmwdkY us,fNyefpGmrygSday/

xdkrax&f taBumif;udk omoemESpf 800 cefYu Sifr[memra&;aom r[m0if0wK azmfNycJYonf /
Sifr[memronf r[m,meusrf;pm 'dAsm0'gerS xkwf,l wifNycJYNcif; Nzpfygrnf /
r[m0if

usrf;vmpum;wdkYudk

,l

Nrefrmusrf;NyK

q&mwdkYuvnf;

azmfNycJYBuNyefonf/

r[m&mZ0ifBuD; ? avmuynwdusrf; ? ZdewyumoeDusrf; wdkYwGif xdkrax&f\ twKywfudk

ul;,lxnfYoGif;cJYBuonf/ xdktcgrS NrefrmwdkY\ pdwfwGif SifOy*kw [laom Zwfvrf;opfudk
vufcH&SdcJYBuonf/

tpGrf;aumif;aom

rax&fwyg;tNzpf

NrefrmwdkY\

EIwfNzm;wGif

wGifus,fvmcJYavonf/
SifOy*kwfrax&fonf awmifork'&m aBu;Nym'fNzifY aeonf/ ,aeYwdkif toufSifvQuf
Sdaeao;onf [kvnf; BuHBuD;pnf&m ,HkBunfaeBuonf/ xdkYaBumifYNrefrmwdkYonf SifOy*kwfyHkudk
xkvkyf azmifESifYarQmum ylaZmfyGJrsm; NyKvkyfBuonf/
SifOy*kwfonf avrkefwdkif;usNcif; ? rdk;GmNcif; ? a&vTrf;Ncif; ? rdk;BudK;ypfNcif; paomtE&m,fwdkYudk
umuG,fay;Ekdifrnf [kvnf; ,HkBunfBuonf/ NrefrmEkdifiHwGif SifNyKtvIyGJponf NyKvkyfvQif
avrdk;tE&m,fuif;ap&ef SifOy*kwfkyfxkudk uefawmYyGJNzifY wifo ylaZmfxm;Bu&onf/
NrefrmNynfwGif

aemufacwfrSwnfxm;aom

SifOy*kwfausmif;aqmifav;rsm;udk

tcsKdUaom

bk&m;xD;

xnfYoGif;avYSdBuonf/

twGif;vnf;

rdk;BudK;tE&m,f

ponf

uif;ap&efNzpfonf /
aemufydkif;wGif

SifOy*kwfrax&fonf

pdwZa0'emtwGuf

toHk;cscHwyg;

*dkPf;q&mvkyfolwdkY\
NzpfoGm;&Nyefonf/

vufxJ

a&mufoGm;&m

SifOy*kwfomr[kwf

Sifr[m

uyuJYodkYaom rax&frsm;vnf; yg0ifaeBuonf/ xdkrax&frsm;udk tkyfpkzGJYay;um ]] ao 4yg; ?

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

124

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

Sif 4yg; }} [lac:qdkxm;Buonf/ xdkrax&f 8 yg;wdkYrSm taoxGuf yk*dKvfESifY tSifxGuf
yk*dKvfrsm; [lvnf; vufcHxm;BuNyefonf/
Sif av;yg;pm&if; atmufygrax&fwdkY yg0ifonf/
(1) SifOy*kwfonf awmifork'&m aBu;Nym'f NzifYaeonf/
(2) Sifacr&ax&fonf taemuf ork'&m aBu;Nym'f NzifYaeonf/
(3) Sifb'rax&fonf aNrmufork'&m aTNym'f NzifYaeonf/
(4) Siftaumom&rax&fonf taSUork'&m aTNym'f NzifYaeonf/
rax&f 4 yg;udk ae&m 4 rsKd;cGJwrf;csxm;&m NrefrmNynfom;wdkY twGuf SifOy*kwfomvQif ylaZmfcGifY
&EkdifBu\/ awmift&yfom ork'&mSdaomaBumifY SifOy*kwfomvQif NrefrmNynfom;wdkYtwGuf
wmpm;aom udk,fawmfNzpfae\/
ao av;yg;pm&if; atmufygrax&fwdkY yg0ifonf/
(1) Sifr[muy onf a0bm&awmif ausmufNzmxufSdonf/
(2) Sifr[moHom& onf OwrawmifSdonf/
(3) SifOayu onf rukvawmifSdonf/
(4) Sif"rom& onf rukvawmifSdonf/
NrefrmEkdifiHrS yk*dKvfwdkYonf Sifr[muy taoxGufSd&m tavmif;awmf uyudk tav;xm;
oGm;a&mufavYSdBuonf/
Sifr[muy

Nyemuvnf;

IyfaxG;onf/

yk*Hacwf

t&nf;BuD;*dkPf;acgif;aqmif

Sifr[muyonf xdkae&modkY oGm; ysHawmfrlonf[k Zwfvrf;vkyfxm;Buonf/

bk&m;Sif\

om0uBuD;Nzpfaom

yxroH*g,emwif

OD;aqmif

tSifr[muyBuD;onf

xdkae&modkY vma&muf y&dedAmef NyKonf[kvnf; aNymBuao;onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

125

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

trSefrl

tavmif;awmf

roufqdkifyg/

uy|meonf

oH*g,emwif

t&nf;BuD;acgif;aqmif

tSifr[muy\

y&dedAmef

Sifuy

ESifYvnf;

NyK&mvnf;

r[kwf/

xdkSifr[muyBuD; y&dedAmefNyK&m a0bm&awmifESifY tvm;wlaom yx0D taetxm;udk Sm

twkNyKvkyfudk;uG,fcJYaom tavmif;awmf uy twkomvQif Nzpfygonf/
Ak'pmay vmaom NzpfpOfwdkYudk BunfY yx0Dtaetxm;udkSmazGvQuf aNcawmf&m rsm;udkvnf;
odkYyif xkvkyfudk;uG,fcJYBuonf r[kwfavm/
csKyfqdk&vQif SifOy*kwfrax&fonf ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfvm yk*dKvfr[kwf/ r[m,me*dkPf;vm
pmtkyfxJu ul;Ekwfxm;aom axkywdom Nzpfownf;/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

126

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcef; (2)
ax&0g' a&maESmaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;
jrefrmEkdfifiHonf ax&0g' Ak'bmomw&m;awmfukd vufcH,HkMunfaeaom EkdifiH jzpfonf/ ax&0g'
w&m;awmfonf vlom;wkdYtwGuf &oifh &xkdufaom vufawGUa'oemwkdYukd azmfjyonf/
rjzpfEkdifaom?

r&Ekdifaom

pdwful;,Of

t,ltqwkdYukd

razmfjyay/

Ak'bk&m;uvnf;

pdwful;,Ofw&m;oabmukd a[mMum;jcif; r&Sday/

jrefrmwkdYonf

Ak'a'oem

ryg&Sdaom

pdwful;,Of

tawG;jzifh

MuHqjyKvkyfxm;aom

pmaywkdYukdvnf; zwfIchJMuonf/ vufcH ,kHMunfolwkdYvnf; &Sdonf/ xkdpmayrsm;rSmvnf;

trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd,rSyif o,faqmifvmcJhMuonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf

acwfOD;ykdif;uyif

enf;ynmrsm;pGmukd

&,lcJhMuonf/

tdEd,EkdifiHESifh

qufoG,frdcJhMuonf/

jrefrmrif;pOfwpfavQmufwGif

tdEd,wkdY

tdEd,ESifh

txHrS

tquftoG,f

rjywfcJhMu/ tdEd, ,Ofaus;rIwkdYukd jrefrmrI jyKaecJhMuonf/

bkd;awmf A'kHrif;vufxufwGif tdEd,okdY vlvTwf jrefrmjynf r&Sdao;aom pmaywkdYukd
o,faqmifapcJh\/ &&Sdvmaom pmaywkdYukd jrefrmbmomjzifh jyefqkdapcJhonf/ okdYaom
enf;rsm;jzifh tdEd,usifh0wfrsm;? twwfrsm;? ,kHMunfrIrsm;onf jrefrmwkdYxH ul;pufcJhMuonf/
a&S;acwfu jrefrmwkdYonf ]] tdEd,u pm rSefwmawGcsnf; }} [k oabmxm;um vufcHcJhMuonf/
tdEd,u pdwful;,Of ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd ] avmuDt,l } [kqkdum u@cGJ ,kHMunfMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHokdY tdEd,u o,faqmifvmaom jAKwfpAsif;awmif; ,kHMunfrI taygif;rSmvnf;
axmifaomif;ru &Sdavonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

127

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

*Em&Dtwwf ,kHMunfrI
tdEd,uvmaom

,kHMunfrIrsm;xJwGif

xl;jcm;qef;Mu,fonfh

b0rsdK;ukd

arQmfvifh&mrS

ay:aygufvmaom *Em&Dvrf;ac: ,kHMunfrIvnf; yg0ifayonf/

*Em&Dtwwf qkdonfrSm tdEd,EkdifiH *Em&wkdif;rS ay:aygufvmaom twwfukd qkdvkdonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh

*Em&rnfaom

&aohonf

jyKpD&ifxm;aom

twwfukd

qkdayonf/

*Em&Dvrf;aMumif;wGif - plV*Em&Dvrff; ?
- r[m*Em&Dvrf; [l cGJjcm;xm;\/
plV*Em&Dvrf;qkdonfrSm zkwfBuD; 40? ua0 99? ukrPf? ,u? *EA paom ewfwkdYukd tpGJjyK
pD&ifxm;aom tif; tkdif rEef cvSnfh vufzGJUponfwkdYukd wwfuRrf;ol arSmfq&m? ya,m*q&m?
atmufvrf;q&m ponfwkdYukd ac:onf/
r[m*Em&Dvrf; qkdonfrSm ol&wDr,fawmfrS p a'0D 21-yg;? ewfrif;BuD; 5-yg;?
avmuygvewfrsdK; 4-yg;? bkd;awmfodMum;rS p txufewfrsm;jzifh aqmif&Guf&aom twwfukd
qkdvkdonf/ vuf,mwE&*kdPf;ESifh oabmwlonf/
*Em&Dvrf;\ t"duvkdtyfcsufrSm 0dZmjzpfaa&;yif jzpfonf/ 0dZmb0okdYa&mufvQif od'dwefckd;
trsdK;rsdK; NyD;pD;onf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ ,if;wkdY\ pmayrsm; od'd 10-rsdK;ukd jyqkdxm;onf/
(1) pdEmr,d'd = pdwfMuH&m jzpfapEkdifjcif; ?
(2) O'uod'd = a&jyifay: vrf;avQmufEkdifjcif; ?
(3) yx0Dod'd = ajrukdvQdK;Ekdifjcif;? ajraMum IHUEkdifjcif; ?
(4) "eod'd = a&T aiG &wem vkd&m&Ekdifjcif; ?
(5) tm,kod'd = touf&Snf t&G,fEkysdKpGm aeEkdifjcif; ?
(6) tmumood'd = aumif;uifc&D;jzifh oGm;vmEkdifjcif; ?
(7) tma&m*sod'd = tema&m*g uif;jcif; ?
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

128

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(8) um,od'd = "m; vSH aoewf rxdEkdifjcif; ?
(9) yd,od'd = ow0gtm;vkH;wkdYu cspfcifjcif; ?
(10) 'dod'd = wefckd;jzifh trsdK;rsdK; zefqif;Ekdifjcif; ?
azmfjyyg od'dqkdonfrsm;rSm vlom;wkdYtwGuf xljcm;vSaom rufvkH;rsm;jzpf&m 0dZmb0 &&Sda&;ukd
&rufBuD;pGm arQmfvifhMuukef\/ arQmfvifhonfhtwkdif; 0dZmjzpfa&; vrf;pOfukd &SmazGusifhokH;Muonf/
0dZmjzpfa&;vrf;;pOfukd ,if;wkdY\ pmayrsm; awGY&Sd&\/
0dZmjzpfolwkdYrSm atmufyg 4-rsdK;ukd usifhokH; &&SdMuonfqkd\/
(1) jy'g;0dZm = jy'g;&SifvkH;jzifh pD&ifol ?
(2) aq;0dZm = aq;jzifh od'dNyD;ol ?
(3) oH0dZm = oHaovkH;jzifh pD&ifol ?
(4) tif;0dZm = tif; rEefponfjzifh od'dNyD;ol ?
azmfjyyg 4-rsdK;ukd 0dZm 4-rsdK;[k ac:Muonf/ 0dZmukd jrefrmwkdYu aZmf*sD[kvnf; ac:\/ aZmf*sD\
rlvyk'frSm a,m*Djzpfonf/ a,m*Dukd a*sm*sD? aZmf*sD[l ajymif; vJac:qkdvmMuonf/
aZmf*sDonf jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYESifh &if;ESD;aeaom yk*dKvfjzpfonf/ eDndKa&mif txnfpukd yefcsmyD
ukvm;0wfpkHoPmef csKyf 0wfqifNyD;vQif aq;awmifa0S;ac: wkwfacsmif;ukd ukdifaqmifxm;onfh
aZmf*sDykHrsm;ukd

jrefrmjynf

tESHYtjym;

awGUjrifEkdifavonf/

xkdyk*dKvfrsdK;ukd

xGuf&yfaygufyk*dKvf[kvnf; ac:Mujyefonf/ xGuf&yfayguf yk*dKvfwkdYrSm taoxGufyk*dKvf?

t&SifxGufyk*dKvf[k 2-rsdK; &Sdonf/
taoxGufyk*dKvfrSm

aovGefNyD;aemuf

xGuf&yfaygufoGm;onf[k

,kHMunfMuonf/

t&SifxGufyk*dvfrSm toufraobJ vlrjrif&aom cEmukd,ftjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;NyD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm

touf&Sifvsuf w&m"rukd usifhMuHaeonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif

xGuf&yfaygufyk*dKvf

vkyfoGm;aom

olwkdY&Sdonf/

xkdyk*dKvfrsm;onf

t&SifxGufonf[kum; rMum;zl;ay/ tm;vkH;rSmrl trsm;enf;wl aoqkH;Mu&avonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

129

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

uJhokdY 0dZmb0? aZmf*sDb0? od'd&SifxGuf&yfaygufb0 ponfwkdYrSm vlUavmu wu,fwrf;

jzpfEkdifaom b0rsdK; r[kwfay/ MuHMuHzefzef pdwful;Pfjzifh MuHqxm;aom b0rsdK;om jzpfonf/
pdwful;,Of

b0rsKd;ukd

auseyfESpfodrfhaeolrsm;vnf;

&vdrfhEkd;jzifh
&Sdonf/

arQmfukd;

vkyfukdifaeolrsm;vnf;

xkdyk*dKvfrsm;onf

tdrfrufxJu

&Sdonf/

&wemxkyfukd

vkdufvH&SmazGaeolrsm; jzpfayonf/
aA'if ,kHMunfrI
ax&0g' Ak'bmomESifh a&maESmaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;xJwGif aA'if,kHMunfrIvnf; tygt0if
jzpfonf/

aA'if,kHMunfrIonf

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY

oa&acw&macwfuyif

a&muf&SdaeNyD/

aA'ifusrf;rsm;ukd tdEd,wkdif;om; jA[Pbmom0if ykPm;rsm; o,faqmifvm&mrS jrefrmwkdY

tarG&Muonf/
jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufwGif aA'ifvkdufpm;ol aygrsm;vSonf/ aA'ifvkdufpm;ol rsm;wGif ax&0g'
&[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ &[ef;wkdYonf aA'ifa[m rpm;aomfvnf; aA'iftwwfukd
avmuDa&;&m odrSwfp&m twwfwpfck taejzifh avhvmvkdufpm;cJhMuonf/
Ak'bk&m;u aA'ifa[mjcif;paom ta[mtajymtvkyfrsdK;ukd rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/
okdYaomfvnf;

tcsdKU&[ef;wkdYrSm

0denf;a'oemawmfukd

rsufuG,fjyK

aA'ifa[mum

vmbf&SmMuonf/ "rapwDrif;vufxufwGif aA'ifbkef;BuD;rsm;ukd omoemawmf rxm;&ef

ta&;,laqmif&GufcJhzl;onf/
aA'ifusrf;rsm;onf Ak'bk&m; ryGifhrD bDpD 1500-ESifh 1000-Mum;uyif ay:aygufcJhaom
usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/

tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf

q&qGwDjrpfnma'o

aepOfu

jyKpkxm;aom

usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/ rlvu aA'ifusrf;trsdK;tpm; 3-ykH &Sdonf/ aemufykdif;wGif 4-ykH jzpfvmonf/

aA'if 4-ykHrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

130

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(1) kaA'if/ / aeMuwf? vMuwf? euwfwm&mwkdYukd Munfh ab;Oy'ftE&m,fjzpfwwf
ysufwwfykHukd jyaomusrf; ?
(2) ,ZkaA'if/ / rdrdwkdYtay: a&mufqJ a&mufvwHUab;&efrsm;rS vGwfuif;aysmufajy&ef
N*dK[feuwfwkdYukd ylaZmfaomenf;? ,MwmjyKenf;ukd jyqkd&musrf;?
(3) omraA'if/ / ae vwkfdY oGm;&m vrf;ukd 12-&moDcGifjyK rnfonfh&moDcGif rnfonfhN*dK[f
&yfwefYaeonfukd MunfhNyD;vQif tHom? vdwm? Mwif;? e0if;ponfjzifh a0zefvsuf aumif;
raumif;ukd a[m&musrf; ?
(4) tmxAPaA'if/ / tmxA&aoh pD&ifojzifh xkdtrnfukd &&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/ rD;xGef;jcif;?
rEefpkyfjcif; paom wpfyg;olwkdY ysufpD;&ef tpDt&ifukd jyqkfd&musrf;?
aA'if 3-ykHukd t|u&aohpaom &aoh 10-OD;wkdYu jyKpD&ifxm;onf[k Ak'yd#uwfawmfESifh
ygVdtbd"mefusrf;wkdYh azmfjyxm;\/ &aohwkdY pD&ifxm;aom aA'if usrf;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh
a&S;acwfvlwkdY ,kHMunfrIukd tajccH a&;om;xm;aom pdwZ a0'em rSwfwrf;pmrsm;omvQif
jzpfayonf/
jrefrmwkdYu avmuDusrf;[k vufcHaeMuaom tdEd,usrf;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh &aohwkdY a&;jyKaom
usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/

0gusq&m?

0*q&m?

[&Dwq&m?

Asmoq&m

paom

usrf;jyKq&m

&aohrsm;pGmwkdYukd awGUMu&onf/
aemufykdif;wGif &aohwkdY a&;aom pdwZusrf;pmrsm;rSm tvGefrsm;jym;vSaomaMumifh emrnfukdyif
razmfjyEkdifawmhay/ ]] &aoh &Spfaomif; q&maygif; }} wkfdY\ vuf&m[l vufonfrazmfbJ
xif&mjrif&mukd a&;om;aeMuavawmhonf/
&aohwkdYvuf&m

usrf;pmrsm;teuf

o'gusrf;?

qef;usrf;ponfwkdYrSm

tusdK;jyKusrf;pmrsm;

jzpfyg\/ okdYaomf usrf;pmtrsm;pkrSmrl &aohwkdYonf tvkyfr&Sd tvkyf&Smum avhvmjyKpkxm;aom

pmayrsm; jzpfacsonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

131

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

okdY qkdvkdufojzifh &aohwkdY\ usrf;pmrsm;ukd apmfum;onf[l rrSwf,loifh ay/ &aohwkdY\
b0jzpfpOfukd avhvmaomtcg pum;ukd oabmaygufvmayvddrfh rnf/ jzpfpOfukd
tenf;i,f avhvmMunfh&vdrfhrnf/
a&S;acwf tdEd,EkdifiH [dELwkdY\ "avhxkH;pHrsm;wGif ] tm&S&r } ac: usifh0wf usifhxkH;vnf;
wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfonf/ tm&S&rqkdonfrSm vlUb0wGif t&G,ftvkduf vkyfaqmif&rnfh
wm0efykdif;ukd qkdvkdonf/ t&G,fukd 4-ykdif; cGJjcm;xm;onf/
(1) yxrt&G,f / / ynmtrsdK;rsdK;ukd &SmazG qnf;yl;&rnf/
(2) 'kwd,t&G,f/ / tdrf&maxmif pD;yGm;&SmazG pkaqmif;&rnf/
(3) wwd,t&G,f/ / pD;yGm;wkdYukd om;orD;wkdYtm; vTJtyf r,m;ESifhtwl awmxGuf&rnf/
( qHyifjzLjcif;? tom;ta& wGefYjcif;? ajr;&aomtcgukd qkdonf/)
(4) pwkwt&G,f/ / rdrdESifh ygvmaom r,m;ukdyg pGefY &aohb0jzifh wpfOD;wnf;
usifhMuHae&rnf/
a&S;acwf

tdEd,"avht&

t&G,fBuD;&ifholwkdYrSm

&aoh0wf

awmxJ

wpfa,mufwnf;

aeMu&onf/ edygwfawmf Zmwursm;wGif &aohrsm;pGm yg&SdaeonfrSm xkd"avhrS azmfxkwfay;aom

Zmwfaumifrsm; jzpfayonf/
&aohwkdY pdwfajz&m usrf;pmrsm;
&aohwkdYonf

azmfryg

wpfa,mufwnf;

awmBuD;xJrSm

ae&ojzifh

ysif;&dzG,f

jzpf\/

tvkyftukdifuvnf; r&Sd/ tm;vyfae\/ xkdYaMumifh &aohwkdYonf pdwf0ifpm;p&mrsm;ukd &SmazG

pdwfajzMu&onf/ tmkHtpm;xkd; ajzazsmufMu&onf/
tcsdKU &aohwkdYonf xGufouf 0ifoufukd rSwfjcif;paom tvkyfwkdYjzifh pdwfukd xdef;csKyf
ajzodrfhMuonf/ pdwfwnfjidfrfrIukd &,lvsuf Nidrf;csrf;apMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

132

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

usifhMuHrIrsm;onf aemiftcg [dELbmomxJokdY 0ifa&mufvmonf/ [dELbmom ] a,m*enf;
} ac: usifhMuHrIonf tmemygeac: xGufouf 0ifoufukd tajccHaom usifhxkH; jzpfayonf/
tcsdKU &aohwkdYonf aeMuwf? vMuwf ponfwkdYukd rSwfom; vlUurm\ jzpf&yfwkdYESifh
,SOf[yfMunfhMuonf/ vlUurm\ jzpf&yfwkdYESifh wkdufqkHaomtcg okdY edrdwfjyvQif xkdokdY
jzpfwwfonf ponfjzifh rSwfom;xm;Muonf/
tcsdK &aohwkdYonf opfjrpf opf&GufwkdYukd a&m*gb,twGuf avhvmMuonf/ awGU&SdorQukd
rSwfwrf;jyKMuonf/

tcsdKU

&aohwkdYonf

*Pef;ocsFmwkdYukd

tokH;cs

vlUb0\

tqkd;taumif;wkdYukd rSwfwrf;jyKMuonf/ tcdsKU &aohwkdYonf ukd;uG,f&myk*dKvfwkdYukd &SmazG

azmfxkwfMuonf/ *gxmrEefwkdYukd zefwD; a&;om;Muonf/ rSwfwrf;wifMuonf/
okdY

enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh

pdwf0ifpm;pGm

vkyfukdifvmMu&mrS

usifh0wf

usifhxkH;rsm;pGm

ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ ,kHMunf&mrsm;pGm ay:xGef;vmcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh &aohwkdY a&;aom

usrf;pmwkdYukd

tvkyfr&SdaomaMumifh

tvkyf&Smum

a&;om;cJhMujcif;

jzpfonf[k

qkd&jcif;

jzpfayonf/
&aohwkdY

a&;om;cJhaom

usrf;pmwkdYrSm

trsm;tm;jzifh

odyHenf;us

avhvmxm;cJhaom

twwfynmrsm; r[kwfay/ omrefwkdufqkHrIukd tajcjyK twnfxifum rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom

pmrsm;jzpf&m {uefrSefvSNyD[l ,kHMunfpGJrSwf rxm;tyfacs/
ykHpHtm;jzifh aeMuwf? vMuwf a[mudef;rsdK;ukd Munfhoifhonf/ a&S;acwfu ae vwkdY Muwfjcif;ukd
a&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyf a[mudef;rsm; jyKvkyfxm;&m tvGefaMumuf rufzG,fuJhokdY xifrSwfae&onf/
trSefrl ae v urmwkdY wnfpk&m pMu0Vm okdYyif ESpfpOf jzpfay:aeMurnfjzpf\/ aMumufp&m
r&Sd? vefYp&m r&Sd? obm0t& jzpfwnfrI[l em;vnfvmMu\/ a&S;acwfu a[mudef;rsm;
t"dym,f r&Sdawmhacs/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

133

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

aA'ifa[mjcif;qkdaom vkyfief;rSmvnf; &aohwkdY\ pdwZrSwfwrf; rsm;pGmxJu pdwful;,Of
rSwfwrf;yGm; wpfckom jzpfonf/ aA'ifa[mjcif;rSm *Pef;ocsFmwkdYukd aygif;? Ekwf? ajrmuf? pm; 4yg;aom

vIyf&Sm;rIjzifh

vufupm;NyD;vQif

vlom;wkdY\

b0Murmukd

ajz&Sif;ay;aeaom

vkyfief;jzpfonf/
a&S;acwf tdEd,EkdifiHwGif jAm[PwkdYonf bmoma&;\ OD;aqmifyk*dKvfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
if;wkdYonf bmoma&;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;udk wm0ef,l aqmif&GufMuonf/ bmoma&;ukd
uRrf;usifaom jAm[Prsm;rSm rif;q&m yka&m[dwfrsm;tjzpf trIxrf;Mu &onf/
rif;rokH;aom jAm[Prsm;rSmrl rdrdwkdY b0&yfwnfrItwGuf aA'ifq&mrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
tjcm; twwfynmwkdYjzifhvnf;aumif; toufarG;Mu&onf/
aA'ifq&mrsm;onf vlom;wkdY\ b0wpfckvkH;ukd aA'ifudef;*Pef;atmufokdY odrf;oGif;cJhMuonf/
vlwkdY tokH;jyKaeaom tu&mrsm;ukdvnf; N*dK[fewfrsm;jzifh csOf;uyf tokH;csxm;Muonf/
u c paom tu&mrsm;ukd wevFmpaom N*dK[fwkdYu ykdifpkd;onf[k qkdMuonf/
emrnfrSnfhonfh

tcgvnf;

eHoifhtu&moHwkdYjzifh

rSnfhac:Muonf/

N*dK[fewfwkdYonf

tu&moHwkdYukd rnfonfhacwfu cGJwrf;cs ,lcJhMuoenf;/ rnfolu tykdifpm; ay;cJhoenf;

qkdaom ar;cGef;ukdrl tajzay;Ekdifol rawGU&acs/
vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ aumif;rI qkd;rIwkdYukd aA'iftwwfu jyKjyif ajymif;vJay;Ekdifonf[laom
tEkrmepGJvrf;csufjzifh aA'ifar;Muonf/ ,MwmacsMuonf/ ,Mwmacs aus rausawmh rod/
aiGuawmh vufawGU ukef\/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

134

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

vlwkdYonf &uf&mZm? jy'g;? 0g&rdwK? tdrfaxmifzuf? rdwfzuf? &efzuf? "mwfzuf? vmbfae?
ewfae? pufae? a&csdK;aeY? acgif;avQmfaeY? orm;jzLaeY? wmaemaeY ponfjzifh a&Smifp&mtrsdK;rsdK;
aqmifp&mtzkHzkH aygufu&rsdK;pkHukd ,kHMunfaeMuavonf/
vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ b0ESifh cHpm;rIrsm; xdckdufrnfukd pkd;&dfrfMuonf/ pkd;&drfrI onf vlwkdY\
yifukd,fPf pGrf;&nfukd tm;aysmhapcJhonf/ rdrdwkdY\ b0ukd xdckdufwwfonf[k Mum;zl;vQif
bmukdrQ rvkyf0HhMuawmh/ ,kwd &Sd r&Sdukdvnf; rqifjcifEkdifawmhay/
]] aomMuma&aMumif; roGm;aumif; }} [laom aqmifyk'faMumifh avS oabFm oGm;vmrI vkyfief;rsm;
aESmifhaES;Mu&onf/ ]] wevFm wpfcgESifh rNyD; }} [laom aqmifyk'faMumifhvnf; &ufa&TU
aewwfMuao;onf/
jrefrmEkdifiH aA'ifq&mwkdYu pdwZa0'emukd tm;qufay;xm;aom aqmifyk'frsm;? vuFmrsm;?
usrf;pmrsm;rSm zwf rukef? &Gwf rcef; wif;usrf; &Sdaeavonf/
jreffrmEkdfifiHom; tcsdKUonf 13-*Pef; aMumuf&GHUrIukdvnf; ,kHMunfvmMuNyD/ 13-*Pef;ukd
aumif;usdK; ray;aom *Pef;[l ,kHrSwfum vufrcHcsifMu/
aMumuf&GHUrIrSm c&pfawmf\ twKywdvmaom usrf;pum;t& jzpfay:aeaom t,ltq
jzpfonf/

a&S;OD;pGm

rywfoufay/

c&pf,mefbmom0ifwkdY

,cktcsdefwGif

vufcH,kHMunfMuonf/

ta&SUwkdif;okdYvnf;

ul;pufvmNyD/

Ak'bmomESifh

bmrQ

ua,mufuwrf;jzifh

a,mif,rf;NyD; aMumufaeMuNyD/ *Pef;qkdonfrSm ta&twGufukd azmfjyaom trSwfvuPm

jzpfonf[k trSefukd rjrifEkdifMuay/
vlom;wkdY\ ,kHMunfrIonf t,lonf;rIrsm; jyif;xefaeygu wkd;wufrIukd taESmifht,Suf
jzpfaponf/ vl\ vGwfvyfrIukd t[efYtwm; jzpfaponf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

135

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;? EkdifiH wpfEkdifiHonf pdwZ,kHMunfrIrsm; tpGJoefaeygu vlrsdK;\ edrfhusjcif;? EkdifiH\
qkwfepfjcif;ukd jzpfapavonf/
e*g;ukd;uG,frI vufusef ,kHMunfrI
e*g;ukd;uG,frIonf ,cktcg jrefrmEkdifiH r&Sdawmhay/ taemf&xmrif; vufxuf ukd;uG,frI
oefYpifa&;ukd aqmif&GufpOfu tNyD;tykdif aysmufuG,fcJhNyD/
taemf&xm rwkdifrDu jrefrmEkdifiH e*g;ukd;uG,frIrsm; xGef;um;cJhzl;onf/ jrefrmha&S;OD;&mZ0ifwkdYukd
MunfhvQif e*g;ukd;uG,frI trSwfoauFwrsm;ukd awGU&Sd&onf/
jrefrm&mZ0if ysLapmxD;rif;\ trdonf e*g;rif;orD; jzpfonfqkd\/ 'Gwaygifrif;\ rdzk&m;
abpEDonfvnf;

e*g;rif;\

orD;jzpfonf

qkd\/

xkdolwkdYrSm

e*g;ukd;uG,fol

e*g;bmom0ifrsm;[l oabmaygufwwf&ayrnf/
e*g;ukd;uG,frIonf anmifOD; apm&[ef;rif; vufxufwGif txGef;um;qkH; jzpfonf/ xkdrif;onf
rdrdaexkdifcJh&m ocGm;,mcif;xJ e*g;kyfBuD; jyKvkyfonf/ e*g;onf vlwkdYxuf jrwfonf[k
qkdum ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfonf/
taemf&xmrif;vufxuf a&mufaomtcg e*g;ukd;uG,frI aysmufuG,foGm;onf/ tdEd,EkdifiHrl
,aeYwkdif e*g;ukd;uG,frI &Sdaeao;onf/ xkde*g;ukd;uG,faom tavhrSmvnf; tdEd,EkdifiHrSyif
ul;a&mufvmcJhavonf/
e*g;ukd;uG,frIukd xlaxmifcJholwkdYrSm tdEd,EkdifiHrS '&mAD'D,efvlrsdK;wkdY jzpfonf/ olwkdYonf bDpD
3000-cefYwGif tdEKjrpf0Srf; ,Ofaus;rIBuD;ukd xlaxmifcJhMu\/ xkdvlrsdK;wkdYonf opfyif awm
awmif ponfwkdYukd ukd;uG,fMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

136

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

xkdYjyif a>row0gukd ajr\ t&Sifocif jzpfonf[k qkdum a>rkyfrsm; xkvkyfukd;uG,fMuonf/
a>rukd em*[k ac:\/ xkdtcsdefrS p e*g;ukd;uG,frI xGef;um;vmonf/ tdEd,EkdifiHwGif
e*g;ukd;uG,fol e*g;bmom0ifrsm; tiftm;BuD;rm;cJhonf/
e*g;bmom0ifwkdY onfvnf; e*g;rsdK; jzpf&onfukd *kPf,lum rdrdwkdYukd,fukd ] e*g;rsdK; } [k
ac:qkdcJhMuonf/ e*g;rsdK;wkdYukd tkyfcsKyfoltm; e*g;rif;[k ac:onf/
ewfukd;uG,folwkdYuvnf; rdrdwkdYukd,fukd ewfrsdK; (ewfom;) ewforD;[k ac:MuouJhokdYyifwnf;/
a&S;a[mif;pmayrsm;wGif ewfom;? ewforD;? e*g;rif;? e*g;r qkdonfwkdYrSm rdrdwkdY ukd;uG,faom
bmomukd trTrf;wif ac: qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf[k em;vnfEkdifMuayonf/
aemiftcgwGif e*g;ukd;uG,frI 0g'onf '&mAD'D,ef vlrsdK;rsm; a&muf&Sd&m ta&SUawmiftm&SokdY
ul;puf jyefYyGm;oGm;avonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH e*g;ukd;uG,frI yaysmufoGm;aomfvnf; e*g;ESifh ywfoufaom t,ltqrsm;
vufcH,kHMunfaeMuqJ jzpfonf/ e*g;onf wpfESpfvQif 4-BudrfrQ OD;acgif;ajymif;avh &Sdonfqkd\/
e*g;OD;acgif;onf waygif;? wefcl;? uqkefvwkdY taemufokdY vSnfhonf/ e,kef? 0gqkd?
0gacgifvwkdY ajrmufokdY vSnfhonf/ awmfovif;? oDwif;uRwf? wefaqmifrkef;vwkdY ta&SUokdY
vSnfhonf/ ewfawmf? jymokd? wykdYwGJvwkdY awmifbufokdY vSnfhonf[k qkdonf/
wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf

e*g;cHwGif;okdY

r0if&/

e*g;\

taMu;cGHukd

vSefroGm;&/oGm;vQif

uHqkd;rkd;arSmif uswwfonf/ e*g;\ 0rf;ukd azmufoGm;rSomvQif uHaumif;NyD; csrf;omokcESifh

BuKH&rnf/ t,ltqjzifh vlwkdYonf tdrf,majymif;vQifvnf;aumif;? c&D;oGm;vQifvnf;aumif;
e*g;vSnfhoifhatmif apmifhqkdif;aeavh &SdMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

137

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

,cktcg acwfrD tawG;tjrif &SdolwkdYurl xkdt,ltqukd vufrcHMuawmhay/ tpkd;&0efxrf;wkdYrSm
vkyfief;ajymif;a&TUvQif e*g;vSnfhoifhatmif apmifhae r&ay/ e*g;vSnfhukd ,kHMunfaevnf;
rjzpf/ tcsdefrqkdif; a&TUMu&\/
okdY&mwGif a&S;a[mif;,kHMunfrIukd vufcHaeMuaom aus;vufEG,fzGm; t&yfol t&yfom;rsm;url
]] ewfESifh e*g; rvSnfhpm; ESifh? }} [laom aqmifyk'ftkd aqmifyk'faqG;BuD;jzifh axmufxm;
usm;uefvsuf &SdMuukefao;\/
twdwf edrdwfponf ,kHMunfrI
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif twdwfedrdwfponf ,kHMunfrIvnf; rsm;vSonf/ ,kHMunfp&m jyKvkyfxm;aom
t&mrsm;vnf; rsm;jym;vS\/ twdwfa[m edrdwfa[musrf;rsm;ukd MunfhvQif obm0avmu
&Sdaom ypnf;wkdY\ vIyf&Sm;rI rSeforQukd twdwfedrdwfxJ xnfhoGif;xm;Mu\/ a[muGuf
ajymuGufrsm; jyKvkyfxm;Muonf/
armif;axmifomoemykdif

vlxGuf

r[m"roBuFefuJhokdY

yk*dKvfBuD;rsm;uvnf;

aerdwu0dZmusrf;rsdK;ukd a&;om;um pdwZa0'emukd jyefYyGm;atmif jyKvkyfxm;cJhMuonf/

okdYjzifh vlwkdY\ pdwfoEmef0,f twdwfpGJa&m*g edrdwfzwfa0'emrsm; uyfa&mufae&avonf/
twdwfedrdwf ,kHMunfrIrsm;rSmvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd,rSyif ul;pufvm aom ,kHMunfrIrsm;
jzpfonf/ jAm[Pac: ykPm;wkdY\vuf&m usrf;tpOftvm[k od&ayonf/
[dEL0g'usifhxkH;rsm;wGif ] oEd } ac: usifhpOfwpfck &Sdonf/ xkdusifhpOfrSm twdwfqkd; edrdwfqkd;
awGUBuHKaomtcg ab;tE&m,f uif;pifa&;twGuf ,Mwmacs&aom tvkyfjzpfonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

138

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tdrf xGef;xm;aom rD;cGuf kwfw&uf Nidrf;jcif;? tdrfajrmifusjcif;? pkwfxkd;jcif;? raumif;aom
tdrfruf rufjcif;? vif;w em;jcif;? iSufqkd; xkd;jcif;? &GmwGif;okdY awmwd&pmef 0ifjcif;paom
trIrsm;ukd twdwfqkd; edrdwfqkd;[k owfrSwfxm;onf/
xkdtcgrsdK;wGif ykPm; rsm;tm; yifhzdwf vSLzG,f0wKrsm; vSL'gef;NyD;vQif wE& rE&rsm;ukd
&Gwfzwf&onf/ xkdokdY &GwfzwfrS tE&m,frsm; uif;aysmufoGm;onf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
[dELjAm[PwkdY\ ,kHMunfcsuf jzpfonf/
wGif

twdwf

edrdwfqkdaom

pum;ukd

jrefrmwkdYu

a&maxG;ac:qkdaeMu\/

twdwf

edrdwfa0g[m&wkdYukd jrefrmtbd"mefusrf;rsm; okdY zGifhjyxm;Muonf/

twdwfukd ]] aemifvmrnfh umvwGif jzpfysufrnfh taMumif;ukd odapEkdifaom edrdwf? aemiftcgwGif
jzpfysufrnfh tjcif;t&m\ a&SUajy;jzpf&yfvuPmponf }} [k zGifh jyxm;ygonf/
edrdwfukd ]] aumif;rnf? qkd;rnf? jzpfrnf? ysufrnf ponfwkdYukd BudKwifodapEkdif aom
trSwfvuPm }} [k zGifhjyygonf/
zGifhqkfdcsufukd avhvmygu oabmoGm;csif; wlnDaeonfukd awGU&ygonf/ trSefrl twdwfESifh
edrdwfonf jcm;em;rI &Sd&ygrnf/ jcm;em;om cGJjcm; tokH;jyKcJhjcif; jzpfygrnf/ pma&;ol\
oabmxm;jzifh ajym&vQif twdwfqkdonfrSm ,kwdrJh t,ltq jzpfygonf/ edrdwfrSmrl ,kwd&Sd?
,kwdrJhESpfrsdK;ukd tjccHaeygonf/
&Sif;ygOD;rnf/ tdyfrufwdwKHac:aom usrf;rsm;ukd awGUzl;? Mum;zl;Muayvdrfhrnf/ okdYjrifrufvQif
okdjzpffrnf ponfjzifh a[mpmwrf; trsdK;rsdK; jyKvkyfxm;onf/
tdyfrufonf vlwkdif;vkdvkd jrifrufaeMuonf/ tdyfrufaumif;vnf; rufonf/ tdyfrufqkd;vnf;
rufonf/ tdyfrufaumif;vQif twdwfaumif;onf/ tdyfruf raumif;vQif twdwfraumif;/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

139

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

twdwf aumif; raumif;ukd Munfh tusdK;ay; aumif; raumif;ukd a[mqkdMuonf/ okdYaom
twdwfa[mrsm;rSm ,kwdrJh a[mqkdcsufrsm;om jzpfonf/ tdyfruf\ tusdK;ukd a[mjyvnf;
rSefuefvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/
jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;rsm; tdyfruftusdK;ay; Zmwfvrf;rsm;ukd awGU&Sd&onf/ onfrSm a&S;acwf
,kHMunfrIt&

tpGJtvrf;ukd

tajccHaom

rSwfwrf;rsm;om

jzpfyg

vdrfhrnf/

wGif

aumovtdyfruf 16-csufukd ukd;um; tjiif;ryGm;apvkdyg/ Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf vlwkdY\ jyKrlrI

obm0jzpfpOfukd aumovtdyfruf tjrifjzifh ,SOfpyf a[mMum;cJhjcif; jzpfavonf/
jrefrm&mZ0ifukd zwfvQif jrefrmrif;rsm; uHukefwkdif; twdwfrsm; jypNrJ jzpfae\/ xkdtwdwfrsm;rSm
bk&ifuHukefNyD;rS jzpfay:cJhaom twdwfrsm;ukd jyefajymif; avhvm a&;oGif;cJhjcif; jzpfEkdifavonf/
tcsdKUrSmvnf; &mZ0ifq&mwkdY\ zefwD;rIrsm; jzpfEkdifayonf/
taemf&xmrif; tedpa&mufvkdaomf eef;awmf Ouifo ysm;pGJ\ ponfjzifh &mZ0ifq&mwkdYu
qkd\/ ysm;pGJaom tao;tzGJ udpuav;ukd rSwfwrf;wifEkdfifaom &mZ0if q&mwkdYonf
tvGefta&;BuD;aom

taemf&xmrif;\

tavmif;

b,fa&mufoGm;onf[k

&mZ0ifq&mwkdY

ra&;wwfcJhacs/
edrdwfrSmrl ,kwd&Sd rSefonfvnf; &Sdonf/ ,kwdrJhaom edrdwfvnf; &Sdonf/ bk&m;tavmif;onf
oltkd? olem? olao? &[ef;[laom edrdwf 4-yg;ukd jrifcJhonf/
edrdwfrsm;aMumifh oHa0*& awmxGufcJhonf/ bk&m;jzpfcJhonf/ edrdwfonf ,kwd&Sd\/
tusdK;quf trSefukd ay:aygufap\/ ,ckESpf rkd;aumif; oD;ESHrsm; &Muonf/ rkd;&Gmjcif;onf
oD;ESHxGufrnfh edrdwfaumif; jzpfonf/
uav;wpfa,mufonf Pfaumif;\/ 0D&D,aumif;\/ xkduav;onf pmawmfvdrfhtrnf[k
edrdwfzwfjcif;onf ,kwd&Sdonf/ rSefuefEkdifonf/ obm0usaom edrdwfvuPmrsm; jzpfayonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

140

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

xkdYjyif obm0rus? ,kwdr&Sdaom edrdwfa[mrsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ ykHpHtm;jzifh ivsifvIyfedrdwf

a[mudef;rsdK; jzpfonf/ we*FaEGaeY ivsifvIyfvQif bmjzpfrnf ponfjzifh a[mudef;vuFm
uAsmtwkdtprsm;ukd jyKvkyfxm;Muonf/ a[mudef;rsm;rSm wpfcgwpf&H rS ivsifvIyfaom
EkdifiHom;wkdY jyKvkyfxm;onfh a[mudef;rsm; jzpfonf/ *syefEkdifiHuJhokdY tNrJwrf; ivsifvIyfaeaom
EkdifiHtwGufrl bmrQ tokH;r0ifawmhacs/
twdwfedrdwfa[m pmwrf;rsm;wGif wdrfedrdwf? Mu,fwHcGefedrdwf? iSufrnfoHedrdwf? <uufcJedrdwf?
awmifykdYaygufedrdwf? ysm;pGJedrdwf? iSufem;edrdwf? aetdrfzGJUedrdwf? vtdrfzGJUedrdwf ponfjzifh
trsm;tjym; &Sdayonf/
twdwfpGJ

edrdwfpGJ

t,ltqrsm;onfvnf;

vlom;wkdY\

pdwfykdif;qkdif&m

vGwfvyfrI?

kyfykdif;qkdif&m zHGUNzdK;rIwkdYukd tE&m,fjyKaeaom ,kHMunfrIrsm; jzpfonf/ Ak' bk&m;&Sifuvnf;

twdwf edrdwfrsm;ukd vufrcHbJ awmfvSefa[mMum;cJhavonf/
rEef&Gwfqkd ,kHMunfrI
*gxmrEef &GwfqkdrIrsm;onf ,aeY acwfpm;aeaomvkyfief;wpf&yf jzpfayonf/ *gxmrEefukd
OD;pm;ay;aom pmapmif r*Zif;rsm;vnf; vuf 10-acsmif;ru rsm;vSonf/ Ak'bmom
qkdif;bkwfwyf bkd;awmf? r,fawmfwkdYtaMumif;? tpGrf;xufaom *gxmrEefwkdY taMumif;ukd
OD;pm;ay; azmfjyaeMuonf/ *gxm&Gwfojzifh pD;yGm;Opm wkd;wufaMumif;? a&m*g a0'em
aysmufuif;aMumif;
a&;om;azmfjyMuonfukd

a&;om;Muonf/
awGU&zl;onf/

uifqma&m*gyif
aemufqkdvQif

aysmufuif;aMumif;

attkdif'Dtufpf

a&m*gyg

aysmufuif;OD;rnfvm; roday/
*gxmrEef &GwfqkdrIonf [dELjAm[PwkdY\ "avhxkH;pHwpfck jzpfonf/ jAm[P wkdYonf
*g,Bwdac: rEefrsdK;ukd udpwpfck aqmif&GufawmhrnfqkdvQif 10-Budrfavmuf &GwfzwfMu&onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

141

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

aexGufcsdef ae0ifcsdefwkdYvnf; rEefukd &GwfMu&onf/ tMudrf 1000-jynfhatmif &GwfqkdvQif
tukokdvf[lorQ uif;pif yaysmufEkdifonf[l\/
[dELjAm[PwkdYonf *gxmrEef &Gwfqkd&m ] OHK } [laom a0g[m&ukd a&S;OD; xm;
&GwfqkdMu&onf/ a0g[m&rSm t? O? r [laom tu&m 3-vkH;ukd aygif;pnf; &Gwfqkdaom
a0g[m&jzpfonf/ t tu&monf AdEkd;ewfudk a[m\/ O tu&monf od0ewfukd a[m\/ r
tu&monf jA[mewfukd a[m\/ ewfbk&m;BuD; 3-OD;ukd wpfNydKifwnf;ygap&ef aygif;pnf;
&Gwfqkdaomtcg ] OKH } [k jzpfvmonf/ tkrf [k toH xGuf&\/ ouwbmom ] Morf } [k
a&;onf/
OKHcHaom

*gxmrEefwkdYukd

r[m,me

wE&*kdPf;om;rsm;u

,l

tokH;jyKMuonf/

OKH&GwfqkdrIonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdYvnf; ul;puf a&muf&Sdvmonf/ jrefrmwkdYonf *gxmrEef

&GwfqkdfvQif OHKcH &GwfqkdMuonf/ trSefrl OHK*gxmrSm Ak'bmomESifh vkH;0 ywfoufjcif; r&Sdacs/
jrefrmEkdifiH

*gxmrEef

&GwfqkdrIrsm;vnf;

tdEd,rS

ul;pufvmaom

vkyfief;jzpfaMumif;

rjiif;qkdEkdifMuay/ *gxmrEefwkdY\ wefckd;ukd [dELjAm[Prsm; ,kHMunf ovkdyif jrefrmwkdYuvnf;

,kHMunfMuonf/

taemf&xmrwkdifrDu

t&nf;BuD;wkdYonf

*gxmwefckd;ukd

trsdK;rsdK;

tokH;jyKMuonf/ *gxmrEef &GwfqkdvQif tukokdvfrSeforQ uif;pif yaysmufEkdifonf[laom

t,ltqrSmvnf; [dELjAm[PwkdY\ t,ltqtwkdif;yif jzpfavonf/
aemiftcgwGif

Ak'a'oemawmf

*gxmwkdYukdyif

OHKcH

&GwfqkdvmMuonf/

OHKa0g[m&ESifh

Ak'a'oemwkdYrSm bmrQ ywfoufrI r&Sdonfukd awGUod em;vnfrI r&SdcJhMuacs/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif *gxmrEefwkdYukd ygVd? ouw wkdYjzifhom &Gwfqkdref;rIwfMuonf r[kwf/ jrefrmwkdY
jyKvkyfxm;aom jrefrmbmom rEefrsm;vnf; ay:aygufcJhonf/wDxGifcJhMuonf/ O'g[kPftm;jzifh
um,od'd*gxm[k ac:aom rEefwpfyk'fukd nTefjy ygrnf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

142

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

]] OHK ig\ &efum; vGwfav &Sm;av a0;pGm &SJ? OHK &Sifarm*vmef- &efwumukd a&Tvuf0g;awmfESifh
umq&mhum/ }}
*gxmjzifh oajyyifukd ajcESifhuef 37-acguf &Gwfyg/ &GwfNyD;vQif if;oajyyifu oajyyef;ukd
csdK;

yefav/

aqmifav/

um,od'd

aumif;vSonf[l\/

&Sifarm*vmefrax&fonf

olU&efolukdyif umuG,fEkdifjcif; r&SdbJ 0#fa<u;t& ckd;om;ig;&m tkdufcH y&dedAmef jyKoGm;cJhNyD/

,cktcsdefwGif r&Sdawmh/ okdYygvsuf &Sifarm*vmefukd oufawmfapmifh&mxl; ay; umuG,f&ef
apckdif;xm;onfh

*gxmrSm

Akwfokwfc*kdPf;orm;wkdY

wDxGifxm;aom

ujyufuacsmf

*gxmwpfyk'fom jzpfayonf/
rMumrDu jrefrmjynfwGif csdwfqGJp&m qkdif;bkwf*gxm wpfckvnf; acwfpm;cJhzl; onf/
xkd*gxmrEefrSm ]] OHK rPdya'[kH }} jzpfonf/ if;*gxmrEefukd tdrfay:rSm? ,mOfay: rSm?
qkdifay:rSm? ae&mwumrSm awGU&\/
reefonf r[m,me*kdPf;rS t0avmudawo& bk&m;avmif;ewfukd ylaZmf aom *gxmjzpfonf/
t"dym,frSm ]] ywjrm; &wemESifhwlaom t0avmudawo& t&Sifonf MumyGifhBuD;xJu
jzpfxGef;vmovkd tuREkfyf\ ESvkH;tdrfrSvnf; aAm"dPf jzpfxGef;ygap/ }} [l jzpfonf/
jrefrmjynf xkd*gxm a&yef;pm;aepOf ax&0g' oefYpifapvkdaom r*Zif;rsm;u acszsuf
a&;om;MuaomaMumifh aemufykdif;wGif arS;rSdefoGm;&avonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf *gxmrEef &Gwfqkd&m tacguf ta&twGufukd pdyfykwD;ac:aom tuGif;jzifh
vkH;a&rSwfvnf;aumif;? ywfa& rSwfvnf;aumif; &GwfqkdMuonf/ pdyfykwD;jzifh vkH;a& ywfa&
rSwf pdyfjcif;rSmvnf; [dELjAm[PwkdY xHrSyif ul;pufvmaom vkyfief;jzpfaMumif; od&Sd&ayonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

143

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

pdyfykwD;jyem tajz&Sm
a&S;acwfu wkwfESifh yDl;EkdifiHwkdYwGif csnfBudK;jzifh txkH;ykwD; jyKvkyfNyD; rSwfwrf;rSwf&moabm
tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ wpfzef jAm[P? [dEL? *sdef;? c&pf,mef? rlpvifwkdYvnf; opfaph? 0g;? zef?
ausmufykwD;ponfwkdYukd tokH;jyKMuonf/
jrefrmAk'bmom0ifwkdYonfvnf;

ykwD;ukd

tqifwefqm

tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

bmoma&;

tokH;taqmif tjzpfvnf;aumif; tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ *kdPf;orm;wkdYuvnf; *kdPf;okH;ypnf;tjzpf

tokH;csMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tqifwefqmtjzpf ykwD;rsm;ukd ysLacwfuyif wGifus,fpGm okH;pGJaeMuonf/
bmoma&; tokH;taqmifykwD;ukdum; aemufacwfa&mufrS okH;pGJcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ xkdbmoma&;
tokH;jzpfaom pdyfykwD;rSmrl [dELwkdYxHrS enf;,l jyKvkyfcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/
[dEL0g' usifhxkH;rsm;wGif ] Oygoe } ac: usifhxkH;wpfck Sdonf/ usifhxkH;rSm bk&m;xD;?
bk&m;rwkdY\ *kPfukd zGJUqkdxm;aom rEefwkdYukd &Gwfqkd&onfh tvkyfjzpfonf/ xkd*kPfwkdYukd &Gwfzwf
ylaZmf&m ] Zy } ac: pdyfykwD;jzifh &GwfzwfrIvnf; yg0ifonf/ xkdYaMumifh [dELwkdYu pdyfykwD;ukd ]
Zyrmvm } [k ac:Muonf/
Zy = &Gwfqkdjcif;? o&Zm,fjcif; ?
rmvm= yef;? okdYr[kwf tpOftwef;[l t"dy,f&ayonf/
Zyrmvm\

t"dym,frSm

wpfckckukd

&Gwfqkdaomtcg

tBudrfaygif;ukd

rSwfom;&eftwGuf

oDukH;xm;onfh t&m0wK [l jzpfygonf/ [dELbmomwGif AdEkd;*kdPf;0ifwkdYonf 108-vkH;

ykwD;ukd tokH;jyKavh &SdMu\/ jrefrmwkdYuvnf; 108-vkH; ykwD;ukdyif tokH;jyK rsm;Muonf/
jrefrmEkdfifiH ax&0g' Ak'bmom0ifwkdYonf rnfonfhacwfu pwif tokH;jyKcJhonf[k rod&ay/
yk*Hacwf ty,f&wemvkdPf*lbk&m; twGif; awGU&onfh eH&Haq;a&; taxmuftxm;rsm;t&

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

144

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

[dEL&aohBuD;rsm;[k ,lq&aom &aohBuD;rsm; ykHwkdY pdyfykwD;rsm;ukd ukdifaqmifxm;Mu\/
&aohwkdYonf pdyfykwD;ukd ukdif rEef&Gwfae[ef &Sdayonf/
tif;0acwfwGifrl Ak'bmom0ifwkdYvnf; pdyfykwD;ukd tokH;jyKvmMuNyD jzpfonf/ tif;0acwfwGif
&mZm"d&mZfESifh

pBudKoljrwfwkdY

awGUqkHyGJ

oDwif;onf

300-wkdYu

pdyfykwD;

ukd,fpDjzifh

vkdufyg&aMumif; orkdif;a[mif;wkdY awGU&Sd&onf/

ax&0g' Ak'bmom0ifwkdYonf [dELwkdY txHrS pdyfykwD;tokH;ukd enf;,l tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/
okdY usifhokH;onfukd rSm;onf[k rqkdEkdifyg/ rnfonfh t,l0g'rS enf;,l usifhokH;onf jzpfap?
Ak'bmomwkdYu Ak'bmom enf;[efjzifh tokH;jyKjcif;om y"me jzpfonf/
[dELwkdYu rEef&Gwf&m tokH;jyKonf/ Ak'bmomwkdYu Ak'*kPfawmf &GwfyGm;&m tokH;jyKonf/
okdY jcm;em;oGm;Muygonf/ xkdYaMumifh Ak'bmom0ifwkdYonf *kPfawmftmkH yGm;xkH&ef tvkdYiSm
pdyfykwD;ukd

tokH;jyKoifhMuygonf/

pE&m;onf

jrefrmwkdY

wDxGifaom

wl&d,mypnf;

r[kwfaomfvnf; jrefrmaw;ukd wD;cwf&eftwGuf tokH;jyKcJh MuouJhokdY rSwf,lEkdifayonf/

okdY&mwGif tcsdKUyk*dKvfwkdYonf pdyfykwD;ESifh ywfouf ,kHMunfrI tykdtuJrsm; jzpfvmygonf/
eHYomykwD;?
pdwful;ay:&m

N*dK[fwkdifykwD;?
wDxGif

"mwfom;ykwD;?

yef;aygif;ykwD;?

tokH;jyKvmMuonf/

pdyfykwD;\

*rkef;aygif;ykwD;

ponfjzifh

wefckd;ukdvnf;

trsdK;rsdK;

,kHMunfvmMuonf/ ykwD;ukd a&pdrfaomufvQif bma&m*g aysmufrnf ponfrsdK; jzpf\/

tcsdKUyk*dKvfwkdYvnf; ykwD;acgif;rS BudK;tzsm;ukd ukdifum touf0ifvmoa,mif xifatmif
awmif&rf; ajrmuf&rf; vkyfNyD; y&rf;ywm a[mudef;jzifh vkyfpm;aeMuonf/ ,kHMunfrIrsdK;um;
obm0vGef ,kHMunfrI jzpfvmaomaMumifh tpGef;a&mufcJhavNyD/
,cktcsdefwGif

jrefrmEkdifiH

bkd;bkd;atmifqkdol\

pdwful;,Ofbkd;awmfykHvnf;aumif;?

tjcm;yk*dKvffykHwkdYvnf;aumif; pdyfykwD;xnfh xkvkyf a&;qGJMuonf/ pdyfykwD;onf rQ

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

145

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

wGifus,faeNyD/ xkdtxJwGif &SifoD0vdykHawmfukd pdyfykwD;jzifh xkvkyfMuonfum; ravsmfuefvSay/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf &SifoD0vdacwfu pdyfykwD;ukd tokH;jyKavh r&SdaomaMumifhwnf;/
od'dwifjcif;
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiH od'dwifaom tvkyfukdvnf; vltawmfrsm;rsm; vufcH ,kHMunfaeMu\/
od'dwifjcif; qkdonfrSm ygVdbmom od'd[laom a0g[m&yk'fESifh jrefrmbmom wif[laom
a0g[m&ESpfckukd aygif;pyf ] od'dwif } [k ac:qkdaeMujcif; jzpfayonf/
wGif od'd[laom yk'fukd teuft"dym,f &SmazGMunfhygu tbd"mefygVd od'dyk'f\ tzGifhr&Sd/
y&d,m,fvnf; r&Sd/ okdYaomf om"eo'ga[mEkdifaom teufwYkdukd azmfjy&m od'dyk'fukd
NyD;pD;jcif;[l teufay;xm;Muygonf/
jrefrmtbd"mefusrf; ]] od'd = NyD;jcif;? od'dwif? vufzGJUponfukd tpGrf;xufatmif
aqmif&Gufonf/

csD;rGrf;onf/

trTrf;wifonf/

}}

[k

zGifhjyxm;onf/

xkdYaMumifh

od'dwifjcif;qkdonfrSm pDrHzefwD;xm;aom ypnf;ukd tpGrf;xufatmif aqmif&Gufaom tvkyfukd

qkdvkdonf/
od'dwifonf qkd&mrSmvnf; [dEL jAm[PwkdYuJhokdY *gxmrEefjzifh &Gwfqkdjcif;ukdyif qkdvkdygonf/
jrefrmwkdYu rEefjzifh ref;onf[k ac:\/ vufzGJUref;? a&ref;? qDref; ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK;aom
ref;rIwfrIwkdYukd wDxGifjyKvkyfMuonf/ okdY ref;vkdufojzifh a&onf tpGrf; xufoGm;\/ qDonf
wefckd;&SdoGm;\/

vufzGJUponfwkdYvnf;

tpGrf;xufoGm;um

vkd&mod'drsm;

NyD;ajrmufrnf[k

,kHMunfMuonf/
uJhokdYaom ,kHMunfcsufjzifh *gxmrEefwkdYukd ukd,fwkdif &Gwfzwf o&Zm,f od'dwif
ref;rIwfMuonf/

rdrdwkdY

rvkyfwwfygu

tjcm;

ref;rIwfwwfolwkdYukd

ref;rIwfap

tpGrf;xufatmif jyKvkyfMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

146

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

od'dwifonfqkdaom *gxmrEefwkdYrSmvnf; ouw? ygVd? jrefrmbmomwkdYjzifh oDukH;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ *gxmrEefwkdYrSm rdrdwkdY vkdtifqEukd awmif;qkdxm;aom pmrsm;om jzpfonf/ ykHpHtm;jzifh
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
]] r[d'dum ab;&efum urmrysuf tm,kquf toufuyfvkH; wnfapaomf /}}
]] cJzG,fabmZOf csdKcsOfup rGwfodyfvSaomf awmifhwcsufcsif; a&mufapaomf/}}
]] ta&;&SdvQif t&dyfqm,m ewfwumESifh 0dZmtaygif; rapaomf /}}
]] Akdvfvlrsm;pGm &efjyKvmvQif 0dZmAv ewfup od'dqkdif&m ewfrsm;pGmu nDnmjzjz 0kdif;tkHMu
r p jyKjyif ighkyfoGif rxifcsufcsif; aysmufapaomf / }}
okdYaom rEefpmjzifh od'dwifMujcif;om jzpfayonf/
,aeYacwfwGif

od'dwifjcif;ukd

yk*dKvfBuD;rsm;vnf;

ay:aygufae\/

vlBudKufrsm;vmonfhtavsmuf
xkdyk*dKvfrsm;rSm

trsm;tm;jzifh

od'dwifay;aom
*kdPf;qefqeftvkkyfukd

jyKvkyfaeolrsm; jzpfonf/
*kdPf;yk*dKvfBuD;wkdYonf ykwD;? vufzGJU? "mwfvkH; ponfwkdYukd OKH atmif;*gxm tjzmjzmwkdYjzifh
&Gwfqkd od'dwifay;Muonf/ vlawGuvnf; emrnfBuD; *kdPf;yk*dKvfBuD;u &Gwfqkday;orQukd
uGefysLwm*Pef;pufuJhokdY

tcsufusrSefrnf[k

{uef,kHMunfrIjzifh

vuf0g;vSef

awmifcHaeMuukef\/
,aeYacwfwGif aiGpuLukdyif od'dwif ay;olrsm; &Sdaeonf/ xkdyk*dKvfBuD;u wpfusyfwef
aiGpuLukd od'dwif vufaqmifay;onf/ xkdaiGpuL&olrSm tm;&0rf;omjzifh vufukdiftdwfxJ
oGif;um oyf&yfpGm odrf;qnf;xm;vkdufonf/ NyD;aemuf vufukdiftdwf wGif;rS 200d^- wef
aiGpuLukd xkwf ylaZmfuefawmhvkdufonf/ vufawGUrSmrl od'dwif ay;aom yk*dKvftwGuf 199usyf

tjrwf&oGm;NyD/

wpfusyft&if;jzifh

199-usyf

jrwfaom

tvkyfrSm

b,fzufpyf

ukrPDvkyfief;rS r&Sdacs/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

147

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

vlwkdYonf b0ESifh b0cHpm;rItwGuf tmom&rufjyif;pGm vkyfukdifaeMuonf/ tmom&ruftwGuf
ukd;uG,f&mukd &SmazGqnf;uyfaeMuonf/ ,kHMunfp&mukd &SmazG vufcHaeMuonf/ ,kwd&Sd r&Sdukd
todPfjzifh tjrifrSef r&EkdifcJhMuay/
uJhokdY ,kwdrJh ukd;uG,frIESifh ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd ax&0g'u jiif;y,fxm;\/ ax&0g'tjrifESifh
qefYusifonfh ,kwdrJh tawG;tjrifwkdYukd ax&0g' Ak'a'oemawmfvm pum;&yfwkdYjzifh
,SOfuyf okH;oyfMuygOD;pkdY/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

148

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

tcef; (3)
ax&0g'ESifh jyify,kHMunfukd;uG,frI
tavmif;awmf od'wrif;om;onf rZdry#dy'gvrf;pOfukd usifhokH;vsuf w&m;rSefukd &SmazGcJh&m
r[mou&mZf 103-ck? uqkefvjynfh? Ak'[l;aeYwGif opmav;yg;ukd odjrif bk&m;tjzpfokdY
a&muf&SdcJhonf/
Ak'tjzpfokdY a&muf&SdNyD;aemuf vlom;wkdY\ b0ukd okH;oyfMunfhIcJhonf/ xkdtcg vlom;xkBuD;\
rSm;,Gif;aom vlaerIb0"avhBuD;ukd awGUjrifvm&onf/ rdrd\ ywf0ef; usif&Sd vlwkdY\
ukd;uG,faerIrsm;? ,kHMunfaerIrsm;rSm rdrd jrifodaom w&m;"rESifh jcm;em;vSayonf/
Ak'bk&m; yGifhxGef;vmcsdefwGif tdEd,EkdifiH rZdra'o pdwftawG;ukd tajccHaom 0g'rsm;
xGef;um;aeavNyD/ bDpD 3000-cefYu xlaxmifvmcJhaom '&mAD'D,efwkdY\ ukd;uG,f,HkMunfrI
"avhrsm;? bDpD 2000-cefYrS p xlaxmifvmcJhaom tm&d,efwkdY\ ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrI "avhrsm;rSm
tdEd,wpfcGif wGifus,faeNyD/ ,if;tiftm;pkBuD;u BuD; pkd;aecJhNyD/
Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf vlwkdY\ ,kHMunfukd;uG,frI "avhrsm;ukd okH;oyfvsuf ]] avmu BuD;[m
ysufpD;aeyguvm;?}}[k

nnf;wGm;rdonf/

rdrd

odjrifaom

w&m;"rwkdYukd

a[mjyvkdpdwf

wkefYaES;oGm;&onf/
bk&m;&Sif\ wkefYaES; wGefYqkwfaerIukd o[HywdjA[mu arwm&yfcH awmif;yefcJh&\/ xkdtcgrS
bk&m;&Sifonf rdrdodjrifaom opmw&m;ukd a[mMum;awmfrl\/ rdrd\ ywf0ef;usif&Sdaom
ukd;uG,frI

trSm;rsm;?

,kHMunfrI

tvGJtrsm;ukd

axmufjyonf/

rSefuefaom

opmvrf;aMumif;ay:okdY a&mufatmif ykdYaqmifay;avonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

149

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

jyifyukd;uG,frI awmfvSefa&;
Ak'bk&m; yGifhay:vmcsdefwGif tdEd,a'o a'o a&SUwef;a&mufaeaom 0g'rSm tw0g'
jzpfonf/ [dEL jAm[P0g't& tww&m;rSm jA[mBuD;u zefqif;ay;xm;aom t&m[k
vufcHaeMu\/
jA[mBuD;onf txufaumif;uif wpfae&m &Sdonf/ rtkd rao tNrJaeaom yk*dKvfvnf;
jzpfonf/ urmavmuBuD;ESifh ouf&Sdow0g rSeforQukd zefqif;ay;xm;onf/
jA[mBuD;onf vl\cEmukd,fxJ qkd;vf? 0dnmOf[kac:aom twuav;ukd zefqif;ay;xm;onf/
xkdtwuav;onf cEmukd,fxJrSm tNrJ&SdaeNyD; kyfcEmysufpD; oGm;aomtcg tjcm; kyfcEmxJokdY
ul;ajymif;oGm;avonf/
twuav;onf rlvzefqif;&Sifjzpfaom jA[mBuD;ESifh jyefvnfaygifpnf;&eftwGuf ylaZmfyorI?
0wfjyK ukd;uG,frIrsm; jyKvkyf&onf/ t,ltqjzifh jA[mukd;uG,frI 0g' xGef;um;aeavonf/
Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf vlom;\ cEm tww&m;[l r&SdaMumif;? tww&m; qkdonfrSm b,frSmrS
r&SdEkdifaMumif;

a&S;OD;a'oemjzifh

tw0g'ukd

acszsufa[mMum;awmfrlonf/

tw0g'ukd

awmfvSefaom tew0g'a'oemonf Ak'bk&m;&Sif\ yGJOD;xGufw&m;awmf jzpfavonf/

Ak'yGifhawmfrlpOftwGif; tdEd,EkdifiH\ ukd;uG,frI kyfykHvTmwkdYukd vSpfzGifhMunfvQif tjcm; ukd;uG,frI
rsm;pGmwkdYukdvnf; awGYjrifMu&onf/ ukd;uG,frIrsm;rSmvnf; a&Sa[mif; vlwkdY pdwful;jzifh
MuHpnfxm;aom obm0ukd;uG,frIbmom ( Nature Worship ) ukdyif tajccHaeavonf/
bDpD

3000-cefYu

'&mAD'D,efvlrsdK;wkdYu

pwifcJhaom

opfyif

awm

awmif

paom

ukd;uG,frIrsm;vnf; Ak'bk&m; yGifhonftxd &Sdaeonf/ Ak'bk&m;onf t*Fwkdif;ESifh r*"wkdif;wkdY

tMum;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;\/ xkdtcsdefwGif t*dd'wac:aom &aohwpfOD;u olUwynfhwkdYtm; opfyif

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

150

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

awm awmif ponfwkdYukd ukd;uG,fMu&ef qkH;rae\/ Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf t*d'w\ ukd;uG,frI
tqkH;trukd okdY acszsufa[mMum;awmfrlonf/
]]

ab;ukd

xdwfvefYaom

olwkdYonf

awm

awmif

opfyifwkdYukd

ukd;uG,f&m[l

qnf;uyfMuukef\/ xkd awm awmif opfyifwkdYukd ukd;uG,fjcif;onf ab;uif;aomukd;uG,f&m

r[kwfay/ udk;uG,frIwkdYonf jrwfaom ukd;uG,frIvnf; r[kwf/ bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm
&wemokH;yg;omvQif

ukd;uG,fqnf;uyftyf\/

&wemokH;yg;ukd

ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;onf

omvQif ab;uif;aom qnf;uyfrI jzpfonf/ jrwfaom ukd;uG,frI jzpfonf/ }}

xkdYaemuf

Ak'bk&m;onf

opmav;yg;w&m;ukd

qufvufa[mMum;&m

t*d'w&aohESifh

wynfhwpfaomif;wkdY &[Em jzpfcJhMuonf/

yg&SefvlrsdK;wkdY\ Zdkkd;tufpwm;bmomonf rD;ukd txGwftjrwfxm;aom 0g' jzpfonf/
xkd0g'rsdK;onf tdEd,EkdifiHvnf; xGef;um;ae\/
Ak'bk&m;onf a0VK0efausmif; aeawmfrlpOf &Sifom&dykw&m\ wlawmfol ykPm;wpfa,mufonf
rD;ewfukd

vkyfauR;

ylaZmfaeoljzpfonf/

bk&m;&Sifonf

xkdykPm;ukd

okdY

a[mMum;qkH;rawmfrlonf/
]] tMuifyk*dKvfonf tESpfwpf&mrQ rD;ukd vkyfauR;ylaZmfae\/ tMuifyk*dKvfrSmrl 0dyem
Pftjrif&Sdaom &[ef;ukd cPrQ ylaZmf\/ xkdyk*dKvf ESpfOD;wkdYwGifPftjrif&Sdaom yk*dKvftm;
ylaZmfjcif;onf

jrwf\/

rD;ukd

tESpfwpf&m

ylaZmfjcif;jzifh

tusdK;r&Sd/

}}

t*da'0ac:

rD;ewfylaZmfrIonf orkdif;OD;u ukd;uG,frI"avhwpfck jzpfonf/ ukd;uG,frIrsm;rSm bmrQ

tusdK;r&SdaMumif; Zmwfa[mif;rsm;vnf; a[mMum;jyocJhonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

151

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

e*kF| Zmwffawmf
vGefavNyD;aomtcg Am&mPoDjynf jA['wfrif;onf rif;jyKvwfaomf bk&m;tavmif;onf
O'dpykPm;rsdK; jzpf\/ rdbwkdYonf bk&m;avmif; arG;aomaeYrS p rD;ukd odrf;qnf;xm;Muonf/
xkdrD;ukd rjidrf;raysmufatmif apmifh&Smufxm;Muavonf/
bk&m;avmif; 16-ESpft&G,f a&mufaomtcg rdbwdkYu ]] cspfom;? oifarG;zGm;aom aeYuyif 'DrD;ukd
arG; xdef;odrf; apmifha&SmufcJh&onf? tu,f tdrfrSm aevkdvQif aA'ifokH;ykHukd oifyg? jA[mhjynf
a&mufvkdvQifvnf; 'DrD;ukd ,lNyD; awmukdoGm;yg? rD;ewfukd vkyfauR;NyD; jA[mBuD;ukd ESpfoufatmif
aqmif&Gufaeygawmh? }} [k ajymMuonf/
bk&m;avmif;onf tdrfaevlom;tjzpf raevkdaomaMumifh rdrdtwGuf arG;,lxm;aom rD;ukd ,l
awm0emokdY xGufcGmvmchJonf/ awm0em ae rdD;ukd rjidrf;atmif xdef;odrf;NyD; rD;ewfukdyif
vkyfauR;aecJhonf/
wpfaeYaomf ypE&mZf&Gmu EGm;wpfaumifukd tvSLcH &&Sdonf/ bk&m;avmif; onf rdrd&aom EGm;ukd
rD;ewftm; ylaZmfyovkd\/ okdYaomfvnf; awmxJrSm jzpf qm;u r&Sd/ qm;rygaom [if;vsmukd
rD;ewfociftm; qufovQif auseyfrnf r[kwf/ xkdYaMumifh qm;&&Sd&ef &GmqDokdY xGufvmcJhonf/
bk&m;avmif; r&SdcsdefwGif rkqkd;wpfokduf a&muf&SdvmNyD;aemuf EGm;ukd awGU owfpm;oGm;Muonf/
tNrD;ESifh tkd;ta&wkdYukdrl xkdae&mrSmyif ypfcsoGm;Muonf/
bk&m;avmif;ykPm;

jyefvmaomtcg

EGm;ukd

rawGU&awmh/

tNrD;ESifh

tkd;ta&wkdYukdom

awGU&awmhonf/ bk&m;avmif;onf rdrd xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhaom rD;ewfa'0gukd Munfh

todrSef &oGm;onf/
]] bkef;&Sdaom rD;ewfrif;[m ukd,fpm;&rnfh Opmukdyif rapmifha&SmufEkdifbl;? ightwGufqkdvQif
b,frSm apmifha&SmufEkdifygrnfenf;? 'DrD;ukd qufvuf vkyfauR;ae tusdK;r&SdEkdifbl;? }} [k todrSef
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

152

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

&oGm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh ]] tkd- rD;ewf&Sif? oif[m ukd,hf Opmukdyif apmifha&SmufEkdifol r[kwfyg?
,ckcsdefrSm trJvnf; r&Sdawmhyg? oifESifh xkdufwef onfh 'Dta&ESifh tNrD;wkdukdom pm;&pfayawmh? }}
[k qkdum tNrD;ESifh tykdif;tpwkdYukd ypfcsNyD;vQif xGufcGmoGm;avawmhonf/
Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf opfyif awm awmif paom obm0w&m;wkdYukd ukd;uG,f aejcif;jzifh
tusdK;r&SdEkdifaMumif; xkH;a[mif;oufaorsm;jzifh a[mMum;jyocJhygonf/
okdYaomfvnf; vlwkdYonf ,aeYxufwkdif opfyif awm awmifponfwkdYukd ewftoGif rSwfxifvsuf
ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfaeMuao;onf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif &SifBuD;yifac:aom opfyifrsm;rSm opfyifukd;uG,frIukd tajccHaeaom ,kHMunfrI
jzpfayonf/ jrefrmwkdY\ aus;&Gmrsm; &SifBuD;yifac:aom opfyif rsdK;pHkukd awGUae&onf/
xkdopfyifonf vlwkdYukd tE&m,fay;wwfonf[k qkdum aMumuf&GHU Muonf/ tnGefYtwufukdyif
rcl;0HhMu/ tcsdKUurl oajyyef;ESifh a&csrf;rsm;ukdyif uyf ylaZmfaeMuao;onf/ xkdewfopfyifwkdY\
Zmwfvrf;rsm;vnf; cyfqef;qef; &Sdaewwfonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif opfyifukdomr[kwf/ awmukdvnf; aMumuf&GHUaeMuonf/ awmifay:vnf;
ewfwifxm;Muonf/ ykym;awmifqkdvQif a&S;acwfuyif ewfawmif [l xifay:vmcJhonf/
rif;r[m*D&dac: ewfBuD;u tkyfpkd;aecJhonf/ aemufykdif;wGif eD*&pfwkdrsdK;EG,f ewfr r,f0Pu
acwfpm;vmojzifh

r[m*D&dewfBuD;

wefckd;rSefoGm;\/

,cktcsdefwGif

ykym;awmifxdyf

ewfkyfwkaygif;pkHukd xkvkyfwifxm;Mu&m ewfjywkdufBuD;tvm; xif&Sm;aeavonf/

,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif awmifwkdif;avmufrSmyif ukd,fhawmifESifh ukd,fhewf? ukd,hfZmwfESifhukd,f
toD;oD; &SdaewwfMu\/ ukd,fht&yfESifh ukd,f&SifBuD;yifrsm; &SdaeMuonf/ aMumuf&GHUaeMuqJ
&Sdao;\/ rdbESifh q&morm;ukd jypfrSm;0HholwkdYonf &SifBuD;yifatmufrl zdeyfyif rpD;&JMuacs/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

153

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ae&m pOf;pm;p&m &Sd\/ ewf&Sdaom &SifBuD;yifrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh &yfem; &Gmem;&Sd
opfyifrsm;om jzpfonf/ vlESifh a0;&m awmBuD;xJrl ewfopfyif[l r&Sd/ ewfukdifp&mvnf; r&Sd/
ewf&Sd ewfukdifrnfqkdvQif opfxkwfvkyfa&; 0efxrf;wkdYtwGuf cuf&acsawmhrnf/
ax&0g' tjrifESifh u,fwif&Sif
ax&0g'a'oemtpOf u,fwif&Sif[l r&Sd/ u,fwifay;Ekdifol[lvnf; r&Sday/ Ak'bk&m;
ukd,fwkdifvnf; vlom;wkdYtwGuf u,fwif&Sif r[kwfcJh? vlom;wkdYtwGuf ] vrf;nTefol }
omjzpfavonf/
Ak'bk&m;&Sifu]]

cspfom;wkdY?

oifwkdY

vGwfajrmufrItwGuf

oifwkdYukd,fwkdif

BudK;pm;

tm;xkwftyf\?

bk&m;&SifwkdYrnfonf vrf;nTef a[mjykHom a[mjyawmfrlEkdifMuukef\?}} [k "ry'a'oem

twdtvif; a[mjyxm;\/
xkdYjyif cE0*oH,kwf? tw'Dyokwfvnf;]] &[ef;wkdY? rdrdukd,fom rSDckdMuvsuf? rdrdukd,fukdom tm;xm;Muvsuf tjcm;wpfyg;ukd
tm;rukd;MubJ

w&m;ukdom

rSDckdMuvsuf?

w&m;ukdom

tm;xm;Muvsuf

tjcm;wpfyg;ukd

tm;rxm;bJ aeMuukefavmh? }} [k a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/

Ak'bk&m;u vlom;wpfOD;\ b0ukd w&m;"rjzifhom aexkdifMu&ef a[mMum;cJhonf/ vlwkdYonf
rdrdwkdY\

b0ukd

rdrdwkdY

ukd,fwkdifom

zefwD;onf/

ukd,fhuH

ukd,fjyK

ukd,fhtrI

ukd,faqmifMu&onf/ rdrdb0twGuf aumif;rI qkd;rIwkdYukd rdrdukd,fwkdifomvQif zefwD;onf[k

a[mMum;\/ aumif;rI raumif;rI[laom oabmw&m;wkdYukdvnf; a[mMum;jyo\/ raumif;rIukd
a&Smif aumif;rIukd aqmif&efvnf; nTefMum;onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

154

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

aumif;rIukd vkyfaomolonf aumif;aom tusdK;qufukd jzpfap\/ raumif;rIukd vkyfaomolonf
raumif;aom tusdK;qufukd jzpfap\/ okdYvQif ured,mroabm w&m;jzifh xdef;ausmif;vsuf
rwdrf;apmif;atmif a[mjyawmffrlcJhonf/
okdYygvsuf vltcsdKUwkdYonf rdrdb0twGuf u,fwif&Sifukd &SmrSD;ukd;uG,faeMuonf/ rjrif&aom?
rjrifzl;aom? Mum;zl;em;0&Sdaom ewfa'0wmwkdY\ ulnDrprIukd tawG;pdwZjzifh awmifhwaeMu\/
awmif;cHaeMu\/
rdrdwkdY

vlom;tcsif;csif;vnf;

arQmfvifhaeMuonf/

u,fwifEkdifrnf[k

"mwfyGifhatmif?

pef;yGifhatmif

xifaom

yk*dKvfBuD;rsm;\

awmif;qkdaeMuonf/

rprIukd

aumif;rIr*Fvm

tjzmjzmESifh jynfhpkHygapaMumif; &Sdckd;OD;wif awmif;qkyefqifaeMuavonf/

wu,fawmhrl vlom;wpfOD;\ aumif;rI qkd;rIukd vrf;aMumif;ajymif; wdrf;apmif;oGm;atmif
b,fyk*dKvfurSS

&Gufaqmifray;Ekdifay/

qkawmif;ay;vnf;

r&/

oabmw&m;ukd

Ak'bk&m;&Sifuvnf; a[mMum;cJhygonf/
Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf emvENrdKU? yg0g&du o&ufO,smOf oDwif;okH;aepOf &GmolBuD;wpfa,mufu
avQmufxm;cJhzl;onf/
]] t&Sifbk&m;? ypmblrdt&yfrSm aeaom ykPm;awGu vlawGukd ewfb0 a&mufatmif
vkyfay;EkdifonfvkdY qkdygonf? t&Sifbk&m;aum vkyfay;Ekdifygovm;? }}
]] &GmolBuD;? ausmufwkH;BuD; wpfwkH;ukd a&xJ ypfcsvkdufNyD;aemuf vlawGu 0kdif;NyD; ] tkd
ausmufwkH;BuD;? a&ay:rSm ay:ygavmh? ukef;ay:okdY wufcJhygavmh? } vkdY tBudrfBudrf awmif;qkdvQif
ausmufwkH;BuD; ay:vmygrnfvm;? ukef;ay:wufvmygrnfvm;?}}
]] ray:vmEkdifyg? rwufvmEkdifygbk&m;? }}
]] &GmolBuD;? axmywftkd;wpfvkH;ukd a&xJrSm cGJvkdufrnfqkfdvQif tkdjcrf;uGJawGu a&xJrSm jrKyfNyD;
axmywfawGu a&ay:rSm ay:aevdrfhrnf? 'DtcgrSm vlawGu 0kdif;NyD; ]axmywfawG a&atmuf
epfjrKyfygap? } vkdY qkawmif;MuvQif jrKyfoGm;ygrnfvm;? }}
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

155

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

]] rjrKyfEkdifygbk&m;? }}
]] &GmolBuD;? 'DOyrmvkdyJ? ukokdvfaumif;rI rvkyfbJ raumif;rIawGukd vkyfaeNyDqkdvQif aumif;&mb0
a&mufygapvkdY b,fvkdyif qkawmif;aomfvnf; r&Ekdifbl;? aumif;rIawG vkyfaeolukdvnf;
raumif;onfhb0

cH&ygapqkdvkdY

r&bl;?

aumif;rI

tusdK;twkdif;

aumif;aomb0ukd

&&Sdrnfomwnf;? }}
a'oemawmfukd MunfhvQif vlom;wpfOD;twGuf tjcm;olu u,fwif r&EkdifaMumif;?
qkawmif;vnf; r&EkdifaMumif;? olwpfyg;u qkawmif;ay;vnf; r&Ekdif aMumif;? rdrdb0ukd
rdrdomvQif

zefwD;EkdifaMumif;?

rdrdukd,fukdomvQif

rdrdu,fwif&SifjzpfaMumif;

a&jyifrSm

avS,mOfoGm;ovkd xif&Sm;avNyD/
ax&0g'ESifh twdwfedrdwf ,kHMunfrI
Ak'bk&m;&Sif yGifhawmfrlaomacwf tdEd,EkdifiHwGif twdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJpaom t,ltqrsm;vnf;
rsm;jym;vS\/

twdwfaumif;

edrdwfaumif;ESifh

awGUBuKHrS

r*Fvmjzpfonf/

raumif;vQif

tr*Fvmjzpfonf[k vufcH ,kHMunfaeMu\/ t,ltqukd avmuDr*Fvm[k ac:Muonf/

twdwf edrdwfpGJvnf; 3-rsdK;&Sdonf/
(1) 'd|r*Fvm/ / tjrifedrdwfukd pGJjhzpfaom r*Fvmukd ac:onf/ eHeuf tdyf,mrS xvQif
ysHvTm;iSuf? rkd;pmiSuf? ukd,f0efaqmif? tysdK vlysdK? tmZmenfjrif;? EGm;vm;Oob ponfukd jrifvQif
edrdwfaumif;onf[k

,lqMu\/

olawmif;pm;ponfukd

jrif&vQif

edrdwfraumif;?

tr*Fvmjzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/
(2) okwr*Fvm/ / tMum;ukd pGJjzpfaom twdwfedrdwf r*Fvmukd ac:onf/0rf;ajrmuf aysmf&TifzG,f
toHaumif; tqkdaumif;ukd Mum;&vQif twdwfedrdwfaumif; r*Fvmjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
ZD;uGufrnfoHukd Mum;&vQifvnf; xkdYtwlyif/ ikda<u;oH?

iSufqkd;xkd;oHwkdYukd

Mum;&vQif

twdwfedrdwf raumif;? tr*Fvmjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

156

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

(3) rkwr*Fvm/ / tawGUukd pGJjzpfaom twdwfedrdwfr*Fvmukd ac:onf/ teHYaumif;?
t&omaumif;? tawGUtxdaumif;rsm;ukd &&SdvQif r*Fvm&Sdaomtwdwfedrdwf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
teHYqkd;?

t&omqkd;?

tawGUtxdqkd;wkdYukd

awGU&vQif

edrdwfraumif;aom

tr*Fvm[k

,kHMunfMuonf/ tdEd,t,l0g't&qkdvQifZmwfedrfhaom 'Gef;p@m;wkdY\ ukd,fESifh xdrdvQif

tr*FvmtrI[k ,kHMunfMuavonf/
vlwkdY\

&uf&mZm?

jy'g;?

vmbfae?

ewfae?

euwfaumif;?

raumif;paom

t,ltqrsm;rSmvnf; xkdtwdwfedrdwfpGJ r*Fvm,kHMunfrIwkdY yg0ifonf/

Ak'bk&m;onf

uJhokdY

twdwfedrdwfpGJ

r*FvmwkdYukd

tav;xm;

r,kHMunftyfaMumif;

aemufaMumif;jzpf&yf Zmwfa'oem tjzmjzmjzifh a[mjycJhygonf/

Am&mPoDjynfrS rdbESpfyg;wkdYonf om;twGuf Zeyk'frS trsdK;orD;wpfOD;ukd awmif;,l&ef
&ufcsdef;ay; owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ trsdK;orD;\ rdbwkdYuvnf; oabmwl vufcHxm;Muonf/
&ufcsdef;ay;NyD;rS tmZD0uwuwGef;ukd oGm;ar;&m xkd&ufrSm euwf aumif;aom &ufr[kwfaMumif;
ajymonf/
xkdYaMumifh om;&SifwkdYonf csdef;qkdaom&ufrSm roGm;MubJ aemuf&ufokdY a&TU qkdif;aeMu\/ Zeyk'frS
orD;&Sifrsm;url

csdef;qkdonfhaeY

tjcm;a,musfm;uav;wpfOD;ESifh

apmifhqkdif;aeMu\/

ay;pm;vkdufMuonf/

tcsdefukef

jzpf&yf

rvmaomaMumifh

ZmwfaMumif;ukd

tajccH

Ak'bk&m;u]]

euwfaumif;

tcsdefaumif;ukd

apmif;qkdif;aeonfh

todPf

r&Sdolukd

vkdtyfaom

tusdK;w&m;onf eD;uyfvmNyD;rS ausmfvGefoGm;wwf\/ vkdtyfaom tcsdef vkdtyfaomtvkyfukd

vkyfaqmifjcif;onf tcsdefaumif;? euwfaumif;yif jzpf\/ aumif;uifu euwfwm&mwkdYonf
b,ftusdK;udk jzpfapEkdifygrnfenf;/ }}[k aeYaumif;&ufom a&G;olwkdYtwGuf trSefw&m;ukd >rufMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

157

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

twdwfpGJ?

edrdwfpGJESifh

ywfoufvnf;

Ak'bk&m;&Sifu

acszsufa[mMum;cJhygonf/

bk&m;&Sifvufxufuvnf; ykxkZOf&[ef;wkdYonf twdwfedrdwfpGJ ,kHMunfrIrsm; &SdaeMu[ef

wlygonf/ xkdudpESifh ywfouf ormy&dAmZeD,okwf]] umr*kPfwkdYukd y,fpGefY vlUabmifrS xGufvmonfh &[ef;wkdYrSm b,fuJhokdY aumif;pGm
usif;okH;ae&ygrnfenf;? }} [k ar;onf/
xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifu okdY ajzMum;awmfrl\/
]] tMuif&[ef;onf aumif;usdK;&aMumif; edrdwfaumif; jzpfonf[k pGJvrf; ,kHMunfonfh
avmuDqkdif&m r*FvmwkdYukd t&d,r*fjzifh aumifpGmy,fNyD;NyD/ rkdBudK;ypfjcif;? avmifrD;usjcif;paom
ab;Oy'fqkdif&m

t,ltpGJ?

ouf&Sd

oufrJh

tokH;taqmif

ypnf;wkdY\

vuPmqkdif&m

t,ltpGJwkdYukd t&d,r*fjzif aumif;pGmy,fNyD;NyD/ xkd&[ef;onf r*FvmESifhpyfaom tjzpf[lorQ

y,fNyD;jzpfavawmhonf/ xkd&[ef;onf avmu aumif;pGm usifhokH; aeEkdifygayonf/ }}
Ak'bk&m;onf uJhokdY twdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukdvnf; acszsuf a[mMum;ygonf/
,kHMunfrIrsm;rSm vlom;wkdY\ pdwZtawG;jzifh owfrSwf,kHMunfaeaom zefwD;rIrsm;om
jzpfonf/ vufiif; vufawGU rusaom ,kHMunfrIrsm; jzpfonf/ xkdtawG;,kHMunfrIrsm;rSm bmrQ
t"dym,fr&Sd/

vl\pdwfukd

npfEGrf;apaom

,kHMunfrIrsm;omjzpf

y,fjrpfaexkdifMu&ef

a[mMum;jcif; jzpfonf/ okdY y,fjrpfaeEkdfifNyDqkdvQif pdwfukd aESmifcsKyfxmaom w&m;rsm;rSvnf;

vGwfajrmufNyD/ pdwf\ vGyfvyfrIukd &&SdoGm;NyD/
Ak'bk&m;onf

rdrdukdwkdifvnf;

pdwZtawG;jzifh

zefwD;xm;aom

twdwfedrdwfpGJwkdYukd

awmfvSefjycJhonf/ ukd,fwkdifusifhokH; jycJhonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

158

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

edrdwfpGJqefYusifa&; Zmwfawmfrsm;
&mZN*dK[fjynf ykPm;wpfa,mufonf twdwfedrdwfukd r*Fvm[k ,kHMunfaeol jzpfonf/
&wemokH;yg;ukdrl r,kHMunf/ rdpmt,lukd usifhokH;aeolwnf;/
wpfaeYo

ykPm;\

t0wfaowmxJokdY

<uuf0if

ukdufxm;\/

ykPm;onf

a&csdK;

acgif;avQmfNyD; t0wfvJ&ef t,lckdif;vkdufonf/ xkdtcgrS t0wfrsm;ukd <uufukdufxm;aMumif;

od&Sd&onf/
ykPm;onf <uufukdufaom t0wfwkdYukd Munfh ]] <uufukdufonfh t0wfukd 'DtdrfrSm xm;vQif
ysufpD;awmhrnf? r*Fvmr&Sdawmhbl;? edrdwfraumif;awmhxl;? edrdwf raumif;onfh t0wfawGukd
om;orD;awG? tapcHawG ay;vQifvnf; olwkdY ysufpD;ukefawmh rnf? t0wfawGukd okomefoGm;NyD;
ypfckdif;&rnf? }} [k MuHpnfrdonf/
t0wfawGukd tapcHwkdYtm; vTifhypfckdif;&efvnf; rjzpf/ t0wfawGu taumif;pm;awG jzpfonf/
tcsdKU t0wfawGu okH; aumif;ao;onf/ tapcHawGu vTifhrypfbJ odrf;qnf;oGm;vQif
ysufpD;ukefMuawmhrnf/ xkdYaMumifh rdrdom;ukdyif ypfckdif;&onf/
]] cspfom;? 'Dt0wfawGukd vufESifh rxdapESifh? vSifuef (wkwfacsmif;)ESifh aumf,loGm;yg? okomefrSm
ypfxm;cJhyg? ighom;vnf; OD;acgif;avQmfNyD;rS tdrfukd jyefvmyg?}}
jzpfpOfukdodaom

Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf

okomefokdYoGm;

ykPm;\om;

tvmukd

apmifhBudKaeavonf/
ykPm;BuD;\

om;vnf;

t0wfawGukd

vSifuefjzifh

aumf

okomefokdY

a&muf&Sdvm\/

toifhapmifhaeaom bk&m;&SifESifh awGUMuonf/ bk&m;&Sifu ]] toifvkvif? bmhaMumifh okomefokdY

vmoenf;? }} [k ar;onf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

159

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

]] t&Sifbk&m;? wynfhawmfwkdY tdrfrSm t0wfawGukd <uufukdufcH&ygonf? edrdwf raumif;awmhyg?
'Dypnf;awGukd tdrfrSmxm;vQif ysufpD;wwfygonf? 'gaMumifh <uufukdufonfh t0wfawGukd
pGefYypfzkYd vmcJhygonf? }} [k ajzonf/
xkdYaemuf ykPm;\ om;u t0wfawGukd vTifhypfvkdufonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf pGefYypfvkdufaom
t0wfawGukdukd aumuf,lodrf;qnf; a0VK0efausmif;okdY jyef<u oGm;avonf/
ykPm;om;onf xl;qef;aom jzpf&yfukd zcifykPm;BuD;tm; jyefajymonf/ ykPm;BuD;onf
ysmysmovJ jzpfum ]] &[ef;a*gwr[m ysufpD;awmhrnf? tjrefoGm;NyD; t0wfopfESifh vJay;rS
oifhvdrfhrnf? }} [kqkdum tjcm; t0wfopfwkdYukd ,l a0VK0efausmif; awmfokdY vkdufvmonf/
]] t&Sifa*gwr? <uufukdufonfh t0wfawGukd xm;vQif t&Sifbk&m;a&m ausmif;wkdufyg
ysufpD;ygvdrfhrnf? rxm;ygESifh? ouFef;twGuf rvkHavmufvQif 'Dt0wf opfawGukd ,lNyD;
ouFef;csKyfyg? <uufukdufwmawGukd tckcsufcsif; pGefYypfvkdufyg? }} [k avQmufxm;avonf/
xkdtcgrS

Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf

ykPm;om;tztm;

r*FvZmwfawmfukd

a[mMum;

awmfrl\/

r*FvZmwftqkH;wGif ykPm;tm; okdY a[mjyygonf/

]] ykPm;BuD;? &[Emyk*dKvfwkdY[m avmuDr*FvmwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? aeMuwf? vMuwf? Oumus?
t&yfrD;avmifjcif;

paom

twdwfedrdwfwkdYukdvnf;aumif;?

Oy'fwkdYukdvnf;aumif;?
vuPmzwfaom

txl;xl;aom

tvkyfukdvnf;aumiff;

tdyfrufqkdif&m
y,fjzwfxm;MuNyD?

&[EmwkdYonf avmuDr*FvmESifh twdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJwkdYukd vGefajrmufaeMuNyD? tpGJtvrf;ukd

y,fy,fjzwfNyD;NyD? t,kwfqkH;tm;jzifh avmuukdyif tpGJr&SdMuawmhNyD?}}
ykPm;om;tzonf

bk&m;&Sif\

w&m;awmfukd

emMum;&ojzifh

aomwmywdzkdvfokdY

a&muf&SdoGm;Muawmhonf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

160

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

bk&m;&Sifvufxufu oefvsufukd erf; edrdwfzwfaom jzpf&yfqef;Zmwfawmf wpfyk'fvnf;
&Sdonf/ aumovrif;BuD;rSm oefvsuf\ edrdwfvuPmukd zwfaom ykPm;wpfa,muf &Sdonf/
yef;yJq&mwkdYonf oefvsufukd jyKvkyf bk&ifhxH qufaomtcg wGif xkdykPm;u oefvsufukd
erf; edrdwfzwfavQmufonf/
ykPm;onf rdrdtm; vmbfxkd;xm;aom yef;yJq&mwkdY\ oefvsufqkdvQif ]] 'Doefvsufukd okH;pGJvQif
bkef;uHBuD;rnf? r*Fvm&Sdrnf? }} ponfjzifh a[majymavh &Sdonf/ tu,f vmbfxkd;rxm;cJhvQif ]]
'Doefvsufu r*Fvmr&Sd? }} [kqkdum uJh&JhajymMum;avh &Sdonf/
wpfaeYaomtcg ykPm;\ tjyKtrlukd rauseyfaom yef;yJq&mwpfOD;u oefvsuftdrfxJ
El;nHhonfh i&kwfoD;rIefYukd xnfh qufonf/ ykPm;onf oefvsufukd xkwf,l kwfw&uf
erf;vkduf&m

ESmacgif;xJokdY

ikwfrIefYrsm;

0ifoGm;NyD;

acsqwfvkduf\/

ykPm;BuD;onf

oefvsufoGm;ESifh cwfrdaomaMumifh ESmacgif;jywfoGm;&onf/ olwpfyg; twGuf edrdwfzwfaom

ykPm;BuD;onf rdrdESmacgif;jywfrnfh udpukdrl b,ftwdwfedrdwfrS jycJh[ef rwlacs/
ax&0g' Ak'bmom rlig;&yf
Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf pdwZtawG;jzifh zefqif; udk;uG,f,kHMunfaeaom vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd tcgrvyf
acszsufa[mMum;awmfrl\/

xkdukd;uG,frIwkdYaMumifhvnf;

bmrQ

tusdK;w&m;

r&EkdifaMumif;

oufaoaygif; rsm;pGmjzifh a[mMum;awmfrlonf/

Ak'bk&m;\

bmomw&m;awmfukd

ouf0if,kHMunf

Ak'\

OygoumtrnfcHaom

Ak'bmom0ifwkdYonf txifpGJtmkH ukd;uG,frI tzkHzkHwkdYukd pGefYvTwfEkdifMu&ygrnf/ tawG;pGJtvDvD

,kHMunfrI t&yf&yfwkdYukdvnf; y,fowfEkdifMu&ygrnf/
jyify ukd;uG,frIESifh ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd ry,fowfEkdifao;vQif Ak'bk&m;&Sif vkdvm;aom Oygoum?
Oygodum*kPfukd tjynfht0 r&Ekdifay/ pifMu,foefY&Sif;aom Ak'bmom0if[l rqkdEkdifao;acs/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

161

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf rdrd\ bmomw&m;awmfukd ouf0if,kHMunfaom Oygoum tppfjzpfa&;twGuf
Oya'o 5=csufukd pHjyKowfrSwfxm;onf/ ,if;wkdYrSm(1) ,kHMunfrI o'gw&m; &Sd&rnf/
(2) apmifhxdef;rI oDv &Sd&rnf/
(3) aumwk[vr*Fvmukd r,kHMunf&/
(4) uHukdom ,kHMunfol jzpf&rnf/
(5) omoemawmf jyifyukd;uG,frIukd r&SmrSD;&[l jzpfygonf/
(1) ,kHMunfrI o'gw&m; qkdonfrSm Ak'? "r? oHCwkdY tjynfht0 ,kHMunfolukd qkdvkdygonf/
(2) apmifhxdef;rI oDvqkdonfrSm Ak'bmomu owfrSwfxm;aom ukd,fusifhoDvukd apmifhxdef;ol
jzpf&ygrnf/
(3)

aumwk[vr*Fvm

qkdonfrSm

&uf&mZm?

jy'g;?

aeMuwf?

vMuwfpaom

pdwful;,OftawG;wkdY ,kHMunfaerIukd qkdvkdygonf/

(4) uHukdom ,kHMunfjcif; qkdonfrSm 'o0wKu uruwmorm'd|d tjrifESifh jynfhpkH&rnf/
rdrd\ uHESifh uH\ tusdK;qufukdom ,kHMunf&rnf/ tjcm; ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd r,kHMunf&[k
qkdvkdonf/
(5) omoemawmfrS tyjzpfaom ukd;uG,frIrsm;? omoemhjyifyrS tvSLcHyk*dKvfwkdYukd &SmrSD;
rqnf;uyf&yg/ ewf? odMum;? jA[m? N*dK[fewf? xGuf&yfayguf? bkd;awmf? r,fawmf? 0dZm paom
omoemhjyifyrS ukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;&rnf[k qkdvkdygonf/
tcsif; ax&0g' Ak'0g'D Oygoum? OygodumwkdY oifwkdYonf Ak'tvkdus *kPfajrmufaom
Oygoum(a,musfm;)tppf

jzpfNyDavm/

Oygodum(rdef;r)tppf

jzpfNyDavm/

ar;cGef;ukdrl

rdrdwkdYukd,fwkdif kd;om;pGm ajzqkdMu&ayvdrfhrnf/

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

162

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

,kHMunfukd;uG,frI rSefuefa&;
jreffrmEkdifiHonf ax&0g' Ak'bmomoeYfoefYukd vufcH ukd;uG,fcJhonfrSm ESpfayg;if; 1000-eD;yg;
&SdavNyD/ xkdtawmtwGif; ax&0g' Ak'bmomESifh a&maESm tjcm;ukd;uG,f ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukdvnf;
tqifhedrfhae&m xm; ukd;uG,f ,kHMunfcJhMu\/ acwftqufquf aysmufysufonf[l r&SdcJhay/
tcsdKUacwfrsm;wGif Ak'bmom jyifukd;uG,frIrsm; acwfpm;onf/ tvGeftuRHjzpfonfh tcgrsdK;lvnf;
&Sdonf/

ukd;uG,frIrsm;rSm

trsm;tm;jzifh

ewfukd;uG,frIrsm;

jzpfonf/

xkdtcgrsdK;wGif

wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfaom rif;rsm;u xdef;ausmif;ay;Mu&onf/

taemf&xmrif;onf ukd;uG,frI trSm;rsm;ukd oefYpifatmif aqmif&Gufay;aom rif;wpfyg;
jzpfonf/
bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m; vufxufwGif ewfukd;uG,frIrsm; xlajymae\/ uRJEGm; ponfwkdYukd owf
t&ufjzifh ewfwifaom ewfyGJBuD;rsm; acwfpm;aeonf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m;u
trIrsdK;ukd rjyKvkyf&ef rif;rdefYjzifh wm;qD;cJhonf/
taemufbufvGefrif;w&m;onf vlwkdYukd vdrfnmaeaom ewfwkdYukd ESdyfuGyf ewfkyfykHrsm;ukd
pkaqmif;NyD; av;xyfausmif;BuD; odrf;qnf;xm;cJhonf/
[Hom0wDa&mufrif;onf

ewfuGef;

ewfeef;rsm;ukd

vlwkdYtwGuf

taESmifht,Suf

jzpfaponf[kqkdum zsufodrf;ypfcJhzl;onf/
jrefrmrif;

tcsdKUwkdYonf

okdYaom

pdwZukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd

vspfvsLIrxm;bJ

xdef;odrf;

uGyfuJay;cJhMuonf/
jrefrmpmay ynm&SifwkdYonfvnf; rSm;,Gif;aom ukd;uG,frIESifh ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd pmayjzifh
a&;om;jycJhMuonf/ pmqkdawmf &Sifr[m&|om&q&mawmfu ukd;cef;ysdKU(42) okdY zGJUqkdjy\/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

163

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

]] oufcwf N*dK[foGm;? N*dK[fpm; N*dK[fysuf? "mwf&uf rdwf&ef? okH;wefay:edpf? N*dK[ftdyfpef;us?
rlvtm'd? od&dtqkH;? ywfukH;&ufykdif;? ocsKif;av;axmifh? Ewfapmifh ewfae? &SpfaxGtcg? zDvm
u&P? yOwdxD? ,m,D,Mwm? Zmwmtdyfruf? rysuf rjyK? xkdtpkum;? odrIawG;q? ynwfrQom?
aMumif;&if;&Smrl? Murmjzifhcsnf;? jzpfownf;[k? crnf;,kHap? pdwfraoGvifh? oaAowm?
ow0g[k? ememavmu? teEukd? uroum? rSwfxif&monf? ,if;omblw0g'Dwnf;/ }}
oHa0*cef;ysdKUukd a&;pyfaom pmqkdawmfuvnf; euwfukd;uG,frI trSm;rsm;ukd okdY a&;om;zGJUqkd
jyxm;onf/
]] tcrf;tem;? ewfxdef;rsm;ESifh? aomufpm;jrL;atmf? waMumfaMumf[pf? ewfoHypf? rl;,pfrdIif;a0?
taxGaxGvQif? vlUajrewf&Gm? ewfrdpmukd? u,fomxifrSwf? oabmuyf? ewfvljA[m?
ow0gukd? uHomt&if;? jyKzefqif;[k? ,lvsif;tyfpGm? ,ckrSmum;? csrf;omqif;&J? ewfcyJonf?
ay;NrJwkdYrSm? xifrSwf&Smonf? rdpm,lrd,lrSm;wnf;/ }}
pdEausmfol OD;Mouvnf; u0dvuPowfykHusrf;]] rdpmtm;vkH;? vTrf;ydwfzkH;? awmifjyKef;nDaemifeef;/ }}- [l epfematmif a&;jycJhayonf/
refvnfq&mawmfBuD;url rCa'0vuFmopf]] paet*Fg? aeY&ufcgESifh? wm&mN*dK[frsdK;? aumif;uifrkd;u? jzpfusdK;,kwfjrwf? b,fjyKwwfvdrfh?
euwfcsdefoifh? iHhvifhukefMu? vlUAmvwkdY? &tHhcsufcsif;? vufiif;csrf;om? vGefwwfpGm\/ rdpmpGJae?
roefapESifh? }} - [kvnf;aumif;?
]] [l;&m;tvkd? euwfN*dK[fESifh? xkdxkdwm&m? rkd;tmumu? a&mif0gEGrf;ndK;? atmufvlrsdK;tm;?
jzpfusdK;wpd? b,fjyKbdtHh? }}- [kvnf;aumif; a&;zGJUjycJhonf/
q&mawmfBuD;uyif ]] okc'ku? aMumif;rlvukd? urw&m;? ESpfyg;jzifhom? usrf; vm\? }} [k
uHomy"mejzpfaMumif; a&;om;cJhonf/
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

164

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

xkdYaMumifh ax&0g' Ak'0g'DwkdYonf Ak'bk&m; a[mMum;aom uHomy"me tvkyf0g'jzifh
BudK;pm;tm;xkwftyf\/ trdAk'bmomukd ausmf a'G;awmfvGrf;aom ,kHMunfukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd
a&Smif&Sm;tyfukef\/
]] tkd- ax&0g' Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwkdY? ,aeYrSp- pdwZtawG;"mwfjzifh qnf;uyfaerIrsm; ?
- ,kwdrJhpepfjzifh ,kHMunfaerIrsm;ukd oifwkdY\ pdwftmkHrS z,fxkwfMuukefavmh/ ax&0g' Ak'bmom*kPfaqmif xGef;ajymif aom
yk*dKvfrsm;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuygukefavmh/ }}

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

165

a&pBudK tSif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

ed*kH;
wGif ] ax&0g' Ak'bmom } pmtkyfukd ed*kH;csKyf&ygawmhrnf/ pmtkyfwGif ax&0g'
Ak'bmomESifh ax&0g' Ak'bmom a&maESmaeaom ukd;uG,frI tvDvD? ,kHMunffrI t00wkdYukd
rD;armif;xkd; jycJhyg\/
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ax&0g' Ak'bmomxJ ax&0g'ESifh rpyfqkdifaom pdwZvkyfief;&yfrsm;
pdrfhysHUpl;0ifvsuf &Sdaeonf/ rGef;rkdufatmif rdIif;wkdufolwkdYvnf; &Sdaeonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf
ax&0g' OD;aqmifEkdifiH jzpfae\/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf Ak'bmom vlaerIb0ukd avhvmp&m
pHjyEkdifiHvnf; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&muf wkdif;wpfyg;om; wkdYonf Ak'bmom vlaerIb0ukd
avhvm&m

Ak'bmom

vlaerIb0onf

pdwful;,OfvlaerIb0

jzpfonf[l

qkH;jzwf

owfrSwfoGm;Ekdifygonf/ trsdK;*kPf? Zmwd*kPf? Ak'bmom \ *kPfukd xdckdufapEkdifygonf/

xkdYaMumifh- Ak'bmom\ *kPfukd rxdckdufapa&; ?
- Ak'bmom0ifwkdY\ *kPfukd rxdckdufapa&; ?
- jrefrmEkdifiH\ *kPfukd rxdckdufapa&;wkdYtwGuf tzufzufrS 0kdif;0ef; umqD;&ef tcsdefwefcJhNyD/ okdYjzpf atmufyg uAsmpm ykd'fjzifh
wyfvSefY ed*kH;urwf tqkH;owfvkduf&ygawmhonf/
jrwfAk'\
"rtESpf? w&m;ppfwkdY
EGrf;npfao;odrf? rarS;rdSefcif
tvdrftnm? rSm;rdpmwkdY
rsm;pGmaxmifaomif;? tm;raumif;cif
bufaygif;pkHrS? enf;vrf;cs
0g'rSm;,Gif;? trkdufoif;ukd
y,f&Sif;acsrIef;? yaysmufokOf;zkdY
tm;vkH;wm0ef&Sdonfwum;/ /
(trSwf 73? "r&HoDr*Zif;? csrf;ajrUom&\ uAsmrS )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpmdkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

166