DEFINITION

Device used to transfer energy from

primary winding to secondary winding by

electromagnetic induction.
Based on Faradays Law of induction

Where:-

EMF (V)
B Magnetic flux (Wb)

TRANSFORMER
USES

Impedance matching

Electrical Isolation
AC power transmission

STEP-UP Transformer

STEP-DOWN Transformer

HISTORY
1831 Michael Faraday invented the
Induction Ring.
1881 Lucien Gaulard and John Gibbs
exhibited a device called secondary generator.
1885 William Stanley developed the fist
commercially used practical device while
working for Westinghouse Electric Company in
US.

INDUCTION THEORY
Transformers behaviour is based on

Faradays Law of Induction

Where:-

EMF (V)
N No of turns of wire

B Magnetic flux (Wb)

INDUCTION THEORY

Reference: http://www.tpub.com/doeelecscience/electrical
%20science2_files/image1053.jpg

TRANSFORMER MODELS
Ideal Transformer
ip(t)

Np

Ns

is(t)

+
Vp(t)

Vs(t)
-

Np = No of windings on the primary Ns = No of windings on the secondary

ip = Current into the primary

is = Current out from the secondary

Vp = Voltage across the primary

Vs = Voltage across the secondary

Primary and Secondary

Relationship
VP = NP = a = iS
VS
Note;

NS

iP

a < 1 = Step up transformer

a > 1 = Step down transformer

Voltage and current angles are NOT

affected hence, P = S =

LOSSES
Transformers have losses and these losses

must come into consideration.

Copper

losses (I^2 R)

Leakage
Core

Flux losses

losses

Eddy

currents

Hysteresis

losses

REAL TRANSFORMER LOSSES

ip(t)

Lp

Rp

Vp(t)

Rc

Ls

jXm

Np

Copper

Ns

losses (I^2 R)
Leakage Flux losses
Core losses
Eddy

currents
Hysteresis losses

Rs

Vs(t)

is(t)

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Leqp

Vp

Rc

Reqp

jXm

Approximate Transformer Model referred

to the primary side

Is/a

aVs

TYPES
Auto-Transformer
Used to change a desirable voltage by only a

small amount. For example: 120/132 V

IH
VSE
+

VL
-

IL

ISE
NSE
VH
NC
-

TYPES
Three Phase Transformers
Three phase transformers
can be constructed in two
different ways i.e. :1. A three phase bank consists
of three single phase
transformers.
2. Three windings wrapped
around a common core.

Reference : Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

CONNECTIONS

Delta wye ( Y)

Wye delta (Y- )

Delta delta ( )

Wye wye (Y Y)

Reference : Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman

TYPES
Two types of special purpose

transformers used in power systems

for taking measurements.
Potential Transformer
Current Transformer

Reference : Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency () is the ratio of the power out to
the power in of a transformer.

in an Ideal transformer, no power losses

PIN = VPIP cos P

POUT = VSIS cos S

PIN = POUT = VPIP cos P = VSIS cos S

SOUT = SIN = VPIP = VSIS

Ideal = 100%

Efficiency for a single phase

real
transformer
As mentioned
previously, losses occur in a
real transformer and these losses must be
taken into count.
Hence, Real = POUT x 100%
PIN
=
POUT
x 100%
POUT + PLOSS
=
VSIS cos S_________
VSIS cos S + i2R + (VP/a)2
RC

VOLTAGE REGULATION

Voltage regulation (VR) is the ability of a system

to provide near constant voltage over a wide
range of load conditions. Also it compares the V O
at no load to VO at full load.

An Ideal transformer has a voltage regulation,

VR = 0%

Reference : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulation