Survey and leveling

2015.06.15

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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What is surveying?
,
,

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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What is leveling?

( )
( )

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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-

,


-
- ,
, ,

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- -

,




(cut and fill)

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- Direct or Differential

leveling

- Tapes and

Graduated rods
- Trigonometric

Leveling
- Barometric
Leveling

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

Trigonometric
Leveling
V = S cos z
V = S sin

V = H tan

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Barometric
Leveling

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Direct Leveling

(Vertical
Height).
(Level Line) .

.

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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3.1 m

2.3 m

A2

A1

=250 m

0.8 m

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

..?

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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Use of A Frame
A

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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(Leveling Instrument)
- Dumpy level
- Auto level
- Tilting Level
- Theodolite
- Digital Auto Level
- Laser Level
- Tripod
- Staff gauge

- Staff bubble
- Change plate
- Filed note book

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Dumpy Level

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Dumpy Level

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Tilting Level

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Auto Level

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Auto Level

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Fixed Prism is
Used

Suspended Compensation

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Theodolite

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Theodolite

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- Digital Auto Level

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- Digital Auto Level

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Laser Level

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Laser Level

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Tripod

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- Staff gauge (Graduated Staff)

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

Staff bubble

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

Change plate

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- Filed note book

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- Filed note book

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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Important definitions used in Leveling
- Vertical Line
- Horizontal Line
- Level Line
- Reference Level OR Datum
- -Bench Mark
- Reduced Level
- Line of Sight
- Height of Instrument

OR Height of Collimation
- Back Sight
( ) - Fore Sight
- Intermediate Sight
- Turning Point

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Vertical Line

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

- Horizontal Line

Horizontal
Plane

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- Level Line

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- Reference Level OR
Datum

(Reference
level or datum is a standard position or level
that measurements are taken from)

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- -Bench Mark
(

)

- Fundamental Bench Mark

- Survey Department

- Temporary Bench Mark

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- Reduced Level
() Datum OR

Reference Level

- Mean Sea Level-

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- Line of Sight

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- Height of Instrument
OR Height of Collimation
-

Levelling Instrument-
Height of Collimation Or Height of the

instrument
The height to the horizontal line of sight which

passes though the optical center of the

telescope of the leveling Instrument above the
datum

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- Back Sight

/ -Staff Gauge

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( ) - Fore Sight

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- Intermediate Sight

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- Change/Turning Point

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

Backsight (IA)

Line of sight

Foresight (IA)

Backsight (IB)

IA

Foresight (IB)

IB

h
B2
A1
R.L=220 m
- MSL

A2

A3

Intermediate sight

A4

B1

Change point
Or turning point
Height of instrument
(220 + h)

B3

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- -Ranging

Poles



-

- Staff gauge- -

B.S


180

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

3.150 m

2.37 m

A2

0.78 m

A1

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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(BM)

- Bench Mark- - Staff gauge-

- B.S


180

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(BM)

3.150 m

2.37 m

A1
R.L =250 m MSL
(Bench Mark)

A2

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- Bench Mark- Staff gauge- (Back
Sight- )

- Intermediate Sight-
- Fore
Sight-

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

3.85 m

3.28 m

2.87 m

A3
A1
R.L=250 m
MSL (BM)

2.80 m

A4

2.32 m

A5

A6

A2

A1 A6

2.91m

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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(Rise), (Fall)
- = (Positive

Value)
- = (Negative
Value)
(

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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-
Rise and Fall Method
BS

IS

FS

Rise

Fall RL
Distance
/

3.85

Remarks

250

A1 (BM)

3.28

0.57

250.57

A2

2.87

0.41

250.98

A3

2.80

0.07

251.05

A4

2.32

0.48

251.53

A5

250.94

A6

2.91

0.59

BS-FS= Rises-Falls=Last RL-First RL

3.85-2.91 = (0.57+0.41+0.07+0.48)-0.59 = 250.94-250
0.94 = 1.53-0.59 = 0.94
0.94=0.94=0.94

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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-
Height of Collimation Method
BS
IS
FS
HC/HI
RL

/



3.85

Distance Remarks

253.85

250

A1 (BM)

3.28

253.85

250.57

A2

2.87

253.85

250.98

A3

2.80

253.85

251.05

A4

2.32

253.85

251.53

A5

253.85

250.94

A6

2.91

BS-FS= Last RL-First RL

3.85-2.91 = 250.94-250
0.94 = 0.94

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

BS

FS

3.03
3.86
2.60
4.53
4.22
6.16
6.43
4.44
3.85
2.96

5.11
3.30

HC/HI

RL
/

103.03

100.00

103.03

99.17

101.77

99.17

101.77

97.24

101.46

97.24

101.46

95.30

101.73

95.30

101.73

97.29

101.14

97.29

101.14

98.18

103.29

98.18

TP5

103.29

99.99

BM

BS-FS= Last RL-First RL

25.24 25.25 = 99.99-100.00
- 0.01 = -0.01

Distance

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Remarks

BM
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

BS

FS

3.03
3.86
2.60
4.53
4.22
6.16
6.43
4.44
3.85
2.96

5.11
3.30

HC/HI

RL
/

103.03

100.00

103.03

99.17

101.77

99.17

101.77

97.24

101.46

97.24

101.46

95.30

101.73

95.30

101.73

97.29

101.14

97.29

101.14

98.18

103.29

98.18

TP5

103.29

99.99

BM

BS-FS= Last RL-First RL

25.24 25.25 = 99.99-100.00
- 0.01 = -0.01

Distance

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Remarks

BM
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

BS

FS

3.03
3.86
2.60

HC/HI

RL
Distance
Remarks
/

103.03

BM
100.00

103.03

99.17

101.77
4.53

4.22

101.77
101.46

6.16
6.43

101.46
101.73

4.44
3.85

101.73
101.14

2.96

5.11

101.14

103.29
3.30

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103.29

BS-FS= Last RL-First RL

25.24 25.25 = 99.99-100.00
- 0.01 = -0.01

99.17
TP1

97.24

97.24
TP2

(Error
95.30
of closure OR Misclosure)

95.30
TP3

97.29

97.29
TP4
98.18

98.18
TP5

99.99

BM

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Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

IS=1.47
0.8 km
E

IS=3.71

1.5 km
D

FS=2.37
20.00 m
A

1.0 km

BS=2.35
0.5 km

B
C
IS=3.33

1.9 km
IS=2.32

BS
IS
FS
HC/HI

2.35

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

RL
/

Distance

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Remarks

22.35

20.00

A (BM)

3.33

22.35

19.02

2.32

22.35

20.03

3.71

22.35

18.64

1.88

22.35

20.47

22.35

19.98

2.37

BS-FS= Last RL-First RL

2.35 2.37 = 19.98-20.00
0.02 = 0.02

IS=1.47
E

1.5
km

FS=2.37

0.8
km
IS=3.71
D

20.00 m

1.0
km

A
BS=2.35
0.5
km

B
C
IS=3.33

1.9
km

IS=2.32

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- Instrumental Errors
- Observational Errors
- Natural

Errors

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- Instrumental Errors
- Residual Collimation Error

- Two Peg Test-

- Cross Hair Parallax Error


- Staff Graduation Error

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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- Observational Errors

- Systematic or Cumulative Errors -

- Random Errors


-Staff is not properly

extended or assembled




, 3.538 3. 583

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Natural Errors

TWO PEG TEST HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION

TEST
Line of Sight OR Collimation Error occurs

when telescope is not in a horizontal position

Keeping the horizontal distance of the backsights and

foresights at each instrument position equal will cancel

the error
Where observational distances are unequal, the error
will be proportional to the difference in distance
The collimation error will not cause errors in differential
leveling as long as backsight and foresight distances
are balanced
Two peg test (Horizontal Collimation Test)is used to
determine the error

Horizontal Collimation Test

Tachometry- Measurement of distance using

Stadia
The use of level for measuring the distance
Read the figure where the stadia lines cut the

staff
Calculate the difference (staff intercept(s))
Staff intercept multiplied by 100 give the
distance from the center of the instrument to the
staff position

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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When external focusing

telescope is used. Now these
types of telescopes are not
used and objective lence is
fixed The objective lens of an
internal focusing telescope
(the type now used in
surveying instruments)
remains fixed in position,
while
a movable negative-focusing
lens between the objective
lens and the plane of the
crosshairs changes directions
of the light rays.As a
result,the stadia constant (C)
is so
small that it can be assumed
equal to zero and drops out
of Equation (5.1).Thus

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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Diagram shows the principle when external focusing telescope is used. Now these
types of telescopes are not used. The objective lens of an internal focusing telescope
(the type now used in surveying instruments) remains fixed in position, while a
movable negative-focusing lens between the objective lens and the plane of the
crosshairs changes directions of the light rays. As a result, the stadia constant (C) is
so small that it can be assumed equal to zero

Most of
instruments
K is 100

C
c

B S

e
f

E
D

AB Ab

CE ce
D f

(ce i)
S i
f
D ( )S K1S
i

Modern telescopes are made so

that f and i to be 100
Distance between stadia lines (S)
multiplied by 100 gives the
distance

Faculty of Agriculture-University of Ruhuna

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-Leveling Practical
Profile Leveling

Measurement of height in two positions

Area Leveling
Contouring
Direct
Grid