STD.TEEE B0-ENGL 2000 mH 4805702 0580480 432 mm IEEE Std 80-2000 (Rosman cee ceases) IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding Sponsor ‘Substations Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society ‘Approvec 30 January 2000 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Outdoor ac substations, ether corvertional or gas-insulsed, are covered in this guide Distrbuon, trensmssion, and generating plant substatcns are azo included. With prope eatin, tho muthaos descrec nereln are also applicabe to indoor gortons of such substalors, cto Sub ftatons that aro wholly indoors. No attempt Is mai to cover the grounding problems pocula 1 te substations, A quantitative anaysis ofthe effects of bgntnng surges i algo beyond the scope at this guide Keywords: ground grids, grounding, substation design, substation grouncing Gonyem 2000 re net ot iene and Ecos Engr 6 ‘age recavaeDaaes# Ragu S00) reeds Uke SaaS Anat ga fe teeny a eco ay an chs Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engneersiné Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE 80-ENGL 2000 MM 4805702 0580483 379 a IEEE Standards document redeveloped within th TEBE Socites an the Somfads Coordinating Com ‘nites ofthe TEEE Standards Association UEFE-SA) Stndués oor! Members of he commie eve Colantaly and without compensation, They me not asettny members of ee Inatute The anda Aescloped within IEEE representa commen f he Broad expertise onthe subject Within the astute 35 ‘well a thove ates cts of IEEE ht hav expressed ab srs in paicipatng ihe developmen’ of ‘he standard Use of a IER Standard is wholly veluatay. The existence of an TEBE Standard does lip tat here ate a ther ays to pra, est neva, poco, market or pcvid ter goods and services lated to ‘he scope of tho IEEE Sunda, Funberre, tbe viewpoint expressed atthe ine astancad is apeoved ap incund i subject co change brought abou though developments am the slate ofthe an and commen tectved fom une of te staan. 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Pxmission to photocony Potocs of any slide Handa for educational elasicom abe can also be ouiues tough the Cony Fie Clearance Cente, Ccopyihitpor inate OfElecrical Electronics Engineers inc Mon apr 18 18:22:17 2002STD.TEEE 60-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 0580482 205 mm Introduction (Tis mccain ap HEE Se 0.200, EE Gute for Sey in AC Substation eounng) “his fouth edition represents he second malo eison ofthis guide since Ws fs sein 961. Maar Iodiicatorsinelude the futher extension ofthe sustioms for calculating touch and step volapes 10 ince Lataped and Tshaped grids: he inoduton f curves to help determine cutest division: moi ‘ition tthe dertng factor curves for surface materia; changes inthe eters fr selection of curds Si commecions;aaionl infration oa reitivtymcasuetent iespretatin. ate session of rullayer sos. Other changes ahd sdtions were made inthe areas of at-nulted subsatins, the ‘suas for he culation ef ed sesistance, andthe annexe, The fou edton contrast bull on the foundations nid hy tre eater waking groups: AIEE Working Gro 56! and IEEE Working Groups 69.1 nd 781 “The wor of preparing this stundad was done by Working Group 1 of the Disrbuon Substation Subeome rite and was sponsored by the Substation Comite ofthe IEEE Power Engineering Society, At he Ue this guide was completed, the Subviation Grounding Safety Working Group, 0, had the following Richard P Kel, Chair Lefty D. Merryman, Secretary arma Abin David one Gat Shah GPa Sean Ae Der leos Shamlas Rute CA Kew Shenk Troma Bares i Gay sie Chases Bite Denas Lair See Pastore) weu Sieg Seton Frnt Detost Wat Staton ‘Bran Sy Willan k be A Miran WG'svenk Gry DiPoe A Sis ogo Wikein Sezer Veter. Brow ine eect Bethe SC bane Son Nar Mae ters ‘This fourth ettion of IEEE Sid 8D is dicated wo the memory of JG. Svea, who, nous is echnical Inosiege ad expe, developed the woch and tp vlpe eqns snd the gid kane equations sed inthe 1986 eon ofthis guide. Wi eadrsip, hunt aad perseverance as Chai of Working Group 7A. ed to theexparsion of substation pounding knowlege in IEEE Sc 40-1986, Cony © 2000 EE oar acre ‘i Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Eledrofies Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE 80-£NGL 2000 mM 4805702 0580483 141 mm “Te following members of balloting commie voted an his stand: ‘eorenae wrest, see eT ie eee Eee Ene heer oe eee sone ie Divi Lane Cara static. Pa Rok Seve Feces Joan) Homa errs Dawa tion cy ot stan? Dean Reiner DomalgN Lane ha Sat ‘Tomas Weave avrece Sab ‘ied Lebo Hla South Risto Mare Dost State ‘Ga Meestele ‘a rao Jovan ta etc Sone frou Ne Robes Nowe JoweOene Dune K Torso Semen 8 Ort Shean Mica WPae a Vetere dina see ‘When te IEEESSA Stndars Bowl approved his sundae on 30 January 2000, i Bad he flowing member Dambale iy mien ft team hes a ‘Richard J. Holeman, Chair Donald Hira Vor Chair “Indity Garman, Serra aes Gey owe rm eter) Kemet Ear aer desepa ,Roepngert (Sie sachin Dasep © Mia Rate ater Donald W Ze ‘Also Snead the flosing nonvotng IEEE:SA Standards Boss Dion Rats Her ‘ice Kabo {E88 Sundae Per tor ay © eo EEE. A ete ered Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon apr 18 18:22:17 2002STD-IEEE 8O-ENGL 2000 mm yADS702 O580484 86 me Contents 1 Overview - ' Ee —— 12 Purpose —— = 1 Reltion tater standard = ney 2 Reference = ee 2 3. Definitions - = ao eve 4 Saag in groueing.. ee ® 4 Base problem oon 7 = 5 $2. Coniions of Sango one 5 5. Range of wlerbleettet cnn ny) SA et of gue - = u 52 Elect af maple and drtion a) $3. Importance of high-speed fal cleaning ia} 6 Tolerable body current iit er 5.1 Duration formal, = . 62 Altemative soamptions, == 63. Comparison of Dalrie's equations and Bisetneier’s uve 64 Net on rertsing.. 1. Accidental ground cic : es) 7A Resistance of te hum boy os 6 72. Cuneat pts trough th body = ae 73 Accidetl cea equivalents, I 7) 7 Bec of thin ayer of snare meri cnn 2 8. Chitra ofcolerbe Wolage. ssnnnsmnunnnsenm a 1 Definitions, —— 2 82 Typsal sock stations a 26 83 Siepand toch wage ein, ne 4 Typed shock sttion or gat suai subeatons oI 28 85. Efecofustlaed groan cures. a 28 9%. Prneipa design considerations, - 2 84 Definons. : 29 9.2 Gencrl concept Toa 93 Primary apd anlar gund electrode. ‘94 Basi expect of gid desig. : . 3 95, Design india ests ame a 96 Comecions 0 grid ea 200 EE. Alia abu a ‘copyright por Insitute OFElectrical Eletronies Engineers ne Mon apr 18 18:22:17 2002STD.TEEE Q0-ENGL 2000 mB 4805702 OS8048S TLY mi 10. Speci considerations fr IS. e 33 1011 Defaitons a 102618 ehanctenstios SIL — 10.3 Encloares sod iclating sens ~ 10.8 Grounding of ensue. oo 10.3 Cooperation Bowen GIS manficturer and use nn c 10.6 Other peal espace of GIS poundages 7 10.7 Nous an grounding of GIS foundation = 108 Touch volage eta fe GTS nn = 109 Recomnendaions 1, Selsction of conductors ad connectoes - 3° HL Base regimen : 3° 2 Chee of mater fr conductors pd lated corosion probit snnennnn nnn 13 Conductor sing actos. = . nnn Hk Seectom of connections. ~ ~ 8 2 ow - 9 3 — —— 9 22 Etec of vaagegraien. eeieeeaewr ce 123 Bifec of carrot mgntade. = eS “0 12.4 Fifec of moisture temperature, nd chemical conte 50 125 Use of srfice mute yen 13, Soi tutu el election 0S MOE ncn soo 13. Investig of soi structure : st 132 Clasiieation of ils and range of ress ncn Ss 133 Resistivity measorements - 2 a Imerpeation of ol vesity measeens ss 14 Evaluation of ound sistance. 6 A Ua equ 1 nme 1.2 Sipied ealealasons 13 Soha’ equtions. on 14.4 Noe on ground resstunes of pray secre» 143 Sel estient lw FAB nn 146 Concete ecwed elec. e 15. Deermioaton of maximum gd Met nn : n 151 Defrtions, —— a 7 132 Procedate 3 153 Types of pound fas nn - 4 {Sa Flac of subsnion round ves —— as 155 Fetal esisane8 = Ss SG Etec evesiead grove wies and neta consicins 1% 15.7 Effect of direct bac pipes and ables 7 158 Worst fault type and oan. ~ - nn) 15.9 Compassion of cut divs new co 8 eit 9200 SEE, Aig esaned % Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon apr 18 18:22:17 2002STD.TEEE Q0-ENGL 2000 MM 4805702 O5604a6 950 mm 15.10 test faye ns - 15.11 Effet of fature change - 16 Design of grounting sysem — 16.1 Design the nnn 62 Ciel parame oe nnn 163 lode of design partes = 164 Design procedure... 165 Cstslation of makimum stp and eh VollgeRnnomnnn 166 Refinement of prelim ary design = 16:7 Application of uations fr Eat 6 168 Use of computer naling desig D7. Special es of conten IT Servic 188 ee a 172 Swich sat and aperting handle proving. 173. Grounding of substation face ae 124 Result of voltage pres for fence grounding ross non 125 Control cable sath grounding. ~ 17.661 bus extensions. on 177 Surge arrester grounding. cscs M18 Sepera prurds : = 179 Traasend poems evens 15 Consetion of proving SEM wn 18. Ground gi construction ret method. 1.2 Ground gi contraction —conduster plowing method 1. stallion of connections p ras ae provid rods 84 Consus sequence comiderasin for pound grid installation = 1S Safty considerations dul sbseqhen ex re 19. Flelimeasiements of constructed pounding system 19.1 Measurement of grounding sytem impedance. - 192 Feld survey of poten contours and ouch and sep voltages 183 Asessmen of Feld mcasuemens fr safe deg 19.8 Ground gid inte tn — 19.3 Pod checks finale rounding sym 20, Physica scale modes oes anno A (infor t¥8) Bi Og Annex (itormatte) Sample ealeslations, Annex © (informative) Graphical and apeonimet anni of ae vison noes D (informative) Simpliid sap aad rsh equations Annes inforatve Equivalent uniter sil mode! or nmuniform ss... Annes FGinfrire)Pararatric analysis ofsroumling stens.. - Anno G (informative) Grounding metho for high-voltage ations with grounded nea Coa #2001: A sere Copyright por insite OF iecncal Eecranes Engneesineé Mon apr 18 18:22:17 2002 08 108 108 19 Ms 16 170 18sSTD-TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 wm ve0S702 0580v87 897 mw IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding 1. Overview 1.1 Scope “This guide is primary concsraed with outdoor ac sbsatins, ether comesion oF gains Distibetion, earimscon, ord geaeratng plant substations ave Sneladed With prope eauton, the este hesin ae also applicable Wo noo potions of auch subtions, ot substations tate why Indoors! temp is made to coverthe grounding pobiemspeclir od abaions A.quasiative aryss ofthe aft of lighring sures ie also Beyend ae seope ofthis gue 1.2 Purpose ‘The intent of tis guide i to provide guidance und infemmsion pertinent safe grounding paces i ne sobvatio design, Ie specie pposs of his guide ar 10 2) otblist as. basis fr dips. te safe limits of poten ferences tat can exit in aston sae fal conditions Ptseen puns thst can Be contacted ty the oman Bod. Review substation grounding practises Wit special referee lo safely, an develop entra foe a sate design » ©) Prove a procedue forthe design of practic! eroding syems, based on these cress 4) Develop an Inthe understanding ad neltion f typical rade poblens. cent an eights esowee ' Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 OSA0488 723 mm “The concept and use of sey crea we cose in Chase | Ukvagh Clause 8, practical pets of esgnng & groaning syste ae covered in Cuivse 9 trough Cause 13, and procedies and ealaton techniques forthe grounding stem aiessner’ (i terms of safety ene) ae desebed im Clase 14 through Cause 2, Supporting materia i organied in Ane A though nex O “Ts guide is primaly concert with safe sroanding pracies for power frequencies inthe range of ‘80-60 He. The peers peel wo de abate andthe effects flighting srges are beyond the scope ofthis uid. A grounding system designs os described herein wil moretheless, provide sce degree fotecton agains step wave Hat sues externg the sabstaton and passing to exh tough is ground ‘Sess Ot relernees shouldbe consulted fr more information about hee subsets, 13 Relation to other standards “The flhowng standards provi information on specie specs of grounding (= TRAE Su $1-1983" and IEEE Sud 812-1091 provide procedures for measuring the ean resisviy. the resistance of the inalled grounding sytem, the stface gradi’, ad the cosivity of he id conductors TREE St (42-1991, sso known asthe IEEE Green Book. covers some ofthe practical apes of ‘sounding. such 28 equipment groening, cale rong fo aves inde pind came abe ‘Sheth grounding sate an ihening preteeton indo mall, te BBE Sid 367-199 provides dead explanation of he asyemeniea eunct phenumenen and of "he faut cane division, which large degree parallels that en herein, OF cours, the reader Should be aka thatthe grou potatialis calcul fore purpete of telesomminicaten ro {ection an laying apo faced on mew diferent se of tsmpions conceming the ‘axing cutent,i ecparson wih those used fo the pusposes this guide = TREF Sud 665-1995 provides detailed explanation of generating sation grounting rates. BBE Ste H57-1969 provices tents acters select camectons the aie in he grounding ye ‘er ht wil meet the concerns described a Clase 11 2. References “This gue shout be win conjunction with dhe following paicatons. When he lowing sada ae “peed yan approved sn, hess 9p Accredited Standards Coote C2187, National Facial Satery Code® (NESC)* IGEE Sud 11953, IEEE Guide for Measuring Fah Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Fath Saree Potemials of Grd Sytem (Prt 1) IRR, Sud #1 21992, IEEE Guide for Meassement of npn snd Safety Characteristics of Large, -Exended or Interconnects Grong Syste (Par 2) Fite pumice fd pfs il ame roms he pin om’ lee sem emt ert me pe a cng sm gee tet ene poy (irises trea so pro py ear Sea of She ec Siaretines ne ane dn ie IRENE ye oy fe inf Ps ol Sos Engen 86 Ws Li, Po 3, Pas, MI Si pico abe ere att cl ma Ht ner He Lane 0 Bo Pana oan Oe pense 2 Con 9 09 EE, arte nae Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon apr 18 18:22:17 2002STD.IEEE B0-ENGL 2000 mM 4ODS702 OSA04R4 LbT Ma TREE Std 142-1001, IEEE Recommended Fratice for Grtnding of Industrial and Commercial Power System (IEEE Groen Book! IEE Sid 367.1996, IE Recommended Pratce for Determining the Elects Power Substation Ground Potatil Rise an! Induced Voltage from a Power asl, TEFE Sed 487-1992, IEEE Recommended Practice forthe Paestion of Wire-Line and Cominenicition aces Serving Eletric Power Stone IEEE Sid $25.1992 (Reaff 1990), IEEE Guide for the Design and Installation of Cabie Sytens in Subsatins IEEE Std 6€5 199, IEEE Gude for Generating Sttion Gounding. IEEE Sid 837-1989 (Reaft 1996), IEEE Stands for Qubiying Permanent Connections Used in Sobttion Greuning. TEFE Sul 1100-1995, IBEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Gronding Electosie Equipment ((EFE Ererald Dock). TEE Sud €97,122-993,1 Standard for Ca-Isulated Substations, Std C3. 1221-1993, BE Gude for Gatos Sobtatons, 3. Definitions Most ofthe defiins given herein psi oly to the application af this gui, No farther references wil tbe made 0 any ofthe define sted below ules necetary for clay Al eherdfnitons ve paced ‘thin the tent of indvioa clases. For adinaldefinsons ter to The IEEE Standard Dictionary of lecirical and Exectranis Ter (B86) 31 aeniiay ground electrade: A pound else wih cena tin or operating conse. pimary Function may be ote than condacing the ground fel cure in he er 3.2 continuous enclosure: A bus enor in wie the consccuive seston of hewn kong the sane Plate condor are bonded together 0 provi an elecrly cutis cate a thnaghons he etre Enclose length Cros endings, connestng the oer ue encloses, oe ade ot) tthe etree the nstllaon and sa fw selected inmost ois 3.3 de offiet: Difference bewecn the syatetialeument wave ar the atl CUTE wae ring power sysim transient condition. Maheratialy. the acta! Flt cue car be broken nto two Dats 8 ‘yeti atemating component abd a Ricca d=) eomponert. The wridetonleorpnent can eo eter pot. but wil nt change polarity, ad wil desea woe podeenmized rate 3.4 decrement factor: An jose fate wid in conjsction with te symaneical ero ful corre Farce in safty-cieced grounding calculations. determines ie sn equal of the aSymmetris) current wae Zora piven fal daraton, fg acccuting for tke eet oF iil ce of and ts aeration dr ing te ea ein rat cep gly in As. eeman 200 REE Aho 5 Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engeersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE S0-ENGL 2000 mm yans702 OS804q0 381 mm mya © 00 EEE es esr. Copyright por Mon Apr 18 15:22:STD-TEEE AU-ENGL 2000 M™ 4805702 OSA04%. 228 mm (NAG SUBSINNON GROUNDING sweoke 246 enclosre current: Currents tht rs rom he voltages nce the malic elo bythe ea Fen) flow nthe enchosad conduct £37 fall current division factor: A factor epeseming the ives of a aio ofthe symmetial fault cu ‘sor otha potion of ve cuenta fows betven the grounding sid and rounding ert, I~ 5 a shore Sy tethe ful erent vison fcr 1, smeru ymmetneal grid corti Th Inthe xer-sequence falteurest in A [NOTE neal cureatvisian ae neuen dang tefl duro, ted the varying day rates of {ef convtrionsan he Sgtece af mpg dee oferaone Hone ft Oe urine ae he {tscgnrfo sf mir pace ad syne gd even pr Seon of emer fae oe ing cones the aes sumeeontant Jung ene draon stapes 238 ga nslated substation: A compact, mukicomponentassrbly, enclosed in 4 rounded metals how ing in wie he primary iwulating edu isa 35, an that normally coms of bates, swatches, and soviuted equpmen (subasemblen), 39 ground: 4 condoctng conection, whether imestioel or accident, by which an sisters or ‘equipment iscomecie ote east some conducting bd a lately large eaten st serves place ofthe cat ‘310 grounded: system, crate apart proved witha prods forthe purposes of establishing & pound tur ecu ad or moinsining is pte at special he puter feat, ‘11 ground eutrom: A camer: owing es out ofthe ears ots quale seve round 2.12 ground sectrode: A condor bee in the seth and wie for colecting cud est fe ‘sipating ground coment ino te ear. {M13 ground mat: slid metalic pateora systema closely paced hare condor hat ue connected to and ofen pace in sallow dephs above a ground grid or elsewhere athe ears rise, inorder to oan sexi proetive messure mininizing te danger ofthe exposure to ugh ley toch vollages in rial ‘operating area places ta ae frequently wed by people. Grounded metal gang, plac o above te soi face, or wire mesh placed tec under he sarfce marl ae coon fess of agro ma, ‘314 ground potential rae (GPR: The masimum eects poles ih a subvation grounding ed may tain lative tos distant grounding point ssamed tobe athe pani of remote ea, Tis voltage. GPR Iseqnl to Ge muticwm gid cusen ues the pd estan [NOTE —Unee rae cotions. the sreundedleril equine ope at mcr 0 ground ore Tat he ‘eno pound ewe endactr ealy eat heptane earth gs pen Doron! face nth scone ed bya sstaon groaning gree card. caste vnc peach ‘niet em enh [AAS groond return circuit: A cicwt i whieh the earth oF an eusvaent conducting bay sv ‘complete the creat ae allow conentcccuation Krom or tt cent ore wed to ‘Ceomah 200 IEEE AN ge ene 5 ‘copyright por insitute OrEiectrical Eletronies Engineers ne Mon apr 18 18:22:17 2002STD.TEEE 8O-ENGL 200 MM WaOS7O2 OSAONTe 154 Mi ‘see 2000 lege que FoR sareTY 3.16 grounding gra A system of horzoal around elecuoies hat consists of a wear of inteconnected, ‘ee coedctrs brid in the cath, eviding a common prond or electrical devices or metalic sutures, sully im oe ape lation, NOTE Chie tre aetna net he ear re ho fete cont ms A pes rusty spsenenid by 9 ahr of god eds ed may (poord Gorin ower turesiace wit apes orem ea rae pte gah re ened wo aay {317 grounding sytem: Comps all mtercnne:ted grounding facies in speci aes. 318 ein ground bus A conductor oF system of conducts provided for copecting al designated mel ‘Ne eomponets ofthe gas-sulation subst (GIS) to 2 sobsoion grounding sys ‘319 susismum grid current A desig valu ofthe maximum rid aren defined flows B= Dl ° shore 1g 6 the maxon grid cument in A ‘Dy athe decrement ator fr teenie dartion of ty ¥en in yet ome symmetrial gi eureat in 2.20 om olages The maximus ouch ae within meso gum 21 metabtosmetal touch voltage: The difereoce in potential between metallic obj: or stutues| within the sbstation ite tha ay be bride by diet ano-hand or hando-ee conc. [NOFE~The meas oh wage hetwecn ells oti onda ound de med {Sie mien coments ates Tower, he mc tome uch vgs tec mee Seto ‘oncurs bored te pond rd matali opts the ait sca lel ene et Steed be gov gd mayest fe case oes mln station (GI) he met el “ahage betes ii abjets on stones wlth und gi my besa case na Ta ‘ndveseamet in he snl, ‘2 coven sso. east uc olug sua unde bee pvt dfence Davee and ant Ue fet ata peat cf enim rex cance Howcwt ne eof neo cone fen had at ot fom binds et bh uncon soa be Ives for ae prsle ont ah condone. ze 12 a igre los savant tins icon Pagar 1 ota dee ata TS 322 moneontinuus enclosure: A bos enloire wi he consecutive sections ofthe housing of he same ‘hase eamdetor eerily slated or rote rom cick ther) tt mo current ca om beyond each rcosae section 325 primary ground electrode: A ground elevode specially designed or adapted for dteharging the ‘sound fal cotent imo te round, oes in 3 spec dscarge pater, as que (or implicitly ced Foe bythe grounding sytem design 324 step voltage: The difersve in sufce pretil experienced by a peso bising a distance of 1m ‘ih te fet without contacting any grounded bjt. £325 mbtrarsent reactance: Reatuace of «generator a the ination of a aa This reactance cd ‘aleuaties of the inti symmeuical fault curren: Tae current comnuowsy decreases, bats aed to be steady this value sa ir ep, sing aprosimaely 0.05 eran applied Ca. ‘ opi © 200 Mahe resend, Copyright por instute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon apr 18 18:22:17 2002STD-IEEE SO-ENGL 2090 mm 4805702 o580493 O40 mM xe SV AC SUBSTAON GFOUNONG ome 20 ‘326 surface material: A materia instaled ever the si consi of, ba ot mie Yo, rock or crashed ‘tne, apt or man mate marrals The surfacing material, depending on the rex of the mei ray sipnicaneyimoet the aly cure’ forte and step voltages valving the person et, 3427 symetrieal gr current: Tha poion of te syessacal pound ao cue tha flows between the rounding arid and suroonding eh lt maybe exprested a 1, = Spxly @ where Jy isthe mes symmeusea gi coment in A J) istheres symmeuical ground fault curentia 6 Sp ithe fet cue division factor 3.28 symmetrical groond felt cortent The masimum cme vse of symmetica faut current ter the inant ofa ground fant iiitio, Assoc, iepresents terme vale of ie symmtrical Comper inthe fist ha-ocle ofa enret wive that develops alr the instant of Tal tine 2x0. FOr phase to and faite so o where poo tthe nial as symm ground faut caren. Ty ise ems value of zo sequence symmetrical sume that develops imme fer the instant of ful ination, eecting the sabvanson escances of rotating machines contin f the faut “This rms sym aul cure ishown nan aheviste notation orf only as I The ‘underyng eason for theater ata sa fr aro of hs gud the nal syne falc ‘ents assired fo ein const forthe entire dation ofthe fa 2.29 touch voltage: The penal diferece tween the ground post rie (GPR) an the suface poten til te point whee a persan is standin while the ete ving headin contact with a goerded ‘3.30 transferred voltage: A special as ofthe touch votape Wher a voliage is ansfered into auf the ‘Siistation tom orto a ete pot elem to the subentn it. 23.31 transient eoctovure voltage (TEY): Very fist ansientphetomens, which are fund onthe gourd ‘nelsue of OIS syste. Typily, groond lads ae to lng Ginctv) a the feguenies of tees ‘tletvely prevent ihe oecurence of TEN The aeenomeom asa Keown a taint pron se CTR) ot ‘wags ground potenti se (TPR), ‘3.32 very fist teansent (VPTD: A class of wumen gesecste iateraly within aga inslsted substation (GIS) characterized by stom uration and very hip frequency. VFT is generated By the rap collapse of ‘lage ding weatdowr ofthe rst ng BS. eiber ses te conte ofa eitehing device oe Het ground drag «fall These warsicntecan hae rine ses othe cer of nanosecrlsinpying a egeacy ‘omteat extending to about 00 Mie However, dominant cela quences, whic elated a 93 ‘eal lengths of GIS bs, are usualy othe 20-40 Menge, oy © £000 EEA rh re 7 opyigit por nstnite Ot Electrica Betronies Engineers nc Mon apr 18 18:22:17 2002STD-TEEE BO-ENGL 2000 MM 4a0S702 OS804q4 T27 a ‘Sasa IEEE GUDE FOR GAFETY 333 very fst transients onervlage (VFTO): System: ovevollages that rest fon generation of VT ‘White VET one ofthe main constituent of VETO, sme lower frequency (= | MHz) component may be present ut «rs ofthe dchare of lumped eapaltaace (vote ransformers. Typically, VETO wil net. exceed 20 per unit, though higher magnitudes are posi in specifi insanes, [334.XIR rato: Rati ofthe sytem reactance 0 ressans since ofthe rte of decay of any eo {3A lage AR ratio coresponds to lige ine cons and slow rte of de 4, Safety in grounding 4.1 Basic problem In pense safe gronding design has the flloming two objectives: “Te provide means cary electri cues nt the cath under ermal an alt conons without ‘exceedag any operating ab equipment limits or adversly affecting continuity of serve To assure that a peson inthe viiiy of grounded facilites is wot exposed to the danger of eee! ect shock, ‘A put approsch Io safe grounding ths concerns sod ses for eonraing the iteration af two rounding tens, allows — The imenons! ground, coming of ground sestodes based at sume dei below Ue ets ssrlice = The scidenn ground porary established by perion expose Yo a poser’) gration he icnty of grounded city. sep fe aston that ary arn ohjst san be af ache. lw stanton sre etn asin cel goarate of sey, There ro simple elavonDetwsen the essance ofthe ground em {save an he maim shock Coen 16 Which person might be exposed. Reefs 8 suRUton of ‘Plntvely low round resistance may be dangerous, While nether sabuason With very high resitancs may ‘esate oe can he made safe by eat deg. For instance, 5 sabsation supplied fom an evoroad Tine ith no sbi or noua wie, ale gid resistance is import Mest al of the ttl syound fal cure corer ths ca enusng am often seep of the loc! ground penta [see Fire 2(). Wa shi wire, evtal wie, gaivinsaed xs, or underground cable fer, et tuned, yt of te fat ren uc Fheough his mec pah ety the Source Since this metalic link provides «low iepedance pare! ath to the wee eet, the rise of local groand potas uhimacly of Kesscr magnitde [ce Figure 2()} In eher case she eect hat parton of ft current hat emt ah win he sb ti area should be frter analy. Ihe game, oto of round electrodes, acl Sl chester, and otber factors contribute oan excessive poet rede tte earth's sve, the pounding stem ‘maybe inadequate despite is capacity Yo cay the fait caret in magnitudes and drains perited by protctive relays ‘Chuss 5 though Chase 8 detail hove principal sumptions ad titers that enable the evan of recess factor in protesting huan il, he mest pesous cement the acientl crc 42 Conditions of danger During epi round fal conons, de Now of cunent earth wil peduce potential gradients within an round » stata. Figure $shows tn test fora subtaon wih simple vectngulr groaning gd Inhomogeneous sc a Cony 020 EEE. A Hs etree Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon apr 18 18:22:17 2002STD-TEEE S0-ENGL 2000 mm YadS7N2 OS8O4"S 963 ac Si861ATON GROUNONG 0050 o typeal grounding grid id without ground rods Figure 2—Equipotential contours of ‘with Canyon eHRO LLL A ag ese Copyright por Insitute Or Electrical Elétronies Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE 60-ENGL 2000 mm Yeos702 S804 OTT mm Figure 3—Equipotontal contours it atypical grounding grid ‘wih and witnout ground rods ness popes procautos sw len in design the maximum pote graiens along te earths surface may be of sulescr magni daring goand fault conditions to endanger a person inthe area. Mortvet flanger. ola may develop between grounded stuces or equipment frames and the nearby earth ‘The ceomuance that ake sce sock cchens pole re as follows 1) Relnivey high fault core to ground io relation to the are of round system sit resist wo 1b) Soil resiiviy and distribution of ground euncas such that high peteoial gredicns may occur at ints at the ear suface 6) Pesce ofan individual a suc a pot, ine nd postion ta he bay bridging two pins of eh pteaaliterence. 8) sbsence of sucient conc reitance oober seis resiaane= limit caren trough he boy to ante ve onder czcmstances a) rough ©) Durtian ofthe faut and bedy contact, and ence of he fo oF eument rough ura body Fora suffciene time to cause arm a toe given caret mens 0 Conant 000 FE. ete esas Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE B0-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 0580097 73b mm fae SuastATON GROUNDING ero ‘The cela infequency of acidets Is due largely tothe ow probability of cinidence of al the Uunfaorobie consoled seve 5. Range of tolerable current rfcts of an elects current passing Uruugh the vital pas of 3 human body deped on the duration. ignite, sd Grequency ofthis cureat The most dangeroas coseqtsnce of such tn expose isa Beat ‘codon own sven ibrlation, suing in mediate aot of blood eieulation, 5.1 Effect of frequency ‘Hurans ace very venerable to te efecto lect cuenta frequencies of $0 Ho Hs. Conents of apposite 0.1 A canbe beta Research indices oat the Rots ody can erat a ly hher 25 He current and approximately five ties higher direct current. AX frequen of KK 10 0 He, even Iighr erent can te rolerated (Dalziel and Mansel! [833] Deel, Ogu and Abbot (B34) In some ‘asthe hurtan body sabe wo oleate very high een et ighinng sues. The Iterations lee= trotecicn! Commission provides cures for the tolerable bay esment ea function of frequency and for capacitive discarge cures NEC 664792 (1987-03) [B83]. Coke states ofthe effects of bah eet and ciliary impulse canes ae reported in Daze 251827), Iaformaton regarding special problems of de grounding contained inthe 1957 rep ofthe ATEE Subsa- tions Commitee [82]. The Maras of an elaine shack produced bythe estes ets of overhead transmission lines ae reviewed in Pat 1 of de 1972 ropa ofthe Geter Sytems Subcommitee (B38) ‘Additional information oa te eleeuustaic eet of oFeead tramisson lines canbe fos in Chapter 8 like EPAI Tronomisson Line Reference Book 145 Vand Above (B57 5.2 Effect of magnitude and duration "he ost common pysolgial ccs of elcric creat on he body aed i onde of ineeasing caren agate, ae Uleshold perespion, rosclar eonttinn, unconsciousness, Ailton ofthe hea op ratory mere blockage, nd bung (Geddes and Bake (B74, TPE 47-1 (1954.08) "B82D, Cutest of 1 mA is generally recognized a the threshold of peseption that i, the cument magnitude a ‘which a person is jet able wo etact slight tingng sensation Ini ads rfingsrps cao bythe poe ing euret Dalziel 227). CCuments of 1-6 mA, often termed leo curenis though asplessiot tn satin, geneily dost impr he ablty of person olding an encried objeto coal hs tuaces and lesen. Dale's lsc expen ent with 24 women and I mew provides des nating an average et go cate at of 103 mA for nomen and 16m for men, and 6 mA and 9m as the spective esol values (Daze and Masosils (B38). Inthe 9-25 mA range, cusns may be pani and car uke dtc or imponsbe to ease energized objects grasped by the hand. For sil ges cutets muscular contacto could make breathing fi These eles are not permanest ad dnapese When the cotati nkruped nls he contain is vay severe ad besthing stopped for mints rather than seconds. Yet even sch ese often spend fo T505- ‘iation (Daze (829) eis not until earent mapas nthe range of 60-100 mA sre reached that ventricular fibition, stoppage ofthe bear of aibiton af expan might occur and case inuy or deh A peaon ain i ‘aropuimonary restscittion (CPR) shoul adisiser CPR vai the vm cab be ead a a meaical Tacit (Dla! [890 Daze and Le (831), Cony AND LLL Arete esd " Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE SO-ENGL 2000 mH 4805702 OSAO4NS b72 ee, SSbcec0 ERE GUDE FOR AFETY Hence. this ide empbasines the importance ofthe fiilition threshold. I shock cuent cam be hep below hi vale bya caeflly designed rounding atom, ry o death my Be waded. ‘As show by Dalvie and oss (Dalvie, Lagen, and Thurston (B35; Dall and Massoglia [B34D), ze onibrilang cure of magnitode Jy at durations ranging rom 003-3. seated to the eer absorbed bythe bay a described by he following squaion: a = Und eh, © were a ste rm cng of te creat trough th Boy in A 1) eth duration of the cent espowue 3 Sp isthe empirical constant lot othe ccc shock cory tlre by a catin porent of 8 ¥en pputtion ‘A mote dead iscsi of Equation (6) rove in Cause & 5.3 Importance of high-speed fault clearing Considering the signfcanes offs nation bth intr of Equstion () and implicitly xan accident exposure lator highspeed clearing of groan ful i advantageous fr two eases 1) probability of exporure to electric shock is grey rece by fast fu ceasing ce, ors to stations in wach fica ould pest fr weveal minutes possibly hour ) Tess ad experience show tat the chance severe inary r deaths seal redced i the duration of erent Dos dug the Boy ery ie. The allows current vals my then, be blo the ceri ise a prmary protective deve, or that ofthe beckip protection. A good ease could be made frusng te primsy clearing ime because ofthe ow combined yeh tht ely talfnstiogs wi coincide wih al ene acer factors necessary for ace den, a esrid in leis 4 I more conzrsatve fo eos the Rackip relay clearing ine uation (6), heen Wey esr pester fey maria -An sion] incetive to we eitching times ese han «rests forthe reench one y Biegeleler snd Lee [BO| Their esearch provides eience that huran eae! Berne nein epee ‘entiulr bilson when he neo exposure cute! approach the bec pid, bat hat he angur is much smaller he eof exposure to cueat isin he region oF 06-013. In salty high ground gains from fs are usally infrequent, an shocks fre high round greens ane ever more infrequent Funber, both evens are often of very shor durson. Ths, would ot be aca to eslga guns sbocks tat re merely punfl and do ao ease Soius iy that for carets felow te fibilation tesla Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 MM 4aDS702 0580%59 so mm 6. Tolerable body current limit ‘The magia and curation ofthe curen: conducted though a humar bay at 50 Fiz or He should be les than he value hat can cause Venseular Reilition ofthe bea. 6.1 Duration formula The duration for which a 50 Ha o 60 He caret canbe tolerated by most peopl is eae to its magainade in accordance wis Equation (6). Based on te es of Dalits ses (Daze [B26 Dali! and Lee {32p, is assured hat 99.5% ofl eros ee siely withstand, without ventricular tation, he pos Sage fs curent with mage ad duran determine the folloving formula o wherein adn othe terms previously defines fr Equation (6) ‘Daze found that the shock nergy th can be survived by 9935 of pions weighing approximately SO (1101 ests na Sale of Sof 0.0135. Ths, yp = 0.146 and the formal fr te allowable buy cure ‘becomes _ ous ne for SO kg body weight ® Equation () resus value of 116 mA fort,= 1 and 367 mA fo Because Baton (is based on ests insted aug of between 008s a 3.05, iva valid for very shat o ang durations Over the years otner researchers have sagged other values for J. ln 1936 Fens ot a (R66) suggested 10 mA as te oillation tneshold. The value of 10) mA sas derived fiom extensive experiments at Columbia University. Lote experiment, animale having lay and heart weights comparable vo hums ‘ere subjected io maxinnn shock duration os, Some of he mere facet expr mens suggest he este trce of two disint thesbelds: one where th shock duration is shone than one hares pio 2p other ove forthe cure duration anger the one heartbeat. For 3 50110 Th) ade. iegelner [B7HDBE) proposed the eshld values al $00 aA aed 0 mA, especively. Other ties on thi best ‘ere came out by Le and Kouwenboven 831] |B95][B99). Toe equ. fo tolerobe body amen evel. ‘pe by Daleel the bas fr the derivation of tolerable wlages ase inthis ice 6.2 Alternative assumptions Fivilaion curent is assumed to bea function of individual body weight, illatte ia Figwe 4. Tas gure shews the reloonship Between the erica] cunt ond body weit for several species of anals (caves dogs. sheep, bd pig) and 85% commen esold region for mammals, {nthe 1961 edition of his guide constants Sp andi Equation 6) ad Fausto (7), were given as 00272 and 0.165, spectively andl tad ween aamed valid for 99.55 of al people we ghng approximately 70 (155 oy, Fue sties by Dae (828552) on which Equation (7) bate, eal to he tra aloe of = 0 157 and Sy = 00246 as being applicable we persone weighing 7D hg (155 8) Thos, Coop 06 EEE A igheeseond 8 Copyright por nsitute Electrical Electronics Engineérsine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm ¥a0S702 DSa0so0 O50 mm Z| TaveTDOGST yatt SPECIES) 1 FIORICLATING os Dem MAXIMUM Pima NONFIBRILLATING FIBRILLATING CURRENT — (RMS) BODY WEIGHT —to VALUE OF CONSTANT KFOR Errecrive fas values oF Tet Inv kp oosr yarone FaBRILSATION Figure 4—Fibriating current versus body weight for various animate based on @ three-second duration of he electrical shock for Tg body weight % Users of hi pide may selet east 70kg? 157 provided that he erage popaaton weight canbe expected o be a [Equation (7) indicates that mech higher body urea can be allowed where fast operating protecting devices ea relied upon toi he fol. daraon. A jude decision i weeded 2 0 wheter use he ‘caring Une af prima highspeed rays a et ce back-up prion, a the bass far ealulaton 6.3 Comparison of Dalziel's equations and Biegelmeier's curve ‘Te comparison of Eauation 8), Equation (9), and the Z-shaped carve of body curren: versus die devel oped by Biegelieie tha as published by Biegler and Le (B9] is shown in Figure 5. The Z curve has 2500 mA limit forshot ies up 0.25, then decreases t 50 mA at20$ and beyend. payne cond ne et ics tt a i a We ie ch in ein td by fees EE ae opin eed sg os mew 6 ony 2000 hse, Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Enghneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 me 4a0S702 OS80S02 T Hac SUBSTATION GHOUNING sen 0 +1000 VONTRCUAR FERLLATON UELY CURRENT I (re) id + 1000 }- 2000 }- 3000 Figure 5—Body current versus time ‘Using Bquson (the tolerable body cument will ee tha Bieler’ Z carve for times fam 0.063 6.4 Note on reclosing Reciosare otra ground fu common in dem operaing practice. I ich cumstances, ¢ person nipt be sbjeced he is shock Without permaners npr. Next, single aaa auto tee se couk rst in asesord shock. nisted with ex an 0.38 from toe stat ofthe iret ee hissed Shock, cecuing afer aestively soe intrealof ime before the person ha ecovere, that might cause 3 serous acide With manual rciowure the posublityofesponue to ascond shack orded che he recosng tine istal may be sustartialy presen, The eumlative effect of 0 or more closely space shocks as mat sm toroushy exalted, wasn olde allowance canbe made by ating the sua of iivads shock drains a the neo single exposure Comin © 2000 EE, saved 15 Copyright por institute Of Electrical Eiectronics Engheersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE SO-ENGL 2000 m™ 4805702 O5a0sO2 723 7. Accidental ground circuit 7.1 Resistance of the human body Forde and 50 He or 6 He se curren, the human bly cat be approximate by a resistance. The eurent ah typically con deeds fom one nd wo bot eto um ene oo 1 ne oe one. Thine ress- fance ofthe body fe appresimatsly 300 2 whereas vals of Body vesstance incl skin range foe ‘S00 0 30C0 2 as segested in Dil B25], Geddes on Baker [B74), Cees (87S), Kiely (B96), ae (Onypk (BLS), The Raman ody resist 5 deceased by dag oF puss oe sina he pt of As mentioned in $2, Dalzial [B34] condusted enesive tests wing sawater fo wot bad an et Wo deter ‘mine af ltgo cums, wih hands ad feet wt, aloes obtined wing) He forme were a follows the trent as 9.0 mA; eoespaning voles vere 21:0 for band Yo hand and 102 ¥ for baad 0 ee Hence, ee ae stn for Me thar ome egw 21.01.09 ox 2330, altho halo resintnce equal 10.20.009or 1130 2, based on is experiment. ‘Thus, forthe purposes of this guide, the following resistances, in series withthe body resizanoe, ae sumod follows ) Mand and foo onact cesistances ae equal 20, 1B) Glove and soe resistances we equal to 750 ‘Aras of 10009 in Equation (10), whieh regres the resistance of human boy fom hand fet ad alk fom heatoand, fom ene fot tthe ter foe. willbe set trougho his eid. y= 10000 0) 7.2 Current paths through the body 11 hoald be remembered atte cbse fa 1000 sistance value eles wo pais such a hse betwee the hand and one fot or bath fet, wees mr part of he caret press hr pars ofthe body come taining viel organs, cling te hear Its generally yred tht current wing trom oe fo he ber {sf ews dings, Refering toes done in Geran, Loucks [B100] menial hat ec igher Foo tofoot tan Mundt fot curtents Nad Wo be edt produce the ame caper in he hoa region. He ated ‘hat the ai a igh a8 25:1 Ties on those conclsions, reintance values greater han 10002 cell possibly be allowed, wheve a path fromone foto thee out is cacerned. However the lov ats should be comideed 8) voltage betwen the two fet pn ot ta, might reat in 2 fal ht cou ease a ager ‘urent Dow trough the chest are. The depres of ths haz would further depeod onthe fl orton andthe posit of snuter succes shock, peas on recone 1b) Apnsan might be working or esting na prone poston when a fault ceurs tie appret tha the dnger from or oft con: ae fares tha fromthe other type. However, since deste have occur fom ease a) above, i ie 2 danger tat should not be ignored (Bader (114) TagerfB96), 6 Coot © 00 EEE Al hte eee Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engeersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE SO-ENGL 2000 MM ¥80S702 OSS0SC3 SoT VAC SUBSTANON cnoUHNG seeoao 7.3 Accidental circuit equivalents Using te vale of tolerable bay coment established by either Equation (8) or Bquaton (9) and the appropriate cicutconsnts, is postive Wo delemine the tolerable voltage Bete ary two pins of ‘The flowing stations ne wed for the acini equivalent shown in Figure 6 Jy —_sthe body cuenta pat ofthe scene ic nA Ry isthe total effective resistance ofthe seidental crvit in @ VY, sth to eetve voltage of the accidental cuca ouch or ep vlage) in Usystern) Stetion Grid Figure 6—Exposure to touch voltage ‘Tre tolerable bay cues pind by Equation (8 o¢ Equation 2), x ved to define the tolerable ta) effective votage ofthe accent ict (ouch oF sep vege) the tolerable ttl effective voltage oft secieral cu isthtvoliag ht wl eau ne ow of body cuenta to th lead dy cur Figute 6 shows the fl urea being achrged tthe ova bythe grounding ster ofthe substation an person touching a grounded metalic rte at H. Various impedances in te cucu a showa in Figure 7. Terminal Hi point in he syste a the see pte as the pi ato which the fat sureat fs and eri Piste smal area or he surface of the earth ha in coach the person's tot The curent,f, fows trom H through the Body of the pon othe ground at F. Th Proven thee allows usc represent this to teninal (1H, F) network of Figure 7 by the cree shove ia Figure 8 (Dili, Soote abd Balok (B49: Dawa, Xiong, ne Ma [2S0), ‘The Thevesin volege Vy is the vollage between terminals H and F when the person i ot present. Tae ‘Theveimrapedance Z's he itspedance ofthe sytem 3k een from pont and F vith wage sues of tne system short cite, The cunt tou the bay of person coming in conte with ad Eis ty a a Copyright por insite Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE A0-ENGL 2000 mm 4605702 OS80504 7Tb mm — TTT Terminal H a hn pes a, eet eens on : rout one sat plete esistnce ofthe human body in 82 Figur 9 shows te fault current ting dschrge ote round by the grounding system ofthe sbsatin. ‘The caren, Nows Hoe on oa trough te body ofthe person tothe ether fot, Fy Tras Fat Fy we the res the surface ofthe cart that ane omtct with the oo fee, respectively. The Thevenin ‘ieorem allows us 1 represent his two tena (FF network in Figue 10. The Thevenin ohage Uy is {he voltage heen terminal Fy and when the nan is ot present. The Theveni impedance Zs he impedance o the system a seen from te trsinas Fad F with he wolage oures othe system sr eaited The caret Sought dy fa persons gisen by Equation (1, ‘The Theres cian inpedance, Zs computable with a numberof methods (Davai, Southey, and Bashi (849: Dawalb, Xiong, and Ma (BSOI ERPI EL 26% [B6O},Thapoc Geter and Keyra [8143], 8 comet 200 EEE. Agarose Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE QO-ENGL 2000 mm YA0S702 UsaUSOS 632 system) ‘Staten Gis Figure 8~Exposure to step voltage es Terminal F t Rg = Body Resistance pn 23 aoe Vin= Step voltoge Zp Ry a Lauren [B97] his site, he following conservative formulas fr the Tver egualet impedance awe used Fortoich voltage cede tit ime «2 And forte tp wage seit ve In 2, « es ‘ty tte oun saan of eo (th presence of testo gunn system pce in ony Ba EEE A pee » Copyright por Institute Of Electrica Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE 60-ENGL 2000 mM 4805702 OSBOSOb 579 mm rte purgve of circus arly, the hur foi ually represented 3k a conducting metal diese the omiact eutance of shes, sock, te. ie neglected. The round resiarce noms ofa metal is of ‘au (a) onthe srfae of 8 Ponogeseou ernest p Ga) is pten by Laurent (B97) ack ww ‘Tran, the metallic dio nepreseaing the fot ken cir plate wit radia of 08 With only sigh approximation, equator for Zp, can be Obtnned i nec form an express ers of 9 foo, Fortouch wohage ashen cuit In = 150 as Ani for sep voltage eden iret Zu = 609 a ated on lovonigtion repro in Davai, Xiong. apd Ma [BSOI; Metipovlos, Xi, oy, nd CokKonides [BLOT]: and Thapar, Gere, end Kejrival (BIAS) Equation (15) and Equation (V6) ae conservative inthe sense tht hey umretmate The Thevenin equivalent impedance ae, terefre, wil suc ia higher body “The permisible otal equine volts th. tnlesbo couch and slap volager, using Equation (15) ant Equation 16) i8 Exner = (a4 150) oo aad Ee = tala 600) os 74 Effect of a thin layer of surface material ‘Equation (14) is tase on te strapon of oniterm sol esitivty. However, 8 0.08-0.15 m (3-6 in layer of high esisiviy marl, such as grave, sft spread en the cat's surface above the ground rid 0 the sation, The elaively sl low dept ofthe surface materi s compared tothe equivalent radius othe foo, prelude be assution of wriform eis in he verbal dec.on when computing the ground resistance ofthe fee. Howes, fora pas in tb ute a, he surface materi can be azure fo be of infriteextent in the feral Gretc, IF he uring wil has lower eit than he snfice atc ly some gi cme will go upd ino the thin nyo th sufi atria he susace vlage wl every wo the saa tat without ‘Ge sarace materi. Tae cument ough te body wl be Lwered omiorbly wit the akin ofthe surface moti ecu ofthe grater contact sistance between he earth ate ft. Mowave, is es lance ny be conde lee han that farce ager thick enoogh Yo teame ufo est nal ‘Sretonn The rection depends on erative vals of he land he suraca mi sists, and fon te Dicknss of te surace mara, 20 cept 209 EE. ng nen Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Eleronies Engeersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE 60-ENGL 2000 MM 4405702 Os60507 4OS om AC SUBSTATION GROLNOING 005600 ‘The convene ofthe deratngprinine is also ue Whe underying sol has higher resistivity than the ss= {ace matral, substantsl portion of te grid cue wil go upad ino te thin Iyer of alae ral iowevers unlike he ese deseibed nthe preceting preach the face poten wl altered substan aly de othe concentration of cure rear the surfoe. Thue, tc eflecve esstvity of he snlace mate tial sould oc be upereded without taking into acount his change in srfce pote This problem ean bet be solved by using mlelayer si arly aee Caste 13). ‘An analytical expression fr the ground resistance ofthe fot on 3 thin layer of surtace material can be ‘bained with he wie ofthe method of images (Sunde [B130) Thapr, Gee. end Exsrarael (D442 “Thaps, Geez, and Kewl [B143),° geaton (19) throug Eguation (21) svete ground resistance ofthe foto the sefice mates (Thapar, (erez a Kea [B143), a 0) ey where Cite suftce layer derating factor Kathe seein fair buen diferent material rssiviie inthe surface material esis in Sem the reanty of the eath tenth de sufae marin my inthe thickness of he srtace materia a0 5 inthe ratios ofthe crcularmeal die representing he fot ie actong isthe ml grou vensance between th two silat pall, caval plates, separa by 8 stance (2nh) ina infinite medi of resistivity, pn am For the determination of Ry ote hin erulr pie, DI. in they pane with the z ans passing though scence. Te rain ofthe pate nd i scharges a seat naif afer meen of resstvy. py Using eyindeal coordinates, the potetin! at any poet (ris given by the allowing equations Gackson (B59): ‘eas he on tance he fe 6 eg in (fhe 8 en i ie were eden a sect nsec: Thesmptcun ps oe dune egrame eparen te oe Fe San RR Sg tee ip We dirs Coot © 2000 EEE Alife a Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE 0-CNGL 2000 mm 4805702 OS80SO6 34} Mt Consider ater smiles pate, D2, placed pte and coal to Ue vnclar plate, DI and at distance {2ah) om fe The pote produced op D2 sun be determined by evan he average potential over the surface of he plate. eis ive by von = Abflaar-¥, ie os) “The mis eoundresivance Ry been he wo plates i ven by Yor Rang = PE eo Comparing Equation (L) apd Equation (9), C, can be considered as a conretive factor wo compute the clfoctve fot resistance in the presence of Fite chess of suface materia Because the quantity Ci {ater tfious to eva wither te uae of compar, nec ales ve heen pelle fr = 0.08 2d ne sve in the Form of rags in Figure 1 ‘Taknes of Sure Mara, () Figure 11—Cy versus, 2 Conwit © A00 EEE Alii esred Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE SO-ENGL 2000 mM 4805702 0580509 265 mm Computer raves have also been used w determine the valve of C, Dawaid, Xioeg, and Ma (R50) Melopoitos, Xin, Jy. apd Cokkowides (R107). There i clove mitch in he ves ated from these Comptes meee wit he valves given nFgu 1. The folowing empcieal equation gives he value of C The values of C, obtained using Equation 27) ae within 5% ofthe values obtained with the wala thd (Thapar, Cever, and Kewl [B163), a0s(1-2) Ota tg 8, Criteria of tolerable voltage 8.1 Definitions [NOPE ~The olawin tntonze sb as in Clase 3, peso fr the comeries ofthe wa 8.1.1 ground poteotia ise (GPR): The marimar elecica potetal atu sbsstion grounding id may ain lati toa distr grourding point assed tobe athe poten of emote ea, Tis voltae, CPR. sequal tothe maxirm gr caret ures te grid revstance [NOTE Unde coma condone grounded elec gupment oper een cd pti Th he fotesalot'granded ml cone mel ieal is tea emcees Dupin Feel acre arconety attn ig tneascsese et pa 8.1.2 meh voltage: The maximuen ouch voltage within a mesh of ground gi 8.13 metal-iometal ouch voltages The difrece In potential between metallic objet within the subs ite that maybe tried by diet Randto-hand oc hun-efet coat NOTE. Themtay mc wash votagehewsen ml objets or race bead oc ge i sas tote nelle ncomenonal isiaons, However be metal-metal toc las between sic Ses ot ‘ester nde te pound i and ae Geta ote abn seca mola eee, at ok tcnadothe gus! gd may beaks oe sau fn gas saat weston Ce mel tome ach ele betwee aac bjt or rare bm othe fd pd ay be sual ons aaa else Fates corre in eects Ina coments tbsin te wows veh velag sui and tn be te pti fence bees a hand and fom bend cfc, both stations should be imestipaisd for the posible worst reach conditions. Figute i? and Fre 1 se hese Stuns or aisnsed aban al eur 14 estates ans HS Bid step voltage: The illersncr in srfice potential expsinced by a pescn bridging 9 distance of tm wit the ft witht contacting ony other grounded object B15 toueh voltage: The poem ifernce between the ground pei tse (GPR) andthe surface terial a he point whore 2 person is standing while tee sare Ure having hind im contact mith sounded suuctue 8.1.6 transferred voltage A special cas of the ouch vohage where a ohage is bans int or ot of ‘he substion frm orto remote pint extemal oe substton site oop 8 DEE A tenes = Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 OSA0S10 TTT am Figure 12—Basie shock situations 2 enpta'© 20001 Ne sees Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE 60-ENGL 2000 MB 4805702 0580522 934 mm {enusied pouojsuen pepuerro jo uonsrns we21eAL—eL sunbis Z noUWs 8a TDLONd WUNAIO8 DANS 2 yous —--e---9--*© SNOLLSECS N33KL20 avs SLND Coon 8 200 KEE, Ane ered Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE A0-ENGL 2000 mm 4ens7a2 OSa0si2 672 a Eye (As As) Ey (A-8) A AL Figure 14—Typlcal metabto-metal touch situation in GIS 8.2 Typleal shock situations, Figure (2 and Flgue 13 show live basi situation involv x person apd rounded facies during a fal. Fors fot to-fot comic, the acidental cnet coven i that of Fig 9, an it drving voliage U it qual, (ep vote). Por the wee example of hané wo fee come gue [1 applls, 2nd Vs equal Fyttoueh voting), Em (ees voltage), oF Py ranted volge). respesivn'y. The acide iret involving mereo-metal conte, cite hind hand oF har fer, how in Figure 1 where is qual tothe metaLtoetal ich Vala Ew DDurieg a aul te eat cond cunts that emanate frm the gi nd oter permanent ound ezctrodes buted below te earth's surface. The eultng potenti] gadis havea primary effect on he ale of U Ine case of corventional substations, the ypc case of metatosmetl ouch voltage oocus when metal th objet stra win ub sie are uk bude oe grou wi. Objet such pen, tails or fences ht ae cated within. or ear the sebsiation grou! yi area, and nk one to he grou ‘9, meet thiciara Susana meta to-metal toch vlogs maybe preseat when a penton sand on fr touching 1 poonded object o srcture comes ino contact with male abject or suctre within he "bat st thats ot Bonded ote ground gr Cael ofthe acta ta o-metl eve voage |S complex In practice, hazard resaing fem rea o-mea conte may Ret be avoided by bonding Pen. {danger pinto ihe austen gid Typlealy be case of rasfemed voltage ours when person standing witha the subsaton sea ouches a condictor grounded at eto poa, operon saning a remote pin thes conduc connected tothe sabrtion pounding gr. During ful corions the reulting pte io ground may gus or ‘ced he fll OPRof a rounding grid dacharging the fat cures, ae thant actin f th ea ‘olage encountered inthe onfimaryloich contact stuaone (ace Figure 13) ln fa, a dacuued in Cane 17th uanterred voltage may exceed the sm of te GPRS of bath sbstains, duet induced vl ages communication circuits, sac or neal wes, pipes, et. Mis impractical, ed often impossible, design a grond grid based on the toch vege coud by the exter transfered voltages. sear fom these exceralransfered voltpes are best voided by sing isolating or ewraizng devices ana by eating so clea labeling hese eral, ips, et as Being equivalent wo energizad lines. * epyot © 0D EEE, Aaa esr. Copyright por nsitute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE B0-ENGL 2000 mw 4a0S702 0560523 709 mM 9146 SUBSTATION GROUND scone {8.3 Stop and touch volage criteria Te safety of person deserds on pevesting the cic amount of shock energy fom being sorbed before heft lene and the stor deemed. The cnnimim diving voltage of any eden i at should nr exceed the imi detned follows, For stp soltage the init Bug = (Bg 4 2R,) ly Cy foc by weight of 50 ke Evga + (1000 +66, -p JOE (29) foal ep 70K Fr = (0066p SE? 0) Sis ee ong i &, (ity) ot ap ius * (fot te ‘ front we og Es = (100 +156, pM ry ra try wig Ag Esa * (1004156, -p 02 oo tee neste np oat eo, baci tein! egw 1 o Cun 2 thee tae mae ind 11 fe don eck at ened ro potective susace ayer i ued, hen Cl ap, =p “he metal-metal touch volge liits ae derived frm the touch voltage easions, Pqaton (32) and Equation 32) Met-to-metal contac, both handt-tané and hand o-feet, wll est in py= 0. Therefore, ‘heft esisance afte acide cic sequal othe bly essa Wit the substation of py =D the oot sistance terms of Equation (32) and Equation (13). the meta. snezal wach voltage Uti Copy © 000 EEE Arica 2 Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Electronics Engeersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE SO-ENGL 2000 mM 4805702 O5805L4 4S me 2000 EES OUDEFORSAETY fortbody weight of 50 ke Enns = HE 0 forty weit of 704, is ancien = os a hese Eng Hts meal oneal touch voltage in ‘The acts sep voage, ouch volta, or metal-metal touch voltage shoal he fess dh the respective raximore allowable voltage lis Yo sie safety. Hazans from exter transfered volages are best voided ylation or eutalzing doves and labeling these anger peta being equalen io eines. .4 Typleal shock situations for gas-insulated substations 1 he grounding analysis of GIS, he touch vag considerations preset several unique problems. Unlike convention! fcttes, ths GIS equipment features a metal sheath enclosing gas-inslated switchgear and Iner ighwoltage buses Pach a completely conse within it ealesure andthe enclosures ae rounded. Bocas vole isu inthe ult sheath whenever crest Rows ith coaxial Isat, erain psf the aclu might ea efferent tenia wit spect the substation ground. To eval ie the maximim vote occuring on te Dus enloare daring fa, i 6 nee) TO deteoie indctanceof he ote seat round, he suctanes of hs inno cna, rd he tua indactancss foea given pase configuration tad hiss. [A parson toching the outer south ofa GIS might be exposed to voltages resulting rom to basic Fut ‘omditons 2) Anttemal fai wit be gasinslted ts system, such asa Mashover between be bus conductor and hefner wall of the enclosure 1) A fultcneru eo the GIS i which ft curent os thrash the CS sand induces cme in Because the person may sta on a grunt rea ting nd the acide iri may fea han Ind apd andor caret path the analyse of GIS rounding neces comsideration of mata 1: meal och volag (ie Figure 14), ‘Mest CIS manutactnrs consider the crlomue propery signed and adsqualy grounded if the poten) dierene between india enclosures, andthe portal difference Rerween tn nclonis and ether |roondessrctres, 6s not exceed 65-130 ding sf. Te etal to-meral touch vlge ogee, Equation (3% and Eaton (35) reveal that hi olage ange corresponds ofa es ranping from 03 ¢ 132+ if $0 kg eter i used, and ransig rom 14621038 5 for he assumption of a 70 ks bay. THs ‘elationsip however, beter perceived in Ue graphical form of Figure 15, which als helps to asp the elt problem of suicient saety margins “The fuk enions an the conespod.ng ice equivalents for detec o verifying te enc sfty design paruetrs of GIS frowning is detled n Clase 10. 2 Coop © 2000 EEE ght ered Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE Q0-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 0540535 5a mm Touch ” 150 100 0 05. 1 1 2 3) 4 5 8 reer Time (e) Figure 18~Touch voltage limits for meta-io-metal contact and atypical range ‘of enclosure voltages to ground. 8.5 Effect of sustained ground currents ‘fer the safestep ad nach witage lis ate eased the rounding sytem can then be designed based nthe anailable alt eurent and over clearing time. The designer should avo conser sstined low Tove Gbelow sein of postive rely) tnt nates tht may be above te leg cet ies. Some sustain fats above the lg crtent, but below the filacion tesbo. may cause spyeiion fiom prolonged cntaction ofthe chest mass However, i Ald not be patito design agai nowt shocks hat are pu fl But cbse no permanent inary 9. Principal design considerations 9.1 Definitions NOTE. The flowing cefinons rahi Clase bt pened ere rhe mnie of thee 91.1 auiiary ground electrode: A ground lace wits certain design or operating eons, ri mary function may be othe tha coveutng the round fal cuenta th ext, 912 round dlectre: A conductor ied nthe ath and us fr cling ground cen fo ot dissipating ground cuter int the ear 91.3 ground mt: A sold meni plaw ora sycem of sey spaced bare condictors th are consectd to and ofen place in shallow depts above «ground gi elsewhere athe ear sacs, inode fo in an exta preeese measure minimiring he dangr ofthe expose tobi stp ot ouch vollages i aii! peating ae places hae fequr ily wed by peop. Grounded metal ratings, place ono sve he Si rte, or wie mesh place ditcty onder the srface material, ve common forts of 3 und Mat ooh 200 EEE A tase » Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engyneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE BO-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 DSADSIb 414 ‘53180-2000, {EEE QUE FOR SAFETY 9.4 grounding yr: A system of briana youn clecroes that consists of a mabe of intewconnecie, bare Sondactrs bid in theca, providing common ground for electrical devices or metalic sirsctaes, ually inone speci lection, [NOTE Cin rid bonus the ers ria ae abo tec sti he ec poten a ‘nc. api gd ually spslomented ty a nanber cf goon ees mi ye fer eomece Ye may (Fontes ese vik epoca {94.5 grounding system: Comislintercoenected grounding fies in 9 peri ra, 9.16 primary ground dectrode: A grout elecrade specifically designed or adapted for discharging te round fault camer inthe ground, often in a specie cschasge pater, as requed (or impli called for byte rounding system sen 92 General concept A grounding system shoals be insted ina manera wil inh fet fer pri rac soch wig and crrent levels that wl not endanger te safer of people or equipment under normal and fat condone The sem should aio ensre contin of sevice, Ie the discussion tat follows, itis aswmed tate system of pound elecuodes has the form of a grid of ‘erzonally buried condsctm, suplemented by 3 number of Yerceal ground wus comected to the gic. Basson two surveys, he fit epoedin an ATBE pplication gue in 1954 [B3, and the seco published In 1980 Davis, Bouchard and Maeda [B45], hs concept epresets the pevaing practice of most wie beth inthe United States tad in ebercourtnes. Some of he reasons fr asing the combined system of vnc san hoz condotars sea allows 8) Insubsatons a single elecrode is, by ie iadequate in viding 2 safe grounding system. In tor, when several elecrades, ich as yound ods ae eaoreted to eich eer and 0 pment neural frames, ad races hat ae be grounded, the est is essntally 3 id arangement of found slaccodes, regardless ofthe orignal ebective te connecting links bappet ob burl In {ol having poo consti, tis network alone may represent an excelent grounding system Pty forth enn, some iis depend onthe wa fai aloe. However, ground rd ar of peter valu expand inter 8 1) he magne of cuentsiped ino te earths high it edo i possible to imal gid with resistance no lon ato sre that the ie of 2 grunt poeral wil ps generate surface patient tuenfe for homnan contact. Toe, the hazard can be eliminated nly Wy Conte! of local paca, through the entire aes system tha combine a Roizntl grid anda rumber of verte! ground ‘es ponerating lower sols asthe following advantages: 1) Wile horizontal (rid) condtors are most festive in rdcing he danger of high sep and touch voltages onthe eats surface, provided tha he gpd is installed in 8 shllow depth [usualy 030.5 (12-18 below wae, suficiendy long ound cde wll size he pr formance of cha combed sytem, For many intl tions import becave teeing cr drying of upper sl yer could var the wil esitvy with seasons, while te resistivity of Tomer sel ayers emtns nesey const 2) Rade penetrating the ler revi sl ae (ar mare effective in diiptng fale cents wheuever #tworager or mululayer soil i encoutered aed tbe upper Sil ayer has tgher Fess than the lower Laver, For many GIS apd oer space-nited instalavons, this andiion becomes infact theme desirable net eee, or tobe achieved bythe appropie design means (et on frou eds. pounding Wells te) x” ‘eee © 200 CEE Ahern Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engeersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 wm 4¥a05702 0580537 354 mw IAC SuSsTATON GAOLROING seo 20 3) Fhe rods are ial predominy alone he gid porimeter in high oom oF uniform soi ‘adtons, the rods wil conieraly moderate the step ibereae ofthe surface radiate tho perptcral estes. See Clause 6 for deta of ths strangers. These dese pertinent to the use of simplifed methods im determining the vllge gradient a he earth's arface. 93 Primary and auxiliary ground electrodes In general ost grounding systems wile (vo poups of ground electrodes, Prisma ground electrodes are speitcll desigoed Tor grounding purposes liar ground eletodes ae eeetrodes that compe vst ‘us ander groud nit srtues alle for parposes other thar greundiog Types primary electrodes include soc Uangs a grounding gets. couterise conductors, ground rods and grosrd wel. Typed onary electrodes inclade underground mata tuctres an reinforcing bar encated in soncteta icone ecied tothe rousing gid, Auxiliary ground clecuades may have sie cent carving capably. 9.4 Basic aspects of grid design {Concept analysis of grid system usualy tans wih inspection ofthe eabtton fyout plan, showing al ‘major equipment and uractres To eslish the bale eas snd concep te following ps ay serve 35 _elelnes for artng apical grounding pid es 8) A continous conductor gp shold surcued the perimeter to enclose as sch aes as rat “This measure helps to avoid high carent cooceavatin and, hence, high gradients Doh in the pele ends. Enclosing more area alo reduces the resist of the ©) Within the top, conductors ar yplclly li a pl ines and, where praca, along the sue lars or rows of equipment vo provide for shan pound connections. ©) Atypical gi sytem fora substation may ince 40 bare copper comdoctrs buted 0.30.5 «2 (12-18 in) below gra, epnced 2-7 10-20 H) wpe, na gid pate. At crssconnesions he smdueies would be securely bone wget. Ground rods may bea the gh covers ant jn ‘or point lang the perimeter, Ground race my alo be installed at major equipment, especialy near surge arses, In lite or high eit, aight be woe! t we longer ods ot ‘ined sade unc posts. |) This gr sytem woud be extended over the eave substation stchyan and often beyond the fence line. Mule groan leads or larger S22 conductors would be wed where high cosceria tions f eure muy secur such 38 as neta ground coonetion of generar caper sane, rtrnafomers ©) Thera of the sides ofthe arid meshes usualy ier ft 1:3. umes precise (computer ied) analysis warans more eters values. requeat eos consectons hive a elaively sll fact on lowering the resistance ofa rid Their puty role i 1 ss adequate contra af he soriee Poemils. The crosscomsectins ae alo well im secrig mulple pubs fr she fault cure ‘minimizing the vokage cep inthe pid sel and providing cei meas of eddy in he 9.5 Design in difficult conditions. Tn area where the sol ess is ahr high oh subition spe a premium, may not be posi= ble to obtain alow impedance pounding stam by spreading the grid eleetadce ove lang aca at 8 oae in mec favorable condions. Seth a siuaton te typical of many GIS salitions abd nd) substations, occupying only actin of Ce lm area narmally used fr conversion eqsipment. This te ‘nakes he comol ef sufoe grades dificl. Some of the schon inluds ig 00 EEE Aan esa 0 Copyright por institute OF Eleireal Electronics Engiiers ne Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 4ans702 0580516 290 mm fee GUE FOR SAFETY 9) Connactio(s) of reat round grids) and adjacent grounding ais, a combine ssn wl ing separate msallaos in buildings, wedevgroued vault, eA redone we of reaot round lec eues careful eonsiertion of ransered trail urge areterloetons, an oer tical points significant volnge drop may develop between the focal and remote sounding fe ies, especialy Fr high-equency surges lightning. 1) Uke of depen rude el dele rou well, ©) Vaviouadives ar sol eames wel in conjuction wid ground wd an ierconmating ean cine ae moe ily deseribd in 145 4) Use of wine mats. Is ease te combine both a surface material al fabricated mats mad of win resto egulize the graent el nese the srface. types wire ra might const of eopper cid Stel wires of No. 6 AWG, aranged in 0400 x 0.6 m (24 in 24 I) pte, asl en the ani's srfice and below te surface mister, ad bowled 1 the my grounding rid ot mule locations 12) Where fase, contd use of cer availabe esas tower the ovr eisance of proud system, suchas comecting aie wires snd neutrals othe ground (see 153). ypeal ee use of ‘petalic objets. om he it tht qu for nd cas Seve a ular grooné lecedes, oa gourd ‘esto other syns. Consequences of such application, af eourse, ave tobe early evahte, Wherever practical, a nearby depos of low resivity materi of scien volume com be ated to ‘nal an extra (stelle) grid Ths elite rd, when scien conscted to de msi pi, wil lower the overall sistance ard, hs, the ground ptesal se of te grounding gi. Te nearby Jou tesiativity materi may be ala deposit ot maybe apa Of some are rte, 9h a8 Ce concrete mass of hydroeleei dam (Verna, Mert, and Bartet (B48) 9.6 Connections to grid CCombuctns of adequate aupcity ad mechanical suength (Jee Clase 1} shoukd be used for the 4) All ound elecuodes, suis roundiag gids, volbeds, pound wells and, wicte applicable, wet, ‘rae org pipes water wal esings 1) All above-ground coodicive meta pats hat might accidentally become evegizd sch as metal ‘ucts, machine frames, metal housings of ceavemtonal or gs-insulted switchgear, raastones tans guards et Also, conductive metal parts hat might be aa diferent pena lative tote ‘eal pars ht Rave become energized su’ be bonded Wgeter, ually vate gro Bi 2) All fatcurent sources uch ae srge ares, capac banks or coupling capacitors, tensor 2s, and, where appropiate, machine pews and igbing ard power cuit ‘Copper cables or raps are usually employed fortes ground connections. Mowever, wasformer tanks ae Somes used as part ofa groued path Tor surge ameter. Silly, sos stl of alana svcures ‘nay be ws forthe grurd path ii can be eatblised thal er condotance elu tha of any core: ‘ons, sand sine mainsied as egualent © tht of the einai tht would morally he inl ‘Where this practic i lowe ny paint shat might erie ince a highly sisive conection shouldbe vemoved, and aslabe im compound should ke applic of er effete means, suchas ump trace the eanections, howd nto revert sbsequem deeiotinn ofthe conection, Im the ase (oF GIS instalation, exraaterion scold be pai ote passiility of unwanted etultion of induced cur ‘ents, Clsare 10 covers he subject n more det) Equa vison of cures teteen muliple ground leads at cms-coanections csi junction pots shld note assumed. eon © 2000 IEEE A gt em Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Enginecrsine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 4a0S7H2 0500519 127 mm VAC SUBSTATION GROLROING suso200 All acesible ground ads sould be inspected on wpe Bass. Esoteric wel, brazed, pest ‘ype vinous ean be use for undergrad comretons (ace Ul). Soldeed connections shuld be sided eon ofthe ostbity of fale under high ful cue ‘Open circuits, even in exposes Hoeatons, can escape detection, anit obviously impratie inspect bar ed ponions a the grounding network o2ce iis tlled. More detileddscsson af test metho sed 10 terme the coninty of bred groung systems inceded in 19, Tove fciles tat re most ky tosapply or eamy a high cut, sch ss tnsfomer an chit break teks, seth ames a aretct pls, Spode connceted 0 he gid With more then one gourd lea. The leads should prefrcly be ‘pposie decions wo elninaecor-mon mod tre, 10, Special considerations for GIS 10:1 Definitions [NOTE following defiion ras ite in Clase 3, bu repeat coneince of thee. 10411 continvous enclosure: A bus eaconure in which the consecutive sections af the Hoang along the same phase conductor ar bonded tgeher provide a eletcally cortinuoss cures pth roughed the mre enclosure length. Coss bondings connecting the ter plas eelsurs, remade ooy th exten et of he installa. and at fo selected iterate pots. 101.2 enclose currents: Cues that esl fom the voltages ined inthe mete ensotue by the ‘cues owing inthe else conductors). 10.1.3 gusinsulated substation: A compact, multicomponent sembly enclosed ia gouided metic Iocsing in whic the primary inslting medium i compresed gan and hat normally conus Of Bes, svtchger, ant nacened equipment ubusembis) 10.1.4 main ground bas: & conductor or system of condvctor provide for connecting al designate neae components of the GIS t substation rounding system, 10.15 noncoatinueas enclose: A bs ntl withthe conseatve sections of he hosing ofthe same phase condetor elwrcly lated (reed fem cach ote) sa hat wo caret ca ow yan each ‘rcorae section 1.6 transient enclosure voltage (TEV: Very fast uansen phenomena which ave found om the proud excouue of GI systems. Typically, ground leas ae too long (inductive) at he fequencies of Hees we tffecively preset the occurence of TEV. The phnomenon is a0 kon as amen grind ise CTR) ot ‘eanvent oan potent rise TGPR). 10.17 very fst transient (VET: A cls of transits generac ine shin GS cacti by sort dation and very high rquaney VET is generted by te rapid collapse of voltage daring breakdown of he insulating gas, cer ares the celts of sithing devise or ine grou Ging fas. These transients an averse mes nthe onder of eanotecmls ipying a equecy sic exten o about 100 Bf. However dominant osilaion frequencies, which are elses physical eng of GIS bs, ae usualy tbe 20-40 ME ange as Bnd tee a sty ae pa sce vente cca af cunt ang er opt 22000 EEE. Attend " Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineers ine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 4a05702 O5a0S20 499 mm 10.8 very ft traments orervliage (VETO): System oversight rout fan generation of VET ‘hile VET is oe of the mais constinens of VFTO, seme lower fraency (= 1 MH ermponent my De preset as ares ofthe discharge of lumped capacitance (vakage eansformer).Typialy. VETO wl not 20 peri hough higher magnitoss are possible specif isan, 10.2 GIS characteristics (18 are subjected 1 the same magnitude f ground fault cureat and require the same 1 impedance minding as conventions tations “Typicy, he GUS imsaltion necessitates 10-254 ofthe lend area requited for conventional equipment Because of tis smaller area, it may be difisi to obi adequate grounding solely by cometinsl rath, Parctaratenon shold be gen tothe Bonding of the metalic encloses ofthe GIS anebly, fs these enclosures carry indeed cents of sgniicant magaiule, which must be confioed to specie ps In this expec, grounding recommendatices by the manufacte of a given GIS wally ned to be Soy flowed As aes ofthe compact nature of GIS adits short dstans eerie breskow inthe isang 2s, titer sro the corte ofa sitehng ovie dving operation orf that seeratee very igh te Gqency transients tut ean couple nto the grouing symom, In somo eats, these andes may ave tbe Couidered in the overeil grounding desig. These tasients may case high mapntue, shor éuration bound ies and ar st the sure of electromagnetic inference (EMI) in the GIS. While EME boyond the scope ofthis document. tke EMI mitigation techniques ofleninelve special coasideaions in the Bounding design (Harvey (B79. 10.3 Enclosures and elreulating currents The shielding effeivenes te bus enclosure i etenminedby its npedanee, which governs the uals vin fined eens ‘Wath sepue enclosures fr cach phase, the magnitude and ection ofthe enclosure corn is nfenced by the ae ofthe enconur and the pha sping betwaem the Des, a5 wel a by he rostod filer eting the enclosures. Ina coninuous enclose desig, voltage indice in a eclare by the cure inthe comer tat it surounds, rodicing a longi caren flow nthe enclosure, When scent of al phe enchsares is maitaned ough shor connowions at beth ands, the enloure caret is al slighty less tan ha flowing in tho ace bs inthe opgsite direction Tis coment ets tough the housing (enclosures) of adjacent pases hen te lal is quail etwoeo pases. The mapneiig uments the enlasure cur rent by apposimazly 90, The Ox is maily contained win the enelosu Tn noncotinaons enclose desig, heres mo external etm paths for enloere cures. Ths he vole 2g nice in aencontinseus enclosure by the current ofa inne usc) that it surrounds eanno reduce ‘ny longtndnal caret low, Ako voltages ight be fndsed in each enclose by the caret in Be con doctor ot enele by it Nonniform vltages eal causing eal cument ows ineach slated enclosure ‘ection, ith ue canoes owen in rowuforn puters. Hecase of these rere, tbe noacoainsLs “signe goeraliycoriderod les advantageous han tof he comtauous ype. Assi, it not cue) ‘sed by the indy, u Cony © 20 EEE. Mts eaence Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engheersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE QO-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 USA0S22 485 Mm NAC SvasTaION GROUIONG 100 50) 10.4 Grounding of enclosures Normally the continuous-ype enclosures provide earn pa for indood cuments so thatthe conduc and enclosure form a concen pit with effective external sllling ofthe eld intemal to the cacene However. under asyrmerical fal, he de component not bile and canes an external woliage dp duet enclonre reine, Frequent bonding and groending of GIS encoswes is the bet solation to minimize haranous towch and ‘Hep volsges within the GIS area. Acditional meas!” incloe the uae of conductive platforms sound ‘as hat ae conseced to GIS sirvetnes and grounded ‘limit the undesirable eects casa hy creuling cures, the following requirements shou be me: 2) Allmetaceelosutes shoot norlly operate ground vekage lve 1) When grounded ats designated pois, the bus enlosite design shu ems ut sigticane voage diferences exstbetree evil eclosion’ a that either the supporting sve ‘nor any part ofthe rounding sytem savers nlvnced by th ow of ined eure. ©) Toavoid the circulation of erasure cunwnts yond regula eure path within the GS assembly, ower cable sheath grounds shold be tied che grounding sytem Via conection ta ae sp {ated ftom te GI enclosures, To acta this oltion, te dan of eabl emanation should be ‘uch haan isolating ar gap ox proper insulation elements are pow. Very fst aries gener ed by switching or by fas in the GIS ey case these inesation elements 1 Bashover such fuses, the consegueaces of such fashovers on camentditbtton within the owning sysem Soul be considered (Fujimoto, Creal, an Foy BSED. 4 nclosure retum coments also carsot be pécmited to fw through sy sound cure transformers, 10.5 Cooperation between GIS manufacturer and user ‘sat tis the GIS manufacturer who defines clearly what constntes hemi round be of the GIS and Species whats required ofthe ase for eonecting the GIS aserhly te the Scbatton gros Ame do umetfation is nesesary to aS that pene ofthe peop eormsctions fom the main greed bus fo te srunding psd wlinetse wit he equced enlosre current path or ay cher operational fete oe {AS design That ray be espilly pertinent sf the main ground bu consis of yet of inercoanectons ‘between the GIS components on seuss atd a separate babar (coninuovs common grou bus kp) is funishod ‘Usually the GIS manufacture alo provides, o's respoite for 2») Providing the subasenby-o-sanaccmbly bonding to asure safe voltage gradients between al Jmteatonlly grourded pars of the GIS asehly and hetween hos pts andthe main ground bos ofthe Is > Pamishing eaiy acces conectors of suficien mechanical sen o withvand elstomas- etic frees and rorval abese, and hat ae capable of carping the aiid rnin fk ‘uret in that portion of the cuit without ovesaing. ©) Proving sround pats or corrects. both allowing. eas or 0 pts to ground fom he nan oud us or Fo each etal enclsire and aun piece of GIS equipment designated sty dor pts uganda be ling Stage irc era an grarly of no cence tos ect he \onycht 2 2000 IEEE. At esr s Copyright por institute Electrical Eledronies Engineers ine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm ¥aoS7u2 OSADSee 733 mm fora conection tthe substi gound if he ain ground bs othe GS assembly dos wot ate ally exis, 16) _Revomunentng peper provers for connections between disimilar meta, ypcally between 3 ‘copper cable or ssi ground erdutr an alminun enclenures. The wer muslly provides information onthe oust of fait coert adhe expected magites and ds: tis that sald be consider Moxcove, the baer skool asi the GIS manofctre in reviewing a roped grounding provisions to assre proper inefacing of| 1) Connartions foe he neural conent of grounded equipment or apparatus and for spain suse caused by ighning and sitehing witha the GS, 1b) Devices or isipaing lighting and switching sure curets extent the GIS assembly ©) Reqiement of protective lying, and satisfying the roinioms necessary fr telephine and om munition files. 8) Ground connections toa GIS supporting frames and stucures, metallic sheaths, and instalation of sheldng for cele terminations where oppeabe 9) Coneeton al paso connectom farinhe bythe GIS mamclacterer. 1) Safe wage for sep and touch, under bo rou wed sbnowl operating coins external to ‘he GIS erly 2) Compliance wit he grounding specitcatons. reed to come rounding prcties, 6 mutlly spreed.oby Ue OS eanatactse an te sen 10.6 Other special aspects of GIS grounding ‘rctmons shouldbe taken t prevertexcesive cuments from being induc ink adjacent frames, stuc- tures, reinforcing scl, and 0 avo eabisment of caren loos ia he substation equprent, Sich ss tmsformer or septate svitchgear If thesis de pity of undesirable caret Toop va road connections, or if any sted current pth ph pally close or pas rough pounded cures, the fobsaton rounding scheme and the physical our should be cacfuly reviowed. with te GIS ‘manufatcee Equal eae aeededin the proxi of discontinuities in caclonue grounding pats athe tenor cone ‘ection to CIS and athe itrfce po oconvchaal switchgear o prover cculingcueD ia ‘rut breaker and anformer an el. Where oppicabl al isoaing loners should be able 10 withstand the full pei teres ha nay cesur been be lclly grounded system and ht extemal othe GIS. le aay cases, every Fis ab ‘Stas gener! hy writhing o hy fl in the GS ray cause very high transom vokage to appear 3 ‘er points For instance, te latin of high-pressure ol pipe cables fom the GS pounding syst fen involves difcuies Alsou he individ! HV or BHV terminates may provide equate separation from the ener grovnde (by the Vinee of design tht usally nce he we of tar plate rst made of igh wollage rated pores o erga), problans smatimes arte f the tare level of imation lo expected a ter interface pols. One type problem tease sux piping between the ol chamber of indvidual GIS terminators an6 the cil itfson chamber atthe end of pipe cable that Goquenly ‘raebes toa vane Of pressure monitoring instruments ac alarn devices (Graybil, Koel, Nadkarni, ant Nicholas (B77). There te soon wf metal prs is fen achive bythe meas of een of plastic Ince. Adega creepge stance shal he enaired wher posible To proect punt ramen eles, cer prsesutione might he necessary (Dek, Fujimoto, Fed, ad Harvey [BS2) Ford and Geddes (47) Feito, Croll, and ory (6. 36 cope 2000 EE. Atte sone Copyright por Institute Of ietrcal Electronics Enginecrsine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD. TEEE @0-ENGL 2000 mm yaos702 osans23 B58 mm In dese and sir cicumscances, lose cooperation wit the GIS manufacture inte ery stapes of the design ery important 10.7 Notes on grounding of GIS foundations Since he earth pat of grout cant is sonal este bythe eat poiion of combucie obec that sre inthe groan, pre atcation sould be pa o tose potions of the GIS grounding system ticle Giscootinaties. oF whee the desig reaies an abrupt che inthe patra of govnd electrodes. The folowing oreumstances ae of concer, the limited space of GIS substations, substantial po the substation aren often accu by concrete {oundstions, which may caus irelvites in a cure charge path. ln his rape, x smple monolite ‘concrete tee! reinforced slab advantageous bth as an auxiliary grouding devi an for sels ease. 1 comtinous flor slab is used, a goa adjsnct wear ie oi is enforcing sel mesh tthe common snd! bus sin ground bs) 20 that baht GIS erosures athe src steel a and above the foe Aiaon will te approximately the sme potential lve. The asurption that this esse should podace beter glund and he reitoeing bars, being considerably closer ogee than the wis ofa pice gro fd, shouts produce mor even poteils with the Boor and at he sac 1 Feunduons, which inciuereintonting bars an her metals can aca aula ground eeetroes and ‘may beso usd provided that under no cicurstancer the dschagge of esient would evn datage of ‘omcretebeeane of lea! overesting or a gradual exon ofthe concrete! bond For Fate deal, ‘efor to 146, 10.8 Touch voltage criteria for GIS Although the GIS manufacer generally desizs the eqipscot i meet te already mentioned requite ‘mens for safe opertion and usally perfor mest fatal saloustion that re necessary for deterring the seth voltages ard caren daring fa, cere til are cicumatancos when the wet has to ecertain that he ene aston te. Having his posit in ied, some ofthe erica aspects cf meron necig the GIS witha grounding sytem are billy dnessed net ‘cern patos, inherent © the GIS desi, my aaurwhen ene tie to determi the best once of GIS grounding. In contrast othe general wisdom that» Inge ground connection nessa uals good wounding practic, te eealaingcorentspenerrné inthe GIS enclonues darn aft sould abo be Taken imp account To be considered ae 1) where thet ovens will ieulte, aod 2) whee and to What degee redesign engcer or GIS manufac or beth, peter tse coments Wo cuciate "Typically in coneuous enclosure design, the path of enciour cen inces sme sical memes of GUS frame andthe eachsuestenslves, Wit cach pan enlonate ed tothe enlosies of eect phases at bath en, seer lps are formed. Because u cons seston cf the enone sacral memes is wsualy much smaller than tat ofthe enclose and eomparabie 19 that of the rounding tap tat ‘connect te GIS assy toa ground grid (and for tha nar, alvo wo the rinflocing bcs the Contec fourdaon), several questions ped 0 be ated "he tt ried eee THY) ey a nl my fo pen Sl "hme rth came ab bong yo or ol pa ee nfo te Roe Eras cee mete mare enema Abit reser 7 Copyright por institute OF Eietrcal Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE SO-ENGL 2000 mm yaos702 0580524 594 mm $eb02000 HEEE GUDE FoR SAFETY 1) tf the caren cide and flow via all avilable metalic pate, wnat tos to be expected between the cuentscicuating within the GIS assembly and hose circulating via proundcomecton? 1) How much cent cicelating va. a ground conection loop isto uch? ©) Should the GIS be designed obese if no citculcng cute would (a least fran external fal) ‘Soult via ground conection? 0) Aad Sint, bow auch rcunding noe forthe est Rlance hetween operations and sey related euirements? Pree thee are wp cloa-cut anwas and Sluons tothe questions sted above. Some manufacturers profr to sul special round bus (ai grea bus) ab w par of tbe GIS package, wil clea designated {round cennewtion pins Ocers Jo nt use any ain ground bus a all, bt simpy designate conan pons ‘on the enclosure as grounding pds and ket he lity cocplete be grounding. In either case it becovnes necessary to tit the ody crrentto some vale ina mbampere ange, white the faultuvens ha oof concer range from hundred to thous of amperes. Tos, on can safely assume ‘hatte fll penta ference exiting porto corac! would not change wile forcing the euret through an alternate ph incladng the body Then the cave of a peson touching the GIS sheath mata can be reduced to the prbiem of fieding the vote drop between two pots of contac along one or between tv enclosures anda common grid. For the hand-o-feet contact made by a person standing on x normale Surface (for istnce, 3 oncrete slab othe cil layer above the pounding pri) nly a minor madiston ‘of te applicanon citron of Equation (32) and Euston (3) egied n order Wo eine accous tbe ‘mania indotive vlage drop ocuting Within the GIS userby ‘The touch voltage erierion or GIS ABE ned! Bat 66 ere 4 is tas ach oats Gti fre poic unde pon ft Eyuae ith pean ne) eimai fren met wag ifrneeon snd between GIS enclosures, ce betwen these enclosures andthe spooning cre, lnsloding any borzoralorverel members for which Be GIS astccbly is designed In pact situations as shown in Fig 16, ticity of rete pas and onsdeable rose coupling ‘ctu. This makes the eakulaton of lnpwdialy induced eurtens dul and fo some remote extra faults few ought anpractcal a6 ton many prameters remain undefined. Asa rl because ofa prest sort in prsilephyscalamangement of the GIS sembly, the GIS manofactres perform ded Eaten fr deermining the hase desi partners, sch 8 spacing nd oetnn of bo 10.9 Recommendations “The following roomamendatons should be ensdeed for GS installations: 2) When applying the touch vag criterion Equation (36). be folowing facts sould be considered The cae an inca ful wih ron retum ees the mon of te sitive an nde volage dkop to the resistive drop representing tbe diferece of potentials between the seston rons and he pt beneath 3 person's ee Ths gener i oot cesar Fer faults exer he (1S. Foran eatoral in to-grou ae vllagesincace on he shea hui be chock for 8 nd or hand metal oma onc, at the calculation ftp ad ow vliage a the earth's su face isthe sme se Wat for convener inalons Tie, Eh IMEUEN® EY yma 1 Equation (36) is rl M Cont 92000 IEE. Aires Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE @0-ENGL 2000 mM 4anS7O2 O580525 420 Ha vac SuusraTion GROLNOING 5002000 (a) INTERIAL FAULT (8) CloseextemnaL FAULT (G) REMOTE EXTERNAL FAULT Figure 16—Typlcal faut in GIS 1) Inevaasting the magritue of induced voltages cased by faults extemal othe GIS, oly the ese ofa close al [case (B) ip Figure 16] ness to be analyzed boca emote xtra cause les of problem, 11. Selection of conductors and connections In assessing which conductor material and wat conductor size ae what ebaximam allowable temperature limit eed o be appli sn individual design statens, the Gal cheice shuld sways rfc the consider sone oan in 1-114 11.1 Basic requirements Enc element of the grounding system, inclacing grid comuctors, connections, connecting le, ad ll primary electro, shal! be So designed ta for the expe design If ofthe ntallatn, the ele wil 3) Have suficient conductivity. so tha it wil nt comrit substan o lca ote difereces 1) esis fusing and mectania eteroation under the ns adver combination of fa mage sed drtion ©) Ma moctursealy eile and ragged th gh degre ©) Beable ainsn suntan ver when exposed to comtsion or physi abuse Compt 2000 EEE Align enon » Copyright por nsute OF Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 4A0S702 OSenS2s 367 mm 11.2 Choice of material for conductors and related corrosion problems 11.21 Copper Coppers a common materia used for grooming. Copper conductors, naldition to theihigh emduty, [rive the afanage of being resist to mos ndeground somone bese coppers eatbodke With spect ‘mont oker metals that ate key fo be Bai the vic 11.2.2 Copper-ctad steo! Copper ste scully wed for undergo ros ant occasionally for groaning grids, expecially mers theft is a probler. Use of eoppe.o oa lesser degre copper cl ee, therefore ares hat the Iggy of ap underground nrwork Wl be eniained fr year 0 long asthe conductors are ofa wle- ‘ust sie and not damaged and the si conditions a ot corrosive tthe mesial we. 11.23 Auminum Numiaam sud for round grde les fequcry. Ahough tft glance the we of amin wool be & ‘estural choice for CIS equipment wth encloeare tae of akimuaum or almimam alloy, tere ae he following dnndvatages to comer 1) Alupiaum isl may conode ia cestin voi. The Iyer of eroded suminur materials nonco ductive forall patil grounding pupses. 1) Grads corrosion cased hy atemating caren nay aso be a problem under censin cds, “Ths, alumi should bo wo nly aftr fl investigation fal cumstances, despite the Fact ht ke sel, it would aleviste the problam of contibuing tthe corion of oder buried object. However, ‘lominumnisanode to many oer ret, nla eel and, interconnected one of hee meals the ‘resence of an else, the alumiram wil sacrifice self to protect the ober met. If luminum is wed, ‘he igh pry elec eondactor grades are recommended as being mors suitsble than mos als 11.24 Stee! ‘Stel may be efor pound grid condactrs an ngs. OF course, seh 2 design rogues dha tenton is it the comosion ofthe sel, Use of «galanined oe conosion resist tcl, in eombioaan wth odie rection, typical for ste! grounding systems (Mahonar and Napa (101). 11.25 Other considerations | gi of copper copper ta forms guvanic cll with bored stzel structures, pipes, and any of the leaded alloy tat ght be present im cable seats This galvanic cel may en Corson fear “Tianing the copoe hasbeen tied by some of te ues. That ec the eel poteatal wit respect ose tox aie by shout 50% and practical limites us pote wih respect Wo lead (an bing slightly sac- ficial to eat). The dsavantage of using ined copper sondctr isa it aceleates and concerts tbe ‘stra comosion, ets hy the hema the sl fhe copper in any smal bare area. Other ote sed Petade ae 9) Imi of he sii! metal faces with coating sch plat tape, shal compound, or both 2) Rowing of bred meal element tat ay coppersased conductor will rss wate pipe ines o¢ ‘inal obyete ace of ee wacoatd tals nent a possible a ght angles, abd the a9p- Ing an insulate coating to one mal the oer where te en pros. The inl coating Ss usaly applied vote pice. * ori © 200 EEE. hres Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engheersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE SO-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 0580527 273 Ml ac suBsTaNON GROUNDING 80200 2) Caotie protection using scrifcal anodes or impressed erent yes 4) Use of aonmetae pipes ad comet, Tn GIS, the ws of cathodic proetion may aloe equved for eter reaons. Cathie protection is com ‘monly used to protect fies at are exter 1 the GIS, such a8 presaizedpipetype cable, led ‘hielo cables, ete. Because of te complety of GIS installations, tis eset w consider all specs of onsion prevention before designing the grounding syem. Specie pidelies ae Ufc to etait because salstation conditions maybe different dc locaton and application in the lec powes sytem. ‘The subjet of underground comosion sn cath protection icone. Many sas have been mate an rmoch has beea published on tis subject. ete dacuson ofthese psnornena is beyond the seepe of his ide 11.3 Conductor sizing factors 11.31 Symmetrical curronts ‘The short tne temperate rite in 9 ground conducts, oe the rogited conduct size a8 «funtion of oaducior curren, can he abun fom Equation (37) through Equation (12, which are ake om the der ina by Sten [8133], These equtions ae sso inl as Appendix Bin TEE Sd 8971989. The tquations evaluate the arpacity of any conducice fo which the material constant a brown, or cam be ‘emnived by calculation Matra consons ofthe commonly ted grounding macy ate lined Table I. Equation (37) howe Esuaton (82) me dered for syne! cuents (nit wo de ost) tae! 6 where 7 athe ems caren ia RA, Aan? isthe condvter cross section in mn? Ty ithe maximum allowable tempecatue in % T—_isshesambiee temperature in °C T, ithe reference tomperture fr mae constants in" 1, isthe thermal coeicien of resis "Cin IC % isthe bral coefficient of resi tere tener, n WAC Py isthe resistivity of te gromd conductor a eleence tempers , in win Ka, are) Tin f)iethe dvacion of cust as TFCAP ihe thermal capacity po nit volume fom Table, Mem?*C) tute defined in 113.21) Te should be ated tat an, af Beth to Be Found st the tame ference temperate of 7, °C. Table 1 provides dt for, dp, at 20°C, Ite conductor sizes given i Lemus mm? x 1.974 ks), Baton (4) becomes os Cony: © 200 IE Anh ecard 4 Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Eléronies Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE B0-ENGL 2000 MM 4805702 DSA0S2A 237 ma Table 1—Materal constants eae | opie Fung | gore | TCAP ermal deserotin | canauaivty | E30 °C eens | ee | cone | “ise 3 | viene Somme ne | cos | 20 woes) ae came | oo | onosrs | os wes |e as Geert | son | onosre | as rose sa sas Semsst | 200 | conse | ms ton se as ae | owas | 2 7 26 25% sas | aoos 28 os an 26 Rumamercns | ays | oaosee | 288 “1 a8 as Srinerces | con 7 1 Seite os wo] ws vo | irs a roa! ts | oan | om 49 x10 391 = L on AMM vandat Capers st ros edo 0.284 men (0.010) caper test. ‘Semleslad erased on SO rm (00203) No.5 me sel cess over No, IR el cor gua (37) and Equation 3}, in conretion wih Equation (39) (which dines TCAP). eect wo base sumptions 4) Thales willbe mesined in the emdctor(adinbaie proces). 1) That the product of specific het (SH) and specific weight (SW). PCAP is approximately constant ectse $1 increases an SH dcresies at about the same re, Fr rae met these premises ae sppicabe overs resonaly wie temperature rage, a long 85 Ce fault ration Shin afew ‘seonde, Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE S0-ENGL 2000 mm 4Y8o57n2 O580529 O7 am VAC SUBSTATION GROLNONG sxse0 350 1.3.1.1 Altrnate formulations TCAP sont seid eel ot Tied in Table 1 de pci het and specif weigh Specie hast, Pn callgrams °C) and specie weight, Sn ramet are ee to the thal eapacty pe unt volume in em x °C) as follows: 4.0844 Valorie ‘Teerefore, TCAP a define by TCAP [eatem®-[)]= Set feavgram-*C)]- SW grammy TCA (em? °C) = 4.184 ea): SH Keadgra- °C) SW gramies') eo ‘Once TCAP is determined, Equation (37) at Egpation (8) canbe sed to deere te ampacity ofthe conduct, [Equation (37) and Boston (38) can be aang to give the sequel conductor sie a a functor of oy) a xampl: A tatulation canbe mae, using Bgaton (1) and Table I to gt deta Fr 20% and 40% copper Clad see, and tor 10a 7% copper conductor Pox insane, to calculate the. I size ef 30% evaper fad tel condo, ne ets {= 10,035 =0003 78, pup = 586, 7CAP = 3.85, T= 184, 7, = 40, Ky = 245, Thus for 7= | kA and using Equation 1) wa Aa 1206 Semi oc 1206 kesh Porat 11.3:.2 Formula simplification The ero in English nits can be simple ote fitowing Aan = 1° K ple 2) where em isthe ara of conductor ia he 1 the ame faut cue in kA Cony © 2000 EEA hese “ Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Elédronies Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE 8O-ENGL 2000 MM 4a0S702 0580530 448 mm ‘ee curt duration ns Ky isthe constant fom Table 2 forthe material at various vals of 7, fusing temperature or inited conductor empeatute based on 1.3.3) and sing ambient tmperatre:T,) 010°C “Table 2—Matertal constants ra comamey | aes Se = 7a rar i ‘os ama = me Goer ee ve ne Gp de a we = Greenaina 20 vo ae nie 25 @ wa Rainer = @ ia ranean % a a tao “ = = ory z v0 was ‘Se 112. for commentsconeaing meal loon xarples: Using Bqustion (92) for 820A, 35 felt 8) Fors dawn copper He 250 keri ©) Ford conductinty copper cied eel eandctar ont =20. 1055 3 = 3620 hemi ie 1947 constr 4“ certs ©2000 ]EE. Aight reson Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electonics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 4a05702 0580531 724 VAC SUBSTATION GROUNDING sumo ©) Foeseel conductor Aicn=20% 1895 552. keri 867 inh amet conductor (One can also compare the fusing cures sated contort fo vatous isto of ime, Using 40 AWO (21.6 kol) soft crown coor es an example Wie=085; 122106 /(70003)= 427A, 211.6/(7.00.f1B)= 302A, Me 205 161 (700/55)=17 54a ‘The conductor sie acm sac is welyargerthan ta ase on sing because of factor sus 1) The conducoe should have tho svength to withstand any expected mechanical and ceive abe drag the design Ife of the rounding istllaton. 1b) The conductor sould havea high enosgh cendseance to grevent any posible dangerous vltage sop ding aut, or the feof the ground stallion, ©) The nce wlimit the conductor temperature (see 11.33). A factor of ary sould be applies wo the grooding system as With ther electrical comporent 11.32 Asymmetrical currents 11.3.241 Using decrement factor In cases where accounting fra posible de offset component in the fault cutet i desis, an equivalent value ofthe symmenieal eumen Ij representing the ective valve of an aymmetica eet ln ye ove the emi faut duration, canbe determined ara Function of IR by wing the decree factor Dy Equation (79 in 15.10, prior the application of Fuatn (37) ay Eaton (2), ts =D, 43) The resuking value of pis lvays ager thar because te decrement ator ibe on 8 ery conservative assumption tar the a& Component does hat decay with me train constant at ft subrasint wl 1.3.22 Using asymmetrical curent tables Because the de oft in he Ft eure wil couse the comet ech higher temperate for he sae fal coniins (fut cament duration ad grit), Equation (3) determines an eqlvalnt value of he symmetric eure the presence of de fe. aun. presen, deft wl eh i necanial forces nt absovbed evra ten slmost eur tina he valve sh fran equivalent symiitie cent ase weve, theetetot ae offs are asglested ifthe duration af the cent greaterthan or equal 1 or the XR roa be ful conf es than 5. Copy 9 2000 EEE Argh ered 4s Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE AO-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 OSS053# Lb0 Ml using characters for vasou ies af copper conductor wih varios dare of de oft are presi in “Table 3 tough Table 6 These foing characterises have been drived theoretically, and hen extensively verlied expesinicualy (Reicha, Vaiberg ne Kutt [B1220 ‘Table 3—Unimate current carrying capabilities of copper grounding cables; currents are RMS values, for frequency of 60 He, XR = 40; ‘current in lloamperes caress, | S0mioal | gegen | aseqees | sneyeie | asepees | doeyees | t80cyeee ‘an sseton, | (odmm) | (asda) | (sd0m) | som) | ay |e 2 ne 2 16 2 0 ° s ww a8 3% 2 20 0 o * 2 ca 5 25 2 on 1 awien | 13668 s @ 7 0 * 2 sora | 1736 ne 7 or « | 3 79 ‘Table 4—Utimate current carrying capabilities of copper grounding cables; ‘currents ara RMS values, for froquency of 0 He, X/R = 20;, ‘current in Kiloamporee commsen, | terial | some | asertes | seceie | sous | cage | ime me” | owseetion | Gotan | soa | Gorm | tsoan | “ao” | oD B rates | eaeine| ae . 7 > 0 aa | @ | = a 7 o > 3° wm | « |_# >» |» |» w soca | mae | m [| » | » | = | » | » % cit 20 EE Aree Copyright por instute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE @0-ENGL 2000 WM 4805702 0500533 ST? ma ‘100300 NAC EUBSTITION GROUND ‘Table 5—Uhimate current carrying capabilites of copper grounding cables; currents ate RMS values, for frequency of 80 Hz, X/R = 10; current in klloamperse Neca “awe | emmten | Gea | ibm | Galan | Osten | As” | Ma e me) ° e w ° 3 a ea > “ @ 7 9 ne |e ae 7 % > 7 oe | «» | = [= |» » wo 03 70 a 4 B uw a | ~~ | we |» «|» | ™ E @ ima | ee |e | x 2 « | wm | ims [| wv |» | 2 |» E 0 ‘Table 6—Ulimate current carrying capabilities of copper grounding cables: utente are RMS values, for frequency of 0 He, XR = O; ‘current in hloampores Nomina ‘Cable six, Sede | sSqde | swerdes | acres ogres “awe” | sromsection | bmp) | Geom | (Som) | Asm) oy " Ea 3 » w 0 ° 5 #1 aa # 2 " “ 2 7 co sa ° a 2 » 6 3 70 oraz @ 2 * 0 1 30 1508 ™ 30 28 3 4 40 cy » o “ 6 31 ® Boicet | 12668 7 7H 2 a a a cxpygh © 2000 EEE. tare o Copyright por institute Electrical Eléronics Engeersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE AU-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 0500534 433 mm Sanz eee GUE FOR Savery |The coment was in Tle 2 Urogh Tabe 6 wee impute om tht cir png RTO (Recs, ‘ner a Fall 16122) Tas computer pera can be ted elle dari he onc ae 3 ‘ate for twa UR ao and ak arg ie 2c scoped for asian ft ee 15.10) $n centr taper = °C: ilo epee “Maes ate of comerons. Sot comerson i esa cialato, meio, ome ANG ae 11.33 Additional conuctor sizing factors ‘The designer should tke precatos to ensure tat th egerat of any codeete an connec the sounding installation does not poce a danger tothe safe operation of he substation. Fo instance 2) Typically, condector and connections net ahle msi should be abject to more sng temperate Unitatoes ) _Iftkesteog had drawn coppers equi fr mechanical easons, the ina be putea oto exceed 250°C to proven anveling of Se condor: ‘The posible eyoaur to a somoiveervinement shouldbe carefully exami. Even when the comet condoctor size an the selected jinng (connecting) method have satis all he TBEE Si 837-198 test, ‘euiromens, i may be prude to cous largr conto size omens fr born gradual reduction {the conducor essen dig the design feof he instalation where the sei enviemment ems © romeiecoosion ‘The down eds fon the eguipert to he grid may be subjected to he a fal curentmo he gi, wile tho ged dives ths eustet so hat each eomcorepmea ia he gids ely subocted to some acon of ‘het auteur. Tus, the down leads may have tobe age han the gi conductors may have to Be ‘ultpos rm he equipment the pri Rave ulfiensmpity forte ttl fault chine Ground rad conductors conducting lightning cuent seldom reqaze further consideration. The size of he conductor, which is selected acordng Yo it ook cunet requirements, usally is alo adequate for carving ‘Showtime surges caused by ighing (Bellschi fC Jn practi, te reuiemens on mechani eat wl tthe minimus conduct ie. While it night ‘com proper forthe designer to establish minimum sires ip ight of loa eondtins, the aed for Sonera ‘Gem deveresconierato, Some ofthe specie eons ae 2) Relay malftins can reel in fat duaion in encest of primary clearing times, The backop leaing Une is usually adequate for sing the conducioc For soalersubitaton, this ay syproa 33 or loge. However, because aye substations wally have empleo edu! po teoion schemes, he fant il genellybe cleared in or ss. 1) The tint value of current ted odetermine the conductor sae shold take nt csoun the pos tty Fete growen. 1 let costly once an aque margin in condvtrsze during he nal sgn than oy to enflrce a umber of round lade a ater das, . Cony 2 2001 Copyright por nsitute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE QO-ENGL 2000 wm 405702 0580535 377 me 11.4 Selection of connections All comectons maven groaning betwork shove an telow ground shoud be erase to meet th se fseneatreyuiements ofthe coadsctor sed. namely, elec comet corrosion resistance. cimet tanying capacity and mechanical stengh. These convection sould be masive enough 9 malnsin te erat ise below that ofthe condor and to withstand he effect of teating. The conmertins shold so be stong enough to withstand the mechanical fores caased by the elecomnagnetc forces of meu expected ful current and be abet rest emosion forthe ited ile ofthe nallion TERE Sta 37-1989 provides detaled itforation onthe aplication nd esting of permanent connestions for ws in substation grounding. Grounding connections that pss TEEE Sd 837-1989 fru patel cow doctor sza rage and water sh sty al the eriteia~electic] condo, coraon tein, ‘ret caying caput, and mechanical suoe9th-for that same cendutor size ane at mata 12, Soll characteristics 121 Soll as a grounding medium ‘The behavior of» ground eletode buried in soil canbe analyzed by mess ofthe cet in Fig 17. As sow, most sls bebave both sa condor of resiance, 7.908 st a ieetne: Except for high-frequency and steep oat waves petting a very eit mated the charging erent neligible in comper son tothe leakage cure andthe arth ca be represented by & pare esance Figure 17—Soll modet 12.2 Effect of voltage gradient Toe soil esitiviy Seno aected bya voltage gradencuaks the ater exasls x cecsin etc! value. The value somewhat vases with e oi mater bot aunlly has tbe magnitde of sever’ Hovots es com rete Once exceeded, acs wuld develop a the ele aurace att progres fn the enh sas to increase the efectve size of the electro, anil gradients are reed wo abies thatthe vol material can witstand This condition is ilasatet by the presence of gaps ir Fare 17. Boose the sition gros dng system normally is signe co comply wih fr more sagen entra of wep and tuck voltage hs, ‘he gradient can lays be assed tebe Seow the ete range Cony © 2000 EEA yon » Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Elédronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mM 4805702 0580535 20h mm 123 Effect of current magnitude Soi resistivity inthe vc of ged elesodes my be atte by cant flowing rom the cre imo he sunonding sf The hrna charters adhe wae court of ie al wil dace tuean of gen mglete nd dean wil cane giant ying ands cease he live Imig. concrete vile of creat dey, ren by Anat [Bs sma excel 200 A fel, 124 Effect of moisture, temperature, and chemical content [hectic eorducion in seis i essentially lecuoysc. Far this reason the resistivity of most Sis ise aply whenever Ua mci content accounts for less than (5% ofthe sol weight, The amount of ‘moisture frterdopens upon the grin siz, compacies, amd varabty ofthe gras ses. However, 8 shown in cure 2 of Figur 18, the rvisiviy 5 hile affected once the moisture coment exceeds appro tintely 22%, a sown in TEER Sud 142-1991 ‘The effect of wget on sil esistivigy is neat eg fortsmperatues above the freezing point At (0°C, the wate ia the si stan feeze ad the estiviyincremes rapily. Curve 3 shows itp vocation fora sandy loam soi comaning 152% of mosture by weigh fom) ‘oom ea get e en ae ea Oar, of} s&s S&S a webosrune 5 enw Sz) PO TOMPERATURE Figure 18—Etects of molsture, temperature, and salt upon sol resetivity Compt © 00 EEE AI ese Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Enghneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE 80-ENGL 2000 Mm yans702 OSUsa7 142 mm NAc SUBSTATION GROUNDING seo ei ‘The compustion sd the amount of soluble sat, dso hal presenti he soil may considerably fect ltsresiivity. Curve tof Figure 1 llurats atypical efeccof salt sodim chloride) en te resi of & sei omtaiing 304 mons by weigh (Tome 147), Figure 18 should not be used fer clean pupae. To ustermine the acta soil resniviy, ess soc as hove described in IEEE Sa 1-198 should be pertonme thes. 125 Use of surface material layer Gravel or sure nate coverings, sly aboot (108-0 15 m (36 ia) in depth ae very useful in ‘etaring he evaporation of mitre ad, thus, i iin the drying ftps ayers during prolonged dy Weather periods. Aso. as discussed in 7.1, covering the surface ith a meri Of high eit very ‘aluabic in redesing shock curets. The value ofthis layer in reducing shock cent isnot alvaye fully ‘elie: Tests by Boer [B14] aa mostation in France showed thatthe ever gravel wed as yu suracng when moistened ha wesistivty f 5000 Gm. A Iyer 01-0.15 m (46 i) thick deresed the danger {factor (ao of body to shrt- Mm {hoon measred pares resistivity data wing Equation (47) and Equation (41 tthe nea tp. the grid ‘esitance and septoch voltages fra 762 m x 76.2 m (250 fx 250 grid with waa of 64 worn istnhee grout rods were comouted using compute program (EPRI TR-100622 (863) The dent of the ground rods was dopendent onthe at edel uso. For exaiple i tbe case of he tw lage ot the ‘round sods penetrated the lower layer Refer to Aamex Efor more devas of his resign ily, the {unding parameters computed forthe two-layer del were compa wit tht computed wing the bi form cil models. Toe grouscing parameters computed king he uniform sll made of Eaton (0) com pac wel wih that epted using the ayer mode ay = Pensa ny where Pima) Sth maxima apart esivty vale ro measre date in Sm Pagnny ich minimus appent eivity valve (fom measured dt) in Om, ‘More ate number of assumptions made inthe above iy. As ces, She Equation (48) shouldbe used with caution. For example se of Equation (8) snot recommended fora ground gi withov grown vd, {Daal Ma, ind Sonbey [47 In adn, ste uniform sol resist determined wing Equation (48) is employetn design aground rid, he round rods shoud at est reach te depth where the esau resist conespends othe corputed vale of Pgeay There are several meth sugyese by difzent authors o approximate a nomuifonn il wih a nifoem sei model One of these methods includes using the average of ope ayer sparen resist forthe oath tnd sep voltage ealculions an te average of lover ler apaient reste forte rounding stem resistance clcalanon. Davalis, Ma, sm Southey [B46]; Duval and Barbet (B38), EPRI TR 100622 (B63, Fajinoto, Dek, Boze, and Ford (B69) and Thapar and Gere? [B40] may provide ssn! nor tman boat interretition ofthe measored sl dats sche inene of muller, twelaye, and efor Soilmdels on pounding parameters 18.42 Nonuniform soll assumptions Another approach to suatiens where reivity vores mathe with et is sugested by Sunde (B130), and in some ofthe books on geophysca prompecting to whic heifer Far exampl, it ofr posible ‘roamed endings taken wih a wide range of probe spacing 10 dedace a staiication of he eat ito E00 ‘or more yes of appropriate thickness that wil coun for the aca test aration (Moot [B110) 19.4.2:1 Two-ayer soll madel general) Atwoayer si oie an be represented by an par layer sil nit depth above awe: ayer in Die dept The abrupt change ip resntvity 3 the Bosrdares ofeach olay canbe Senrbed by teats of areeion factor The eesti facto, K, dete by Eqsation 49). “ ah i ye upper ayers resi in hm asthe we ayer sl essviy in im Conve 22000 KEE eg ese a Copyright por nsttute Of Electrical Electronics Engieersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE S0-ENGL 2000 mm 4ans702 osaos44 382 mB ‘Wile the mas accemterepreentation of groaning system shoul cenainy be based on ue ae varia tion fall esiivity presen at he sets ss wl aely bo economically Jonifsle ce ecaialy ensibleto ode! ll these variations However, inmost ates, tbe representation oa ound electrode sed (on an quivalenttw-layer ea models fcc for desgng a sae grounding system, [BEE Std 81983 provides method for determining the equivalent ressivties ofthe upper and lower ayer of soa he height ofthe per ayer tor such a mene. ‘hore are oer methods sugested hy authors tht intode determining a two-layer model and wing te pper Iver restive for och and ep calculations and the ower resi (or resiance and maths tht modify the equations presented inthe guide to be ui in two-layer aol model. These papers may provide th designer with more ifermation about the inemxetton of soli and the iapact ef layer, {wo-layer and uniform models (Davalts, Ma, aud Southey [BA6), Dawali and Bastlto [S38], Thapar ane Geez (B140). 18.422 Tworlayer soll model by graphical method A two tyer soll made canbe approximated by using graphical methods described in Bates end Davai [BIS]: Encreny [886 Tage (B13; Roman (B25. and Sunde (B12). Sunde: gropbical methods Aoscrbod inthe folowing parser 1 Sunde eed he grap shown in Flee 21k ed to approxi atwo-tyer oll mate The ph in Figure 2, wah is botod on the Wenner fourpin tet da it reprdiced Irom Spare 76 of Sune (D130), wit notations vse ots the symbol edi is ide Parameters py ad te otsined by inspection ofesitvtymeseacerent (ee the example in Figure 22) Only is obtained by Sunde’ graphical med, as flows 3) Poca graph of apparat 1) Este py and from he graph placed inp coesponding toa smaller spacing is and for 2 larger spicing Pz. Extend the apart resis ity graph at bth ends 4 obtain these extreme Tesi vals he el daa ae sacle, ©) Deleenige pp, and select a curve cn te Sunde graph ln Figure 21, which matches clsey. or !wunplate and dra anew curve on the graph 8) Sele the valve on the yx of p/p HRN te Hope Epon OF he appro pap, curve of Figure21 ily pon yale vpn spacing on as. ©) Read the coremponding value of akon the ais 1 Compa by eikplyng the slated val, in 2 by 12) Read the corespoding probe pacing tom the apse resisvily graph plated in 9) » Compute h, the depth the oper lve ating te appropiae probe sepaction, 3 Using the soit data rom sil ype 1 8 Tbe E2 ie Asx Ea lt of resistive vs spacing cam be drawn ‘Sev gue Figure 22 Both py a py canbe determined by vias ospecticn. Asauing py 10 Od p= 200 the fllwng tarp usbatss Sue's grphical met 2 » ©) ploy = 0000 =3. Draw cure co gure 2. See Figure 73 for an example. 4) Seler pips =? ©) Read aia = 27 fon figue Figure 2 fry = Compute py y= 204 = 2100) = 200. 8 rey PD EEE Aight mse Copyright por institute Of Eiecrcal Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE BO-ENGL 2000 mm Y805702 OS6054S 224 a 40 SUNS ION GROUNOING sco 2) Reade =19 onthe patent esis cave of Figure 28 fer 9 = 200 2 ConpueniA= £5 192.7 «70 mor23%. Ths compares ral with 6. (20 1) using EPRY-TR 0062 (863) sd Fe BT - et 1 : erry | a a : = oa a S 2 & , a wt oes} ec eae ial teats ss 0 BS TS aT afh Figure 21~Sunde's graphical method Canton 200 EE Aris toe 5 Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE G0-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 OSA0S4L 255 mB ‘Ssbo080 IEEEQUDEFOASAFETY 78 ‘rove Specna ty plot of data from soll type 1, table E2 (epee 7 Figure 22—Resist (samy o Comyn eo Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engheersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE BO-ENGL 2000 MM 4805702 0580547 01% mM AC SUBSTATION GROUNDING sso ‘ee | = Ss! a rl «| es ai “ a/h Figure 23—Example of Sunde's graphical method oot 9 D0 EEE Ashes. 6 Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE S0-ENGL 2000 mm WauS702 OSansua 124 me : : | : . § i ; i i i, | ; off ae it | Jog i i i * & ll i | 4 i \F : u . é a a 7 ° ee Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersin Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE BO-ENGL 2000 wm 4805702 0580549 ky mm 18.423 Comparison of uniform and two-layer soll model on grounding systems The wo layer motel approach hs heen found tobe mach more aecarate tha te wif sl ede A sounding sper nao layer so cvironent behaves dillerent ym compan wide sae ye in ior sci General, fora grounding sytem in ifr sil rin two-layer sil with py ess than papper ayer sit resistivity estan lower ayer sol esti, a pone election Facto), he comet Ss i igh he ‘conductors tte outer edges ofthe grouading gid. Tn twelayer sl wth py greater han (he so ne Upper layer is more restive than te lower layer sal, «megs reflection fat), the curent deity is ‘mote une ove al tbe eonducrs ofthe grounding system. This caused bythe tendency ofthe rid ‘amen to go downward imo tbe layer of lower resi. aber daa up ad outa othe more rei ve ‘pper aye. Studies by Thapar apd Crass (B14) and Dawa et (241/243 B48] prove a went of informatinn om hi sojet 2) simon in sil resistivity have considerable influence on the performance of most grounding systems affecting both the value of ground resistance nnd ground penile, and he ep and ‘oodh surface voltages In general, fo negative values Of K (apo layer me ei than fowes Jaye the eesistance i less thar that of he same grovndingsyter i nif sll with esis In contrast for positive values of Khe feastance is general high hon tat in uaiorm sil 2d esavty pA similar lationship exits forthe sup and tach volages produced onthe ur face ef atwo layer earth versus that on tbe surface of eriform oil For negate vals of K the sep and touch vluges are geal lower an ihe vellges forthe same grounding system in uniform ‘oil of eistivty py Also, for postive value of Khe sep an touch vlogs are perl higher ‘han wir 1) Otter params, such she upper layer eight halt affect the dfences in the pesformanee of trocnd eleccodes ina two-layer entizonment ania uniform sol conditions. The general i tat sahen the upper layer bei becomes significant larger than the loewode's own dimensions, the Devformance ofthe elecuode pproaces the performance ofthe sare eletode in unform soil of resis ©) Ana tent be reconiaed thatthe shove characteristics are based om he premise of constant fut ‘ute source The cal caren inthe rounding systema will change fom ease fo case as & onction of p and, vesting the heal changes slave W all ober grvad Ful caren paths ‘resetermin hy the fn location. This een dvsom i scased in Cawse 13-Therefne ik ‘eral cases some ofthe atsimptions given above nay mi vay bol toe For desig appicntions involving elaivly spe growing aangements of stad buried na reason iy uniform so the apprx.mate mettods povided esewter inthe guide wll be eutbl or hen & seat design with adequate salty margins. However, fr designs involving lage grownded area, odd Shaped gts, aor where the rettviy ofl eleatiy very nabunfor, the engines responsible fo the design should decide if move sopisicted mathe sr needed (Zahorsehy[BIS2}, ‘Annex F provides a parame analy of vavous ri configurations in wifrm and two-layer a models. 13.4.24 Muttlayr soll modot Highly somuiform ol conditions may be ercoumered. Such sil conditions may require the we of moi layer modeling technigues ian equivalent tww-layer sel ode is ot feasible A mulyer sl ede iy sa are pes hg nye tes e lye! hop ch ae ‘ipa gan rm mem ‘eres pen’ ft andthe ects nace. Tn = gen marti now boy cen comaesny Mer sep ae toch ‘Shae sara Wagar me pea Comet 000 EEE Ieee 6 Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Electronics Engeersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE 8D-ENGL 2000 mm ¥a0S702 DSAOSSO bob include evra horzntl layers vertical layers. Techies wo interpret highly nonuniform sl resiaivigy tenis the we of sompater programs or graphical methods (Dowal, Ma, and Southey [B45); Dash ‘spt Barbet (B36) EPRI TR 100622 [B63] EPRI EL. 2699 [B60], Orca and Mooney (B17) “Tae equations tat gover the performance of x grounding system buried in malar soil en be osained bbysclving Laplace's equntione fora point erent saree, bythe method of mages, which eves denies resi, The us of either mend in deternining the eat: potential suse by a point current souee rsas in a ifn series of terms representing the cotton ofeach conseqial image of the pot cue source, Frac formulation of the equations that iclide tee effects i given in Davai and Mokhedar [2]: Hepe (BAD): ond Sunde (8130). 14. Evaluation of ground resistance 144 Usual requirements ‘good pounding sytese provides alow resisance o remote eatin der to minimize the GPR. For mest ‘wasiision and other lage substations, te ground esstace i usvaly about 1 oes. smaller ist baton subetatons, the usaly acceptable eae i trom 1S 10 5 , depending oa the les contin. 142 Simplified calculations, ‘axmacom ofthe oa resistance toro earth ne of the Gx stp in dterninng the sie and basic luyouto grounding sjstem. The sistance depends primarily onthe are tobe oscpied by te grounding stem, which i sell known inthe early desig tgs. As fst approximation amma ale ofthe Staion grounding sytem restance in uniform sil can be estimated hy means ofthe fore of 8 ‘colar meta plate tr depth ef aa Co A, Ssthe substation ground resistance in @ Sethe soil resin in om A nthe area oscupledby the ground grid in ni? Next an upper lint ofthe substation grossa can be obtain by adding 4 second tes othe sore lara as proposed by Laurent (BY7] and Nemaea [8113] -8fep : Boat on, were 1p $6 the oa bared ength of eondutors in m In th case ofa rd rod combination in uniform sou a combine length of rzotalcoadusos ad rend rod wl yew sll conservative ene of Ly Bocuse ground ods usually are mre efecve cn per nit legi basi o ‘onmaht 2000 EEE. Ait esae Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Enghneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 O58055) 512 a ce ‘The seco lr recognizes the fact tat te reine of sny acu grounding 4 shat consis of a umber of condector is highec Un Oat of sold mete pas. The difference wl decease wat the increasing length of bared condictor nd wil spproach fr nite Ly when the condition fad plate ieresened Sverak (8132 expanded Equation (1) tke ito acount the elect of grid depth ffi Li alr) co tan b ntedenotie pnd For gids without ground rods, hs formula has ben etd 0 yield esas that are practically entice wo ‘hove cbaized wid Equaon (56) of Schwarz (2, desorbed in 14.3, ‘he flowing ulation from Kinyon (B93) offer some idea of tow the calelated and ata! messed sesisauce far ve flere substations compare, Eqn (S1 was uted to compat the pid esance. Se Thbie9 ‘Table 9—Typleal grid resistances. Parematersol | __ Suh aba sabe subs Teature | senda grav | sandy am and endgearet | slland tay Resacvay om | __2000 0 0 1900 20 Gest 8) 15159 one ae 15159 e109 Bored | 3120 9500 178 0 mee Kckained® | 287 on 235 1s ow 1, (mest) wa ‘10 3s 1820 “021 ‘An average vale fal measured resivity values i leqsendlysubtiutedforthe wnifor soi resistin Equation (51). tas werage resist is used, Equation (1) usually prodoessrestance ta higher than the valve that would real fom a direct resistance maseaerart The clculued and measured resistance values som in able Table 9 ot select is rend, Dees Kinyon (B93) based hi calelitons ‘on he". owes verge vale of ress measured on teste” Reader sre eer ta Kinyon [93] for Funke diseasion 0 his choice of eit values ein Table 9 14.3 Schwar's equations Schiare 128} develope the folowing se of eguatns ts detersine te oa resitance ofa grounding ‘tem ic a bomogencous sail coasting of hoszonst (gd) aed vericl (fos) electrodes Slate's ‘quations extended accepad equations or 2 arght hozonal wie to eprsem the ground cesistance. fy, of «gl consisting of erssrosing condoctor, and tere embeded in the eats spree pour "ods. He als itsodeced en equation forthe matal grea resstace Ry Between the gid ad a bed oon © 008 EEE A ihs enoved “8 Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE G0-ENGL 2000 mw 4a0S702 O5a0Ss2 459 mM Schnar wed the fllowing equation introduced by Sunde (B130] ané Rdesterg 8127] wo combine the revance of he rid ods aad muta round reviance to calcul the tot sysorreastance, Ry 83) [Ry ground vesistance of grt conductors in pound sistance ofa ground vs in Fp, mus! ground resistance between the group of grid ondectors, Rs and group of ground vd, o root isut ee = fe) ota] os where 8 fethe soi ressivgy in om te ithe total length of al connected ri conductors nm 2 Ja7Th for conductors hued at deph in or isa foreondustoron ea suroce im Safe the dameer of condvctorin m 4 fn the are everedby conductors in Ay atthe coefciens he Figure 25(0) and ()) Ground resistance ofthe hed = mtalie)- where Dy by a fin 1¥] 6 1, the lng ofeach ein 2) athe diameter fro in Ing numberof os placed in asea A Monin gon esistance between the god andthe rd bed = oh) tet ase] 9 The combined ground resistance ofthe ri and the od bed will be lower than the pound resisance of citer component alone. bu il higher tan that of paral combination. Schare compared the results of hs equations o previously published theoretical wok and to model et to ‘erify the accuracy of is equations. Since they were plished in 1954, Schvar's equations bave been 6 copy. 200 EE. gt wen Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE 60-ENGL 2000 m@ 4805702 0580553 395 mm Nac SuBSTITON GROUROINS 80090 roifed by Keret [B92] 0 provide cquetons fee constants ky and fy and fre expan o include th se of equitions i vo-layer al (Noha ane Salmo (8138114 jx) o ee ‘encTH-TO.WDTH RATIO cbfive 8 FOR Deer « 110 Vane peerotery CURVEC™ FORDE = ve Vanca yon 0084 10 é cbives = ronncenin = 10 var perro cbvEC™ FOR DEPTH = 16 AREA yen 08K 440 Figure 25—Coetticients ky and kz of Schwara's formula: (@) eoetficient ky, (0) coefficient Ky ep 2 200 EE Alri ered = Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engiieersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 M™ 4a0S702 0580554 22} 14.4 Note on ground resistance of primary electrodes gone), the round resstnce of say primary elec depen on Ue sil esisivity and the sie and ‘ype of amangement of al dividual coecutars comprising he ground elecuode In mre complex arange- ‘mene involving erisicrssed ies apd a large number ef rods in he samc ac, the motel stance ‘beaweun inva lent plas an irprtant ce 145 Soll treatment to lower resistivity eis ote imposible to scive the desired ection in ground resistance by ating mor gil conductors ‘or ground rds An alta Slatin ist lective nsese te dinmeter ofthe eecrede by mnifyng the {hil suoundig he cestode. The inne sel oft clovest to tha eletodesomally compass the bulk of {he clevzode ground rexstance to remote earth, This phenomenon i often uized to an advarage, at follows: 2) Use of sodium chloe, magnesia, and coppec slates o¢ calcium chloride, wo increase the ceadoctiviy of te sol immediately roving n electods, State or federal shores may not Permit using the metho becase of possible leaching wo sureunding ares. Futer, the salt bea ‘eal mt De reed periodically. 1) Um of tenet, ator clay contin the mineral montmoriionit, which was fone by vo: mic ston yoirs agp Ii encore, sable, a hat a elivity of 23 Dm at 300% mse ‘The low resuvigy res mally Trom an elesreyc process between wate, NEO (oda). KO (potash, C20 (lime). MeO (magnesia) and ther mineral sas hat onze forming & ston eet Jy with pH ranging from 8 to 10. Tht etree wil ao radaly Leach ut, 88 par of te lay itl, Provided witha social accunt of weer, ills up 0 13 Umes it dry volume wil aes 1 aay any sttace i ouches. Doe fis hygroscope name, acts 8 # Syne BEER raving any avaiable moisture fom ths surounding eavsonment. Bentonite needs water fo obi tnd maintains beneficial charters. sil moss contest obaind at nsallaion whee the sly is prepared, Once isalled, Demonte reles onthe pretence of ground moist to main- taint characteriss, Most ols have sficin round molsave 9 tht dying outs no concer ‘The bygaicopie nature of bentonite vil lake santa of te aalable water 0 emit its 35 Insta condition. exposed a direct unit, ends ell of, preveting the drying ‘as fromm pecetraingdecper It my no fenstion well as vary cry enviramene. cause may Shrink ava fom he elect, increasing the ele sistance ones [BSOD.. ©) Chemialtype elecades consist ofa copper tbe filed with asa Hoes inthe be allow isu toner, dstotve the sl, an alow be tal soln to leach nt the ground: Thos elocodsh ae nae in an agra hoe and rypicaly back filed with sil wexment. ©) Ground enhancement motriat ome with a resistivity of lest tan O12 Q'm (about 5% of te ‘ssn of bentonite) ae typically placed sound the odin an augared hoe oe around grounding conductor n'a trench neither a dry form o premixed ina slay. Some of thee enhancement ‘teas ae permioent un will mt eac ary cbeaicals in the gound. Or avalable ground atancemen terse mixed wih lca oi in varying amounts and will lowly leach no the surrounding si, overage earch sisi. 14.6 Conerete-encased electrodes Concrete, eng hyrescopi, amas moisture. Buried in soil, a concrete Nock bees a a semiconducting spediam wit a entity of 30-30 Cam. Ths sof paicular tren medium and highly esse oils Tecate a wize or metallic rod enone in corte as lower reigance then similar ekcrde hard directly in the ear This eneaerere reduces the resistity of the most crite portion of material o oon 2000 EEE, Aap esa Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE S0-ENGL 2000 Mm 4805702 OSO5SS 1b mm IAC SUBSTATION GROUNDING sso 00 surrounding te etal event uch th sme manger as chemical treatment of is. owen he romenon may often be bth a design avenge sod iadvartgs Some of the reasons ate flows 2) On he coe hand is inpractcal wo build foundations for szustres where ane tee (afore Ing brs snot electcally connected othe metal of he Hrucure. Even extreme care were ake vith de anchor bt placement in crs to prevent ay tect met-ormetal cont the seri octive nature of concrete would provide am closrial connection. 1) Onthe other hand, the presence of a small de current can case comoson of reba itera. Although ac cuteat a such doesnot prac corrosion, punt 0.014 ofthe ac erent becomes etic fied et the interac ofthe sel bar and concrete (Rona, McCollum, and Peers (B24) ©) Spliting of concrete may eceut either due 1 the sbove phenomenon became corroded ste! ‘occupies approximately 22 tines is originlvoleme, prodeing presses aypuoeling 35 MPa ot the pasape ofa very high current, which Wau vaporize the metre inthe one, Fortune thre i cern threshold potential for de coroton, approximately 0 V de, below which no omoson wil occur. A numberof field tess eonceming the maximum cument loading Is reporied in Bogajewshi, Dawaliti, Gervais, sad Makbedhar [B16]; Dick and Holliday (BSS): and Miler Han. and Brown (BIO). The shor-time caret loading capacity, Jey. of coneree-encised electrodes coo be ‘sma! hy means af Olendorfs formula far an indefielysartainabe creat fy. anjted byw 4 taliplying factor, or drecly tom Fire 26 2 ‘ethe thermal condacivity ofthe ath in Wien °C) FR, isthe gun resstance ofthe concete-encised electrode in isthe soi esany in TT, isthe ambient emperature a °C TT, isthe manimar,allowabe temperature to prevent scien evapornon of mise in °C Ja isthe deity sosainable cant in A ‘The applicability ofthis formala hasbeen verified in Bogijewsk, Davai, Gers and Mukedar (816), hick reports on he rests of extensive Bld testing of coneet oles. I gener if Unnage i tobe pre ‘eed the actual cuter shuld he os than the wale of fg determine by Equation (57), 430-259 mfty agin is reasonable for most pesca applications Ths, with prope precoutons, the concrete este electrodes say be used a anay ground eectioes Fagan and Leo [R6S) us the folowing equation for obtaining the ground reas, Rog man Of vcah ro encated in conoie Reacnt* ghee] tQL/D)-1 eo he "pens (BIS act ing ce eee Copyat 2 00 EEE. MWh eared o Copyright por Insitute OF Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE Q0-ENGL 2000 MM 4805702 OSADSSE OTH mm Se IFFe cue fon sarery 2 a4 s 3 la 3 & i eEE 5 eas eeeee ef gs Bo F a2 § as 2 rei : = i & + ~ 8 a Covet 200 EEE, Aaa reser, Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE 60-ENGL 2000 mm ys0S702 OSauss7 T30 a Ac SuASTACN BROUNOWG se 0 1p sdhe resist of te sil ie Som 1, ithe lengd of the ground inn 4 isthe diameter ofthe ground odin m De _ ithe diameter ofthe conte shel in Egumton (55) an be related othe commonly used formula fo a round rod of length and meter das follows: Roe = sBefin(sh/-11 the Baton (58 canbe revo Rencmns ™ 5a lolin(BL,/De)-Ui+ pLn(8L,/d)~1}~pa(81,/0.)=13) ) resenting «combination of resisaces in sis 2) Ground resistance called by Equation ($9) oF concrete ender of ameter De sie bued ‘awoile 5) Ground resistance of the inner segent of diameter Do, containing «metal ed of diameter d (Obvionsiy, the ate term is binned ws a cifercace ofthe hypethescl cesitanes values for ra in concrete, i'd and De are entered im the snge-medin formla Equation (39), and pi eplaced by, Such an sprcach is gencrlly vali fo anyother electrode having itera haps Noting, for somenience Rau = Flp.S0G) « Rose = Fle So: 4 Flp,5)-Fl.aS.) @ here in aon othe symbols leady mentions, ‘aye etaevode resistance i single medium in ‘py_toeeeciode resistance in dal maim in Sy isthe surface ateaof a given elective um? Si isthe wen ofinetace ia? G_—wageorericl coe charsctszing the prticsts shape of «given electrode This for is adapts toa variety of lected, buried in sil, and assume wo be sutounded by a concen. vic shel ofa materi hat has dierent resistivity than the sol. Ose ple model ths type, for which Sehwar' formula for ared bed can ely he moifed, shown nF gue 2 ‘The following ecommendstions shoud be considered when wirg concrete encased electrodes 4) Canmeet anchor boc and angle subst the enfcing ste! fora eile metal to metal ont. 1) Reduce the cument duty and de leakage to allowable levels by making sure tak enough peiary round ceceoes(eounding pid and grown rods) ll conde no ofthe fat corer ©) Ground entancemest material may be wid in the areas of «high ei eiiviy to rece the ressance of primary grounding. Auer 60-250 rr (4-10 in) hoe and taking it wit a sol entancement mei around aground rd isa wseful metodo preven the predoimaoce of sul cecvodes i dspating the foo tment, Cony 200 IE. A ge nero. n Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Electronics Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE S0-ENGL 2000 Mm 805702 DSA05S8 977 an IEEE GUDE FOR SAFETY Figure 27—Grid with encased vertical electrodes 15, Determination of maximum grid current 16 Definitions. [NOTEThe following defo sb Tate in Cie 3, raped fre coven he a 15,11 de offet Difference between the symmavicalcaet wave and the actual curect wave during 2 ‘power system tarslerreoniion. Mathematically. be sctal fai curea can be woken imo to pans & Symmeicalalicmating component ad a uidietonal (4) component. The unidirectional component can [eof eter poly bat will ot change poly apd wil deena some proeternied le 15,42 decrement factor: An adusent factor sod in conjncion withthe symmetical ground! fle cureat parameter in seftyevonted grounding calculations. 1 determines the rs equivalent of the syrmaricalcurent wave fra gves ful orton acount forthe effect of etl Jost nd its tenuaion during he au 15.13 fault eurrent division factor: factor resrescating the inverse of a ratio ofthe syemstcl fault curt tht poton of te coment that Hows betweon he rounding gi ad surrounding ert 5 = 3 « where Sy te the fuk cues division factor 1, stae rms symmetecal grid curent in A y's the zeosoquence faut cumencin ‘NOTE to ali he uaa ison a wuld huge darn te fad ron, based he ya ey es ‘Be Et consbuons nthe ages of teropng doe eperotns Hwee forth apne ecole (dig vale of asia pecan and jel pe coe per esse yeep cess a ‘mp caent ie ale tomad conta aig te dracon en fae 18.4 masimum grid current: A design value of he matimum gd cure defined as fellow: n anit © 200 KEE heed Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 480S702 O580559 403 mm {N17 SUBBTATION GROUNDING. 19892000 tg Dyxt, Co Jo iste asim grid cure in, Dy isthe cectemeat fcr fo the etn aration of fut ig vem in 2, istterns symmevical grdcureat in A 151.5 subtransent reactance: Reatance of a generator ath etion of fol, This eactece i sed in alesis ofthe intl symmetrical fault coment. The caret continuo decreases ba tis sumed 4 be steady a tis valve asa st ste, lasting proximately 0.05 afer sable apid fat. 15.6 symmetrical grid eurreat: Thr prion ofthe symmetrical govnd felt comer that flows betwees ‘he roca grid wd sounding eat maybe expec as 1, Syxty “ J, isthermssymmeuie! grid eureat in A Jy the ms value of symmetrical proc fa cue nA Sethe featcureat division ltr 7 synchronous reactance: Steady-state eacunce of + generar drng fault conditions wed to ‘calculate the steady-state fal erent. Te cures alate excludes the effet of tae automate Yoage regulator or governor. 15:8 transent eactance: Resciace of» genre between the subtresient a sythrooous ste This ‘reactance i used forte calculation of the symmetrical fal comet daring the erod between the aban. sien and steady sates. The cet dcteases cosmos dering this period, but i atimed tobe ea a {is ale for approximately 025 1519.4 ral Ratio ofthe stm induce reson estas ts ndicaive ofthe rae of decay of any deft large 3 ratio comesponds os lee time consent anda slow sate of decay. 18.2 Procedure In mast cases, te largest valve of ri cuvent weil et in the most hansdous condition. Fr these cases, She following steps are vol in dorm ning covet design vale of asa i ete fa Ss in scbtaton grounding exestation 3) Asses the ype and losin of thse grou uta ae likely o proce the retest ow of ut rent bowen he provadiag gid and sourcing eth, and hve the greatest GPR an lags ‘Surface pret gradient in he suston area ae 13.8). 1) Determine, by computa, the fault cunont division factor S Foe the alts weed na), and ‘stash te coresponding values of ymmasicl grid current Ges 153). ©) Roceach fault, based on its dat time. determine the value of decrement faci Dye allow far (heeft of asymmetry ofthe falrcuem wave ie 15:10. 6) Sele: he target produet Dy and ance the wor falcon ac 15.18). omg 8200 1FEE Mtge rset n Copyright por Institute OF Electrical Electronics Enghneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE 40-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 OS80SLO S25 mo Sesozee \EEE QUE FOR SAFETY 15.3 Types of ground faults May dee types of aula nay oer inthe system. Unfortunately, tray be dificult determine whic fault type and locaton wll result i the pretest ow af eurn: between te pound gid and sureunding ‘anh cane moire ale applies Figure 2 though Figure 31 sbow mani gid een gfe vans Thal cations and oysters consign. In dterinng the aplicable fl rps, consideration should be giver othe probability of cecuence of the faalt Mutiple smetaneons ful, even ough they may eesti higher proundcarent, eed tbe ‘considered if thee probably of occurence ineligible. Ics tus recommended, fr paca asa, hat ‘rvetization hs confined to singleline ground ae iene to-gownd fa nthe case of neti ground ft, he zero sequence alt amen (R49) 10° TEST TRS RF IR Ake Eel] Re TR) ORT ORTRD C) where yi the symmetrical mus value of zero sequence fut creat in A F ith phaetornetrl volgen 2 isthe estiatesresoace ofthe fault n © (normally it is asumed X= 0) 2, isthe potive sequence equivalent sysem resistance in @ Ay isthe negative sequence equvabn ejtem resistance ie 2 i he reo sequence equivalent ysem resistance in 1X; the positive woquonce equivalent system reactance (subransn) i Xp isthe nitive sence! quivelnt syst reactance 0 Xp isthe zero sequence uialeat system reactance in “The values Ry. Rp Ro. Xa Nose computed looking ito the stem ro the pot FF i the case of single ino ground aut, the zs Sequence fal cueat is is Sa PR TR Re FAR TTT) a In many cates, towever the effect ofthe resistance terms in Futon (67) i negligible. For cial pr poms, th folowing Smid equation re safety accurate ind mare convenient aro sequence comet frien to-goend ft BX ROR) Oe) i) Zero seqnence caret fr in-ground fase 5 ie Poin naan ma ne ono i es ema aac ” Cosh © 200 EE Mgt er Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engieersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 Mm 480702 OS80Sb3 bd mm Figure 29—Fault within local aubstation; neutral grounded at remote locaton Figure 20—Fault in substation; system grounded at local substation ‘and algo at othor paints Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Enghneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE S0-ENGL 2000 MM 4805702 OSA0S2 378 mm Wie \ 7 Figure 21—Typical current division for a fault on high side of distribution substation 154 Etfect of substation ground resistance in most casi it sft to derive tho maximum grid cere! J. a dearived in 152 and 183, by neglecting the stem rexitance, the eabulon ground resiance, apd the resistance a he fle The ero ‘as inmoduced is usuly small ard is always on he sdeof safety. However, there may be wnsua eases ere the predicted substation ground resistance fs large in elation to syste ceactance, that it wet \wi ake the resistance into aecouat by including it into thermore exact Equation (66) er Egon (6) “Tis poses a problem Recause the sabstaten ground sytem is nc et designed and resistance is wok sou However, the estance cam be emote bythe use a he approiontsformls of 14.2 o¢ 143, “Thi estimated este gency gives suheiatacurey for Stem he creat, a bea 185 Effect of fault resistance fala inslation breakdown within he Joc sbation, the ony safe ssp i that there tance ofthe aul be assumed 2 Ge Figu 28 though Fgu 31) In the case of fal ouside ofthe Joa substation area, om 2 line conpeced to the substation bus (Figure 2s peri, a conerative (oir wae of Ca eitance ycan be eget ue in ‘the gro Ful cunt alulaions This doe by liplying by te el aig io the other ret ‘ance tems 15 diated i the denominator of Equation (66) nd Equation (6) I ower the acta fal. resistance das nt mies vale a eas a rest the weloe of sed inthe cleans, then the fal ‘sistance shouldbe nego. Any enor rom neleting wil of Cours, be the se of safety. 18.6 Etfect of overhead ground wires and neutral conductors ‘Where uansnissior line overhead ground wires or suual conductor: ae conected 19 the subsiaion _goend, substantial portion ofthe grown fault caren scveted away from the ssbeatim gouod gid. ‘Where ths station exas the overs ground wires or neutral conductors shold be taken into consider tio abe design of he gone gid 6 oo 8 2000 EE Ah ese Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Electronics Enghneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 MM 4805702 D580SL3 234 mm seo 0 Connecting the substation ground to oversea proud wires neural condos ct both, anu them ‘> tansmsson line suuctures or isubaon pols, wll wsly have the over effet of snressing tie GPR at toner bases. whl lessening tat the aubsaion Thisis because exc of he nearby tomers wil hare in each voltage rie ofthe substation ground mut, whatever the caus, instead of being affected oly by 8 Yoel insation fall or Rashover toe of te towers. Conversely, en sucha wer fal doe ecu, he fot of he connected substation groan syste doald deren the manitde of padints te the owe 15.7 Effect of direct buried pipes and cables arid cables wit thei sheath or rer efetve contact wi the ground, and bred mesic pipes will fave a somewtat sma effet wen hey ae bonded the substation gud system, but extend Send hs pert asi eabies ith their seats o¢ ene in effective contact wit the ea and buried! metallic pipes bonded tthe substation grand system and extending beyond is perimeter willkave a eects oat sf overhead ground wies and neural By conducting pst ofthe youn ult cuinent away Hom the Sst ton, he poeta ise ofthe gi ring tho Tau, an the esl gradients th subsin wl be somes lessened. As dicused in Clause 1), external bzards ray eometimes he inueduced (Bocer IBIS), ‘dene (B25), Because ofthe completes ond uncesnis inthe pate of coment Row, the ellec is often dul to ‘cule, Some gudsines wo the computation of the input impedance oftch caret path Iesving the “sbatton ae supplied by Ridenterg [8125] and Lawes (B97) Amore recent ty fe probiem s re= sented in EPRI L904 (B58), whieh provides methods for computing the impedes of both sbove rou and brid pipes. From these Yaloes an approxinae calculation can determine le Gvsion of pound eareot teeween hese paths, the sostion ground system, and ay overhead ground wie tet Me pest sed onreste, 15.8 Worst fault type and location ‘The woes fils ype for a gen grouating system it wily the ace teuhing inthe highest value ofthe ‘naximam grid cumentZg.Becase this caren is propetionl to Ge zem sequence oped elt caret sd the cure cvision facto, and becuse te eae division Is amos independent of the alt ype. the worst fa type canbe define atthe ane resuing in he highewt 2eo sequence or pow fut ener Bam into the eat, 3p Ina given heaton,» single eo round ft wil be the wort fatty 2, Zo > 2 Dt che point of fal. and a ine no-ground fl wil be the worst type if Z, 9 © lathe uncles whee 2, issued equal 62, he shove compariaorsredace to Zp> 2, an ZZ especialy 2 Dy te df 2, mys ik, a Zp" Ri a 25 = Rew ike om ‘The question ofthe fault locaton producing the rans grid cunt J note eves omsdeatons, ‘The worst fue oction soy be either on the igh valage side cron the low voge sie and inher cae say be either msde te subsaion or esi on Tin, aa ee dsnce from tbe substation ful 3 clasied a inside the sstation if is late wa metalic wructae that i escially connect the ony 22000 IEE hts esoned n Copyright por Institute Of Eiectrcal Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE €0-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 0580564170 mm sbitton grounding grid va nepigibleipedance Theres 00 usa rules fr the deterination of te ‘tore fal cain, The following disceeion lars ecm ft hy no mean al, posites Foc desibtion subrtations with the transformer graded only the stibution sie, the maxi ged ‘coment vsally occur fora groend fulton fhe high-side rminals of te taferer However, ifthe source of grvind fault carrot tm the Bigh seis weak. or fa parallel operon of several arsfomers resis in strong gud fut erent source 9 te fw sie, te axiom gl caren ay eeu for ‘round fel somewhere onthe datibuion cet For pound felts onthe lovesde lerminals of such secondary grounded mnsforme, te transformers ‘ontbuton fo the fault circles ine substation gc condetor with negiibeleskage caret int the ‘earth and, ths, bus no effect on the substation GPR. as shown in Figure 2 Fr ground fats outside the mbstatin on a dvribution feader (far enough to be at remote eth with respect tothe ground gr), lage potion fe fal cure wil tu 0 Source (he wansformer es tr vi the station grid tha combing to he sustain GPS. In tmesmission subsutions with toe-vinding tasformers or atoransfonres, te problem i more complex The maximum grid caret lg fay osc for aground faut on eter the Bigh or low side ofthe transformer, beth locations should be cocked In ite as, team be assumed thatthe weft location {5 atte eraial ofthe wansfrmer inside he substan, ithe system contin othe fat ements Insgerthan that ofthe traformen in the substation. Conerchy the wort al! oeation maybe cutie tbe sutton on atraasmtsion line, the ansformercontibtion dominae, Exceptions ote shove gonerities exist. Therefore, fora specie sytem, several fal location candidates for the maximum grid cient shoo be consider. For each candle, te aplicable value of 220 sequence eoreat ground faut cures) sould be established in is sep. In afew cates fer complication aa. ‘The dation of he ul pens oh ype of pret scheme wid the loeiton of he anand he choice of wig primary back-up clearing os te alt (Chock) raion. Theft duration aon alets he decrement face, D, baal the teerbe voles, 2 dnc i Clause I heft cleaving tie fra peicole ft ig eave log, ths comespnding tolerable wotages may be redoced to vale that maketh fat candiion the wor ise, even tho te [Bid carent for this ease i nt the maximum, valbe. Ths stuaton genealy occu where 2 deke-nye ‘rounded ransfooer is fed from relatively weak source of ful caren andthe fal occurs some distance ‘down arr dssibuson fede. nhs ese te high dl sde fut een my be relatively Iw. and the low (nye ground) sie fede lee Jerid jeimaiy by Ye rnafrmer nd fetes mpeanes It ‘chap clearing in eomsidered, feeder fal several Klomaers dw the feeder, depending nthe high si ‘ening devi tn hckup the file of th oder breaker, cod take several seconds o clear The tlerahe ‘ola for ths casey be significantly lower than that fra high side fat, making the low side feeder Taal te wort as forthe grid design, Thus, the wort fl ype and location must ake ino consierton ‘ot ony the mason sate of gd ume cba also th oeable vluges based oe the fel lang 15.9 Computation of current division For the sumption of asustanel ow of te intial rowed fa caren, be symeuicl id cue cat be cexpesiog a , 5-130 @) “To deters fy te caret vision factor Sst be comptes ® ear © 200 EE. Aight ese, Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE @O-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 OSBOSLS UO7 mm ‘The process of compuring consists of derving an equvseat representation ofthe overhead nd wires neusals, et connected to sh gi and ten solving the equivalent to determine wat faction of the ta fat current oss between he gi and eat and wha actin ws through the ground wires oe tetas 3s dependent on many pacametr, some of which are 8) Location ofthe fault 2s described it 18.8 1) Maite of substation ground grid impedance as dscsse in Cae 4, ©) Bure pipes and eables in the wcnty of o decay connected to the beatin goand syste, 2s siacased i 157 8) Ovesnend ground wires, netras, rother ground eum paths, as discussed 5 Because othe symmevical gd eument J, and therefore Io, are lovey relate ote hain of te fat Ifthe aon ground paths of tems) nd ) above are nepieted, he cutat vision rato (based tn emt ver Incl curent conibutons) ean be compuled wing taditonal symmetrical coment. weve the caret, computed using sucha mead may be ove pes, even if te utr system sxpumcon fe akon nt conaiertion. ‘The remaining discussion refers only to ovehead groend wives and newrl conductor, shough the incipes involved also apply to bared pipes, cables cr any ete: cng path connected to the rd. Figh-votage wansasion lines are commonly provided with erent wie, eter drouthoa hele lengt or fr shot distances rom each substation. They hay be grounded a each ever along the Tine oF ‘ey may be sulted from the towers snd utd fr communication purposes. Thee are many sce hat provide assisance in determining the efetve impecance of a tate ve as seen From te fash pot (ee, For instance, Cason (B17) Clem (819), EEL and Bell Tekephone Syme [820]; CCITT Stay Group V {824}; Deseno, Macchenko, and Vasel (B51), Laurent (B97I; Poel [B120); and Verme and Mikhedar (B169),. Many ofthese metheds may, however. be dlc © appl bythe dian engineer, Becase t's beyond the scope ofthis guide to dncane in dea the applicability ofeach method 1 all posible sytem contigrations, only a bef desertion of ne ofthe more recent rcs willbe vse ‘sndreny {BS7IB55] presents an wpprosch in wish or a seres of identical pans, te Lower ipednces zd ovibead ground wires or rears re redocod to an equivalent lumped inzedarce. Excep fot ‘simating purpoces, Eadreny recommends nclfing the mrss between walle round condone ad uodacess coupling facior to wecount forthe muta impedance between the meal comforts andthe she condactors. This techniqe is developed eter by Verma and Mktedkr (3149), In the cascaded mavix metho of Sebo [B129, a ingedance mati i ed fo each spa ofthe lin, nd the idvidal spar mates ee eascded into 3 revaling mtr represening ieee lice. astecaiqee allows a person to eke ito accoum all sland mutual mpedances (ace betwee che tower foot oud), athe lesion an ype of faut. & cretion fore ed elles th ine wgested, ing & ‘wife srenlng frre Wh some mations in appiability and accuracy. the pany. span cleltion technique canbe consider ably spied. iypiealaproach, im which 2 uta! copings bavoen the neva conductors pase conducrs and berween neta conductors are ignored, has been described by Gare (B70). Un is technique, ssc neuzal condactr it modeled by the impedance of exch san ar the equfaleat eros impedance ofeach owes to fons x network reserbling lade. Tas ladder networks then eed, aieg ‘imple network reduction techniges © 28 ep inigedance as seen from the fat pin. The input ined sce of ech circuits emined withthe rd veistree sr tree tires tis esting vale Is nade ip She zeosoqucnee equvulent fal impodsnce. The cuent division factor 5 8 computed by appsieg ‘Kisco’ crest la 1 obtain the core dvson between the ri sista’ andthe input mpedance ot ach sre, ALchough this. or silar approximate xpproaches, siete in epi and evar i ‘any esses ray provide a reasonable exinate ofthe intuence of ovecheRé ground wits and weuls 00 bot the eistance ofthe grouing stem end the cutet division ma Coen a EE gts ened ” Copyright por institute Of Eiecircal Electronics Enginesrsine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE SO-ENGL 2000 mm 4805702 OSAOSLL TH3 mm Sano Ieee GUIDE FOR SAFETY aval (B37 provides leith for derving simple equations to solve for he creat in the pid ad a cach tower These uation are caied fom one or bth ends of exc line and donot requis the ae Computer soragerequirenant ofthe ecrigues ht model eck pa odividaly.Davalb sso sesses the flees of he sll structure (Bat, mulayer ear resistivities) onthe self aed mutual impedances of the conductrs and en te cument division tio. Metioplas a. (B104)intdaced an eqivaler conductor orepreso te eet of eat sing Canon's format, Every san in ech line is moled andthe esting network is solved for caren as, Prom this ‘eho, th curent division aia computed, The mame of ies apd subsaions deol ae Lad ly by the computer usd salve the neti (EPRI TR- 100622 (B63) Caer and Patel [B73] sid the metod of Meliopouls [BIO] 1 rerform a parametic analysis of the paramcters affecting Sy ant develo a set of ures of §/¥s. rt resnace for some of the most eel ‘perameters Ths provides tik ad simple method wo estimate the caret division that soi the ne foe fone ofthe simplivingasumpaons of the eee approxi methods, though the zeus ae sil aly opine, These care, alongwith afew new curves and an impedance ibe aed for hie guide, ae inctaded in Annex C. Refer Annex C for Himitstons otis metho ‘Obviouly, te techniques thax model the state wies, phase conductors, ower, In dtl wil give the best evaluation of the cuzeat division factor Sy However, he approximate methoes discussed above hive teen compared withthe detailed methods an ound to give comparable answer for any simple examples. ‘Tih, te choco the method ved to detente Syl depend on the conplenty ofthe sytem eoaeted tothe substation and ie dosed deg of accuracy. A simple example follows, showing the ess of four ‘ofthe methods described in dhe preceding paragraps. nthe folloving example, th apreximate methods ‘of Endeeny aod Gare and Pel are compared wih eval of Dali's al Meliopoukow ave aes ‘ate meas Avan example, Figure 32 shows sone Seder disrbuton substation fed by singe transrission ine connec ing the suheaton toa ete euivalent sce (act ajc station). "he tron in 20 bs long ad the distance between tower grounds is 5k. The feeder 4 km lng and the tance berween pole grounds i 0.122 km, The sl is sumed to be uniform with a restivy of 200 Crm. Case's equa tions oe sed to compate the sa impedances ofthe phase conducts and overbead sic wie, andthe iowa impedance between those (uansmision line only) for ee with Enemy's formola and Garet and Pre’ spitfoctor curves. Annex C shows the equations und to calculate the line impedances neces for ‘be een sli computations. The various impedances for ech ie seton tower footing resisance, Oe ‘eminal round resiance, an sbuain i retisance ae Ry = 100+ Deion Rag = 25040 Gestion 230+ p08 s+poa \82 9.21 forthe 115 RV hie 2g) = 731 + 95.86 0 forthe 115 AV line Zou)" VERA 4 648 0 forthe 11S RY Hine oq) =9.56 + 3334 2 foe the LISRY Hie ® ‘opm © 200 EE, A hts ese Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 4405702 05805K7 98T Me AC SUBSTATION GHOUNONG e000 p= 1254-4 8972.9 forthe NISAV line 2,42 124-6055 Glspn fo the LIS KV overead sai wits 11 + 0.11 span forthe 1247 RV feeder neue ‘jz the impedance to remot earth of each transmston ground electra in isthe impedance to remote earth of each dsnibtion ground elecrove in the remote terminal proud impedsace suivant in 2 2, the tion ground impedance to remote earth im 2 2; isthe equivalent positive sequence impedae forthe US KY Hie in @ qa) Is the 210 sequence eI inpedance forthe 115 KV pase condactor in @ Zo) the er sequence self impedance forthe 18 KV ground wie in 9 ejay i the er sequence mutual impedes between pte and ground conductors fr be 11S RY he ina % isthe equivalent er sequence rpedancs fr the 115 RV line i 2,3 the self impedance ofthe 115 V overhead vai wie in pin Ziz_Sthe self impedance ofthe 12.47 KV feader nea in span Adige 115 RV lise impedances to the source impedances gives the flloming equivalent ful iniped ance a he 115 KV bys Ziq) = 3824190101 Layo * HOSE 46320 Thus, fra 11S RY single-tneo-round felt 3115,000/6 lamas mo +1887 ROH Prd [s34s-paseal = 22074, ‘As shown in the figure asingleTne-a-grund fuk eco atthe substation fom the phase condor bs to the substation nota, Usicg Endren's [BST] mecha the equlaent impedance ofthe overeat wine (as sen rs the Fat pov and ignoring the effets of cpling) is 2, 0S (1244085) » (TOTS HF) = 422 + 1.040 ‘The equivalent imedance of the Feeder neural (Sen tom the sabion is 2agay OS {011+ Jl} + ISTO RATT = 188 [0.890 ‘The resung equivalet ofthe overhead sale wire and feeder neutral s found by palling the above squilea mpednoe: Cony © 200 EAN ight exons 8 Copyright por instule Or Elecirical Electronics Engnecrsine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE AN-CNGL 2000 MM WADS702 OSA0SEA SL aw Feo20 leet uve roaswrery SEE aee on 28 4 aioe tn} Figure 32—Example system for computation of current division fector Sy t+ p20. z ‘The cument vison facto, Sis [ashe <0 Pe W082) + andthe resuking i cme fi ‘y= 037-2297 = 650 A Using Gare and Patel’ table of split factor equivalents (Annex Cte eglalent ofthe overhead state vir od feocer neural is 191+ joasser ac spit tors “Thus he grid cent is 2 oop 200 KEE Al ht esc Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Electronics Engeersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE SO-ENGL 2000 mm 4a05702 DS80Sh9 752 mm ac SLASTITION GROLNOING mens Sp My=030- 2297 = 699.6 sing Gare and Petes spit far curves (Figure “Tas, the gi current is C3 in Annex ©). tb spronimate pit factor 5: 1, = Sy-Mg = 028-2297 = 683. ‘Using EPRITR-100622 [B63], sett faut caren fit 2472 A. Apponitly 34% (= 836 A ofthe fault current lows hough grid to remote ears, the carmen division facts equals 0.34 Shires ae btn using Dawa (B57 ‘As shown above. the approximate an detailed methods aren clave agree for this example. However, for more complex stems, with both eal and emote ground sources and wi ‘he resals may nt bein close agreement (See Annex C). ssi Uines and soures, 15.10 Effect of asymmetry ‘The design of «grounding grid must oowsider the asymmetrical cutest. A decrement factor, Op will be ‘Sracing ween pal condictnm f 108 e Dect tor fo Searing a z Mabroligen teceneromiecore | yg a tech ore aged cd, ‘Sponge brea a poltaboe ie ‘ Deitreamerof be pda atl | 5 Segond oe he ort i. pie aw iz ‘Tbe sepvaagetornemanvon | ns Soke dy weit oon a EER ages, ® Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Enginéersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002eee STD.TEEE SO-ENGL 2000 MM 480S702 DS8O57» 992 Ml see 6uIbe Fon sarery ‘Table 12—ndex of design parameters (continued) Sebel Depew Cancer “Tisabe sep vlugeterbuman wits | 5 = ok boy eign z “Tee oud vtngetorbaman wih | 5 ows ksh weg Fae Tang body ig 2 i Depterwoutpnccoamcnsn | 147 he ‘Sue ayer tikes 7 te Teewen ound gid ad vureusing | 1514 ‘ih Gtaing tet, 8 1 ‘Syne pd rent A 516 x ‘efecion aor berween cian | 5 ‘Coase weighing cor at w cophaneticdiasalpaldcyt, | 165 Stl eo A Coanmte emcee | gy : Geren iigtinattecs | * ‘Socrates etod 7 Spucagtecortrmeshvelaes | 4 Sole md a . ‘paring fe or ep vlogs, is a oped mens & Toni eer naconacerm | Ia Erne ayer + cetera | ag, aw setae : i oe egihe romeda 1s a Laeifeminamet neon, Ta a a Ce Tl ee ng of roading 4 ‘ysemcondoconimloigpaand | 162 rnd ods Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002 oop € 2000 IEEE Age eerSTD.TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mM 4A0S702 058057? 629 ma INA SUBSTATION GROUNONG susean0 ‘Table 12—Index of design parameters (continued) Sabet Decrton ‘Greener L Maximum git gidondoarlax | gy Fi Masia ecpot teoonie | 1g5 ‘Gromene cor compete | 2 emery ss me Nuaterotmephatinwcsa [Mo % RaisancofgondagysenQ | wie 5 Tastcunetdvsion aaur ple | v5 5 7 fae 7 a ‘ ‘po tondaen 4 Ingoeest tiers a . Duraionfsnoceforderminins | 5345 “ wie bay eats 165 Calculation of maximum step and mesh voltages Comptes slgorts for determining the gid esixance and the mesh and step voltages have been developed in EPRI TR-I00622 [R63]; Daw sad Mukhedkar {B42}, Ganet and Holey 1871) Heppe 1BE, 2nd Joy, Mlipouls, and Woo (HO), These lgoetsrequied comiderble sage expat and were relatively expensive oexceue, byt improvement ia the slutio lgoihs and te ptr of power desktop computers have alleviated oH of hess concen, Tn some cast, it is not economy astifuble to use ese computer slgoritims, or the designer may tot hive acces © 9 compar with e reid capabilities. This subst, in conjcton with Aneex D. Aesrbes apprournme equations fr deerniing the design parameter and sabshing conespenting alas of Fan E, that the necesty of using a coneputer 16.5.1 Mesh voltage Em) ‘The mesh vole values are obtained a a product ofthe geomet fats, Ky, a cmective facto, K, which ssouns for ve ofthe err iodaced by the aasumptont mde in deriving Kes! sisi. (rand the average curent per uit of effective ured eng ofthe growing sytem conde fl, Re Rete w ony 0 LA er rose o Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE 8O-ENGL 2000 Mm 4805702 580578 765 Mm 802000 .EEE GUDE FOR SAFETY FELD ATA 1 aA sr 1 TROUT TE ry 9 STP 1 Te ser 2 Figure 33—Design procedure block diagram 2 ‘onyant © 200 EEE. Ag econ. Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engneersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE A0-ENGL 2000 mm@ 4805702 0580579 LT) Me Toe geometrical fats Ky (Steak (1152), 4 8 flows el o or gis wih grou rds alog the perieter, or for gi with ground sin the gid comes as well ‘bot lon the permeser and thoughout the gi area era Keel Tor grids with no ground sos a ids with ony few ground rads, none oct jn the cores Fon the = a oat al ‘gm Ln gid reference dept) a ae fe Uritg for er shape compovents developed in Thapar, Gere, Ralaksishna, and Blank [B14] the effec- tive numer of pariel conductors i sven grid canbe made applicable wo rectangular or iegulriy shaped gris tat epresent the curber of parti! conduces ofa equivalent ectangul i. me me nema a where ns as for sgn rts for squre sp rectangle gis rng = for quae, etanglar ae L-shaped ids Otherwise a 66) " “ nas pe os) dere ‘Le isthe oa length of the condectr i the rion edn m 1, the prgher length ofthe gi in Copy 8 a0 CEE. Att es » Copyright por institute OF Electrical Eledronics Engneersiné Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE SO-ENGL 2000 mm vans7o2 aSanss0 333 me Soe IEEE GUDE FOR SAFETY A. athe ares ofthe grid in {iz isthe maximum eng of the pia the x deen im 1 the mtu length fhe pin the yon a Dy tthe maximum distance becwoen any two pots on he gid oD, sl de define in Table 12. ‘The ipa fact. jy asd in conjumeion withthe shove defied mit Ky = 0688 +0188 cy For gris wit ao ground ros, o xd ih only few ground rode scared tvoughoat he gi, bu noe lected i the comers o along the perils o h od, the effective buried length iy. | Lym Leb oo where “ys the total engh of ground rods in For gpds with ground rods im the comers, os well as along tbe perimeter and throughout the grid the effective based lene. Ly is : al 7 by sss where 1, othe eng ofeach rounds in 16.52 Stop votioge ,) The sep voltage values ar obuned as a product ofthe geomet factor, Ky the comet Feo, he sci restiy pad he average cree er uit of bred Legh af acundig system condicor /) oo For gris with or without ground ros, he effecsive buried eodoctor gt, Ls b= O95 Lp +085 Ly CF ‘Te maximum sep voltage ie assured to occur over iance of Im, begining aa extending ouside of the perimeter conducior athe angle biveting he most extreme corer of the rd. or the ual ral depts of 025 m-c he? Son (vera B32), Kis yay ayy 4, k= septa tp os 8] on ” Coop 200 EEE tg er Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engeersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.TEEE SO-ENGL 2000 mm@ 4a0S702 OS80SeL vege vc SUBSTATION GROUIONG ‘400800 16.6 Refinement of preliminary design 1 clcaltions based on he peinicary design indicate tht dangers pont difeences can exist within the substation the following possible esis should be tied und applied where appropiate, 2) Decrease toa ged esitance: A decrease in al id resitance wil decreas the maura GPR nd, hence, the maximum vansered vege. The now elective wa) wo decrease ground gi ei tance i by increasing the sea occupied by the rd. Deep driven ods or wells may be sed if the availabe ae i ated and te ros pentate lower veivity layers, A detente in subsaion resistance may or ay not decrease apprecohiy the los radon, depending on the mehd use, 1) Closer gi spacings: By employing closer spicing of gid condectrs, the comiton ofthe contin: tous ple canbe approached mow closely Dangerous potentials within the substation can thas be tliminated a acost Th problem atthe perimeter maybe moe difficult epecily aa sal subst tion when resisivity is high. However, wally posi, hy burying the pi proud eoncor ‘outside the ene line tense Let the ste por rales imei tid this ei permete So ‘ot conuibte othe toe dangerous ouch contacts. Anahe fective and economical way to con. twol grants is wo increase the density of ground rods atthe pera The density may Be decreased toward the cere of the 3d. Anctier approach to controling perimeter gradients and sep poesia is o bury two or more parallel conduclors mound the perimeter ot scoetively rete dey stance fom the substation ix incensed. Anat appa is vary the od con Aoctr spacing with loser conductor ner We preter of ta il (ATEE Working Group 183. Biegelmeier aed Roter (BB); Lauret (897) Sverk (B30), 6) Divering a greater part oft fel curen 1 other paths: By comectngoveread ground wires of transmission lines er by decreasing the tower foting restances inthe viiity ofthe sstton. part ofthe fault creat wll be dvetd fren the grin connection withthe late, however, the ‘fect os fault raion ner tower ooings shoul he weighed 8) Lining a ft caren feasible, ining the toa fault cunen will decrease the GPR and ‘rales in proporion,Oxber Tacos, however, wil sly make this ampsctial Moreowe. if ‘complished nthe expense of greater fel cleaing ime, the danger may e incensed ee han diminished ©) Baring acces 19 limited areas: Baring seve cert areas, where practic, will reduce the probanty of tapard personel, 16.7 Application of equations for E,, and Ey Sever simpiyng assumptions sre made in deriving the eqution for Fy an E, The equations were ‘compared wih mote secure copter est rr cases with vaio grid shapes, dh tes, numbers of grounds, al lengths of pound rods and found to be comity beter than the previous equations ‘These cases icined square rectangular tingula, apo, td shaped pis, Case wre ro eth sd vithout ground sods The tll ground re length was varie with differen ubers of ground rd locations ‘diferent ground rod engi. Te re ofthe is wa varied rom 6.25 m1 1D (00m, The rnb of mesbesalog ase was ved fom 1940. The mesh sie wan varied from 2:5 mo 2:5 m Al eaet sssumed uniform si) model and uniform conduc spacing. Mos prctialexarples of gid design were ‘considered. The comparisons fund the equations to trek he expe seals with acceptable carey, 16.8 Use of computer analysis in grid design Davai and Mukhedtar [B42]; BPR TR-100622 (B63 and Heppe (8801 describe computer egoritms for moveling wounding systems, In general, tose algorithms ar Dated on cosy ao EEE. Anh toons 9s Copyright por institute Of letrcal Eledronics Engeersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE BO-ENGL 2000 MM 4¥O0S702 nsansa2 19h a 1) Moving the individ conaponets comprising the grounding aytem (gid condor, ground rods) 1») Penning eof egations describing the iteration ofthese components, ©) Solving for he gosnd- alt current owing fom each component ino the ath 8) Computing tbe pte at ny desired surface point duet all he indvidal components, ‘The accuracy of the compute algo is dependent on bow wel! the oi made and physica layout reflect scr Geld conditions ‘There sve several estos tht josfy be we of mace accuse computer elgorithms in designing he rounding system. These fesse aclu 4) Punnetersexced the intations ofthe auton. 1) Atwornyer or muitioyer sll model epee dao wsgncant variations sail eit. ©) Uneven id conductor a ground cod spacings camet be analysed sing tbe approximate methods 6185. (©) Mor eit in determining los! Uses pois maybe dese. ©) Presence of tured mele srctres or conductor ot connected to the grounding Systm, which Intodaces complexity tthe system. 17, Special areas of concern Before the inal grounding gi design calculations are completed, ter tl remain the import tsk of invest gating posse special areas of concer ie hesitation grounding network: This inedss an inves ‘ton of gramiing techniques for sabbiion Tene, sich operating shal, al, pipelines, and cable ‘ents. The tects of transfered poles should abo be cunshered. 17.1 Service areas. “The probes associated with sep and wach Yoluge exposure 1 psoas cube substation fence are mush te shine as thse to persons witia fenced substation was ‘Occasionally, a frce wil be sll to enclose a much arr are a nitty liad i a sotson and | prouding grid wll be comtcted ony inthe wlizod area and lag he sustton fence. The remaining tnprotected reas witin he fenced re are offen used us soge taping of gener eric ares. Step and touch pte hou be checked to detormine if sonal groonds ae needed in bese arcs, [A reduced substation yd, which does aot ncade te Service area, has both etl cost advanages and fre savings resuig frum wt aving Ue probes acca with “working arucd” & previously inated otal aes gid ye when fare expan i eqied ilo he serve area. However, a edaced ‘pl provides iw pean pectin compared toa complete sabwation grid, which incades he service teu Als, because of the sale nen an less conductor leg, a sevice area grid and redced substbon {id wll ave higher overall resistance compared tow complete sbeation gi, which include the vine 17:2 Smitch shaft and operating handle grounding ‘Opening ands of switches representa sigieant concer if he handles are nt sdequsely groundet, Because the anal operation of sch reece the presenes of an pera Dear & rounded sci, 96 cept © 2000]. Nght neared Copyright por Institute Of Electrical Eledronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-TEEE 80-ENGL 2000 mm 4e05702 0580583 U2? m= e050 INVAC SUBSTATION GROUKONG several things could ear that may resi in faut wo the struct, thus sbjacting te operator 16 an lecical shock. This inclndes the opening ofan eoeryzed cuit chara flue, lc! beakdown ‘of a owich isubtor, or ateraping to iterpt a greater value of lite-chging cent oe tsar ‘apnetzngcuet than the swith an safe tert 1 is relaively easy wo poset against tose hazards when the operating bale is within a reasonably ‘extensive substation ground grid ares. Ifthe grouncig system Rat been designed in accordance with tis sandard, ouch and sep volages near the operating hale shouldbe within safe limite. However, quite ‘often aditona means ae taken o provide «greater safety facto or he operator. For example tho srt ‘operating shaft can be connected to a pound mat as discussed in 9.1.3) 0a which te opertor stands when operating ve switch Te ground as connevied ety to th pound rid an he switch operating sha. ‘This technique provides diet bypass wo ground aos the pero operating the switch The Grovnding ath rom the sitch shaft othe groan grid must be adeqtly sized to cay the ground fl Gant fot the rogied durson. Refer Figure fr typical switch at roving practice “The practices for grounding sutch operating sat az varied The results of questnnsre nsdn 1985 ingiated tat 78 ox of 79 wlities that responded required grounding of tation air switch opening shafs othe grounding vid. The metodslegy for accom ishing tis grounding wne soe equally vided ‘ong Use responding to the qucstonaate. Approimaly half ofthe ulities provided a dnect jer ‘between theswich shft and he ground mat, while the ober lf provided a jute fre oe swith shat to the ajacent grounded stucual tea. The nel i ured a pao the condting pat, Approxintely 90%, of the utes ubized a bad fr grounding the switch shat. The remaining 10% wliized a betas rounding device A typical baiged ground i shown in igre 35 at aides grounding device is shown in Figure 6 vernon roar 7 Sica ae te (a cao Sar oes| Figure 34—Typical switch shaft grounding Cente 00 EE Ake seed ” Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD-IEEE B0-ENGL 2001 mm 480S7N2 0580584 TL" Ml Figure 36—Typlcal braidlass grounding device 98 opr © 200 EE AN eer Copyright por institute Of Electrical Electronics Engheersine Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002STD.IEEE BO-ENGL 2000 Mm YAO5702 OS80S8S ITS mm 1AC SUBSTATION GROUNONG ison 17.3 Grounding of substation fence Fence grounding sof moe imporance because the fence is wualy accesible to the general public. The sutton grounding design should be such thatthe touch potenti n the fence i within the calcd tolerable Limi toch potential. Step poem! is sully wl a concer le fate perimeter, b shold be ‘hacked wo verify that «pole deta xi ‘Several phlosopies exist with regard to groanding of substation fence, The National Eleical Safty Cote (NESC) (Accredited Standards Commitee C1897) rouires grounding meta fences used 19 ‘encowe electric supply substations having energize eleciralcontucors or eolpeen. Tos metal fence ‘grounding equement may be scoreplished by boing the fence othe sbstion grounding pd 1 4 Separate underground condor below or ea the ere ine using te methods deseibed inthe NESC: The "ations fee grounding practices are hat the — Fances within the ground pid area and it connate othe subtton ground eid — Fences outside of ground grid area and connected othe ubsatiom ground ri — Fences otside of ground ri ara, bts nat connected tthe substation ground grid Te fee Is connected Yo a eprate grounding condcto, Feace i ute of grou gid ae, hut i ce connected othe substation round rT fences not connected toa erate grounding condcter The cant ofthe fence pom hugh he face poet ‘conerete to eat ered on fran effcie grown te Saree prasics on free groaning arto be followed, Le. ifthe fence and its sscid grounds are not to be coupled in any way tothe main rose rid excep trough the eo, thea ve atom re ‘hntheraton he fling ofan enersced ine on ke ence danger that mist be considered? Construction of minsmisson Tine over private fences comon ad selinbe, The mabe of lines eosin asuistuton fncs may be greater, Doth spans te oflen sore and dead-end atone ofan Hence, ‘he danger of Tne falling on 8 fence i usualy ot of reat concer one wt desig agi thie danger, ‘en very cle coupling ofthe face wo adjacent grouné mrougho its length i cera. Touch and sep potentials on bo sides ofthe fence st be within the acceptable int fora faalt erent of eset Um some maim valve as forthe substation. Tis somewhat impractcl beease the (ene 0 ed the ‘ain ound grid i the substation and te edjacent earth would e required diate Ue fal current through hele fence ground ng system. May hacardous potentials exist a he fence daring cher te of Jar becauze the Joc fine erste the normal eguporeal contours? Fences donot oo the normal equipocetil lines or he ste ofthe eth wii eu fom fa eu ‘ent lowing to and from the rabatonsrouning grid I coupling Oth once o gro based solely or "he contact between the fence poss and the vroanding earth, the fence might under 8 ut cenit, Main tne potential ofthe ground where the coupling was rlatvely good, ard thereby stan shih wolage fe Feion wo te acjacen groued surface at oats te coupling was ota got. The care owing Inte arth and fence, an the subsequeat ouch voltage om the fence are lee than would rest rm a cn ued ine fling onthe face: however. the ouch vllage may exceed te sllowahle valve and world, en, teuniae In practic, can complete metal soation oth fnce ad ubcnion pound rid be sored etl es?” egy be some impractical wo expect complete meal soit ofthe fence nd the substation ground 1 The eave ofa naderien clerical conection between the grid tc the nce areas may exist This it 000 EEE Al igh esoved 9 Copyright por Insitute Of Electrical Electronics Engineersiné Mon pr 18 15:22:47 2002