Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vi TCXDVN394-2007
Vi TCXDVN394-2007
MC LC
Trang
Li m u ....................................................................................... ............................... 3
CHNG 1: NHNG VN CHUNG .................................................. ....................... 4
1.1. Phm vi p dng .................................................. ..................................................... 4
1.2. Mc tiu................................................................. .................................................... 4
1.3. Cc ti liu vin dn ................................................... ............................................... 4
1.4. Thut ng v nh ngha ............................................. .............................................. 4
CHNG 2: C IM CA TO NH ........................................................... .......... 10
2.1. Ngun cung cp in......................................................... ...................................... 10
2.2. La chn s ni t (xem phn 3) ................................................. .................... 10
2.3. Phn chia cc mch in ..................................................................................... ... 10
2.4. S tng hp ca cc thit b........................................................................... ...... 10
2.5. Kh nng bo dng, sa cha.................................................................... .......... 11
CHNG 3: BO V CHNG IN GIT V BO V CHNG HO HON DO IN . ...... 12
3.1. Cc loi s ni t .................................................................................. ........... 12
3.2. Bo v chng in git do tip xc trc tip ........................................ ................... 17
3.3. Bo v chng in git do tip xc gin tip.................................................... ....... 19
3.4. Bo v chng ho hon do nguyn nhn in .............................................. ......... 23
CHNG 4: CHN V LP T CC TRANG B IN........................................... .. 25
4.1. Cc quy tc chung ........................................................................... ....................... 25
4.2. Cc ng dn in ................................................................................................ 33
4.3. Thit b cch ly, ng ct v iu khin.................................................................... 53
4.4. Ni t v cc dy dn bo v ................................................................................. 69
CHNG 5: KIM TRA KHI A VO VN HNH V KIM TRA INH K TRONG VN
HNH ................................................................................................................ ............ 74
5.1. Kim tra khi a vo vn hnh............................ .................................................... 74
5.2. Kim tra nh k trong vn hnh......................... ..................................................... 77
5.3. Bo co kim tra ................................................ ..................................................... 77
CHNG 6: CC QUY TC LP T TRANG THIT B IN NHNG NI C
BIT .......................................................................................................... ..................... 78
6.1. M u..................................... ................................................................................ 71
6.2. Cc phng c t mt bn tm hoc vi hng sen.................................... ........... 71
PHN PH LC...................... ....................................................................................... 84
Ph lc 3A: Cc tc ng sinh l bnh hc ca dng in ln c th ng....................84
Ph lc 3B: S tng hp ca cc thit b in .......................................................... .. 88
Ph lc 3C: Cc c im ca cc s ni t v phng php la chn. ................91
Ph lc 3D: Kim tra di ti a cho php ca mch in trong s ni t
TN.................................................................................................. ................................101
Ph lc 3E: Ch s bo v (IP) ............... ...................................................................... 103
e) Nh tr.
g) Cc loi nh cho i tng c bit.
1.2. Cng trnh cng cng:
a) Cng trnh vn ho:
- Th vin.
- Bo tng, nh trin lm.
- Nh vn ho, cu lc b.
- Nh biu din, nh ht, rp chiu bng, rp xic.
- i pht thanh, i truyn hnh.
- Vn th, vn thc vt, cng vin vn ho- ngh ngi;
b) Cng trnh gio dc:
- Nh tr.
- Trng mu gio.
-Trng ph thng cc cp.
- Trng i hc v cao ng.
-Trng trung hc chuyn nghip.
- Trng dy ngh, trng cng nhn k thut.
- Trng nghip v.
- Cc loi trng khc. c) Cng trnh y t:
- Trm y t.
- Bnh vin a khoa, bnh vin chuyn khoa t trung ng n a phng.
- Cc phng khm a khoa, khm chuyn khoa khu vc.
- Nh h sinh.
- Nh iu dng, nh ngh, nh dng lo.
- Cc c quan y t: phng chng dch, bnh.
d) Cc cng trnh th dc th thao:
- Cc sn vn ng, sn th thao, sn bng .
- Cc loi nh luyn tp th dc th thao, nh thi u.
- Cc loi b bi c v khng c mi che, khn i.
e) Cng trnh thng nghip, dch v:
- Ch.
- Ca hng, trung tm thng mi, siu th.
- Hng n, gii kht.
- Trm dch v cng cng: Git l, ct tc, tm, may v, sa cha thit b, dng gia dng.
g) Nh lm vic, vn phng, tr s. i) Cng trnh phc v an ninh.
k) Nh phc v thng tin lin lc: nh bu in, bu cc, nh lp t thit b thng tin.
l) Nh phc v giao thng: nh ga cc loi.
m) Cc cng trnh cng cng khc (nh cng trnh tn gio).
2. Cng trnh cng nghip:
a) Nh, xng sn xut.
*Hin tng rung tim: Hin tng tim khng hot ng c do mt ng b trong s co bp ca c
tim, m nguyn nhn l dng in xoay chiu i qua c th, kch thch c chu k cc c tim. Hu qu
cui cng l mu ngng lu thng.
Ghi ch: Trong hin tng rung tim th rung tm tht l nguy him hn rung tm nh, l nguyn nhn
trc tip lm cho mu ngng lu thng.
*in p tip xc : (thng k hiu l Uc)
L in p pht sinh ra gia v kim loi ca thit b vi bt k mt b phn dn in no nm trong
tm vi (t cng c coi l mt b phn dn in), trong khi thit b in ang c s c chm v.
in p tip xc cng ln th thi gian ct in cng phi nhanh m bo an ton cho ngi.
in p tip xc gii hn cho php (thng k hiu l UL) l in p tip xc ln nht c th tn ti
lu di m khng gy nguy him n tnh mng con ngi.
Trong mi trng kh ro, quy c ly UL = 50V, trong mi trng m t quy c ly UL =
25V.Trong mt s trng hp c bit nguy him,c th quy nh thp hn na, U L= 12V.
CHNG 2: C IM CA TO NH
Trc khi thit k trang b in ca mt to nh cn tm hiu v xc nh cc c im sau y:
- Mc ch s dng ca to nh, kin trc v kt cu ca to nh v ngun cung cp in.
- Cc nh hng bn ngoi ln trang b in.
- S tng hp ca cc thit b.
- Kh nng bo dng, sa cha trong vn hnh sau ny.
- Kh nng cung cp kinh ph cho cng trnh.
Cc c im ny s phi xem xt n trong khi la chn cc bin php bo v an ton (phn 3) v
khi la chn v lp t thit b (phn 4)
2.1. Ngun cung cp in
2.1.1. Cn phi tnh ton, xc nh nhu cu cng sut ca ton b to nh, trong cn ch n h
s ng thi.
2.1.2. Cn tm hiu li in phn phi bn ngoi to nh, trong cn ch kh nng cung cp
cng sut, dng in ngn mch ti u vo ca trang b in ca to nh.
Cc c tnh ca ngun in nu trn u phi xc nh, tnh ton trong trng hp cp in bng
cp h p ca li in phn phi cng cng cng nh trong trng hp cp in bng trung p qua
my trung/h p ca cng trnh hoc bng cc my pht in ring ca cng trnh.
Vic xc nh cc c tnh ca ngun in phi tin hnh i vi ngun cung cp in chnh cng
nh i vi ngun cung cp in d phng thay th hoc d phng m bo an ton khi c s c.
2.2. La chn s ni t (xem phn 3)
2.3. Phn chia cc mch in
Trang b in ca to nh phi phn chia lm nhiu mch in khc nhau, nhm mc ch:
- Hn ch hu qu ca mt s c.
- To iu kin thun tin cho vic kim tra, th nghim v duy tu sa cha.
- Hn ch dng in r trong dy bo v ca mi mch in.
2.4. S tng hp ca cc thit b
Nu mt thit b in c th gy nh hng xu ti cc thit b in khc hoc cc thit b khng phi
l in th phi c bin php gii quyt thch hp, trong cn lu n nh hng khi khi ng
mt ng c in, nh hng qua li gia mch in lc vi mch thng tin lin lc, dng in r
ca cc thit b thng tin..v.v... (Xem ph lc 4B)
2.5. Kh nng bo dng, sa cha
Phi tm hiu kh nng bo dng, sa cha trong vn hnh sau ny v mt thi hn v cht lng.
Vn ny lin quan n vic c hay khng c nhn vin vn hnh, trnh ca nhn vin ny, iu
kin lm vic ca nhn vin,lin quan n vic c th cung cp vt liu, thit b thay th.
Hnh 3.2: S TT
3.1.3. S T N
- im trung tnh ca ngun cp in: ni t trc tip ( ging nh trong s T T trn)
- Cc v kim loi ca thit b ti ni s dng in ni vi im trung tnh ca ngun cung cp in.
S T N li chia lm 3 dng: S TN-C
V kim loi ca thit b ti ni s dng in ni vi dy trung tnh, nh vy, dy ni v kim loi ca
thit b vi im trung tnh ca ngun cng chnh l dy trung tnh.
Dy trung tnh ng thi gi vai tr ca dy bo v, gi l dy PEN
Dy ny ni t lp li cng nhiu im cng tt.
Hnh 3.3-C: S TN - C - S
Ghi ch:
1. Trong s TN-C, dy PEN cn c ni t lp li cng nhiu cng tt.
Hnh 3.3.D Dng in khng cn bng lun lun c mt phn i qua cc kt cu kim loi.
Nhn xt chung:
Mi s c tnh cht khc nhau. Trong tng trng hp cng trnh c th, phi cn c yu cu ca
cng trnh i chiu vi cc tnh cht ca cc s la chn s thch hp nht (xem ph lc 4
C)
Ghi ch: Trong thc t, nu ngun cung cp in l li in h p cng cng th bt buc phi p
dng s TT hoc TN.
Vic la chn cc s ni t khc nhau ch t ra nu ngun cung cp in l mt trm bin p
trung/ h p ca ring cng trnh. Vic la chn ny nhm bo m mc ch s dng ca cng trnh
v tnh kinh t k thut ca cng trnh.
Trong s ny, thit b bo v dng loi thit b bo v theo dng in d v thit b bo v chng
qu dng in.
S IT
Trong s ny, im trung tnh ca ngun cung cp in phi cch ly vi t hoc ni t qua mt
tng tr kh ln (khong vi ngn m)
Khi c s c mt im chm v, dng in s c s rt nh, in p tip xc cng rt nh, khng gy
nguy him, nn khng bt buc phi
ct ngun cung cp in. Tuy nhin cn kim tra iu kin
sau y:
RA x Id 50 V
Trong
RA : l in tr ni t ca cc ni t ca cc v kim loi ca thit b ti ni s dng in.
Id : l dng in s c mt pha chm v.
Phi c thit b kim tra cch in pht hin ngay s c mt im chm v v gii tr s c trong
thi gian ngn, thi gian ny khng quy nh nhng cng ngn cng tt.
Trong trng hp im s c chm v th nht cha gii tr li xut hin im s c chm v th 2
(trn pha khc hoc trn dy trung tnh) th s c ny tr thnh s c ngn mch gia 2 pha hoc
gia 1 pha vi dy trung tnh.
Lc phi ct ngun cung cp in trong thi gian ngn, khng qu 0,4s. Thit b bo v trong s
ny l :
- Thit b kim tra cch in.
- Thit b bo v qu dng in.
- Thit b bo v theo dng in d. S T N
Khi c s c mt im chm v th dng in s c l dng in ngn mch 1 pha, v phi c thit b
bo v ct ngun cung cp in trong thi gian ngn, khng qu 0,4s.
Trong s TN C, thit b bo v l thit b bo v qu dng in. Trong s TN - S, dy bo v
PE v dy trung tnh N tch ri nhau, nn c th dng thit b bo v theo dng in d ci thin
iu kin lm vic ca s TN. Do trong s TN - S, thit b bo v l :
- Thit b bo v qu dng in.
- Thit b bo v theo dng in d.
Ghi ch: Thi gian ti a ct ngun cung cp in i vi s TT l 0,2s v i vi s TN v IT (
khi c s c im chm v th 2) l 0,4s, iu ny cn c trn tr s in p tip xc xut hin v tn
ti trong mt khong thi gian khng gy thng vong cho ngi, theo nghin cu v tc dng ca
dng din ln c th ngi.
Trong s TT, in p tip xc cao hn, c th t gn bng in p pha, trong s IT v TN in
p tip xc thp hn ti a bng 1/2 in p pha.
3.3.2. Bo v bng cch s dng cc thit b c cch in cp II
Thit b c cch in cp II gm c 2 lp v:
- V kim loi thng thng
- V bng vt liu cch in bao bc bn ngoi.
Khi thit b c s c chm v, v kim loi s mang in nhng v v kim loi nm trong v bng vt
liu cch in nn ngi khng th tip xc vi v kim loi c.
3.3.3. Bo v bng thm v tng cch in
Trong phng c thm v tng cch in phi b tr cc thit b sao cho mt ngi khng th tip xc
ng thi vi v kim loi ca 2 thit b hoc vi v kim loi ca 1 thit b v mt b phn kim loi ca
kt cu nh.
Nh vy, khi thit b in c s c chm v, v kim loi ca thit b c in, ngi tip xc vi v kim
loi, s c cng in th vi v nhng khng th c im tip xc th hai khc in th nn khng c
hiu in th v khng c dng in i qua ngi, ngha l khng b in git.
Thm v tng cch in phi c in tr cch in ti thiu l 50 K (i vi in p nh mc di
500V)
3.3.4. Bo v bng cch cch ly mch in
Ch dng cho thit b s dng in 1 pha, s lng hn ch, chiu di dy cp in khng qu 500 m.
Ngun cp in l mt my bin p cch ly, ng dy cp in cng nh thit b s dng in phi
m bo cch in tt, dng in in dung v dng in r mc ti thiu.
Cc v kim loi ca thit b ni vi nhau v khng ni vi t
3.3.5. Bo v bng mng ng th ti ch
Trong bin php bo v ny, trong phm vi bo v, tt c cc v kim loi ca thit b, cc b phn dn
in ca kt cu phi c dy ni lin vi nhau v khng c ni vi t.
3.3.6. Bo v ng thi chng in git do tip xc trc tip v tip xc gin tip
Bin php bo v ng thi chng in git do tip xc trc tip v do tip xc gin tip l bin php
dng in p cc thp.
Trong iu kin bnh thng mc in p cc thp ny l 50V, trong iu kin c bit nguy him, c
th yu cu thp hn: 25V hoc thm ch 12V.
Ghi ch:
Trong thc t, cc bin php bo v ny c p dng nh sau:
- Bin php bo v bng cch t ng ct ngun cung cp in l hay c p dng nht.
- Bin php bo v bng thm v tng cch in v bin php bo v bng cch ly mch in ch
c p dng nu trang b in ca to nh c t di s gim st ca mt ngi c trnh
cao v bo m khng c bin ng g nh hng n cc bin php ny.
- Bin php bo v bng mng ng th ti ch khng ni t ch c p dng cho nhng ngi
trong ngh, lm vic ti mt v tr no d v phi c s gim st ca ngi c trnh cao.
3.4. Bo v chng ho hon do nguyn nhn in
Ho hon do nguyn nhn in (sau y gi tt l ho hon) pht sinh t nhng hin tng sau:
- Dy dn in b ngn mch
- Dy dn in b qu ti
- Cc mi ni khng cht
- Hnh thnh ng r in
- La chn s ni t khng thch hp
3.4.1. Khi dy dn in b ngn mch (gia cc dy pha vi nhau hoc gia 1 dy pha vi dy trung
tnh), dng in tng ln nhiu ln, sinh ra nhit, c th t bc chy v lm chy cc vt liu xung
quanh, gy ra ho hon.
Cc mch in phi c bo v chng ngn mch bng my ct h p hoc bng cu ch (theo
iu 14.5.3 ca phn III chng 14 trang b in trong cng trnh ca QCXD VN)
3.4.2. Khi dy dn in b qu ti trong thi gian ko di, dng in tng ln, nhit tng cao trong
thi gian di lm cho v cch in ca dy dn b h hng, dn n s c ngn mch.
Cc mch in phi c bo v chng qu ti (theo iu 14.5.4 ca phn III, chng 14 Trang b
in trong cng trnh ca QCXD VN)
3.4.3. Cc mi ni khng cht lm tng in tr tip xc ca mi ni v dng in i qua mi ni sinh
ra nhit lng, lm tng nhit ca mi ni, lm h hng cch in hoc pht sinh tia la in, dn
n ngn mch.
Cc mi ni phi xit cht ng quy nh ngay t khi lp t v nh k kim tra.
Cng c th cn xt ti dng in c kh nng chy qua trong cc iu kin khng bnh thng, c
k ti thi gian chy qua ca mt dng in nh th theo cc c tnh vn hnh ca cc c cu bo
v
c. Tn s
Nu tn s c nh hng ti cc c tnh ca cc trang b in, tn s phn nh ca cc trang b
in phi ph hp vi tn s ca dng in trong mch in tng ng.
d. Cng sut
Cc trang b in c chn theo cc c tnh cng sut, phi thch hp vi cc iu kin lm vic
bnh thng c k ti cc h s s dng.
e. S tng hp
Nu khng thc hin cc quy nh thch hp trong qu trnh thi cng th tt c cc trang b in phi
c chn sao cho khng gy ra trong ch lm vic bnh thng, cc ri lon n cc trang b
in khc cng nh n mng cung cp in k c lc thao tc.
4.1.3.2. Cc nh hng bn ngoi
a. Cc trang b in phi c chn v lp t ph hp vi cc yu cu ca bng 4.1.A trong ch
ra cc c tnh ca cc trang b in theo cc nh hng bn ngoi m chng c th phi chu.
Cc c tnh ca cc trang b in c xc nh bng cp bo v hoc bng s ph hp vi cc th
nghim.
b. Khi mt trang b in, do cu to khng c cc c tnh tng ng vi cc nh hng bn ngoi
ca phng (hoc ni t), n c th vn c s dng vi iu kin khi lp t, n c b sung
thm mt s bo v thch hp. Vic bo v ny khng c gy hi cho cc iu kin vn hnh ca
trang b in c bo v.
c. Khi cc nh hng bn ngoi xy ra ng thi, chng c th tc ng c lp hoc nh hng ln
nhau th mc bo v phi c chn mt cch thch ng.
d. Vic chn cc c tnh ca cc trang b in theo cc nh hng bn ngoi khng ch cn thit cho
s vn hnh ng m cn m bo tin cy ca cc bin php bo v an ton ph hp vi cc quy
nh ca tiu chun ny.
Cc bin php bo v kt hp vi cu to ca cc trang b in ch c hiu lc vi cc iu kin nh
hng bn ngoi cho trong chng mc cc th nghim tng ng d tnh cho vic nh chun
cc trang b in c thc hin trong nhng iu kin nh hng bn ngoi .
Bng 4.1.A (Rt gn theo IEC) Cc nh hng bn ngoi
A
mi trng AA1 - 60 + 5
xung
AA2 - 40 + 5
quanh
AA3 - 25 + 5
AF : n mn
AM : Bc x
AF1 : Khng ng k
AM1 : Khng ng k
AM3 : in t
AA4 - 5 + 40
AM4 : Ion ho
AA5 + 5 + 40
AG : Va p
AM5 : Tnh in
AA6 + 5 + 40
AG1 : Nh
AM6 : Cm hng
AB : Nhit v m
AN : Nng
AC : cao (m)
AG3 : Nng
AN1 : Yu
AC1 2000
AH : Rung
AC2 2000
AH1 : Nh
AN3 : Mnh
AD : Nc
AP : ng t
AD1 : Khng ng k
AH3 : Nng
AP1 : Khng ng k
AD2 : Nh git
AJ : Cc nh hng c hc khc
AP2 : Yu
AD4 : Nc ht vo
AK1 : Khng ng k
AP4 : Mnh
AD5 : Tia nc
AK2 : C nguy c
AQ : St
AD6 : Di nc
AL : ng vt
AQ1 : Khng ng k
AD7 : Ngp nc
AL1 : Khng ng k
AD8 : Dm trong nc
AL2 : C nguy c
AE : Vt rn
AR : Chuyn ng khng kh
AE1 : Khng ng k
AR1 : Yu
AE2 : Nh
AE3 : Rt nh
AR3 : Mnh
AE4 : Bi t
AS : Gi
AS1 : Yu
AE6: Bi nhiu
BA : Nng lc
BD : Thot him
BE : VL ct kho hoc ch
bin
iu kin
s dng
BE1 : Khng ng k
BA2 : Tr em
BD2 : Kh
BE2 : Ho hon
BA3 : Khuyt tt
BD3 : Tc nghn
BE3 : N
BA4 : Snh si
BD4 : Kh v tc nghn
BE4 : Ly nhim
CA : Vt liu
CB : Kt cu
Kt cu
nh
CB1 : Khng ng k
CA2 : Chy c
cc thit b c cng mt loi dng in hoc cng mt in p phi c cch ly hiu qu trong
chng mc cn thit, trnh nh hng bt li ln nhau.
4.1.6.3. Tng hp in t
La chn mc min nhim v pht x.
a. Mc min nhim ca thit b phi c chn c tnh n nh hng in t c th xut hin khi
u ni v lp t cho vic s dng thng thng. Cng cn tnh n mc phc v lin tc cn thit
trong vic s dng.
b. Thit b phi c chn vi mc pht x thp sao cho khng th gy ra nhiu in t do vic
dn hoc lan truyn in trong khng kh cng vi cc thit b in khc bn trong hay bn ngoi to
nh.
Nu cn phi t cc phng tin gim nh gim thiu mc pht x (xem TCVN 7447-4-44)
4.2. Cc ng dn in
4.2.1. M u
4.2.1.1. Mc ch
Mc 4.2 cp n cch la chn v lp t cc ng dn in.
Ghi ch: Ni chung tiu chun ny cng p dng cho cc dy dn bo v cn mc 4.4 nu tip cc
yu cu khc na v dy dn bo v.
4.2.1.2. Tng qut
Vic la chn v lp t cc ng dn in phi xt n cc nguyn tc c bn ca phn 1 p dng
cho cp v cc dy dn cng cc u ni hoc cc bin php bo v chng cc nh hng bn
ngoi.
4.2.2. Cc loi ng dn in.
Tiu chun c lin quan TCXD - 25.1991
4.2.2.1. Phng php lp t cc ng dn in tu theo cc loi dy dn hoc cp c chn ph
hp vi bng 4.2.1 vi iu kin cc nh hng bn ngoi c xt ti bi cc tiu chun sn
phm tng ng.
Bng 4.2.1- Cc v d v phng php lp t dng tnh cc dng in cho php
Ghi ch : Nhng hnh v ny khng c nh biu th nhng sn phm thc, m trnh by
phng php c m t.
Mc
Phng php lp t
M t
M ho cch t dng
xc nh cc dng in
cho php (xem bng
4.2.4)
- Nm ngang (b)
9
- V tr thng ng (b,c)
Phng php lp t
M t
M ho cch t dng
xc nh cc dng in
cho php (xem bng
4.2.4)
10
B1
B2
13
B1
B2
15
A1
16
20
C vi im 3 bng
4.2.6
21
- t cch trn
22
a. Cc gi tr cho trong phng php B1 v B2 l cho mt mch. Khi c nhiu mch trong mt mng phi
dng h s hiu chnh cho trong bng A 4.2.6, k c khi c vch ngn.
b. dn nhit ca v bc c coi l nh v l vt liu xy dng v khong trng khng kh. C th c
cu trc tng ng v nhit vi cch 6 v 7, c th dng phng php B1
c. dn nhit ca v bao c coi l nh v l vt liu xy dng v khong trng khng kh. C th c khi
cu trc tng ng v nhit vi cch 6, 7 , 8, hay 9 c th dng phng php B1 hay B2.
Phng php lp t
M t
30
C khi t 1 hng cp
E hoc F
Trn gi (c)
E hoc F
E hoc F
31
32
33
34
Trn thang cp
E hoc F
E hay F
36
Phng php lp t
M t
Cp mt hay nhiu rut trong cc ch
trng ca kt cu (a),b
Tham kho
1,5 De V 20 De
B2
V 20 De
B1
41
Dy dn cch in trong hp dy dn nm
trong ch trng ca kt cu a, c, d
1,5 De V 20 De
B2
V 20 De
B1
42
43
ang nghin cu
Cp mt hoc nhiu rut t trong hp
dy dn t trong ch trng ca kt cu
Dy dn cch in trong hp dy dn
chn trong tng c nhit tr sut di 2
K.m/w a,b,d
1,5 De V 20 De
B2
V 20 De
B1
ang nghin cu
44
Cp mt hoc nhiu rut trong hp dy
dn chn trong tng c nhit tr sut
di 2K.m/w
45
46
1,5 De V 20 De
B2
V 20 De
B1
B1
50
51
B2
a. V l kch thc nh nht hoc ng knh ca ng dn hoc ch trng, hoc l kch thc thng
ng ca ch chng trn trn hoc sn nh
b. De l kch thc ngoi ca cp nhiu rut:
- 2.2 ln ng knh ca cp khi 3 cp mt rut c xp hnh tam gic.
- 3 ln ng knh khi 3 cp mt rut c xp hng ngang cnh nhau.
c. De l ng knh ngoi ca ng dn hay cao ca hp cp.
d. Cn ch khi cp i ng trong iu kin thng gi b hn ch. Nhit on u c th tng ng
k.
52
53
54
Phng php lp t
M t
M ho cch t dng
xc nh cc dng in
cho php (xem bng 52
-A)
B1
1,5 De V 20 De
Dy dn cch in hay cp mt rut trong ng t
trong rnh khng thng gi chy nm ngang hoc B2
thng ng a,b
V 20 De
B1
55
56
B1
57
58
a. De l ng knh ngoi ca ng dn
V l chiu cao bn trong ca ni t ng dn
Chiu cao ca rnh th quan trng hn l chiu rng
b. Cn ch khi cp i thng ng trong iu kin thng gi b hn ch. Nhit on u c th tng
ng k. Cch x l ang c nghin cu.
c. Vi cp nhiu rut t theo kiu 55, dng phng php B2
d. Nn hn ch s dng cc phng php ny nhng ch ch cho php cng nhn lnh ngh vo v
nhng ch c th trnh c vic gim dng in cho php v cc ri ro do s tch t ph thi.
e. Vi cc cp c rut nh hn 16mm2 , dng in cho php c th ln hn.
f. Nhit tr sut ca tng khng cao hn 2Km/W.
59
60
M t
Tham kho
B2
D
70
71
72
- Khng c bo v c hc
73
- C bo v c hc
80
ang nghin cu
Ghi ch: - C th t cp trc tip chn di t khi nhit tr sut ca t l khong 2,5K.m/W. Vi t c
nhit tr sut km hn, dng in cho php ca cp chn trc tip th cao hn nhiu so vi cp t trong
v bc.
a. Nhit tr sut ca khi xy khng ln hn 2Km/W
Ghi ch: Khi khng bit r cc s hiu ca nh sn xut c th dng ph lc 14.2 chng 14 phn III
ca Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam nu cp hoc dy dn cch in l loi c sn xut vi tiu
chun nhit bng 25oC khi t trong khng kh v nhit bng 15 oC i vi cp chn trong t
hoc dng cc bng 4.2.4 4.2.8 ca chng 4.2 ny nu cp hoc dy dn cch in l loi c
sn xut vi tiu chun nhit bng 30oC khi t trong khng kh v nhit bng 20 oC khi t
trong t
Bng 4.2.2. Nhit vn hnh cc i theo cc loi cch in
Loi cch in
70 dy dn
90 dy dn
70o v
105 v (b,c)
S dng mch
Dy dn
Cc
Cp hoc cc
trang b dy dn cch
c nh in
ng nhm
1,5
2,5(xem ghi ch 1)
Vt liu
Cc mch ng lc
ng
ng nhm
10
16
Cc lin h mm bng
cc cp hoc dy dn
cch in
ng
i vi 1 thit b xc nh
ng
i vi mi p dng khc
Cc mch c in p rt thp
0,75(a)
0,75
S dy dn ti in v cht cch in
A1
A2
PVC3
PVC3
PVC2
PVC2
B1
B2
PVC3
XLPE3
XLPE
XLPE2
PVC3
PVC2
PVC2
XLPE2
XLPE3
XLPE3
PVC3
XLPE2
PVC2
PVC3
XLPE2
XLPE3
PVC2
PVC3
XLPE2
XLPE3
XLPE2
PVC2
XLPE3
XLPE
10
11
12
13
1,5
13
13,5
14,5
15,5
17
18,5
19,5
22
23
24
25
2,5
17,5
18
19,5
21
23
25
27
30
31
33
36
23
24
26
28
31
34
36
40
42
45
49
29
31
34
36
40
43
46
51
54
58
63
10
39
42
46
50
54
60
63
70
75
80
86
16
52
56
61
68
73
80
85
94
100
107
115
25
68
73
80
89
95
101
110
119
127
135
149
161
35
110
117
126
137
147
158
169
185
200
50
134
141
153
167
179
192
207
225
242
70
171
179
196
213
229
246
268
289
310
Tit din
mm2 ng
95
207
216
238
258
278
298
328
352
377
120
239
249
276
299
322
346
382
410
437
150
285
318
344
371
395
441
473
504
185
324
362
392
424
450
506
542
575
240
380
424
461
500
538
599
641
679
Nhm
2,5
13,5
14
15
16,5
18,5
19,5
21
23
24
26
28
17,5
18,5
20
22
25
26
28
31
32
35
38
23
24
26
28
32
33
36
39
42
45
49
10
31
32
36
39
44
46
49
54
58
62
67
16
41
43
48
53
58
61
66
73
77
84
91
25
53
57
63
70
73
78
83
90
97
101
108
121
35
86
90
96
103
112
120
126
135
150
50
104
110
117
125
136
146
154
164
194
70
133
140
150
160
174
187
198
211
237
95
161
170
183
195
211
227
241
257
289
120
186
197
212
226
245
263
280
300
337
150
226
245
261
283
304
324
346
389
185
256
280
298
323
347
371
397
447
240
300
330
352
382
409
439
470
530
Ghi ch : Cn tham kho cc bng 4.2.7, 4.2.8 xc nh tit din cc dy dn vi dng din cho php cho tn phng php t.
PVC3
XLPE2
XLPE3
1,5
22
18
26
22
2,5
29
24
34
29
38
31
44
37
47
39
56
46
10
63
52
73
61
16
81
67
95
79
25
104
86
121
101
35
125
103
146
122
50
148
122
173
144
70
183
151
213
178
95
216
179
252
211
120
246
203
287
240
150
278
230
324
271
185
312
256
363
304
240
361
297
419
351
300
408
336
474
396
2,5
22
18,5
26
22
29
24
34
29
36
30
42
36
10
48
40
56
47
16
62
52
73
61
25
80
66
93
78
35
96
80
112
94
50
113
94
132
112
70
140
117
163
138
95
166
138
193
164
120
189
157
220
186
150
213
178
149
210
185
240
200
279
236
240
277
230
322
272
300
313
260
364
308
ng
Nhm
Ghi ch :
Cch b tr
12
16
20
1,00
0,8
0,70
0,70
0,55
0,5
0,45
0,40
0,40
1,00
0,85
0,80
0,75
0,70
0,70
Mt lp trn trn
0,95
0,80
0,70
0,70
0,65
0,60
Mt lp trn cc khay c c
l t ngang hoc thng ng
1,00
0,90
0,80
0,75
0,75
0,70
1,00
0,85
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,80
Bng 4.2.7. H s hiu chnh nhit , khi nhit xung quanh khc vi 30 0 - dng cho cc tr
s dng in cho php ca dy dn v cp t tip xc vi khng kh (**)
Nhit xung
quanh oC
Cch in
PVC
XLPE v EPR
1,22
1,15
1,26
1,14
15
1,17
1,12
1,20
1,11
20
1,12
1,08
1,14
1,07
25
1,06
1,04
1,07
1,04
35
0,94
0,96
0,930
0,96
40
0,87
0,91
0,85
0,92
45
0,79
0,87
0,77
0,88
50
0,71
0,82
0,67
0,84
55
0,61
0,76
0,57
0,80
60
0,50
0,71
0,45
0,75
65
0,65
0,70
70
0,58
0,65
75
0,50
0,60
80
0,41
0,54
85
0,47
90
0,40
95
0,32
Cch in
PVC
XLPE v EPR
10
1,1
1,07
15
1,05
1,04
25
0,95
0,96
30
0,89
0,93
35
0,84
0,89
40
0,77
0,85
45
0,71
0,80
50
0,63
0,76
55
0,55
0,71
60
0,45
0,65
65
0,60
70
0,53
75
0,46
80
0,38
b. Trong cc mch in nhiu pha; cc thit b mt cc khng c t trn dy trung tnh, tr nhng
thit b lin quan 4.3.6.3.b.7
Trong cc mch in mt pha, cc thit b mt cc khng c t trn dy trung tnh.
c. Cc thit b m bo nhiu chc nng; cn phi tho mn tt c cc quy nh ca phn ny tng
ng vi tng chc nng ring bit.
4.3.2. Cc thit b bo v chng tip xc gin tip bng cch t ng ct ngun cung cp
4.3.2.1. Cc thit b bo v dng in cc i. (Xem 3.4.1)
4.3.2.2. Cc thit b bo v bng dng in d
a. Cc iu kin chung v lp t
1) Cc thit b bo v bng dng in d phi m bo ct c tt c cc dy dn mang in ca
mch c bo v.
2) Khng mt dy dn bo v no c i qua bn trong mch t ca thit b bo v bng dng in
d.
3) Cc thit b bo v bng dng in d phi c chn v cc mch in phi c phn nhnh
sao cho bt k dng in r xung t no c kh nng xut hin trong vn hnh bnh thng ca
mt hoc nhiu ph ti c cp in, khng th gy ra vic ct in khng ng lc cho thit b.
4) Vic s dng thit b bo v bng dng in d kt hp vi cc mch khng c dy dn bo v
khng c coi l bin php bo v y chng tip xc gin tip ngay c khi dng in d tc
ng nh hn hoc bng 30 mA.
b. Chn cc thit b theo phng thc lm vic
1) Cc thit b bo v bng dng in d c th c hoc khng c mt ngun ph c tnh n cc quy
nh ca 4.3.2.2, b, 2+.
Ghi ch: Ngun ph c th l ngun cung cp.
2) Vic s dng cc thit b bo v bng dng in d c ngun ph khng t ng tc ng trong
trng hp mt ngun ph ch c php, nu mt trong hai iu kin sau y c tho mn:
- Vic bo v chng tip xc gin tip theo 3.3.1.1 c bo m ngay c trong trng hp mt
ngun ph.
- Cc thit b c lp t trong cc cng trnh c vn hnh th nghim v kim tra bi cc nhn
vin c kinh nghim (BA4) hay nhn vin lnh ngh (BA5).
4.3.2.3. Thit b kim tra cch in:
Ghi ch: Thit b kim tra cch in c th tc ng vi mt thi gian tr thch hp.
Thit b kim tra cch in ph hp vi 3.4.1 l mt thit b gim st lin tc cch in ca trang b
in. N thng bo v vic gim mc cch in ca trang b cho php tm nguyn nhn ca vic
gim ny trc khi mt s c th hai xut hin, nh vy trnh c vic ct in ca ngun cung
cp.
Mt cch thch ng n c chnh nh theo mt gi tr nh hn 0,5 M i vi in p nh hn
hoc bng 500V.
Thit b kim tra cch in phi c thit k hoc lp t sao cho n ch c th thay i c tr s
chnh nh bng mt cha kho hay mt dng c.
4.3.3. Thit b bo v chng qu dng in:
4.3.3.1. La chn thit b bo v chng qu ti cho cc ng dn:
Tham kho 14-5-4 ca Phn III Chng 14 Quy chun Xy dng Vit Nam.
4.3.3.2. La chn thit b bo v ngn mch cho cc ng dn:
Tham kho 14-5-3 ca Phn III Chng 14 Quy chun Xy dng Vit Nam.
4.3.4. Thit b bo v chng nhiu lon in p:
4.3.4.1. Thit b bo v chng qu in p:
a. Tng qut:
- iu ny nu cc quy nh v la chn v lp t cc thit b chng st cho cc trang b trong cc
to nh hn ch cc qu in p qu kh quyn t h phn phi truyn n v chng cc qu
in p do ng ct cc thit b ca trang b.
4.3.3.2. Lp t thit b chng st cc trang b trong cc to nh:
a. Cc thit b chng st phi c lp t gn u vo ca trang b hoc bng in chnh gn
u vo ca trang b.
Ghi ch1: Trong mt s trng hp bo v hon ton trang b c th cn t thm cc thit b
chng st b xung, khng c cp n trong phn ny.
Ghi ch 2: Cc thit b chng st t ti cc ch khc ca trang b cng c th bo v y c.
b. Cc thit b chng st phi c lp t .
(Nu dy trung tnh c ni t ti u vo hoc gn u vo ca trang b hoc nu khng c dy
trung tnh)
1) Gia mi dy pha khng c ni t vi, hoc u ni t chnh hoc dy dn bo v chnh tu
theo on no ngn hn.
(Nu dy trung tnh khng c ni t ti u vo ca trang b hoc ni gn n)
2) Gia mi dy pha v, hoc u ni t chnh hoc thanh dn bo v chnh v.
3) Gia dy trung tnh v hoc u ni t chnh hoc thanh dn bo v chnh, tu theo on no
ngn hn.
Ghi ch1: Nu mt dy pha c ni t th n c coi nh tng ng vi dy trung tnh.
Ghi ch 2: Trong cc s TT v TN i hi ny khng loi tr bin php bo v so lch ph thm.
c. La chn thit b chng st:
1) in p cc i lin tc ca thit b chng st Uc khng c nh hn in p cc i lin tc
thc t gia cc cc s TT theo hnh B1, Uc t nht phi bng 1,1 Uo.
cc s TN v TT hnh B2 , Uc t nht phi bng in p gia cc pha U.
Ghi ch 1: Uo l in p pha trung tnh trong phn phi in h p.
Ghi ch 2: Trong cc s IT m rng, c th cn in p Uc cao hn.
2) Thit b chng st v cc bin php bo v ni tip phi chu c cc qu in p tm thi mt
cch an ton.
3) Thit b chng st phi ph hp theo cc tiu chun thit b hin hnh.
4) Nu thit b chng st c t ngun ca trang b in cung cp bng mng phn phi cng
cng, dng in phng phn nh, khng c nh hn 5KA.
Ghi ch 1: Vi cc iu kin kht khe v mc st, c th phi la chn gi tr cao hn.
Ghi ch 2: Khi c t thu st cho to nh, dng in phng s cao hn ng k v phi tin hnh
nh gi la chn dng in phng phn nh ca thit b chng st cao hn.
5) S c mt c th c ca cc thit b chng st khc mc ni tip trong trang b cn phi c cn
nhc. Nh ch to cc thit b chng st phi ch dn trong cc ti liu v cc bin php d dng
phi hp tng h, c bit l vi cc thit b chng st c mc bo v khc vi mc bo v
ngun ca trang b in v nhm bo v cc thit b c cc mch in t nhy cm.
d. Phi lp t cc thit b chng st theo ch dn ca nh ch to: trnh mi ri ro chy hoc n
trong trng hp cc thit b chng st b qu ti. Cc thit b chng st khng c t cc khu
vc xp loi BE2 hay BE3 m khng c cc bin php bo v thch hp. (xem bng 4.1.A)
e. trnh cc s hn ch sn sng cung cp in do h hng: cc thit b chng st ca trang b
c bo v, phi c cc thit b bo v chng qu dng in v dng s c chm t. Cc thit b
ny phi c t vo trong hoc mc ni tip vi cc thit b chng st tr khi bn hng dn ca
nh ch to cho bit cc bin php bo v b sung ny l khng cn thit.
Cp qu in p III
Cp qu in p IV
120 - 240
400/690;577/ 1000
10
- Thang my
- Thang c hc
- My cng c
- Bm nc.
Ghi ch3: Cc h thng hot ng bng nng lng khc nh kh nn, thu lc hi nc khng
thuc phm vi cc quy tc ny.
Trong trng hp ny, ct in cung cp cha phi l .
2) Phi c cc phng tin thch hp ngn chn cc thit b khng b ng in khng ng lc
trong khi bo dng c hc. Tr khi cc phng tin cch ly c gim st lin tc bi nhng ngi
tin hnh bo dng.
Ghi ch: Cc phng tin nh vy c th bao gm mt hoc nhiu cch sau:
- Kho li
- C bin bo hiu
- t trong mt phng c kho hoc t trong hm
b. Cc thit b ct in khi bo dng c hc:
1) Cc thit b ct in khi bo dng c hc, phi c t tt nht rn mch cung cp chnh.
Khi dng cu dao ph ti chng phi c th ct dng in ti y ca phn trang b c lin quan.
Khng cn thit ct tt c cc dy dn trong mng in.
Ch cho php ct mch iu khin:
- Nu c cc bin php an ton b xung nh cht hm c, hoc .
- Nu c cc quy nh v nh chun cho cc thit b iu khin m bo mt iu kin tng ng
nh ct in trc tip ngun cung cp chnh.
Ghi ch: Vic ct in bo dng c kh c th thc hin bng:
- Cu dao ph ti nhiu cc
- My ct in h p (ptmt)
- Mch ph iu khin cc cng tc t
- v phch cm in
2) Thit b ct in khi bo dng c hc hoc cc mch ph iu khin cc thit b ny phi
c thao tc bng tay khong trng gia cc tip im m ca thit b phi c nhn thy r rng
hoc c ch dn r rng v tin cy bng cch nh du " dng" hoc "m". Ch dn ny ch c
xut hin khi v tr "dng" hoc "m " c thc hin trn mi cc ca thit b.
Ghi ch: Vic nh du quy nh trong khong ny c th c dng bng cc du hiu "O" hoc "I"
ch v tr m hoc ng.
3) Cc thit b ct in bo dng c hc phi c thit k hoc lp t sao cho trnh c vic
ng tr li mt cch v .
Ghi ch: Vic ng in nh vy c th xy ra do va chm hoc rung ng.
4) Cc thit b ct in cho bo dng c hc phi c lp t sao cho d nhn dng v thun tin
cho s dng.
4.3.6.5. Ct in khn cp k c dng khn cp:
a. Tng qut:
Ct khn cp c th l khi ng khn cp hoc dng khn cp.
1) Phi c cc phng tin ct khn cp cho mi phn ca trang b m c th cn phi iu
khin s cung cp in loi tr mi nguy him bt ng.
Ghi ch: Th d v cc trang b m vic ct in khn cp c s dng: (ngoi vic dng khn
cp theo 4.3.6.5.a.5+)
- Bm cc cht lng d chy.
- H thng thng gi.
- Cc my tnh ln
- n phng in vi ngun cung cp cao p th d nh n bin hiu bng nng.
- Mt s to nh ln nh cc ca hng
- Cc phng th nghim in v cc sn th nghim
- Cc phng th nghim thuc trng hc
- Cc bung t
- Cc bp ln
2) Khi c ri ro in git, thit b ct khn cp phi ct tt c mi ng dy c in vi iu kin ca
4.3.6.2.a.
3) Cc phng tin ct in khn cp k c dng khn cp phi tc ng trc tip ln cc dy dn
cung cp in thch hp. Phi b tr sao cho ch cn mt ng tc l ct c ng ngun cung cp
in thch hp.
4) Cc thit b ct in khn cp phi c b tr sao cho vic thao tc khng gy ra mt nguy him
khc hoc khng chng cho ln thao tc ton b cn thit loi tr nguy him .
5) Cn d kin cc phng tin dng khn cp khi cc chuyn ng gy ra bi thit b in c th
gy nguy him.
Ghi ch: Th d v nhng trang b m cc phng tin dng khn cp c s dng:
- Cu thang c kh
- Thang my
- Vn thng
- Ca ng m bng in
- My cng c
- Cc nh ra t
b. Cc thit b ct khn cp
1) Cc thit b ct khn cp phi ct c dng in ti y ca phn trang b c lin quan c k ti
dng in ca cc ng c b kt.
2) Cc phng tin ct khn cp c th l:
- Mt thit b ct c th trc tip ct ngun cung cp thch hp.
- Hoc mt t hp cc thit b hot ng ch bng mt ng tc nhm ct ngun cung cp thch hp.
i vi dng khn cp, c th cn thit phi duy tr ngun cung cp th d hm cc phn chuyn
ng.
Ghi ch: C th thc hin vic ct khn cp bng:
- Cu dao ph ti t trong mch chnh.
- Nt bm hoc loi tng t trong cc mch iu khin.
3) Cc thit b ct bng tay tt nht l c la chn ct trc tip mch chnh.
Cc my ct in h p (ptmt), cng tc t v.v.... c iu khin t xa phi m ra khi cun ht b
ct in hoc dng mt k thut no khc c an ton tng ng.
4) Cc phng tin iu khin (tay cm, nt bm v.v....) ca cc thit b ct khn cp phi c nhn
dng r rng, tt nht bng mu trn nn tng phn.
2) Khi ng c c hm bng dng in o, phi c bin php trnh ng c quay ngc chiu
khi kt thc qu trnh hm, nu vic quay ngc chiu ny gy nguy him.
3) Khi mc an ton ph thuc vo chiu quay ca ng c, phi c bin php ngn chn vic
quay ngc chiu, th d gy ra s o th t pha, hoc mt mt pha .
Ghi ch: Cn phi ch n nguy him c th xy ra do mt 1 pha.
4.4. Ni t v cc dy dn bo v
4.4.1. Tng qut.
Tr s in tr ni t phi tho mn cc iu kin v bo v an ton v cc yu cu v vn hnh ca
cc trang b in
4.4.2. Ni t
Lp t ni t:
- Tham kho tiu chun TCXD - 46.1984
4.4.3. Cc dy dn bo v
Ghi ch: i vi cc dy dn bo v ni ghp ng th xem 547
4.4.3.1. Tit din ti thiu: Cc tit din dybo v khng c nh hn cc tit din ch trong
bng 4.4.A.
Nu p dng bng ny dn n cc gi tr khng c tiu chun ho th c th s dng cc dy dn
c tit din c tiu chun ho gn nht.
Bng 4.4.A
Tit din ca dy dn pha ca trang b S (mm 2)
S 16
16< S 35
16
S > 35
S/2
in tr cch in (M)
Mch in p cc thp
250
0,25
Mch in p nh mc di 500V
500
0,5
Ghi ch: Thng o in tr bng cchin cho ton b trang b in trong to nh ngay ti u
ngun. Nu kt qu o khng t theo bng trn th phi phn chia trang b in trong to nh thnh
nhiu nhm v tin hnh o ring cho tng nhm.
- Cc dy dn bo v khng ni t cng phio in tr cch in v kt qu cung phi dt tr s
theo bng 5.1
5.1.3.3. Nu c mch in dng bin php bo v bng in p cc thp hoc mch in dng bin
php bo v bng cch cch ly th cng phi t theo bng 5.1b
5.1.3.4. Nu c phng dng bin php bo v bng nn v tng chc in th phi o in tr cch
in ca nn v tng
5.1.3.5. Phi tin hnh kim tra cc iu kin ca bin php bo v chng in git do tip xc gin
tip bng cch t ngct ngun cung cp in.
- i vi s TN: Kim tra ng h ca vng s c (bng tnh ton hoc bng o lng) v kim
tra thit b bo v bng dng in d bng cch In vo thit b bo v v kim tra s tc ng ca
thit b ny
- i vi s TT: Phi o in tr ni t ti ni s dng in v phi kim tra thit b bo v bng
dng in d (nh on trn)
- i vi s IT: Phi kim tra dng in s c chm v th nht (bng tnh ton hoc bng o
lng). Phi kim tra dng in s c khi c im trm v th hai nh i vi s TN ni trn
5.1.3.6. Phi tin hnh th chc nng cu cc thit b iu khin, kho lin ng, kim tra cch in
. xc nh rng cc thit b c lp rp ng v chnh nh ph hp.
5.1.3.7. Cc thit b in cn c tin hnh chy th theo hng dn ca nh ch to, vi ph ti
v thi gian m iu kin thc t cho php
5.2. Kim tra nh k trong vn hnh
5.2.1. Vic kim tra inh k trong vn hnh nhm mc ch xem sau mt thi gian vn hnh nht
nh, trang b in ca to nh c b h hng, xung cp khng.
5.2.2. Ni dung kim tra nh k trong vn hnh nu bao gm ti thi nhng tit mc sau:
- Quan st bng mt cc bin php bo v chng in git do tip xc trc tip v gin tip, cc bin
php bo v chng chy, n.
- Do in tr cch in
- Kim tra s lin tc ca cc dy bo v
- Kim tra cc mi ni
- Kim tra s hot ng ca cc thit b bo v bng dng in d.
- Kim tra cc thit b bo v qua dng in
- o in tr ni t
5.2.3. Chu k kim tra nh k c xc nh tu theo tnh cht ca to nh, vic s dng to nh v
mi trng xung quanh.
5.2.4. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, nu thy c h hng hoc thit b tc ng bt thng, khng r
nguyn nhn (thit sb bo v qua dng in v thit b bo v theo dng in d) th phi bo ngay
cho ngi c thm quyn iu tra v sa cha.
Ch c ng in a vo vn hnh tr li sau khi sa cha v kim tra t yu cu.
5.3. Bo co kim tra
Sau khi tin hnh kim tra ban u khi a vo vn hnh hoc kim tra nh k, ngi kim tra phi
lp bo co kt qu kim tra, a ra nhn xt v nh gi kt qu kim tra.
- Trong khu vc 0: IPX-7 (bo v chng nc thm nhp khi ngp tm thi)
- Trong khu vc 1: IPX5 (bo v chng nc thm nhp khi vi phun)
- Trong khu vc 2 : IPX4 (bo v chng nc thm nhp khi nc bn vo)
- Trong khu vc 3 : IPX1 (bo v chng nc thm nhp khi c git nc ri vo)
- IPX5 trong tm cng cng khu vc 2 v 3
b. Cc ng dn
1) Cc quy tc sau y p dng cho cc ng dn ni v cc ng dn chm trong tng mt
su khng qu 5 cm.
2) Cc ng dn phi c mc cch in tha mn cc quy tc ca phn 4 v khng c c bt k
v bc kim loi no.
Ghi ch : Cc ng dn ny gm c, v d cc dy dn cch in t trong cc ng cch in, hoc
cc cp nhiu rut dn in vi v bc cch in.
3) Trong cc khu vc 0, 1 v 2 cc ng dn phi c hn ch s cn thit cung cp in ti
cc thit b nm trong cc khu vc ny.
4) Khng cho php c cc hp ni trong cc khu vc 0, 1 v 2.
c. Thit b in cc loi
1) Trong cc khu vc 0, 1 v 2, khng c t mt thit b in no.
Ghi ch: Cc dy si cch in iu khin cc hm n c th c t li khu vc 1 v 2.
Trong khu vc 3 ch cho php c cc cm in vi cc iu kin :
- Hoc c cp in ring bit bi mt my bin p cch ly.
- Hoc c cp in bng mt in p an ton cc thp.
- Hoc c bo v bi mt thit b bo v dng in d vi mt dng in d tc ng In khng
qu 30mA.
2) C th t hm n v cm in mt khong cch ti thiu bng 0,6m tnh t ca ca bung
tm hng sen ch to sn (xem hnh 701C).
PHN PH LC
Ghi ch: Cc ph lc tham kho c nh s theo th t ca cc chng c ni dung tng ng.
Ph lc 3A: Cc tc ng sinh l bnh hc ca dng in ln c th ngi
Cc tc ng sinh l bnh hc ca dng in ln c th ngi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: cc c
trng sinh l ca ngi , mi trng xung quanh (kh hay m t), cc c tnh ca dng in i
qua ngi.
Hi ng k thut in quc t (gi tt theo ting Anh IEC) nghin cu vn ny, vi s tham gia
ca nhiu nh bc hc trn th gii, nhm i n thng nht quan im v l thuyt cng nh v thc
hnh v tng hp, xut bn thnh ti liu IEC 479.
Mc tc ng ph thuc theo cng dng in:
Vi thi gian dng in i qua c th ngi <10s, dng in xoay chiu tn s 50-60hz th tc ng
ph thuc vo cng dng in nh sau:
Bng 3A1 Tc ng sinh l ca dng in ln c th ngi theo cng dng in i qua ngi
Cng dng in
Tc ng
0,5 mA
6 mA
10mA
15 mA
Kh th
30mA
1. i vi ni kh ro (UL= 50V)
50
75
0,6
90
0,45
120
0,34
150
0,27
230
0,17
2. i vi ni m t (UL = 25V)
25
50
048
75
0,30
90
0,25
110
0,18
150
0,12
230
0,05
Ghi ch: Cc RCD l thit b bo v theo dng in d. Dng in i qua c th ngi gy ra hin
tng in git cng l mt dng in d. Do c RCD cng tc ng theo dng in i qua ngi.
RCD dng lm bin php bo v b sung chng in git do tip xc trc tip c quy nh l phi
c nhy cao (In 30mA), ct nhanh, chnh l cn c vo kt qu nghin cu ny. Theo th trn,
vi dng in 30mA, ct nhanh, tuy bt u c hin tng in git nh co c, kh th nhng cha
nguy him n tnh mng con ngi (cha c hin tng rung tm tht).
RCD vi In = 30mA khng nhm hn ch dng in i qua ngi nhng v ct nhanh nn n vn bo
m c an ton cho ti dng in 500mA (xem th).
Cc thit b in t tiu th dng in khng hnh sin thng sinh ra dng in iu ha bch cao,
nh:
+ Cc thit b in t cng sut (my chnh lu, ...)
+ n phng in (n ng, ...)
+ My hn
+ Thit b van phng (thit b thng tin ...)
+ Thit b in gia dng (l vi sng, TV, ...)
Trong trng hp ny, cc dng in tiu th s phn tch thnh cc thnh phn hnh sin bc cao v
th t khng. Thnh phn th t khng c th lm tng thm dng in i trong dy trung tnh.
Cc dng in iu ha bc cao c th lm mo m dng in p dn n hu qu:
+ Gy lo ha cc thit b (Cun dy ca ng c, ca my bin p ...) v b pht nng qu mc
+ Lm cho cc thit b nhy cm b gim kh nng lm vic (cc thit b thng tin, t ng ...)
+ Gy cng hng trong cc t in b, lm tng in p c th dn n phng in.
Bin php bo v:
+ Khi tnh dy trung tnh, cn ch n thnh phn ny.
+ i vi cc thit b gia dng, ni chung khng cn bin php bo v.
+ i vi cc thit b cng nghip hoc vn phng:
Tch ring cc mch cp in cho cc thit b gy nhiu v cc thit
b nhy cm
Trnh dng s TN C
Dng b lc
Tng cng sut ngn mch ca ngun
e Qu in p tn s cng nghip:
C th xy ra khi c s c bn cao p truyn sang bn h p.
Bin php bo v hn ch in tr ni t hoc s dng thit b gii hn qu in p.
f - in p mt cn i:
C th do ph ti gia cc pha mt cn i hoc do s c khng i xng.
Bin php bo v l cn li ph ti gia cc pha, hoc tng cng sut ngn mch ca ngun.
g Qu in p dng xung:
Do st truyn t li cp in
Do ng ct mt s thit b (gi l qu in p thao tc)
h Dng in r:
Mt s thit b khi lm vic bnh thng c th sinh ra nhng dng in r kh ln, nh thit b x l
thng tin ...
Phi tnh ton tng s dng in r ca cc thit b u trn mch in. Trong s c thit b bo v
theo dng in d th phi chn thit b ny c dng in tc ng nh mc In sao cho :
Tng cc dng in r ca tt c cc thit b in 1/3 In .
Ph lc 3C: Cc c im ca cc s ni t v phng php la chn
Vic la chn s ni t da trn 6 tiu ch sau:
- Bo v chng in git.
- Bo v chng ho hon do nguyn nhn in.
Id
0,8U 0
R ph R PE
Ud = RPE x Id
m
*S TT
Nu ng dy di hn Lmax , phi:
- hoc gim Ia
- hoc tng SPE gim m
- hoc phi t mt RCD
S ph
S pE
in tr ni t Ra ng vi
UL = 50v
UL = 25v
3A
16
1A
50
25
500mA
100
50
300mA
166
83
30mA
1660
830
Vi mt ng dy cp 3 pha di 1km
C = 1F/km
V Rb = 10
-> Ud = 0,7V
in p ny qu nh, khng gy nguy him g, c th tip tc vn hnh, nhng phi pht hin im
s c, nhanh chng gii tr s c khng xy ra tnh trng ng thi c 2 im s c trn 2 pha
khc nhau.
*S IT - im s c th 2
Trong :
Lmax l di ti a cho php tnh bng mt.
PH LC 3E: CH S BO V (IP)
Ch s bo v (vit tt theo ting Anh l IP) cho bit mc c bo v ca thit b in t trong
v, hp hoc li bo v.
- Ch s th nht (t 0 n 6) sau ch IP cho bit mc bo v chng cc vt rn.
0 - Khng c bo v g
1- c bo v chng cc vt rn kch thc trn 50mm (th d nh tip xc v tnh bng tay)
2 - c bo v chng cc vt rn kch thc trn 12,5mm (th d nh ngn tay)
3 - c bo v chng cc vt rn kch thc trn 2,5mm (th d nh dng c, inh vt)
4 - c bo v chng cc vt rn kch thc trn 1mm (th d dng c nh, dy nh)
5 - c bo v chng bi ( khng ph bi )
6 - c bo v hon ton chng bi
- Ch s th 2 (t 0 n 8) sau ch IP cho bit mc bo v chng nc xm nhp.
0- Khng c bo v g
1- c bo v chng git nc ri thng ng
2- c bo v chng dng nc ri nghing 150 so vi ng thng ng.
3 - c bo v chng dng nc ma ri nghing 600 so vi ng thng ng.
4 - c bo v chng dng nc ri theo mi hng.
5 - c bo v chng dng nc phun theo mi hng.
6 - c bo v hon ton chng tia nc bn theo mi hng
7 - c bo v chng hu qu ngp trong nc.
8 - c bo chng hu qu dm trong nc ko di.
Khi s th nht (hoc s th hai) c thay bng ch X th c ngha l khng cp n mc
bo v chng vt rn (hoc chng dng nc).
Tip sau cc ch s, c th c cc ch sau y vi ngha chng s xm nhp v tnh ca.
A: bn tay
B: ngn tay
C: dng c
D: Si dy.
Sau ch th nht , c th c ch th hai vi ngha sau:
H Thit b in cao p
M chuyn ng khi th nghim di nc
S ng yn khi th nghim di nc
iu kin thi tit.
Th d: IP34
Cho bit v bc bo v c tc dng.
(3). Bo v chng s xm nhp cc vt rn ngoi li c ng knh t 2,5mm tr ln, bo v ngi
lm dng c c ng knh t 2,5mm tr ln khng v tnh xm nhp vo trong.
(4). Bo v thit b bn trong chng tc ng c hi ca dng nc ri theo mi hng.
Th d: IP 23CS
V bc c k hiu ny c ngha l
(2). Bo v chng s xm nhp ca cc vt rn c ng knh t 12,5mm tr ln
Bo v chng ngi v tnh xm nhp bng ngn tay
(3). Bo v thit b bn trong chng tc dng c hi ca dng nc ma ri nghin 60 0.
(C) Bo v ngi cm dng c ng knh 2,5mm, di 100mm chng v tnh tip xc vi cc phn
nguy him bn trong.
Khi th nghim v nc th thit b in bn trong l tnh trng ng yn (th d nh roto ca 1
my in quay)
Ghi ch: Chi tit xem thm IEC - 529 (1989)
Ph lc 3F: Phng trnh ha hon do in: S hnh thnh ng r in
Trong khi s dng in cp h p phc v i sng v sn xut, c 3 loi s c c th ln cho nhit
trong thit b in tng cao v nu khng c x l kp thi s dn n ha hon:
- Ngn mch
- Qu ti
- S hnh thnh ng r in.
Hai loi s c qu ti v ngn mch c ni n v thng c bo v bng cu ch hoc my
ct h p, dng in s c ln hn dng in nh mc nhiu ln, ti hng ngn A.
Loi s c th ba l s hnh thnh ng r in, cha c cp n nhiu, dng in s c l
rt nh, thng tnh bng mili ampe, nhng li l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n ha hon
hay gp.
Theo nh ngha thut ng k thut in quc t, s hnh thnh ng r in l s to ra dn dn
nhng ng dn in trn b mt cc cht cch in rn do tc ng kt hp ca in p v cht
in phn.
M t hin tng
B mt ca lp cch in c th b m t (do nc ma ri vo, do nc lau ra nh hoc do
nc trong khng kh ngng t). Kt hp vi bi bn vn c t nhiu trong khng kh to thnh mt
cht in phn, hnh thnh mt ng dn in i t rut ra v, sinh ra mt dng in r ban u, khi
thit b in lm vic bnh thng. Dng in r ban u ny ch khong vi microampe (hnh 3F1)
B mt lp cch in c lc kh, lc t. Trong giai on kh, dng in r b ngt qung ch kh
nht, nhng ch , 2 bn vn l m t v dn in, vn c in p t vo, nu ch khng
chu c in p, c th sinh ra nhng tia la in rt nh, nhng nhit tm im ca tia la
cng rt cao, c th ti trn 10000C, lm chy nh b mt lp cch in (hnh 3F2)
S lng cc tia la tng ln, din tch b chy thnh than rng hn, vt liu b h hng nng hn
Hnh 3F6: Tri qua nm thng, b mt cng b h hng nng hn
dng ly bng 1,45 ln dng in s dng trong cc dy pha. Dy trung tnh c coi nh c ti v
mt h s gim dng in cho php bng 0,84 phi c xt ti.
c. Dy trung tnh phi c mt tit din ln hn tit din cc dy pha.
Trong trng hp t l sng hi bc 3 v bi s ca bc 3 vt qu 33%. Tit din cn xc nh l
tit din ca dy trung tnh c tnh cho mt dng in s dng bng 1,45 ln dng in s dng
dy pha. Dy trung tnh c coi nh c ti v mt h s gim dng in cho php bng 0,84 phi
c xt ti.
Bng tng hp
Loi mng in
0 < TH 15%
T l sng hi
TH > 33%
(1)
(2)
Mng in 1 pha
SN = SP
SN = SP
SN = SP
Mng in 3 pha + N
SN = SP
SN = SP
SP = S N
H s 0,84
SN cn c xc nh
IN = 1,45 IP
H s 0,84
Mng in 3 pha + N Cp
nhiu rut
SP > 16mm2 - ng
hoc 25 mm2 - nhm
SN =
SN = SP
SP = S N
H s 0,84
SN cn c xc nh
IN = 1,45 IP
cho php N cn
c bo v
Mng in 3 pha + N Cp mt
rut
SP > 16mm2 - ng hoc 25
mm2 - nhm
Sp
SN =
H s 0,84
Sp
SN = SP
SN > SP
H s 0,84
IN = 1,45 IP
cho php N cn
c bo v
H s 0,84
(1) Mng in chiu sng cung cp in cho cc n phng kh, trong c n hunh quang vn
phng, xng sn xut v.v..
(2) Mng in cp cho vn phng, cc my tnh, thit b in t cc khu vn phng, trung tm my
tnh, ngn hng, gian ch, cc ca hng chuyn dng v.v..
Ghi ch: TH - t l sng hi; N dy trung tnh
P - Dy pha; S tit din dy (mm2)
Trong trng hp cc mng in 3 pha c trung tnh m t l sng hi bc 3 v bi s ca 3 khng
c xc nh bi c ngi s dng v vic p dng th ngi thit k nn p dng ti thiu cc quy
tc sau:
- D kin mt tit din dy trung tnh bng tit din dy pha (h s 0,84)
- Bo v dy trung tnh chng qu dng in
- Khng c dng dy PEN
(dy PEN - dy va lm nhim v bo v PE va lm nhim v trung tnh N)