‘Women’s Sexuality: On the Socialist Feminist Road to Discovery Margaret Hillyard Little ‘Al feat aslyisreoglee women’s trate scl poston to tee and atemp examine his oppression to explore is dais and to wuts anlye wo ght for women's iteration. While he ais of feminom ae ambous, fot tnd aedble the progres towards these fal islow,ml-iectonal ad often ined in confson. Pat of {he problem les inte sate ofthe beast, womet’seppresion fat txpneed though one single mene, ut many” Ueto ea Cconome peystloges poi, elogia and Mori ona the ‘bon common aspects of women's ssbordaon. Ths openionf pt ‘sive and intanien in some ways and et charac by muerous Varios tn odere Asa eu emi efron tow he oppression ibe undid, defied and chalenged Ths epciny the ene tearing the ee of women's set. * During the at wo decades, emit ave ed an fen explosive and polarized deat on sera. Gente Nori priod we ae ving ‘not suing tht sexaity as becomes oes te conemporey wrome's novenea Covey, mony inutile cpt ect Ielting our own escing pei bl regulations af se. diy, a trempliid in ste ad ple atenon tothe fetes of borin, Prostuion, pornography, gay and lesbian igs, AIDS, and most Een, reproductive technology, It exenal tat feminists be made fly conscious of what i a sake in hs prod of aston snd sup. fe In rerio ass the crept forex eran his pape tril atenpt to provide amory ove and assessent of some a he eral hanes whch hve emerged he fein sexuality dee 0 Se Inee foke sock hi paper wil () expo the sigh and WOMEN'S SEXUALITY 8 weaknesses of the radical feminist consbstion: (I) suggest how 3 s0- alist feminist perspective may create a beter understanding ofthe sue, and (1 suggest posible questions and directions fo future research It Stall be argued that radical feminism’ ahistorical, apoliical and essen alist approach falls to appreciate how sexe i scaly, rather than iological, consracted according to clas, race, nd gende interests of the historic moment. An understanding ofthe social context, which so- Cialis feminism provides, allows fr not ony amore compleetheoretes smework, ut also a beter understanding ofthe politcal moments ripe fora challenge to compulsory heteoserial domination, Thos, a socal, ‘feminist analysis of sexuality will rate both a more comprehensive and 1 potentially tansformative pois, 1. Radical Feminist Contributions: ‘Not Afraid to Raise Het Radical feminists have led the debate on women’s sexuality, They have been unafraid to create controversy by speaking ou about their personal Sexual lives~to recount he teers of the sexual violence they ave expe Fenced and also to confess their red-bt desires that they have suppressed for 30 long. Asa result ofthese courageous outbursts rail feminists have developed two very imperant apecs ofthe serulity debates. They have provoked conflicting notions of "sex a iterating” and “sex 35 op ‘pressive"and they have lo exabished historically unprecedented els ‘hat Iesiansm can be an empowering female choice. These two confit. ing views have created endless emotional debate. While some of this Aiscussion hasbeen insightful, oer portion ofthe debate have produced simplistic and highly polarized views. Both of these radcl feminist con Ibuions tothe sexuality debates shall be assessed in sme dealin he following section, 4) Sex as Danger Most ofthe radical feminist debate on sexuality his focussed on sexual violence. This positon has changed very litle since the pionet effort of Susan Brownmile’s Against Our Will. In this pivtal book, Brow miller arges that men's physiology lids them to rape ata whim and that this situation is pervasive across caltres, continents and time pe ‘ods. Brownmller believes that vieualy nothing can be doe fo change this condition." Andrea Dworkin and Catherine MacKinnon, more recently scclamed radical feminists, wholeheartedly accept this pessimist deil- iaing perspective and bave helped promote a popular ant pomography6 Mare Hiya Late campaign, Women Agsinst Porn, A Canadian version ofthis movement [is Women Agsinst Violence Against Women "This perspective of sex as dangerous was shared by many of out fre sisters inthe fist wave of feminism, Many nineteenth century fem hiss who were concerned abot reveal violence against women organized Sound 2 protectionist poston, tempting to secure some measure of Safety for women fom male lst and aggression. As such these activist ‘became protector ofthe fragile” and “passonless” female sexuality and the mor! cosiodians of male Behaviour as they atempted fo conta al hol, pornography and prostutio. There isa logic to this stance given the historical peried in which these women lived, asa leading feminist, Aistorian, Judith Walkowit, explains Ina cate where women wee often the vitims of sexs coercion yt Hamed forces commited apn them, and where ws df even © cnc of femnle seal agency alongs women lacked apeney in te vil aes, detent ftref woren' igh cul and bd gad the dota of female passin ‘Shuiml ser self coal significant vane over tadionlasmptions (ot dangeowr ad sce em Seva ‘While radial feminists of yesterday and today who have argued that ses dangerous have won cela important proetions for women, there Isten a severe cost atlached otis psion. First thee is am unetying essentials view of male and female sexuality in this perspective, Sexual ‘ssentalism argues that sex is» nate, biological force that exists prio to social life and ths is eternally unchanging. social and tenshistrcal ‘Advocates of this postion believe that female sexuality is natrlly more inmate nurturing and percefa than male sexaliy. Is the ‘olen ature of male exualiy which i Blamed for women's Sbordination, While most scholars would agree tht sexuality i partly trsed on biologie forces, this radical feminist view ignores the fat that ‘male and female sexuality aze toa reat exten socilyconsireted and abe across clase ce, eae, regional and national groupings and ac Covding fo the historical moment, Radel feminism doesnot py atetion tothe interests which have helped to shape, prescribe and repres cern eval norms and practices. Ths school also ignores the fist that men fd women have related to popular depictions of sexuality wth ati ‘epics of acceptance, ambivalence, tension, confi and antagnis.* ‘Short it denies women any agency inthe realm of the sexo "A second concern ofthis approach i its depiction of pornography and rape asthe bwo most important wool hat men use to maintain her power WOMEN'S SEXUALITY " ‘over women. While no feminist would ever wish to make light of either ofthese aspects of sexual violence, the ratical feminist argument lends to context to viable discussion ofthese issues. With repard 10 rap, this positon confuses men's socal power with physiological facts. Men ‘do not ape simply because they have penises as Dworkin would suggest. Rather, the prevalence of rape stems from a variety of economic, politcal ‘and ideologies! practices which create men's power over women which then allows men to serully abese women without fear of severe penalty. Pomography is also viewed asthe enemy of women's sera freedom [Advocttes of this perspective confate pornography and vilence against ‘women and ths mis many ofthe oer causes of sexual violence or mere {enism in our society. Tete is also mich confosing evidence about the relationship between users of pornography and violence aginst women ‘hich is ignored ac a reslt of radical feminisn’s essentialist view of enulity. This stance allo promotes the believe that pornography depts All of male sexsaliy. Ava tesalt of these simplistic associations, they are tle to condemn all mle seneality a8 violent [As the issues of porography and rae have show, the sex-as-danger postion produces overly simplistic understandings of male and female exalt and erae soliton © comple social problems. These feminists ave appealed tothe state for increased censorship f violent pornography (Gey the Minneapolis Ordinance) and for more poice protection on the "roti as a way to cub mae sexual violence. This pliteal strategy does Imuch to encourage the view that women are helpless victims, tat men tie the enemy and ta the stat is loyal protector of female viaue. Such 1 positon eat lead feminists o agree with other social agencies to restict female desir to zoe which are protected and privileged ia a cltre— sch asthe shelter for ditional marriage sod the aucea fail. While ‘many radical feminists would not agree to theve particular solutions, others te working fr the elimination of sexual violence with soil greups who ‘do desire these ends. b) Ser Plesure ‘Some radical feminists have devised aleretive solutions to the prob- lem of female sexeality. The thee leading radical feminists ofthe late 1960s Germaine Grer, Kale Millet and Shulamith Firestone all agreed that sexual freedom was fundamental prereuisie 1 women's iteration, Geers answer was abandoning oneself o hat heterosexual conquess and she wat riteal of oer who di not sha her “more is beter” atitude* Firestone, om the other hand, believed the solution was to id womenry Margie yard Like reproductive worries so they could enjoy Heterosexual lations with oar ear of proprancy Kate Millet had an entirely diferent perspective. She concen on lesbianism a the answer and described in er sem Eogabical work Si the jntense sexal desires she dlscovered in an reer esin elaonship Lebinism became vey fashionable ding ‘rr 1960s as radical feminist Dogan to denounce heterosexual ei- reac dangerous and argued that feminism i the theory and esbiaism the patio’ Lesiaism was viewed a a ebelion against all eerne werent al Mterogenua practice were assumed tobe violet ox a as sara Feminist sparse such Jil Joheston and T-Grace Arkison gad tht women should not under any ieumstances indage in uc aie oppresor "This perspective momenta silenced sal women iteapuing south seoa leases and produced » Hechy of policy comect sexoal practices Tarde to make the lesbian alleratve more poplar 0 al feminists “Addcone Rich invented the term “Tesh continuum” which embraced # ‘tide range of woman-ideniied experienced which includes exms of primary ney between ad mong women: nung he sharing “Sto ie he ohgao wae tay he ing and ese of praca od pic sppe "This ranshstorcal and sci ater than sexal, notion of resistance to neersexality was popularized inthe 1970s, Feminist historians fo routed Ric's ead ad explored women's resistance to heterosexuality ia ‘Sender, socal and ascrul sense, Lillan Faderman i ber book Surpass Tne the Love of Men conducted an estensve study of women's friendships fed the Reoaasace er fo today” Many oter writings about lesbian fave focased onthe bonding of women and very few have talked about Thich’ defnton of lesbianism i extremely problematic for several re son Past tis asexual redctonst definition docs not allow women 12 ‘pti owt whats anigu in a lesblan experience and hus Lim the Ret. Second, in romontczing the notion of resistance to heterosexual “Jolence Rich makes it impossible 1 define what are the conditions hat a- raat socosful resitnce, Third, Rich's concept of lesbian continour ( asentn she reinforces the belie that men and women have funds ‘5 Sey opposing sexual natures nd thatthe later tends © be passive or renal Fourth this wanshistorcal and tanseutral version of lesbian, were nce the important historia developments and changes in mate- aareeditene which allow some women to establish a distinct lesbian WOMEN'S SEXUALITY » Identity while others do not have such privilege. Finally, Rich tives {tat compulsory beterosenality isthe Key 19 vomen’s subordination and Sscumes that all hetersenual rations afe coercive or compulsory rela ‘Sone Targeting heleonewealty asthe Key mechanism of male dominance omaoticies lesbianism and igores the actual quality of individual es. ‘ian or heterosexeal women's lives. In sb, Rich's work asa disturbing Tesbian separatist oe, implying tat soon as women sop sleeping with men they will destoy the jstitution of compulsory hetrosexoaliy and Thence gain thei iberation ‘Bechet ofthese concerns regarding Rick's depiction of female ex ality so "sof mists of tenderness and mutual nurturing” adc feminist fhe Begun wo opt for a more explicitly sexual model” Some feminists ‘eleve tat the sexasdanget feminists have done a disservice to women by icrnaig tel sexual tron and despair. They claim that women's hater lives have undergne sgnfant changes since the time of thei Tot century sisters Now women have beter access to wage labour, con- teaeption, tortion, andthe possiblity of economic independence fom tmen Ar result of women’s ineeased material autonomy, these fer ‘ts caim that women are in» potion explore their sexuality in more UTeble and daring ways They argue tha feminists should repaiae any Uheoretclanalyae, legal restctions of moral judgement that stigmatize ‘Shu minors for in doing so they lait the sexta feedom of al tea, they wih to rai contol ove female sexuality and demand the sight to pace whatever gives women pleasure and station. “Are Lard was one ofthe is o speak out about female desire ip tet historic 1978 exsay. “Uses of the Ero: The Erotic a8 Power.” [At ihe sume time she was aacked for being ani-eminist in valorizing the erlc. Other feminists however, began io divulge their own erotic Cnpaences and flood of prosex iterate resulted, including the fst Samui booklet Samos 2 support group fr lesbian feminist sdo frasochins i San rans) special Sex issue in Heresies: Feminist, DPubleaton on Art and Poles Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female ‘Serualy Powers of Desire: The Plts of Sexuality, and Sex and Love: Now Thoughts on Old Conradicion. The Iter two omit he exteres Bethe proacx debales that were printed in the erie, collections (be, {he Sumois and Women Agsnst orpography aicles).° The purpose of these prose cllections asf erate anew conception of women's Sex- ly tut is proexpression, anlirepessiv, race-aware, cassenive, nd Historical comseious. Tere was 2 new attempt to be comscows of ‘revous omits, gaps and silences i out understanding of women'ssexual practices ard fantasies During this exploration ofthe multiplicities of sexalities, sadomaso- chism,buteifem, and bisexual relationships were addressed along with sexual fantasies. Each ofthese were contentious a feminists struggled to tecognize and reject their own sexual ines for having white, mile class assumptions about the irespectailityof cena types of sexual lations “The sadomacochist (S/M) debate hasbeen one of the mos explosive inthe prosex camp. Pro SIM advocates suchas Gayle Robin and Pat Califia believe all practices should be accepable because the participants a women who ae conscious ofthe power imbalances they are acting oa ™ Tn this sense, SYM pracones ate merely ating out & fantasy. Others {eel SiM advocates ae an-feminist,arging thst such fantasies should be kept inline, and women should sve for what is believed to be = ‘more “eatura” sexual practice (Le. equal consesual se). Ia return the ro'SIM forces accuse te later camp of being essentialist by assuming ‘here is one natural allgentle and loving sexial practice for feminists and by righteously declaring al ther practices as “unnatural” The SIM ‘debate hes unfrtnately become polarized between two camps who Both feel they have comered the market on appropriate sexual practice. Tis aso unfortunate that the debate about SIM was ried a + lesbian ase ‘when he practice i suspecied to be moe prevalet amongst heterosexual “This suggests that the debate shouldbe broadened and dscussuats should ‘examine their own sexual biases, ‘The butchfem debate is just as polrized asthe SIM debate. Joan Nestle spoke out about her puinfl experience as a fem for over 25 years ‘the 1982 Burard Conference on Sentlity and her words stimulated Aiscusion and exploration of his nse. She examined bot sexology and Iterature and discovered that “ems have been seen as problem tough the debates bth by those who never pretended tobe our fiends and m0 ‘by those who say they ae our comades."” Even lesbians who have lived in satisfying buchfem relationships ave denounces them in publi.” Par ofthe reason S/M and butcifem relationships ae so contentious in the feminist community isa result of an ambivalence regarding the role of fantasy and power in sexual relationships. Because of feminiss' long-standing fea of heterosexual fantasies which cll forthe degradation ‘of women in evrything from the most violent pornography to the s+ ty misogynist soup opera, feminists have tended to pereive no fantasy which involves the hing of faking of power as safe. They bave thos been afraid explore the tlationship between fantasy and reality. Bisexsslity is another conenios lsue facing the pro-sex community WOMEN'S SEXUALITY o Feminists often ignore this aspect of seal, asserting thatthe main topics for debate ae lesbian apd heersental paces. Others consider ‘bisexuality as destractve to the lesbian community fr they perceive that, these women "dable” in the Sexual pleasures of lesbianism but avo he in because they are able torture security of heterosexuality. Stil thers believe bisentals fo be fvolous by nature and would eventually ‘isappear if heteosenvality lst ts primacy in our society. BY forcing ‘sexually inclined women to choose between a lesbian and a heterosex ual identity, feminists re e-afiming the division between “natura” and “deviant” tat was Bist established by sexologis 'A brit exploration of SIM, butcvfem, bisexual elatonships andthe role of fantasy suggests thal there are many isurbing assumptions under~ Tying the provsen debates, Although pro-iex advocates demand the ight (ofall women to practice whatever gives them pleasure, i reality they [enerally assume that all women desiteSexal relationships which consist, ‘of fully consenting equal partners who negotiate in ode o maximize one Sobers sexual plesure by ay means which guarantees equal power feltons As a res this pro-sex camp i a estat ints percep tion of female senulty asthe sexas-danger advocates. 15 only when these feminists ae confronted by otber women who practice unequal sx tal acvites (och as SIM and batefem) that th essentialist nature of the pro-sex perspective becomes apparent. Too ofien white mide cass feminists fel they have the matket on sexual experience; they become angry when other women assert themselves and want to Hen around 4 ciferent experience and interpretation of I is this clash between Ciferen senoal experiences which forms the basis of disagreement over ‘SIM, buchfem and bisexual elaionships. Iisa stugae oer definitions nd who has the power to define feminist sexual experience, ‘Not only is the prosex positon esses its also based on mo- tion of liberal individual autonomy. These advoces believe women are fmotetepesed in their sexually than men and believe this repession is the fundamental cause of women's sexual unhappiness. They perceive the solution as individual sexual ibertion, Female sex manuals such a5 omic Barbach's For Yourself: The Fulflinet of Female Serualiy and ‘oAnn Lovlon’sLestian Sex assume that the discovery of sexual pleasure isan indvideal journey; they completely deny the importance of external social forces governing sexuality, There is to sense that sexuality is @ Social and collective process as well ab an iniviual idem and that Fndividual feedom to imagine and act 8 simply not enough to erase 8 istry of sexual repression”2 Magee Hye Like | would aigue tat both the sexasdanger and sexas pleasure ap proaches reveal the shortcomings ofthe rads! feminist view of bet- Crosexism and heterosexual privilege. Both postions neglect historical Sand socioeconomic analyses in favour of estenilst definitions of sex iy. These definons also tend to univeralie male spd female sexuality ‘sed on white, middle class, and Wester industrialized norms. The sex- las-danger school emphasis the pervasiveness of male sexual violence ind views male and female sexuality ax polarized opposites. The sexas- Plessue school emphasizes individual autonomy, assuming ta seuality {sr natal force that hasbeen suppresed by social regulation ané that, the discovery of sexual pleasure #0 individual journey with lesbian ‘separatism being a soliton equally available to all. These understandings ‘gnore the fact that male and female sexualiy arto a great extent socially constructed and vary actos clas, racial, tai, regional and historia pe: ods, and instead soe sexuality 2s sale. Te former perspective denies tilrmen and women agency andthe later rejects any collective strug: "Another concer with both these approaches is their reductionism, “They both tend to equate all male sexuality with violence and assume that hetrorexism i the only form of women's oppression. This denies any possibility of motully pleasurable sex Between men and women. I also Urvializes the many oter aspects of women’s subordination that ar pot Scwual in nature. For example, radical feminiss” depiction of women's ‘wage work tends to foes on only the sexual aspects of his work (ie sex- ‘al harassment, sexual objectiication) and tend to deny all ther eal ‘oppressive aspects of this labour (i, jo segregation, low wage, type ‘of work conducted), In short, this escentalint and ahistorical perception of betersenism distorts radical feminists ability to search its possible ‘ign, intervening factors and solutions. 1H, The Sociaist Feminist Road to Discovery Given he insights bat othe limitations of research conducted bythe rade ical feminists seems vil that socialist eminsts undertake an analysis of female serulity. Generally the Left has not been terribly concerned with the heterosexim of social telations within contemporary capitalist society ‘or about the struggles of sexually oppressed minorities. The Caradian Left hasbeen no exception 1 this general ule. Dutng the 19705 the Let's reluctance to pore sexual polit resulted ina split between the gay ‘movement and the Left as wel asa division Between the gay movemert {nd feminists. Inthe ate 1960s and early 1970s, sexs pelts in Canada vere seen as lesbian ad radial femint ese with only marginal inter WOMEN'S SEXUALITY 2 st shown by socialist feminists, and even less by beerosexual socialist, ren. Socialist feminists either followed the lead of radial feminists or ‘mote often abstained from the debate entirely.” Only a small number of ‘them became involved in elaborating am allerative suategy. As socialist, feminists began 1o recognize the centrality of Se, they tended to desex- valize itt questions of biological reprodiction, as seen generally inthe ‘domestic Ibour debut is only since 1982 that Canadian socialist feminists have become involved in the sex debates. Three prominent soci feminist (Vanda Burst, Mariana Valverde sod Loma Welt) Became active in the anti ‘censorship struggle and argued tht incresed sate surveillance of sexual ‘representation was atthe remedy forthe sexem of heterosexual pornog- raphy. But these women te the exception tothe rule, ss most soca ‘eins do not speak about sexealiy. Weir suggests thatthe reason for his is twotold Fst these scholars have attempted to align with Mbeals and civil Iibertarans in opposing sate regulation of sexuality and secon, the class redactonism of much of Canadn socialism views sexuality and sexual regulation as directly managed and controled by capital. As a result of the socialist feminist tendency 40 avoid the ise of sual, allowing radical feminists to predominate, te cent debates within the women's movement have, ia Mariana Vlverde's word "generated lot of heat and not necessary very much ight™™ Because ofthe meagre contributions of socialist feminists to be sexuality debates, this section of the paper sal be a tentative survey into the questions which need tobe examined fora socialist feminist approach to sexu rather than a ist ofthe achievements to date” 4) Mistrial Materialism First, a socialist feminist perspective of sexuality would adopt the his: ‘occa maeilist method. This would require a historical exploration ofthe insiatons which repulite sexuality, andthe confrontations and resistances of these regulation. Unlike thei radial sisters, socialist fom init realize that lesbianism and heterosexual have existed throughout human history but have vaied immensely in their social organization ‘A historical materials analysis of sexuality would grant agency to ks subjects, As suc, women would not be perceived merely as victims of a ‘dominant ideology espousing compulsory beterosexualiy (a many radical, feminists sugges) but rather they would be considered scor,stugaing and challenging hese soci! inequalies and creating change. 'A soils, feminist exploration of sexuality would ako want oss the emergenceey Magu Hiya Like ‘of lesbianism in relation to broader sift in class, gender and social ot. {nization This would include examining how some midale clas white ‘women gained the economic resources wich allowed them to live Sepa ately from men and to begin a pubic lesbian culture, in much the same ts some gay male id aan err pei because of their advantageous ») Capitalism and Women's Sexuality Second, socialist feminist perspective on sexuality would explore the relationship between sexuality and capitalism. This as yet has ot been dequstely theorized. Since capitalism was bull on pre-existing social forms which wete redefined inorder to conform tothe dyramics of exp- iallst development and according to cls, gender and race struggles, it ‘would be imporant fora sacialist feminist perspective on sexuality 10 [nddess how pre-existing sexual notions were Adopted and adapted by ‘apitalinm, (For example woeld be il to explore how Western Chis: Tianiy’s definition of sexuality as family-cened and reproductive was Slowly transformed ito 4 more commercialized sexsality where sextal felaions were expected o provide personal entity and individual hapi- ‘ess somewhat apart fiom reprovcton). It also important o explore how meanings of sexuality have cifered according to class and how the dominant white mide clas meaning has affected the way other groups fre ston and se themselves, For example, how bss his dominant ideology (of eenualtyencooaged the portayal of some women workers as promis ‘coos and deprive, hence justifying the sexual domination of working ans women by employers (Le, through sexual barasmet) and by men ‘more pererally (Le, though prostitution). AS well itis vial to exam ine the relationship berween capitalist production and eprodecton. Here Michele Barret suggest that hough a seis of sugges athe end ofthe 19th cemury,prodctve work was separated from reproductive work and this greatly transformed the family household, gender divisions of labour ‘nd alo sexual regultion. This resulted i atedefiiton of women as {he “fragile sex” who must alvays be protected, even against their own will This new understanding of female sexuality helped to ensure the Introduction of «family wage and protective legislation which guaranted to keep women out of compestion with male workers." Ths, the family ideology which originated In preapitalis times was subsequently rede- fined to meet the changing needs of capital and of male workers. Despite the fact tat most women work today, this family ideology continues 1 justly job segregation along with wage sed promotion discrimination. WOMEN'S SEXUALITY %s 6), Sealy and Gender 1s ical untangle the relationship between women's seal op- peeson andthe oration of gender” Despite thik protien, lesbian feminists hve made gets atenpt to do 20 an ay Mrs The later group tends nto mention the nk Between gender an sx. aly although iis ver Inport one Bu emits fer 09 how ‘xc to connect he to ses of oppresion. ‘Some feminists end link sexual and gender at he ideological level suggesting that sx is govered by ideas an sexual practic which ae tbl sit wih change nthe colo cint. For example avo. Cats of pychonajais serch fora sytematic acount of baw te sex fd pede ules of family fe comet be sri naan ina s fyche and inal in th individ he sense that sexuality and gender ae {intimately related. This account does tempt o move beyond the rec tonist Marist and radi feminist (fex-ar- danger) postions. Whereas “Marist theory ten titres serualy and gener tthe neds of ap {lim and aia feminist account for seal and gender at esl of tle aggression, psychoanalysis provides an acount which i no fede tons and peaps may help explain women's acceptance of these two Sts oppeson™ Pychoanayis can ao accen for women's sexta {antase which nny reprode te dominantsuisive laos tht hey tonal would bape to voi” Nancy Choaow, for example, tempts to explain why heterosexual eatonsip are ao lneiable for women, She sggest tha since a gil eimary relaionsip is with a woman (st ally her mother, the development of ber Reeroseaay requis be 0 tanger her primary affections fom a woman to someone ofa ilferat sex While his analysis oes suggest hat Reterosenualiy ino 2s at flo inevitable some would lim, ese rycoualytc cco es tobe very problema for they ae Nighy esi and univer Py ‘hoamalyst shoul examine the mati and histor seve hat init ener an sexy a any given ones. They shuld aso compare te Pryehc ctr ace ator, clas, ace and fy Formations other than the monogsmos nce anit ina effort to assess which eres of pyctoseal development are wiv” "When sessing ink between senility and gender it impossible a avoid an acknowledgement ofthe sociation between womens exally tnd balogy expecially with respect o reproduction. Uni een there ‘ere severe sanctions against Bh men and women who practised on Ieprodocine sexual relations. Men were sree for condoting sme.6 Marre pad Lie fender sex, Women's same-gender sex was geneilly ovelooked tut insiead women who attemped to dissociate heterosexual astiviy fem procreation (ie, employing contaception or borin) were penalized ‘Times have changed and won procteatve heterosexual activity Na gained Increasing tolerance, and sexuality hs acquired consdertble autonomy ftom gender. Despite this progress a conection can sillbe dawn. Unwed smothers and seraly-active single women ae sill oily frowned upon: women are expected to have only serious sexual relations wheress men te encouraged to "sow thet wild ats” The fact hat the ant abortion forces have become a fllscale soci movement suggests th gender ‘entity isl deeply bound to a soil sytem which sports the linking of female sexuality to pregnancy, mariage, chidreaing and homemaking. “When a woman can choose te terminate a pregnancy because she dass ot wish to be # mother=the links are exposed sci constuction: and non inevitable Thus the relationship between women's senality and reproduction i a complex one, ply jsifed by biology bat mainly ‘constructed by external societal forces. In order to beter aes the link Between gender and sexuality, the feminist scholar Gayle Rubin sogess that academies should analytically ‘separate the two. In doing 20 she believes they will gun a greater ap ‘reciton for how poll, economic and social frees attempt to fase ‘them. While Rubin raises inporant questions abou the elaionship be tween seuaiy and gender she fails to acknowledge tht gender remaing ‘he primary determinant of human Sexual experience nce it cus across visions of class, rice, religion, an sexual preerene * Despite this com ‘xr, is important for feminists o separate gender and sexality and to ‘demand material changes that shall enable women t experience sexvalty less atached 1 and formed by gender, 4) Racism and Women's Sexuality [Up this point he sexuality debates have consisted of mainly white mid le class feminists confessing ther prea feats, anaes and etivties, Many women of cour have been reticent to Become involved in the sex vay debates because her sexual oppression is fn ute distin fom that of thet whit sisters, Ineraism hasbeen a major factor in the sexual oppression of women ‘of colour for it provided a pervasive ideology of femininity that was racist. Racist stereotypes of non-white women a ether senpts or seme ‘sings aided inthe perpetuation of women of colour as objects for male plessue. Visible minority women have conseqenly bees very concerned WOMEN'S SEXUALITY ” about respecabiliy in an ater fre themselves from a heitage that tended to pace them a the disposal of white men’s sexu demands. As 4 result, women of colour have to this day very few positive images of their sexuality and femininity ad often sive 1 achieve a “white” set- Sefton (ie straighten thie hat, lighten their skin). ‘These women also havea diferent relationship o the commerilzatin of woes’ serualty. Thee sexuality is at objected and packaged es «commodity {0 the same exten oftheir whit sisters. As reat they remain invisible within the everyday messages ofthe dominant Heclogy.> ‘These diferent sexual experiences have affected women of colou’s political action around issues of sexuality. Wheress white feminists have been actively demanding contol over thei reproduction forthe lst cen tury, women of colour have been visibly abseat in these debates, One reason is thatthe 19th century feminists demanded reprodtive contol ‘mame of eugenics. AS a result, while women of colour fo this day ray have easier access to abortion, they do not necessarily have more reproductive choice. For example, many women in developing counses have experienced forced serization and have also been the gues ist for several dangerous coniceptives, such a8 Depeo Proves whose ust in Canada created much contovery. Women of colour have also been absent inthe ant pornography movement. Furthermore, they have gener. ally opposed white feminisis (and usally an-sex) requests for grater, police and cout protection for women. As rest of thei race and class, ‘women of colour have experienced different types of sexual oppression and favour dtferem political projects o contol and deine thelr sexuality ‘than thote advocated by their white sisters Because of many of these experiences, women of colour have been silent during much ofthe sexuality debates. Some of them have resented {hei white sister’ recent focus on sexuality arguing that sch discussions ae lures they canst affod to ndlge im. Other women of colour, ‘especially lesbians of color, have begun to speak out bu in ways that are distinct from white feminists. Most non-white women’s consbations to the sexuality debates have Been found vutsie the academic debates in novels (by Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Cherie Moraga, and Avdre Lorde). Greater atemton wil have to be paid to the vary of sexta oppression experienced by women according to clas, age, sexual pel- tence, and race ifthe sexuality debates ae to come more than White middle cass exercise free speech,8 Magu Hgard Lite 2) The Role ofthe Staten Organizing Women's Sealy ‘While socialist feminists have spent considerable effort atempting to ex- plain the state's role in organizing gender relations, very litle atention hasbeen paid to the state's activites regarding women's sexuality. Only by examining the sate and its social policies ean we begin to expose the social organization of sexuality. Through a variety of government and suas governmental organizations, the sate inisivelyimervenes In the shaping of sexual norms and practices. Although the state tends 10 act, more coercively and insrumentlly in defining sexual boundaries than in ‘the walks of if, it does remain open to challenge. na democratic coun- try the state must appear o be somewhat neal and thus act somewhat autonomously from the powerfl cas, gender and race interes, Tha, the state Balances and eounter-balances forces, in its efoto organi 2 heterosexual hegemony Despite the state's need fo leptiacy, it rowel intervenes in sex: ual behaviour at level that would not be tolerated in ober arpects of Social life. Most people are unaware of the extent to which Iws define the quantity and quay of sexual behaviout and the degree of penalty prescribed to those who practice legal Sex. These laws are rotrously {fiat to dislodge once they ae in place. Laws that deal with mainiin- ing the boundary between chidhood sexual innocence and aul sexuality are particularly harsh and do pot distinguish between a brutal rape and the most gentle romance tetween a 21 year old and a 16 year old.” Adults ‘who deviate from th sexal norm are often not allowed contact with the ‘young, ae often declared unt parents and are not permed to ener the county A lesbian couple isnot allowed to legally mary of enjoy any ‘ofthe same legal rights #8 straight couple (such as inheritance, taxation, roetion fom testimony in cour, soqtition of ctzenship fora foreign partner, or even obtain health coverage for her partner)” Dealings sith ‘many sate and quasi state bureauracies can be extremely fasting and imimidating. The meal profession has an especialy poor history in tems of is seasitvity 10 lesbian and prosituion faves. Many women have hrtiying ales tl about doctors, psychologists, and pryhinits and thee brutal atempts to “cate the paint of her devia sexual be- haviour. Many landlords ese housing t these womes, employer screen ‘hem out in jb interviews, and neighbours threaten to call the police ~all se and not-so-subtle foms of discrimination and harassment. Families play 2 crucial role in enforcing sexual conformity and the state's policies have encouraged this, Many sae policies have ensired [WOMEN'S SEXUALITY » 1 vision ofthe family whichis now outdated (2 male breadwinner with ependent wife and cilden) This model has affected the sates view of women's sexuality. The welfare state hasbeen one ofthe mast imporant Ways Which the sate has persisted in consrctng women's economic, pychologial and sexual dependence on men. For example, welfare state polices acept the nuclear heterosexual family form asthe norm to which Il eizens shouldbe striving. Welfare state personnel and social work fer assume devant family forms erate problems for children while they ignote the prevalence of these same problems within the miler Betero- sexual family form. Until ecenly the Family Benes Act in Onto eat ‘ff benefiso women whe were living with 2 man regardless ofthe ma ably or wilingnes 10 faancally support the woman and her chile, Such a benefit allowed social workers 10 police women’s sexual lives. Uni recealy, women in Onto with dependent children under 16 years ‘of age were classified automatically as unemployable because of thei pa. ting responsblies while a man i the same sition was required to seek employment.” Thus the welfae sae policies ensue that Canadian ‘women are economically and peychologialy dependent upon men and if this relationship breaks down the wate ensues that he rle of women in nd outside the home shall be maintained. 'AS well as monitoring the sexual ves of women, the stat lo stempts to contol the sexual standards of the entire family unt. The rte holds parents responsible for upholding these sera! standards; only when the family fils does the state and ober acetal insittons intervene to uphold the ‘normal sexual practices and contro deviancy. An example ofthis is the state's reluctance to presen information about atl sexual practices ‘other than very narow heterrenialdefriton to youths in schools fon the silver sccen despite the widespread representation of sextlity in ‘he mass media and in popular culture. Ths the ste deprives it ctzens ‘fom leaning abou the actual sexual diversity within our scl. The sate, however, not as impermeable as some scholars would suggest. Both the goverament personnel and strucares can, om aeason be challenged. One most appreciate a plitesl understanding ofthe state hich recognizes the contradictions between and within the interests of ‘apt, gener, heterosenism and racism. Such contradictions allow for ‘eal polical and historia! strgele which can result in changes in the State's site, pois and directions, Scholae who uphold this view of politics believe ta the sate aes as an organizer of hegemony within ‘society. AS such it becomes the ste forthe poltal organization ofthe ominant clases (meaning the ring groups which represent expt,100 Marae yard Lie sexist, heterosis and acs values). It attempts 10 disorgaize the sb- ‘oidnate clases while securing the unity of the power block. None of ‘these interests ate state bot rater they change in cesponse to political struggle and requite continuous renegotiation on the part of the sae ‘This results ina state which ea neither be oly responsible or entirely sesistant to suboedinate demands. Iaseas it must create hegemonic com ‘promise. The content ofthis hegemonie compromise varies acoring ‘he politcal and historia stength of the various societal groups” ‘During the Mulroney et, on can cbserve how the Canadian sate has ‘moved io re-negtiate the sexual boundaries in a way thal steps 0 ensure the continuance of heterosexuality andthe oppressioe of "sexual ‘eviants.” Im an atempt to difese the challenges of oth the women's fand the gay and lesbian movement, the present government as made ‘some concessions while simultaneously r-asserting its contl over sexa- ality. Few vitris have been won during his egresive period. Several ‘Provincial jurisdictions have now aed sexual orientation to their human Tights codes and number of municipalities have also established some limited protection ® The federal government in respone 10 the Equal ‘Rights Commie sated hati believes the Cours will interpret section 15 ofthe Canadian Charger of Rights and Freedoms to include sexval ‘femation protection but as yet it has ot been amended." The Supreme ‘Cour of Canada granted women corral over ter reproductive capacities jn 1988 but the content of the new federal abortion bill contradicts the Cour’ move. ‘At the sie time a8 these important advances, the sate has incensed shold on caltusal production. Inthe last fve years there hat been c= alain harassment of gays, lesias, arts snd sex workers. In 1986, CCastoms seized a precedent-sting $6.500 wort of books bound for 3 ‘Vancouver lesbian bookstore. Everything fom howto sexual manual, inoevous lesbian novels, to Tennesse Willams’ works have been seized ‘by Canadian Castoms officials wile white violent heterosexual porog- raphy passes across the Canadian borders without 30 mich a a glance 1H the Tories’ most recent attempt at censorship, Bill C34, had not died in the legislature, the policing of lesbian reading material would have ‘calated. The bill defined pornography 1 include porcayals of every ‘sexual acts well a lactation, mensrston and mastrbation "As well 18 diet policing, the goverament has transformed the sexaal boundaries by slashing budgets and intrusivelye-oganizing publicly funded cultural ‘otganlzations suchas the CBC, the NFB and ats councils. The recent fede ‘eral budget clearly demonstrated the government's attempt to silence the WOMEN'S SEXUALITY 0 ‘women’s movement for it cut funding 10 more than 80 women's centres {od three national feminist magazines "The sate has alo acted coerively to define the new boundaries of se- cepable sexuality. There bas ben incrested sate-senctioned and police- enforced management of sex-inde workers, prostiutes and other sex- ‘al minorities, Interestingly enough, the sate has zpliea less coercion ‘when atempting to contol lesbians a+ opposed to ay men. AS 2 re Sul, lesbane have “existed in limbo somewhere between invisibility And persecution." While the sate increases i use of coercive inst ‘ment against “deviant” seaal minorities thas also become atetve 10 4 mort eonservative mobilization around AIDS, against gy rights, fem- Init and progressive sex education inthe schools" Also tbe state has ‘been invlved along with other societal institutions in encouraging beter sexist ‘common sense’ notions in ou society. The state, family, medical, professions, sexologiss, psychologists, Church, school system, and media II playa role in ersoading the public ofthe ‘common sense attitudes towards homosexuality and lesbianism which range from a belief that Sch sexual practices are sin (as btieved by many religions), uanate ‘al (est common belief) or an illness (encouraged bythe medical and poyehsre professions). Thue the sate uses a variety of tools incuding ‘onset, leptimation, deni, silencing and coercion to ensure this hege> ‘monic compromise.” ‘Because of the state's need to create hegemonic compromise there is always the posi that women can make real demands for increased Sexual autonomy. The sexuality debates have involved Wome in nang tnd defining their reral experiences, ths stating that hetersexsal practices within cea fies is wot the oly altemative, At the same fine, through the senuaiy debates, sex-ae-danger advocates invied the sine to become actively ivolved in the redefining ofsexal boundaries, ‘vith some devastating effets. Other women, however, continue t resist nd subvert the state's regulation af female sexuality. Thus the sate’s onto over female sexuality isnot complete but actully allows for coa- tinued struggle 1K, Fature Herizons “Te realm of the sexual presents an enormous challenge fr socialist fem- Init for Kt isan intersection of poitel, soil, ecoromic, series, ‘personal, experiential, linking Dehaviout and though, fantasy and ation. ‘While radial feminism hasbeen responsible for pushing sexuality onto the politcal agen, ihas remained aistorical, apolitical an essentialist12 Margaret Hiya Lae In is approach. Socialist feminism, onthe other hand, appreites how ‘sexuality socially costacted according to class, race and gender inter. ‘ext ofthe specifi historical moment. As such, socialist feiniim provides ‘more comprehensive, theories! framework for bath the xady of and the wansformation of curent notion of female sexuality. A illustrated in section I, socialist feminists have only just embarked on this journey t0 explore the complies of female serait. The need to purave a soil {st feminist theory of heterosis and heterosexual privilege is expecially necessary ven the ising conservative mood. The 19808 has been an ert fof economie reestion, unemployment and the ineeated marginalaation ‘of social minorities. In Keeping wit the ties, the New Right bas been fttempting to reasser the miler beerosexual family ina eff to unite {he old patriarchal tity of marriage, sexuality and reprodection just at 4 time when reproductive technologies make the separation ofthe three ' posit Previous liberal stances on pornography, abortion, homo- Seruality, and prosittion are now being contested again. If socialist, ‘erin do not meet this challenge ofthe New Right and integrate sex uly ito comprehensive plan for human liberation the consequences may be disastrous forall women, eNDNOTES. “This puper was aginly writen for» counetapht by lek Bakker, Mach thks fr Ber encouraging ements. While | am rerpnsible foray evo fr emisions 1 weld Ie 16 acaowlege thse ellesgues ad fends who ‘ged me osbrit hs pape ing avery ie period ia my He. Mach are sans to: Lorine Cee uth Wes, Rotera amin, vara ‘Baris Lo Panic, he Toon Sex History Group and especially wo Kaen abit, lessor Macon, Sun Waiworth and mos import, ant ‘Borowy who sew though th wee ‘See Susan Browomily, gat cur Hil: Men, Wome and Rape, Londo, 2 See Andrea Dwokin, Porngraphy: Men Possesing Women, The Wome’ Press, Londen, 1981 13 For mor deals rep the sce purty moves! fhe ieee entry see lth Wilkow, "Male Vee sd emule View: Femina in Nines Century Briain” Powers of Des: The Polis of Sematiy, Aon Stow, (Chrisie Stal and Sharon Thompson (et), Monthy Review Pest, New Yor, 1982, pp 8-498. Qute on p19. 4 Lyne Sea he tre Female? Tred Thoughts on Contemporary Fen- insm, Vigo Pres, London, 1987, p= WOMEN'S SEXUALITY 1 5 Aan Ferato, lene Piso, lene Diamond, Le Quin, Carl Vane, ‘Aan Satton, "Forms The Fenn Sony Debs” in SIONS. Journ ‘of omen in Cale and Society, Auten 984, p 129-130 6 Geimaine Greet, The Femele Eunch, Granada Pbliing, Londo, 197. 4 ShumithFresione, The Dect of Sex: The Cate For Feminist Reve, Bantam Books, New York, 1970. 4 Kate Mile, Sin, ara, Stas, Gtx, New York, 1977 19 Gayle Rain "Tsing Sex A Converon of Sevulty and Femi,” So. als Ree, ol uy-Aug. 1981 10 Anne Rich, “Comply Heeoenvly ad Leshan xine, of Deseo. cp 192, 1 Tondo oid ihe lil defo of lesbianism employed bythe Sxl {isa adeoman chooser an ea einen Se examines womeh’s les (Ener. rings in ec fo dicver the iment of emotional passion ‘tal Sapporo the dere of soil ecogation grated fo these female iedsipes She see he concer wih get seal aw special male {nd modern concern ao pla 0 mos a the tne pt sb stay {ng Liln Paterna Sung he Love of Men” Romantic Fndp ond ove betwen omen ram the Rensisance he Preset, Wiliam Mono and (Co, New Yr, 198 12 Ata Fegan, “Parry, Sexe deity nd be Sesal Revolution” SIGNS, oh, No. Ast 981, pp 1-164, 13 MaaneVavende, Sx, Powe? and Plenure, The Women’s Pes, Tomo, 19859. 14 vie Lorde, “Ue Etc: The Be of Power" SterOusier, A Lowi Coming Pres, Tmansburg. New York, 1984 9p. 51-39 15 Heres: Fein Publation on Art and Pots, The Sex stp 39. The ‘New York Women Agung Pororrahy pop vic sche the Barard {Confrece for pomating sean vce agit women. The flowing thee ‘atl incde bth rail ad soil omni contain 0 the de tes Anm Sno eta, Powers of Desire op is Cae Vane et), Pl Sie nd Danger: Espring Female Sera, Rowedge snd Kegen Pal Bovon, 1984; Sue Caredge and Jonna Ryan, (Ed), Ser and Lave! New Thoughts on Old Conran, The Women's Pres, Lond, 1983. 16 Gaye Rano cand at ali, Sapp: The Boke Lsban Seley, ‘The Nad Pres, 1980 17 Jou Net, "The Fam Question” Plenire and anger, C. anc (8) op sit p 28, 1 Foran uadernding ofthe enduring and saying beim etoahip Clay by Radlye Halland Lady Une Trosbige see Richard Ormrod, tthe Trubridge: The Friend of Rafe Hall, onan Cpe, London, 1984, Despite er penal hapines in hi elton, Rade Hall denounces ‘oma eyes inher infmeas book, The Well of Lonlins, Flan Pres, Powerstoe Marge Hipad Lite London, 1952 19 Marans Vane, Sex Power and Plessre op. cits p21 20 For fre clswson ofthe Cansan Lets nel of seal plc see Vira Busty, “The Left and he Perm War 'A Cae Sty i Sexi Po fe” Who's on op? The Poitcs of Heros, Howed Bocbinde, ‘ards Bury, Dinh Fores, Meceaes Seema, Bert Young (iron, Network Bass Seis, Garamond, Teoma 1987, pp. 13-46 21 Maina Valverde, "Too Much Heat, No Eaoogh Lip,” Good Girl Bad Gir Sex Trade Workers and Feminists Face to Fee, Lae Bell (e8), The “ores Pres, Tron, 187, 9.27 22 Any atempt nt complig «It of contemporary Le comibutons 0 aye tins of setalty weal neue: Ser and Love, op. it, Carlee and Ryan (ets). Karen Duin, “Sex and Shame: Te Soc snd Hite Mean {ng of Rap," Resourcer for Feminist Research Heeeerealty Speci Ise, ‘Toro, 190, onbcoming: Gary Kisman,The Reultion of Stal Desire Sema Cas, ack Rose Boat, Montel, 1987, Verde, Se Per fand Pls, op cee Weeks, Sex, Foie and Soci The Regain 9f Sealy Since 180, Longman, London, 1961, Weeks, Stal and ‘iacnens, Routledge a Regen Pal, Landon, 1986. As we as, omen Agi Censorship, op, Pease and Danger, op es and Powers of Desi, op ce 2 See Kinan, Weeks a D'Eilio fr ap exploration of he contraction of ‘nome in Western ndsilize ations: Kanan, pci Weeks, Sy Palas and Socey, op. ch; Jobe DE, "Capa and Gay Tent Ponars of Dea, Stat eal (ee) o,f. 100-16, 24 Michele Bare, Women's Oppresin Tay" Poems ie Marist Feminist Anat, Ye, 1980, 18-208 25 Id, pp 26 JeseaBexjamia develops» prychouralyicexplamtion for he price of sdomasocism. As with most pychanli ory th ate fait ‘nd nckig in scoeconomie costes. Benjamins asus that airy [the ete case ofthe exter of S/M. lesen Herein “Maser and Save: The Fant o Ecc Domination” Powers of Des, op. it, Salim aL (ed) 9p 2-20 27 Jean Ryan, "Psyche nd Women Loving Wome,” Ser and Love op isp. 20-218 28 Bart, op. it. 29 Wid, pp. 3-78. Nancy Chotorow, Mothering: Pajchoanayss and he Soc ‘ly of Gender, Univer of Calo res, Berkley, 178 30 Faye Ginsberg, “Te Bay Plc Te fee of Sena Retin by Am ‘Aion Activist," Peasue and Danger, op. iC. Vance (AS 131 Gayle Rain, "Thinking Sex: Notes fo a Race Tey ofthe Polis of Seely tip. 267-319, WOMEN'S SEXUALITY 105 32 Deborah Block, “The Sex Dees” Alans, a. 13, No.1, Fall 1987 9.108, 13 See imal Banna’ ae for a dead discussion of he ivy of Suh Asin Wome a Weer nduatilzd cal, Himan Barer, “Pop ler Images of South Asian Women” Tiger Lib Vl Ie ARMY 1985, 4 The maoriy ofthe son Sson pices in Pleanre and Danger at by women sf eour whereas slmet lhe Reto pecs te by white won, Pleasure land Danger ope, . Wace (et), 35 David Sereda has witen one of hemos pgnast songs about Bing 20 yeas and gy ald “Underage Bsns bur NorNand 14m Amps sny of ld catody win Canada she hae covered ht he ‘rs make» diincson betwen esi whos lean does 20 pse 8 ‘anda callenge othe sytem snd bia who der (Deca be ‘open tout er serial retin wii be eghbourhood, of becaise she Pat of etn group of even wore, esis fein oguntaon- a ote ‘worth nu re will have he ep of ean aie her ih ‘cae se might ot sale her child acorsing fo the domi valves of ‘oct. Kathy Arup Leblan Mahrs and Cuil Cato” Seraliy and the Sie, Akins Review of Condi Sar, VL. 1, No 2, Spring 198, pe 3s, 37 The Ontario Supreme Coe raed agrnt Karen Anew’ atermpt to gin Province overage fo ber pte of 10 yas. 21 When | worked Kington wit women oe Ontario Mote's Allowance bes fis whone ale paraeswee prison hse women wet eed of vig ‘tir perc pouenon round te Owing pace. ‘They were io ead to comider leving the eaonhp because i they met Someone ew they Trieved the neighbours would eal he sca worker and repo them. Th ‘sppeus tome wo bea lata example of he sta’ aby como women’s ‘sexual lee Whe Brigit Kitchen doe examine the role of the Conia Wels ten women's ives ke doesnot fea adesely one ee Iepltion of worms seni Brigite Kcr, "Woren's Dependence” ‘Setmal and The Ste op et, pp I-14 Margaret Lt, "Mothers Pet rd Feremot A Sais Feminist Analysis of Onto Mother” Allowance 1920-1930" Resures or Feminist Resarch,Hecaseaualty Special ue, Torna, 1550, foaming. 39 For more information on he wlive mnomy prose 10 the sae, st: [Nico Poulan, State, Power and Socialiom, Vso Publhes, London, 1580; inne Mahon, “Canadian public ply: the neg! stctre of repent tion” The Candin Ste: Poitea Economy ond Pola Per Lea Ph, (6d), Usiverisy of Toronto Pres, Toon 1977, gp. 168-108 Zilh Eisen ‘ein, "Developing 2 Theory of Capit Paiachy and Soci Femi” CeplitPararhy an the Cae for ScalisFemi,Z. Eesti, Monthly Review Pres, New York, 179, p 5-40.106 Marae Hyard Lie 40 Quebec was te fst province wo grant human ight ays ad sins fl Towed by Oni, Mente andthe Yohon Kinsman op cl p15 42 Beck! Ros “Lesion Sight SoundTastesSmell—Sperfe Lasting Cla Offesives” unpublished ppt, Deparment of Sociology ie Edueston, Ontario Taste fr States i sucaton, Tro, Ont, 1987-985, pp. 35. Vade Brive, "The Left ad th Porm Ware" op 9.28. 46 For ote information from a stil femine erpecive othe poli of pornoyapy in Caata set: Dan Lacombe, lef) and Publicly The {ase AgansPornography, Cxnmond Pres, Troe, 1988 ‘emes across Canad fr oe year ol. The fei jurtals h y the bo [twee Healharng, Canadian Women» Sais Journals chi ef femme ed Rescarces for Feminist RescarchiDecomeraion sl recherche femme 45 Marna Vaetd an Lora Wel, “til ils an the “Lesbian Tea of ‘Toe Meda, the Sine and Women's Sexsliy,” Women Api Censorship, Yard Baye (e) .9. 4 There ae sever cet evens segs that ne-consertiveeraintins in Card Geet Bin ad United sates ae increasing te tas on be ‘esetulty and lean. One trent Canaan example atthe eaed ‘ican by Right wing pops of the Osy Canes tld in Vancouver, Ab [fs 1090, Among the ptesen wat Vannuvers REAL. Women win wed Provincial Mins of Tours funds ery esas and gays people wo gage “dsgusting iby pace” and AIDS vicina os cevints oping tribe have sown Ries Magen for Lesbian and Gay Liberation, WL 4. No 2 bane 1990 pp. and 47 Kinsman apples Grams onep of hegemony to heersexl ein very insite; boweve, he fess onthe S's relation of sins tnd! ays rte than on the sae’ amp to contol al female sexu. Kinsman, ope, pp. 32-3. 148 Bumtyniexporing the development of reproductive technologies and ware fens that nthe ea ore they may have to Rpt mabe ik Pepeive onthe Por Wars Seminar, Eighth Bere Coneece oe Hisar of Women, Jan 9, 1980. Alo se orci aici, Sade gM, SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ‘Anil, Susan an Se O'S, “Upsening ah Applect Dien, Ds and ‘usbis Sadomochism," Feminist Review, No.2, Summer 198, London, England, Speci le on “Socalst Femina Out fhe Bs” p. 31-58 Boner Mima, "Poplt Images of Souh Alan Women” he Lily, Wl. WOMEN'S SEXUALITY ww No.1, Api ay 1986p. 17-20. Brock, Detoah "The Sex Debuts: Towa» Feminist Eisemology and On tology,” Alans, Vo 13,1, all 1987, pp. 96-110 Buchhindr, Howaré; Dinah Fors, Vrda Bryn, Mercedes Sloman, Ber ‘Young introduction, Who's on Top? The Pols of Hetoseuly, Ga mond Pres, Tero 1987 Bory, Vara, omer Again Censorship, Dosis nd Macnye, Toon, 1988. (als, Pat Sapp: The Book of Lebian Seay, Nain Press, Those is 1983, ‘Canes, Sue aed Jenna Ryan, (es), Ser and Love: New Thoughts on Old ‘Contradiction, The Women's ress, Land, 183, ngs, Dee; Amber Holibogh, Gayle Rb. king Sex: A Conversation ‘on Sexuality aed Femi” Socials Resew, Vl 8, Jy Avgat 198 poet aera Lilla, Supusing the Lave of Men: Rome Frensip and Love Berwee Women fromthe Renaistance the Pres, Wil Marton and Co New Yr, 196 ergson, A; illan Php; tee Dimond Lee Quint: Ctl Vance Ant ‘Siow "Frum: The Fein Sersity Debt,” SIGNS; Jounal of men {Clare and Soci, asta 1984, 18-187 Foucalt Mice. The Mino of Sealy, Vm ance, Mase. “Sadmsochism ad Fei. pp 3-42 Holbegh, Amber. “Senanty ad he Sate: The Def of he Bigg nintve ‘and Beyond” Social Reem, No 4S. May Jane 199, pp. 35-7 ‘Kinsman, Gy. The Regulation of Der Seay n Conde, Black Rose ‘Boos, Monte, 987 Rich, Ray. "eminem and Senay the 1960" Foi Sus, “Wh ‘No.3, Fall 1986, pp. 525-56 Sep Lyne. Ihe Faure Feraie? Troubled Thos on Contemporary Fei ‘nm, Viigo Pes, Lando, England, 1987 Snow, A; Castine Sts and Sharon Thompson. (Ed). Powers o Desire The Poi of Sera, Monthy Review Pr, New York, 1988 ‘verde, Marana Sx Power and Plsare, The Woes Ps Terns 198, Vince, Cae. (ed). Pleatre nd Danger, Te Womens Pres Toa 988 Weeks, Jette. Set, Pais an Scie The repulation of seal sinc 1800, ‘onan, London, Eagan, 1981, theon Boos, New York, Feminist Review, Agi 1984