Bo co thc tp nhn thc

GVHD: L Hng Nam

Phn I:

GII THIU V CC THIT B O LNG

1. ng h o:
1.1. Gii thiu:
ng h vn nng hay vn nng k l mt dng c o lng in c nhiu
chc nng. Cc chc nng c bn l Ampe k, Volt k, v Ohm k, ngoi ra c
mt s ng h cn c th o tn s dng in, in dung t in, kim tra bng
bn dn (transitor)...
1.2. Phn loi v hnh dng thc t:
ng h vn nng in t (DMM)

ng h vn nng hin th kim

(VOM)

1.3. Vi nt s lc v cc loi ng h:
1.3.1. NG H VN NNG IN T (DMM):
1.3.1.1. Gii thiu chung:
ng h vn nng in t, cn gi l vn nng k in t l mt ng h vn
nng s dng cc linh kin in t ch ng , v do cn c ngun in nh
pin. y l loi thng dng nht hin nay cho nhng ngi lm cng tc kim tra
in v in t. Kt qu ca php o thng c hin th trn mt mn hnh tinh
th lng nn ng h cn c gi l ng h vn nng in t hin s.
ng h vn nng in t c mt s u im so vi ng h c kh, l
chnh xc cao hn, tr khng ca ng h cao hn do khng gy st p khi
o vo dng in yu, o c tn s in xoay chiu, tuy nhin ng h ny c
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mt s nhc im l chy bng mch in t ln hay hng, kh nhn kt qu

trong trng hp cn o nhanh, khng o c phng np ca t.
1.3.1.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
1.3.1.2.1.
Cu to:

S khi ca 1 Voltmeter s

1.3.1.2.2.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Sau khi mch suy gim cho vic chn thang o; tn hiu vo s c chuyn
i thnh tn hiu s bi b bin i tng t - s (ADC). Khi ADC c th s
dng k thut tch phn n sn hay hai sn dc. dng c bn nht, ADC
s so snh tn hiu vo vi in p mu (cc phng php nhn in p mu c
th khc nhau). Ch cn in p vo ln hn so vi in p mu, th tn hiu ra
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ca b so snh s cho mc logic 1, s gi cho cng AND m v cc xung nhp

s truyn qua cng AND. B m s m cc xung nhp . Ngay khi in p
vo tr nn bng vi in p mu, th tn hiu ra ca b so snh s bng 0. Cng
AND s ng v dng vic m. Mc ra ca b m s c cht v cc LED
hay tinh th lng s hin th gi tr o. Hnh 3.10, l mch nguyn l c bn cng
vi chuyn mch thang o.
Chuyn mch thang o hnh 3.10, s chn tn hiu ra t mch phn p.
Cc tr s ca cc in tr phn p c th l 9M, 0,9M v 0,1M chn ra
1V ti u vo ca ADC cho cc u vo 1, 10 v 100V ca tn hiu cn o. Nu
tn hiu cn o l 100V, th tn hiu vo a n b so snh s l (100/10) x
(1/10) s l 1V do mch phn p. Nu tn hiu cn o l 10V, th tn hiu vo a
n b so snh s vn l 1V. Nh vy, b so snh s ly Vin trong khong t 0
n 1V bt k in p thc t cn o. Mc in p vo (t 0 n 1V) s c
bin i thnh tn hiu s m s c m v hin th.
1.3.1.3. Chc nng:
Vic la chn cc n v o,thang o hay vi chnh thng c tin hnh
bng cc nt bm, hay mt cng tc xoay, c nhiu nc, v vic cm dy ni kim
o vo ng cc l. Nhiu vn nng k hin i c th t ng chn thang o.
Vn nng k in t cn c th c thm cc chc nng sau:
1. Kim tra ni mch: my ku "bp" khi in tr gia 2 u o (gn) bng 0.
2. Hin th s thay cho kim ch trn thc.
3. Thm cc b khuch i i in ohiu in th hay cng dng
nh, v in tr ln.
4. o t cm ca cun cm v in dung ca t in . C ch khi kim tra
v lp t mch in.
5. Kim tra diode v transistor. C ch cho sa cha mch in.
6. H tr cho o nhit bng cp nhit.
7. o tn s trung bnh, khuych i m thanh, iu chnh mch in ca
radio. N cho php nghe tn hiu thay cho nhn thy tn hiu (nh trong
dao ng k).
8. Dao ng k cho tn s thp. Xut hin cc vn nng k c giao tip vi
my tnh.
9. B kim tra in thoi.
10. B kim tra mch in t.
11. Lu gi s liu o c (v d ca hiu in th).

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1.3.1.4. Cch o:
1.3.1.4.1.
o in p mt chiu hoc xoay chiu:

t ng h vo thang o in p DC hoc AC
1. que ng h vo l cm V mA que en vo l cm COM
2. Bm nt DC/AC chn thang o l DC nu o p mt chiu hoc AC
nu o p xoay chiu.
3. Xoay chuyn mch v v tr V hy thang o cao nht nu cha bit r
in p, nu gi tr bo dng thp phn th ta gim thang o sau.
4. t thang o vo in p cn o v c gi tr trn mn hnh LCD ca
ng h.
5. Nu t ngc que o(vi in mt chiu) ng h s bo gi tr m (-).
1.3.1.4.2.
o dng in DC (AC):
1. Chuyn que ng h v thang mA nu o dng nh, hoc 20A nu o
dng ln.
2. Xoay chuyn mch v v tr A
3. Bm nt DC/AC chn o dng mt chiu DC hay xoay chiu AC
4. t que o ni tip vi mch cn o
5. c gi tr hin th trn mn hnh.
1.3.1.4.3.
o in tr:
1. Tr li v tr dy cm nh khi o in p .
2. Xoay chuyn mch v v tr o , nu cha bit gi tr in tr th chn
thang o cao nht, nu kt qu l s thp phn th ta gim xung.
3. t que o vo hai u in tr.
4. c gi tr trn mn hnh.
5. Chc nng o in tr cn c th o s thng mch, gi s o mt on
dy dn bng thang o tr, nu thng mch th ng h pht ra tin ku
1.3.1.4.4.
o tn s:
1. Xoay chuyn mch v v tr FREQ hoc Hz
2. thang o nh khi o in p .
3. t que o vo cc im cn o
4. c tr s trn mn hnh.

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1.3.1.4.5.
o logic:
1. o Logic l o vo cc mch s ( Digital) hoc o cc chn ln ca vi x
l, o Logic thc cht l o trng thi c in K hiu 1 hay khng c
in 0, cch o nh sau:
2. Xoay chuyn mch v v tr LOGIC.
3. t que vo v tr cn o que en vo mass.
4. Mn hnh ch l bo mc logic mc cao, ch l bo logic
mc thp.
1.3.1.4.6.
o cc chc nng khc:
ng h vn nng s Digital cn mt s chc nng o khc nh o diode, o
t in, o transistor nhng nu ta o cc linh kin trn, ta ln dng ng h c
kh s cho kt qu tt hn v o nhanh hn.
1.3.2. NG H VN NNG HIN TH KIM (VOM):
1.3.2.1. Gii thiu chung:
ng h vn nng hin th kim l thit b o khng th thiu c vi bt k
mt k thut vin in t no, ng h vn nng c 4 chc nng chnh l: o
in tr, o in p DC, o in p AC v o dng in.
u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh kin, thy
c s phng np ca t in , tuy nhin ng h ny c hn ch v chnh
xc v c tr khng thp khong 20K/Volt do vy khi o vo cc mch cho dng
thp chng b st p.
1.3.2.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
1.3.2.2.1.
Cu to:

C cu o t - in
1.3.2.2.2.
Nguyn l hot ng:
ng h o tng t thng dng trong o lng in - in t trc y,
s dng c cu cun dy di chuyn trong t trng ca nam chm vnh cu
(PMMC), cn gi l c cu DArsonval, tc l c cu o kiu t - in. V c
bn, ng h o kiu t - in l ng h o dng mt chiu (DC), to nn bi
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cc thnh phn khc nhau nh hnh 3.1, vi ba b phn chnh l:

1. B phn to ra lc lm lch.
2. B phn iu khin.
3. B phn lm nht.
B phn to lc lm lch trong cc ng h t - in l tng tc gia t
trng v dng in nh trong ng c in mt chiu. Khi cun dy mang dng
c t trong t trng, s to ra m men xon bng B A N I (Newtonmt), trong B l mt t thng tnh theo Wb/m2, A l tit din ca cun dy
tnh theo m2, N l s vng dy trong cun dy, v I l dng in tnh theo Ampe.
M men s lm cho cun dy xoay. Dng in cao hn, s cho m men quay ln
hn. Kim c gn trn cun dy, s di chuyn trn thang o. Cun dy qun
trn mt khung nhm nh v c lp trn trc thng, khung dy c th xoay
t do trong t trng u do m men quay. T trng u v mnh s c to
ra bi nam chm hnh mng nga lm bng vt liu t tnh.
B phn iu khin bao gm l xo c gn vo cun dy ng, cn li lc
lm lch, nn s bng k q, trong k l h s l xo (ty thuc vo cc kch
thc v mm do ca l xo), cn q l gc lm lch tnh theo . Khi lc iu
khin bng vi m men xon, kim ch th s dng ti gi tr cn o. Khi dng in
dng chy trong cun dy, lc xon bng 0, l xo s bt u phc hi li v s
a kim ch th v v tr mc dng bng 0.
B phn lm nht gm cc b to dng xoy khng kh, c vai tr n nh
kim ch th ti v tr ch th.
1.3.2.3. Cch o:
1.3.2.3.1.
o in p xoay chiu DC:
Khi o in p xoay chiu ta chuyn thang o v cc thang AC, thang AC
cao hn in p cn o mt nc.
V d nu o in p AC 220V ta thang AC 250V, nu ta thang thp
hn in p cn o th ng h bo kch kim, nu thanh qu cao th kim bo
thiu chnh xc.
Ch :
Tuyt i khng thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi o vo in
p xoay chiu Nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay lp tc.
- nhm thang o dng in, o vo ngun AC s hng ng h.
- nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC s hng cc in tr trong
ng h.
- thang o p DC m o vo ngun AC th kim ng h khng bo , nhng
ng h khng nh hng .
1.3.2.3.2.
o in p mt chiu DC:
Khi o in p mt chiu DC, ta nh chuyn thang o v thang DC, khi o ta
t que vo cc dng (+) ngun, que en vo cc m (-) ngun, thang
o cao hn in p cn o mt nc.
V d nu o p DC 110V ta thang DC 250V, trng hp thang o thp
hn in p cn o kim bo kch kim, trng hp thang qu cao kim
bo thiu chnh xc.
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Trng hp sai thang o:

Nu ta sai thang o, o p mt chiu nhng ta ng h thang xoay
chiu th ng h s bo sai, thng thng gi tr bo sai cao gp 2 ln gi tr
thc ca in p DC, tuy nhin ng h cng khng b hng.
Trng hp nhm thang o:
Ch :
Tuyt i khng nhm ng h vo thang o dng in hoc thang o
in tr khi ta o in p mt chiu (DC) , nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay.
Trng hp nhm thang o dng in khi o in p DC ng h s b
hng.
Trng hp nhm thang o in tr khi o in p DC ng h s b
hng cc in tr bn trong!
1.3.2.3.3.
o in tr v tr khng:
Vi thang o in tr ca ng h vn nng ta c th o c rt nhiu th.
1. o kim tra gi tr ca in tr.
2. o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on dy dn.
3. o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on mch in.
4. o kim tra cc cun dy bin p c thng mch khng.
5. o kim tra s phng np ca t in.
6. o kim tra xem t c b d, b chp khng.
7. o kim tra tr khng ca mt mch in.
8. o kim tra i t v bng bn dn.
s dng c cc thang o ny ng h phi c lp 2 pin 1,5V bn
trong, s dng cc thang o 1 K hoc 10 Kta phi lp pin 9V.
1.3.2.3.4.
o in tr:
o tri s in tr ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: thang ng h v cc thang o tr, nu in tr nh th thang
1 hoc 10 , nu in tr ln th thang 1 Khoc 10 K. Sau chp
hai que o v chnh chit p kim ng h bo v tr 0 .
Bc 2: Chun b o.
Bc 3: t que o vo hai u in tr, c tr s trn thang o.
Gi tr o c = ch s thang o x thang o
VD: Nu thang 100 v ch s bo l 27 th
gi tr l = 100 27 = 2.700 = 2,7 K
Bc 4: Nu ta thang o qu cao th kim ch ln mt cht , nh vy c tr
s s khng chnh xc.
Bc 5: Nu ta thang o qu thp , kim ln qu nhiu, v c tr s cng
khng chnh xc.
Khi o in tr ta chn thang o sao cho kim bo gn v tr gia vch
ch s s cho chnh xc cao nht.

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1.3.2.3.5.
o kim tra t in:
Ta c th dng thang in tr kim tra phng np v h hng ca t
in, khi o t in , nu l t gm ta dng thang o 1 K hoc 10 K, nu l t
ho ta dng thang 1 hoc 10 .
Dng thang 1 K kim tra t gm.
T cn tt kim phng np khi ta o.
T b d ln kim nhng khng tr v v tr c.
T b chp kim ng h ln = 0 ohm v khng tr v.
Dng thang 10 kim tra t ho.
Php o kim tra cc t ho, t ho rt t khi b d hoc chp m ch yu l b
kh (gim in dung). Khi o t ho bit chnh xc mc hng ca t ta
cn o so snh vi mt t mi c cng in dung.
Php o so snh hai t ho cng in dung, trong t C1 l t mi cn C2 l
t c, ta thy t C2 c phng np yu hn t C1 chng t t C2 b kh
(gim in dung).
Ch khi o t phng np, ta phi o chiu que o vi ln xem
phng np.
1.3.2.3.6.
o dng in bng ng h vn nng:
Cch 1: Dng thang o dng
o dng in bng ng h vn nng, ta o ng h ni tip vi ti tiu
th v ch l ch o c dng in nh hn gi tr ca thang o cho php, ta
thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: t ng h vo thang o dng cao nht.
Bc 2: t que ng h ni tip vi ti, que v chiu dng, que en v
chiu m.
- Nu kim ln thp qu th gim thang o.
- Nu kim ln kch kim th tng thang o, nu thang o thang cao nht
th ng h khng o c dng in ny.
- Ch s kim bo s cho ta bit gi tr dng in.
Cch 2: Dng thang o p DC
Ta c th o dng in qua ti bng cch o st p trn in tr hn dng
mc ni vi ti, in p o c chia cho gi tr tr hn dng s cho bit gi tr
dng in, phng php ny c th o c cc dng in ln hn kh nng
cho php ca ng h v ng h cmg an ton hn.

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Cch c tr s dng in v in p khi o nh th no ?

c gi tr in p AC v DC:
Khi o in p DC th ta c gi tr trn vch ch s DCV.A.
Nu ta thang o 250V th ta c trn vch c gi tr cao nht l 250, tng
t thang 10V th c trn vch c gi tr cao nht l 10. Trng hp thang
1000V nhng khng c vch no ghi cho gi tr 1000 th c trn vch gi tr
Max=10, gi tr o c nhn vi 100 ln.
Khi o in p AC th c gi tr cng tng t. c trn vch AC.10V, nu o
thang c gi tr khc th ta tnh theo t l. V d nu thang 250V th mi ch
s ca vch 10 s tng ng vi 25V.
Khi o dng in th c gi tr tng t c gi tr khi o in p.
2. My hin sng:
2.1. Gii thiu:
My hin sng (Oscilloscope) l mt thit b hin th th - n v ra th
ca mt tn hiu in. Trong hu ht cc ng dng, th ch ra tn hiu thay i
th no theo thi gian: Trc dc (Y) biu din in p v trc ngang (X) biu din
thi gian. Cng hay sng ca s hin th i khi c gi l trc Z. y
l th n gin c th ch ra cho ta nhiu iu v mt tn hiu.
2.2. Hnh dng thc t:

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Sau y l mt s cng nng:

Nhn dng tn hiu (xung vung, rng ca, hnh sin, tn hiu hnh, tn hiu
ting).
Xc nh r cc gi tr thi gian v mc in p v ng i ca mt tn
hiu.
Tnh ton c tn s ca mt tn hiu dao ng.
Nhn thy cc phn ng ca mt mch in c biu din bi tn
hiu.
Ch ra nu mt thnh phn li lm mo dng tn hiu.
Tm ra tn hiu nh th no l dng mt chiu hay dng xoay chiu.
Ch ra tn hiu nh th no l nhiu v nu c th nhiu thay i th no
theo thi gian.
My hin sng trng rt ging vi mt ci tivi nh, n c mt mng li c
v trn mn hnh v c nhiu nm iu khin hn tivi. Mt trc ca mt my
hin sng thng c cc phn iu khin c chia thnh cc phn Dc, Ngang
v Trigger. C cc iu khin hin th v cc u ni u vo.
2.3. Chc nng:
S hu ch ca mt my hin sng khng b gii hn ch trong th gii ca
cc thit b in t. Vi mt b chuyn i thch hp, mt my hin sng c th
o c c tt c cc kiu hin tng. Mt b chuyn i l mt thit b m to
ra tn hiu in p ng li cc kch thch vt l, v d nh m thanh, p lc c
kh, p sut, nh sng hoc nhit . VD: mt microphone l mt b chuyn i.
Mt k s t c th dng my hin sng o c s rung ca ng c.
Mt nghin cu sinh y khoa c th dng my hin sng o c cc sng
no
2.4. Phn loi:
Thit b in t c th c chia lm 2 loi:
My hin sng tng t.
My hin sng s.
Thit b tng t lm vic vi cc in p bin i lin tc, trong khi thit b s
lm vic vi cc s nh phn ri rc m c th biu din cc mu in p.
Ly v d, my quay a thng thng l thit b tng t, cn my chi a
compact l mt thit b s.
Cc my hin sng cng c cc loi tng t v loi s. My hin sng
tng t l vic trc tip vi in p t vo c o di chuyn dng electron
ngang qua mn hnh my hin sng.
Tri li, my hin sng s ly mu dng sng v dng mt b chuyn i
tng t/s (A D) chuyn i in p c o thnh thng tin s. Sau ,
n dng thng tin s ny ti cu trc li dng sng trn mn hnh.

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i vi nhiu ng dng, hoc l my hin sng s hoc l my hin sng

tng t s c dng. Tuy nhin, mi loi my c mt s c tnh ring lm
cho n thch hp hn hoc km thch hp hn trong cc tc v ring.
Ngi ta thng thch cc my hin sng tng t hn v n quan trng
hin th nhanh chng cc tn hiu ang thay i trong thi gian thc (hay nh l
chng ang din ra).
Cc my hin sng s cho php bn ghi li v xem cc s kin m chng c
th ch din ra duy nht 1 ln. Chng c th x l d liu dng sng s v gi
cc d liu ti my tnh x l. Nh vy, chng c th lu tr d liu dng
sng s xem v in ra sau .
2.5. Nguyn l hot ng ca my hin sng:

S khi tng qut

Mt my hin sng cng gm mt n in t (cathode ray tube), mc d
kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau nhng nguyn l hot ng th ging nhau.
Bn trong ng l chn khng. Chm in t c pht ra t cathode c lm
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nng pha sau ng chn khng c gia tc v lm cho hi t bi mt hay

nhiu anodes p vo pha trc ng lm mt im trn mn hnh ph photpho
ca ng pht sng.
Chm in t c b cong ,c lm lch nh in p t vo cc bn cc
c nh trong ng chn khng. Cc bn cc li theo chiu ngang hay cc bn
cc X to ra chuyn ng ca chm in t theo phng ngang.
Nh nhn thy s , chng c lin kt vi mt khi h thng gi l
chu k c s. N to ra mt sng dng rng ca nhn thy c trn mn hnh
my hin sng. Trong khi tng pha ca xung rng ca, im sng c iu
khin cng tc t tri ti phi ra pha trc ca mn hnh. Trong sut qu
trnh gim pha, chm in t quay li nhanh chng t tri qua phi v im trn
mn hnh c trng khng hin th ln mn hnh. Theo cch ny, chu k
c s to ra trc X ca th tn hiu trn mn hnh ca my hin sng.
dc ca s sai pha thay i theo tn s ca xung rng ca v c
iu chnh s dng nm iu khin TIME/DIV thay i thang o ca trc X.
Vic mn hnh cha thnh cc vung cho php thang o trc ngang c th
c biu din theo giy, mili giy hay micro giy trn mt php chia (n v
chia).
Tn hiu c hin th c kt ni vi u vo. Chuyn mach DC/AC
thng c gi v tr DC c s kt ni trc tip vi b khuch i Y. v
tr AC chuyn mch m mt t in c t ng dn tn hiu ngn cn tn
hiu mt chiu qua n nhng li cho php tn hiu xoay chiu i qua. B khuch
i Y c ni vo cc bn cc Y m to ra trc Y trn th ca tn hiu
hin th trn mn hnh ca my hin sng. B khuch i Y c th c iu
chnh thng qua nm iu chnh VOLTS/DIV kt qu hin th hoc qu b
hoc qu ln lm cho ph hp vi mn hnh v c th c nhn thy r rng.
Thang o thng s dng l V/DIV hay l mV/DIV.
Mch kch c s ng lm tr tn hiu chu k c s ng b phn
ca tn hiu ra hin th trn mn hnh mi ln vt chuyn ng qua. Hiu ng ny
cho ta hnh nh n nh trn mn hnh lm cho n d dng c o v gii thch
tn hiu.
Thay i thang o ca X v Y cho php nhiu tn hiu c hin th, i khi
n cng hu ch thay i v tr cc trc .S thay i ny s dng nm iu
chnh X-POS v Y-POS.
hiu hn v cc iu khin ca my hin sng, bn cn phi bit thm
mt cht v vic lm th no cc my hin sng hin th mt tn hiu. Cc my
hin sng tng t lm vic c phn khc hn cc my hin sng s. Tuy nhin,
mt vi phn h thng bn trong ca chng l tng ng. Khi nim v cc
my hin sng s c phn n gin hn v c m t trc, sau n cc
my hin sng s.

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2.5.1. My hin sng tng t:

Khi ni u d ca my hin sng vo mch in, tn hiu in p i qua u
d ti h thng dc ca my hin sng.

Ty thuc vo vic t chia thang o dc (iu khin VOLTS/DIV) nh th

no th b suy hao lm gim in p tn hiu hoc l b khuch i lm tng in
p tn hiu.
in p t vo cc bn li tia lm cho mt im sng di chuyn (mt dng
electron p vo lp phosphor bn trong CRT to ra im sng). in p dng
lm cho im sng i ln, trong khi in p m lm cho im sng i xung.
Tn hiu cng ng thi i ti h thng Trigger khi ng hay kch mt
qut ngang. Qut ngang l mt thut ng ch vic h thng ngang lm cho im
sng di chuyn ngang trn mn hnh. Vic kch h thng ngang gy ra thi gian
c bn di chuyn im sang ngang trn mn hnh t tri sang phi trong mt
khong thi gian xc nh. Nhiu ln qut thnh cc dy nhanh lm cho chuyn
ng ca im sng c hp thnh mt ng lin nt. cc tc cao hn,
im sng c th qut ngang mn hnh ln ti 500,000 ln mi giy.
Cng vi nhau, vic qut ngang v vic li dc vch ra mt th tn hiu trn
mn hnh. B kch khi l cn thit n nh ha tn hiu tun hon. N m
bo rng ln qut bt u cng mt im vi tn hiu tun hon, dn ti mt
hnh nh r rng c ch ra trn hnh sau:

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Kt lun li, dng mt my hin sng tng t, cn iu chnh 3 thit lp

c bn thch ng vi tn hiu a vo:
1. Vic lm suy gim hoc khuch i tn hiu. Dng iu khin VOTLS/DIV
iu chnh bin ca tn hiu trc khi n c t vo cc bn li
tia chiu dc.
2. Thi gian c bn. Dng iu khin SEC/DIV thit t ln ca thi
gian trn mi khong chia c bin din ngang qua mn hnh.
3. Kch khi my hin sng. S dng mc kch n nh ha tn hiu tun
hon cng nh vic kch cc s kin n.
Cng vy, vic iu chnh cc iu khin tiu c v cng cho php to ra
hnh nh sc nt v d nhn (khng b chi).
2.5.2. My hin sng s:
Mt vi h thng m c cu thnh t cc my hin sng s th cng tng
t nh bng cc my hin sng tng t. Tuy nhin, cc my hin sng s bao
gm thm h thng x l s liu. Vi h thng thm vo, my hin sng s thu
thp s liu cho ton b dng sng v sau hin th chng.
Khi ni u d ca my hin sng s vo mch in; h thng dc s iu
chnh bin ca tn hiu nh trong my hin sng tng t.
Tip ti, b chuyn i tng t/s trong h thng thu thp ly mu tn hiu
cc thi im ri rc v chuyn i in p tn hiu cc im ny thnh gi tr
s, gi l cc im ly mu. Xung ly mu ca h thng ngang quy nh b ADC
ly mu bao nhin ln. Tc m xung ticks c gi l tc ly mu
v c o bng s mu trn giy.
Cc im mu t ADC c lu tr trong b nh nh l cc im dng sng.
C nhiu hn mt im mu c th cu thnh nn mt im dng sng.
Cng vi nhau, cc im dng sng cu thnh nn mt bn ghi dng sng.
S im sng c dng to nn mt bn ghi dng sng c gi l di
bn ghi. H thng kch khi quy nh im bt u v im kt thc bn ghi. Mn
hnh nhn cc im bn ghi ny sau khi chng c lu tr trong b nh.
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Ty thuc vo kh nng ca my hin sng, vic x l thm cc im mu c

th c tin hnh lm nng cao cht lng hin th. B tin kch khi c th
hu ch cho php xem c cc s kin trc im kch.

V c bn, vi mt my my hin sng s cng nh vi my hin sng

tng t,cn phi iu chnh cc thit lp dc, ngang v kch khi c th o
c c.
3. Ampe k:
3.1. Gii thiu:
Ampe k l dng c o cng dng in c mc ni tip trong mch.
Ampe k dng o dng rt nh c miliampe gi l miliampe k. Tn
ca dng c o lng ny c t theo n v o cng dng in l ampe.
3.2. Phn loi v hnh nh thc t:
3.2.1. Ampe k can thip:

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3.2.1.1. Cch s dng:

Ampe k can thip mc ni tip vi mch in.
Cc ampe k can thip khi o dng in chy trong mt dy in phi
c mc ni tip vi dy in.
Mi ampe k u tiu th mt hiu in th nh ni tip trong mch in.
3.2.1.2. K hiu:
K hiu ampe k trong mch in l mt vng trn c ch A gia v c th
thm k hiu cc cc dng v m hai bn cho dng in mt chiu.
3.2.1.3. Phn loi:
Trong nhiu thit k, ampe k l mt in k c mc sn. Ty theo loi in
k m ampe k thuc cc loi khc nhau: ampe k in t c khung quay ch o
c dng 1 chiu, ampe k c st quay hoc amppe k nhit do c c dng
mt chiu v xoay chiu.
3.2.1.4. Mt s lu khi s dng:
gim nh hng n mch in cn o, hiu in th tiu th trong mch
ca ampe k phi cng nh cng tt. iu ny ngha l tr khng tng ng
ca ampe k trong mch in phi rt nh so vi in tr ca mch.
Khi mc ampe k vo mch in mt chiu, ch ni cc cc in theo ng
chiu dng in.
Lun chn thang o ph hp trc khi o: chn thang ln nht trc, ri h
dn cho n khi thu c kt qu nm trong thang o.
3.2.2. Ampe k khung quay:

3.2.2.1. Cu to:
Cc b phn ca ampe k.
1. Nam chm.
2. L xo xon.
3. Cht gi l xo.
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4. Thc hnh cung.

5. Cun dy dn in.
6. Kim.
3.2.2.2. Phn loi v ng dng:
Ampe k truyn thng, cn gi l Gavan k (in k), l mt b chuyn i
t cng dng in sang chuyn ng quay, trong mt cung, ca mt cun
dy nm trong t trng.
Loi ampe k truyn thng ny thng dng o cng ca dng in
mt chiu chy trong mt mch in.
3.2.2.3. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
B phn chnh l mt cun dy dn, c th quay quanh mt trc, nm trong
t trng ca mt nam chm vnh cu. Cun dy c gn vi mt kim ch gc
quay trn mt thc hnh cung. Mt l xo xon ko cun v kim v v tr s
khng khi khng c dng in. Trong mt s dng c, cun dy c gn vi
mt ming st, chu lc ht ca cc nam chm v cn bng ti v tr s khng.
Khi dng in mt chiu chy qua cun dy, dng in chu lc tc ng ca
t trng (do cc in tch chuyn ng bn trong dy dn chu lc Lorentz) v
b ko quay v mt pha, xon l xo, v quay kim. V tr ca u kim trn thc
o tng ng vi cng dng in qua cun dy. Cc ampe k thc t c
thm c ch lm tt nhanh dao ng ca kim khi cng dng in thay
i, cho kim quay nh nhng theo s thay i ca dng in m khng b
rung. Mt c ch gim dao ng c dng l ng dng s chuyn ha nng
lng dao ng sang nhit nng nh dng in Foucault. Cun dy c gn
cng mt a kim loi nm trong t trng ca nam chm. Mi dao ng ca
cun dy v a sinh ra dng Foucault trong a. Dng ny lm nng a ln, tiu
hao nng lng dao ng v dp tt dao ng.
gim in tr ca ampe k, cun dy trong n c lm rt nh. Cun
dy ch chu c dng in yu, nu khng cun dy s b chy. o dng
in ln, ngi ta mc song song vi cun dy ny mt in tr nh hn, gi
l shunt, chia s bt dng in. Cc thang o cng dng in khc nhau
ng vi cc in tr shunt khc nhau. Trong cc ampe k truyn thng, cc in
tr shunt c thit k cng dng in ti a qua cun dy khng qu
50mA.
3.2.2.4. Cch o:
Vic c kt qu do kim ch trn thc c th sai st nu nhn lch. Mt s
ampe k lp thm gng to ra nh ca kim nm sau thc o. Vi ampe k
loi ny, kt qu o chnh xc c c khi nhn thy nh ca kim nm trng vi
kim.

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3.2.3. Ampe k st t:
3.2.3.1. Cu to:
Ampe k st t cu to t hai thanh st non nm bn trong mt ng dy. Mt
thanh c c nh cn thanh kia gn trn trc quay, v gn vi kim ch gc quay
trn mt thc hnh cung. Khi cho dng in qua ng dy, dng in sinh ra
mt t trng trong ng. T trng ny gy nn cm ng st t trn hai thanh
st, bin chng thnh cc nam chm cng chiu. Hai nam chm cng chiu lun
y nhau, khng ph thuc vo chiu dng in qua ng dy. V lc y ny,
thanh nam chm di ng quay v gc quay tng ng vi cng dng in
qua ng dy.
3.2.3.2. ng dng:
Ampe k st t c th o dng xoay chiu, do gc quay ca kim khng ph
thuc chiu dng in.
3.2.4. Ampe k in t:

3.2.4.1. Gii thiu:

Ampe k in t thng l mt ch hot ng ca vn nng k in t.
Bn cht hot ng ca loi ampe k ny c th m t l mt vn k in t
o hiu in th do dng in gy ra trn mt in tr nh gi l shunt. Cc
thang o khc nhau c iu chnh bng vic chn cc shunt khc nhau.

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3.2.4.2. Nguyn tc o:
Cng dng in c suy ra t hiu in th o c qua nh lut
Ohm.
3.2.5. Ampe k khng can thip:
Ampe k can thip c nhc im l cn phi c lp t nh mt thnh
phn trong mch in. Chng khng dng c cho cc mch in c ch
to kh thay i. i vi cc mch in ny, ngi ta c th o c t trng
sinh ra bi dng in suy ra cng dng in. Phng php o nh vy
khng gy nh hng n mch in, an ton, nhng i khi chnh xc khng
cao bng phng php can thip.
3.2.6. u d hiu ng Hall:
3.2.6.1. Gii thiu:
Phng php o ny s dng hiu ng Hall to ra mt hiu in th t l
thun (vi h s t l bit trc) vi cng dng in cn o.
Hiu in th Hall VH gn nh t l thun vi cng t trng sinh ra bi
dng in, do t l thun vi cng ca dng in . Ch cn cun mt
hoc vi vng dy mang dng in cn o quanh mt li st t ca u o l ta
c c t trng kch thch hot ng ca u o. Thm ch i khi ch
cn kp li st cnh ng dy l .
3.2.6.2. Cu to:

S mch in ca mt u o cng dng in s dng hiu ng Hall.

1. Mu xanh lc : li st t
2. Mu
: thanh Hall
3. Mu tm
: b khuych i in
4. Mu lam
: in tr
in th ra vM t l vi cng dng in vo ip.
Tuy nhin hin tng t tr khng tuyn tnh trong st t c th lm gim
chnh xc ca php o. Trn thc t ngi ta c th s dng mt mch in hi
tip gi cho t thng trong li st lun xp x khng, gim thiu hiu ng t
tr v tng nhy ca u o, nh trong hnh v. Dng in hi tip iS c
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chuyn ha thnh hiu in th ra vS nh b khuych i in. T l gia s

vng cun trn li st t m (thng trong khong t 1000 n 10.000) cho php
lin h gia dng cn o v dng hi tip: iS = ip.
3.2.6.3. Cc u im:
Hiu in th tiu th trn on dy cun vo u o ch chng vi mV.
H thng rt an ton do c cch in vi mch in.
H thng c th o dng in xoay chiu c tn s t 0 (tc l in mt
chiu) n 100kHz.
H thng ny cng c ng dng trong vn nng k in t, hay thm ch
trong dao ng k.
3.2.7. Ampe k km:
Mt Ampe k km o cng
dng in
Trong dng in xoay chiu,
t trng bin thin sinh ra bi
dng in c th gy cm ng
in t ln mt cun cm nm
gn dng in. y l c ch
hot ng ca Ampe k km.

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Phn II:

THIT K MCH NGUN

1. S lc v mch ngun:
1.1. Khi nim:
Nhim v ca mch cung cp l to ra nng lng cn thit cung cp cho
cc thit b in hoc in t lm vic. Thng thng ngun nng lng do n
to ra l ngun in p 1 chiu ly t mng in xoay chiu, hoc t pin,
acquy
1.2. Phn loi mch ngun:
C rt nhiu loi mch ngun khc nhau, c th l ngun cung cp in p
hay dng in, y ta ch phn loi cc loi mch ngun in p. Gm c:
Ngun cung cp in p dng (1 chiu).
Ngun cung cp in p m (1 chiu).
Ngun cung cp in p c th bin i c (1 chiu).
Ngoi ra, ta cng c th to ra ngun cung cp in p 1 chiu kt hp t cc
ngun trn, kt hp chng vi mt vi mch bo v, mch n p, mc ch l
to ra ngun cung cp n nh phc v cho cc mch in, in t
1.3. Tm hiu mch ngun in p dng:
- S khi b ngun:

220V
AC

Bin
p

Nn
in

B lc
ngun

Mch
n p

DC

Nhim v tng khi mch:

Bin p: Dng bin i in p li in (220V, 50Hz) thnh cc mc in
p thch hp, c th l cc mc: 3V, 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V (tn s khng
i).
Nn in: C nhiu cch nn in khc nhau vi cng chung mc ch l
chuyn t dng in bin i AC thnh dng in 1 chiu DC. Ta s dng
cc mch chnh lu bn k, chnh lu ton k thc hin cng vic trn.
Cch n gin v hiu qu nht l dng diode chnh lu cu.
B lc ngun: Cc mch chnh lu s cho in p DC dng xung u ra.
Cc xung ra gi l gn sng ra, gn c th gim ng k bng cch lc
tn hiu ra ca mch chnh lu.
Mch n p: Gi cho in p ra ca b ngun khng i khi in p vo
thay i. C th dng IC n p thc hin iu ny:
VD: IC 78xx c dng in doanh nh l 1A. Nhn thy dng in ti

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a qua IC n p ch mang gi tr nh nn khi thit k mch cn kt hp

mch chia dng.
2. Thit k mch ngun:
2.1. Yu cu:
Thit k mch ngun gm cc thng s:
Ngun in n p mt chiu 9V v 5V.
Dng in ti a qua mch l 5A.
Kt hp mch bo v qu dng.
2.2. S mch in:

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2.3.

2.4.
-

GVHD: L Hng Nam

Nhim v cc linh kin:

Bin p: Thay i mc in p t 220Vrms thnh 12Vrms.
Cu diode: Chnh lu in p xoay chiu sang mc in p mt chiu.
T in C1, C31, C32: t lc gn.
D2, R1: Mch bo ngun cung cp hot ng (R1 l tr hn dng cho LED
D2).
R-le: ng ngt thay i iu khin mch n p.
R4, D5: Mch bo hiu xy ra qu dng (R4 l tr hn dng cho D3).
R2: in tr vi sai, nhm trch s nh hng ca dng ra mch n p n
mch bo v.
IC LM7805 (hoc LM7809): IC ng vai tr n p, p ra c nh mc
5V (hoc 9V).
(R31, Q1, R41) v (R32, Q2, R42): R dng, bo m dng ra ln nht 5A.
(C21, C41) v (C22, C42): Lc hi tn s cao.
(D61, R51) v (D62, R52): Mch bo hiu mch n p hot ng (R51 hn
dng cho LED D61 v R52 hn dng cho LED D62).
LM386: kt hp 2 OpAmp to thnh mch khuch i vi sai v mch so
snh.
D3, R6, D7, C5: To ngun n nh cung cp cho LM386.
RV1: Bin tr thay i khuch i ca OpAmp th nht.
RV2: Bin tr thay i gi tr so snh chn vo ca OpAmp th hai.
D8: Chng dng x ngc, bo v OpAmp.
SCR: iu khin r-le.
R13: Tr hn dng.
D4: Bo v SCR, trnh dng x ngc t r-le n SCR.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch:
Mch chnh lu v mch lc:
My bin p h in p t ngun xoay chiu 220Vrms thnh 12Vrms, t tn

hiu c a vo mch cu Diode chnh lu sang in p 1 chiu c gi tr VDC

= 12
VF, tn hiu lc ny c biu din nh hnh trn. T C1 ng ra mch
cu c tc dng lc gn, gim s bin thin ca tn hiu.
- Mch n p:
Mch n p c thit k n nh tn hiu in p 1 chiu ng ra mt
cch hiu qu nht, hn ch thp nht s nh hng tn hiu ra thay i khi c
s thay i tn hiu ng vo. Cng vic ny c thc hin nh s dng IC
LM7805 (hoc LM7809), sau khi i qua mch n p, tn hiu c gi n nh
5 VDC (hoc 9 VDC).
Tuy nhin, khi dng IC n p th dng in ln nht qua n b gii hn, i
vi IC LM7805 (hoc LM7809) th dng ln nht l 0.5A, do mc thm BJT Q1
(hoc Q2) r dng, m bo dng ra ln.
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Khi dng 0.5A th VR31 < VBE/Q1 nn Q1 tt, ton b dng qua IC7805
ra ti (tng t vi mch n p 9V).
Khi dng ln VR31 > VBE/Q1 th Q1 dn,
dng qua Q1: I1=IR31 0.5(A), m bo dng cung cp cho ti (tng t vi
mch n p 9V).
- Mch bo v qu dng:
Hot ng ca mch:
Khi cha c qu dng, tn hiu qua mch n p, to p c nh 5V
(hoc 9V).
Khi c qu dng, p VR2 qua OpAmp 1 c khuch i ln mc V1
a vo mch so snh vi mc in p c nh V2. Nu V1>V2 th
tn hiu ra OpAmp th 2 ch mc cao, kch cho SCR dn
c dng
qua r-le, tip im thng ng chuyn sang tip im thng h,
nh ngt dng cung cp cho ti. Khi mch n nh, ta Reset li
SCR tip tc to p cung cp cho phn mch pha sau.
2.5. Tnh ton thit k:
- Phn chnh lu:
Chn bin p c ng ra 12 Vrms, chu c dng 5 A.
Bin p: 220 Vrms
15 Vrms
Cu diode D1 l loi RS507L c Imax = 5 A, VF = 1 V.
in p nh sau chnh lu:
Vp = Vhd
- VF = 12
- 1 = 15.97 V
Cho Vrip = 4 Vp-p khi Imax = 5 A.
VCC = Vp - Vrip = 15.97 - 2 = 13.97 V
H s gn:
r=

= 8.26%

T C1: chn in p gn trn t l Vr(p-p) = 4 V.

Ta c:
Vr(p-p) =

= 4 Vp-p

Vi I0 = 5 A, f = 50 Hz.
C1 =

= 12 500 F

C1 = 10 000 F / 50V
Chn
T lc phi c in p lm vic ln hn 1.2 Vp = 50 V lc gn tt nht.
Led D2: Led bo c p ra. Chn Led D2 c ID2 = 14 mA.
R1 =
Chn

= 0.96 k

R1= 1 k

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D3 chng x ngc. Chn D3 l diode 4007.

D7 l diode Zener to p Vcc1 n nh Vcc1 = 12 V.
VD7 = 12 V
I7max khi I0 = 0 A
I7max = 6 mA
Khi R6 =

= 211.7

I7min= 2 mA khi I0max = IOpAmp + IDz . Chn IDz = 5 mA.

I0max = 1.5 + 5 = 6.5 mA
IR6 = I7 + I0 = 2 mA + 6.5 mA = 8.5 mA
Khi R6 =

= 173

T cc kt qu trn chn R6 = 220

Tnh C5 lc nhiu ngun cho OpAmp:
C5 lc gn, c th lc gn chn C5 sao cho XC5<<R6 ti tn s thp.
Chn tn s thp nht l f = 3.5 Hz.

Chn
-

R6 = 22

XC5 =

C5 =

= 2 066.9 F

C5 = 2 200 F / 25 V

Mch to p c nh 5 V:
IC LM7085 c I0max = 1 A.
cung cp dng ra ti a l 5 A th cn s dng thm Q1 r dng.
Chn Q1 l 2SB688:
VCEO > 2 (13.97 5) = 17.94 V
Ico > 2 IC = 2 IC = 2 4.0 = 8 A
Ptt > 2 Ptt max = 2 (13.97 5) (5 1.0) = 71.76 W
Tra cu, ta chn Q1 l 2SB688 c cc thng s sau:
VCEO max
IC max
hfe
Pmax
120 V
10 A
55 160
80 W
Tnh chn R31, R41 I0 > 1 A th Q1 dn:
Chn

R31 = 1.5

Chn vBE Q1 dn khuch i (0.65 V

0.7 V).
Chn vCE thuc khong 2
3 V.
Khi I0 = 100 mA: Q1 tt. R31 = 100 mA 1.5 = 0.15 V < 0.65 V
Khi I0 = 1 A: Q1 dn. R31 = 1 A 1.5 = 1.5 V > 0.65 V
vBE = 0.65 V

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Tra datasheet suy ra IC = 0.35 A.

Suy ra: I2 + IC = 0.78 A < I0 (tho iu kin).
Chn R31 = 1.5 , IR31 max = 1 A.
Pmax = (IR31 max)2 R31 = 12 1.5 = 1.5 W
Chn R31 = 1.5 / 2 W
Chn R42 m bo Q1 lm vic ch khuch i v gim cng sut
tiu tn trn Q1.
3 V VCE/Q1 10 V
I4 R4 13.97 V 5 V 3 V = 5.97 V
I4 max = 5 A
R41

= 1.194

V dng qua R42 ln, m bo cng sut tiu tn, chn R41 = 0.33 .
Ptt = I4 max R41 =52 0.33 = 8.25 W
Chn

R41 = 0.33 / 5 W

Tnh cc t lc C21, C31, C41:

T C21 v C41 lc hi tn s cao.
Theo datasheet IC LM7805:
Chn

C21 = 0.33 F

Chn

C41 = 0.33 F

Chn dng qua Led D61 l 30 mA.

Suy ra: R51 =
Chn
-

= 216.7

R52 = 220

Mch to p c nh 9 V:
IC LM7089 c I0max = 1 A.
cung cp dng ra ti a l 5 A th cn s dng thm Q2 r dng.
Chn Q2 l 2SB688:
VCEO > 2 (13.97 9) = 9.94 V
Ico > 2 IC = 2 IC = 2 4.0 = 8 A
Ptt > 2 Ptt max = 2 (13.97 9) (5 1.0) = 39.76 W

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Tra cu, ta chn Q2 l 2SB688 c cc thng s sau:

VCEO max
IC max
hfe
120 V
10 A
55 160
Tnh chn R32, R42 I0 > 1 A th Q2 dn:
Chn

Pmax
80 W

R32 = 1.5

Chn vBE Q2 dn khuch i (0.65 V

0.7 V).
Chn vCE thuc khong 2
3 V.
Khi I0 = 100 mA: Q2 tt. R32 = 100 mA 1.5 = 0.15 V < 0.65 V
Khi I0 = 1 A: Q2 dn. R32 = 1 A 1.5 = 1.5 V > 0.65 V
vBE = 0.65 V

I2 =

= 0.43 A

Tra datasheet suy ra IC = 0.35 A.

Suy ra: I2 + IC = 0.78 A < I0 (tho iu kin).
Chn R32 = 1.5 , IR32 max = 1 A.
Pmax = (IR32 max)2 R32 = 12 1.5 = 1.5 W
Chn R32 = 1.5 / 2 W
Chn R42 m bo Q2 lm vic ch khuch i v gim cng sut
tiu tn trn Q2.
3 V VCE/Q2 10 V
I4 R4 13.97 V 9 V 3 V = 1.97 V
I4 max = 5 A
R42

= 0.394

V dng qua R42 ln, m bo cng sut tiu tn, chn R42 = 0.33 .
Ptt = I4 max R42 =52 0.33 = 8.25 W
Chn

R42 = 0.33 / 5 W

Tnh cc t lc C22, C32, C42:

T C22 v C42 lc hi tn s cao.
Theo datasheet IC LM7809:
Chn

C22 = 0.33 F

Chn

C42 = 0.33 F

Chn dng qua Led D62 l 30 mA.

Suy ra: R52 =
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc

Chn
-

R52 = 220

Tnh r-le:
Chn r-le 12 V c R = 390 .
Chn dng r-le: I = 30 mA.
Chn dng qua Led D5 = 10 mA.
R4 =
Chn

GVHD: L Hng Nam

= 1.147 k

R4 = 1 k

Diode chng cun dy x ngc, chn D5 l diode 4007.

Tnh ton mch bo v qu dng:
R2 l in tr vi sai.
Chn R2 = 0.33 . Dng qua IR2 max = 5 A.
Ptt max = I2 R2 = 52 0.33 = 8.25 W
Chn

R2 = 0.33 / 5 W

Chn OpAmp LM358.

Cho qu dng 10%: IR2 > 5.5 A th r-le ng v tr khng vo OpAmp ln.
Chn

R7 = 12 k, R8 = 10 k
R10 = R12 = 12 k

Chn R9 = VR1, K =
V1 =

VR2

Chn V1 = 10.68 V.
Chn VR1= l bin tr 100 k iu chnh.
Khi cha c qu dng: VR2 min = 5 0.33 = 1.65 V
Khi c qu dng: VR2 max = 5.5 0.33 = 1.815 V
K=

= 5.88

Chn V2 = V1 = 10.68 V (khi I = Imax).

Vy ta chn K = 5.88
R9 = VR1 = 70.56 k
Chn

VR1 l bin tr 100 k

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Khi c qu dng V1 > V2:

Suy ra: V0 = VCC1 1.5 = 12 1.5 = 10.5 V
Chn SCR l 2P4M c dng kch khi 0.2 mA.
Chn D9 l loi 4007.
R11 =
Chn

= 9 k

R11 = 12 k

Tnh R13:
R13 =
Chn

= 208.5

R13 = 220

2.6. Kim tra cc linh kin:

2.6.1. in tr:
L thnh phn quan trng trong cc mch in t c tc dng cn tr dng
in. Cc thng s quan trng ca in tr: gi tr in tr, cng sut nh mc,
sai s, sai s do nh hng nhit .
R
2.6.1.1. K hiu:
2.6.1.2. Hnh dng:

2.6.1.3.

Phn loi in tr:

Theo cch phn loi da trn cng sut, th in tr thng c chia

lm 3 loi:
- in tr cng sut nh.
- in tr cng sut trung bnh.
- in tr cng sut ln.

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GVHD: L Hng Nam

Tuy nhin, do ng dng thc t v do cu to ring ca cc vt cht to

nn in tr nn thng thng, in tr c chia thnh 2 loi:
- in tr: l cc loi in tr c cng sut trung bnh v nh hay l cc
in tr ch cho php cc dng in nh i qua.
- in tr cng sut: l cc in tr dng trong cc mch in t c
dng in ln i qua hay ni cch khc, cc in tr ny khi mch hot
ng s to ra mt lng nhit nng kh ln. Chnh v th, chng
c cu to nn t cc vt liu chu nhit.
La chn in tr c gi tr ph hp ng thi cn ch n cng sut
nh mc ca n trong tng ng dng c th m bo tr hot ng tt chc
nng.
2.6.1.4. c tr:
Cch c gi tr cc in tr thng thng cng c phn lm 2 cch
c, tu theo cc k hiu c trn in tr. i vi cc in tr c gi tr c
nh ngha theo vch mu th chng ta c 2 loi in tr: in tr 4 vng mu v
in tr 5 vng mu. Vng mu tng ng vi cc tr s theo bng mu v quy
lut sau:
- Vch mu cui cng l vch sai s. i vi mch in t dn dng th
ta khng quan tm ti vch ny. Nhng i vi mch c chnh xc
cao th cn ch ti vch ny.
- Vch cnh vch cui l vch l vch ly tha 10.
- Vch cn li l vch c ngha.

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GVHD: L Hng Nam

in tr c cng sut ln th ngi ta thng ghi gi tr in tr v cng

sut trn thn in tr.
2.6.1.5. Nhng h hng thng gp in tr:
- Chy do lm vic qu cng sut.
- Tng tr s thng gp in tr bt than, do lu ngy hot tnh bt
than bin cht lm thay i tr s.
- Gim tr s thng xy ra in tr dy qun do b chp vng.
2.6.2. Bin tr:
Bin tr l cc thit b c in tr thun c th bin i c theo mun.
Chng c th c s dng trong cc mch in iu chnh hot ng ca
mch in.

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K hiu:
Loi th chnh (loi chnh c thay i rng): loi ny thit k dng cho
ngi s dng.
R

Loi tinh chnh: loi ny dng chnh li chnh xc hot ng ca mch.

2.6.3. T in:
L linh kin in t th ng c s dng rng ri trong cc mch in t:
mch lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch to dao ng.
2.6.3.1. K hiu:
C3

T c gi tr in dung thay i. Dng iu chnh gi tr

in dung theo mun, dng vi chnh tn s ca cc mch dao ng,
mch cng hng mch lc.
C2

T in c cc tnh, thng l cc t ho hc.

C1

T in khng c cc tnh thng l cc t gm, t thu

2.6.3.2.

tinh.
Cc thng s quan trng ca t in:
in dung: L i lng ni ln kh nng tch in trn 2 bn cc ca t
in, in dung ca t in ph thuc vo in tch bn cc, vt liu lm
cht in mi v khong cch gia 2 bn cc. n v: F (fara). 1F l rt
ln do trong thc t thng dng cc n v nh hn nh microFara
(F), nanoFara (nF), picoFara (pF).
1 F = 106 F = 109 nF = 1012 pF
in p nh mc: L gi tr in p cc i m t chu ng c, qu
in p ny t s b n. Khi lp t vo mch th ngi ta cng lp t in
c gi tr cc i cao gp 1.4 ln in p lm vic.
VD: Mch 12V phi lp t 16V.

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2.6.3.3.

GVHD: L Hng Nam

Phn loi:

2.6.3.3.1.
T giy, t gm, t mica (t khng phn cc):
Cc loi t ny khng phn bit m dng v thng c in dung nh t
0.47 F tr xung. Cc t ny thng c s dng trong cc mch in c tn
s cao hoc mch lc nhiu.

T
gml t
khng
phn
cc

2.6.3.3.2.
T ho (t c phn cc):
T ho l t c phn cc m dng, t ho c tr s ln hn v gi tr t 0.47
F. T ho thng c s dng trong cc mch c tn s thp hoc dng
lc ngun. T ho lun lun c hnh tr. T ho thng c gi tr in p nh,
cn lu n gi tr in p chu ng ca t. Ngoi ra i vi t ho cn lu
mc ng cc tnh ca t.

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T
ho l t
c
phn
cc
m
dng

2.6.3.3.3.
T xoay:
T xoay l t c th xoay thay i gi tr in dung, t ny thng c
lp trong radio thay i tn s cng hng khi ta d i.

T
xoay
s
dng
trong
radio

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2.6.3.4. Cch c gi tr in dung trn t:

2.6.3.4.1.
Vi t ho: Gi tr in dung c ghi trc tip trn thn t.

Gi tr ca t l: C = 185 F, V = 320V
2.6.3.4.2.
Vi t giy, t gm: Gi tr ca t c ghi bng k hiu.
Cch c: Trng hp trn t c ghi gi tr, k hiu m tn cng l mt ch
ci, n v o tnh bng pF (pico Fara), phng php xc nh gi tr thc hin
nh sau:
- Hai ch s u ch tr s cho in dung ca t.
- Ch s th ba (k tip) xc nh h s nhn.
- Ch ci cui cng xc nh sai s.
VD: T gm hnh bn ghi 474K
ngha l:
Gi tr = 47104 = 470 000 pF
(ly n v l pico Fara) = 470 nF =
0.47 F
Ch K hoc J cui l ch sai
s, c xc nh theo bng sau:
Cc ch ci xc nh sai s
tun theo quy c sau y:
F

1%

2%

5%

10%

20%

Ngoi ra, cn c t than u chm.

2.6.3.5. Phng php kim tra t in:
Cch o v kim tra t:
Ta bt ng h VOM o kim tra t hot ng tt hay xu. Tu theo gi tr
ca t m ta bt thang o khc nhau kim tra.
o hai ln c i que:
Nu kim vt ln v tr v ht th kh nng np x ca t cn tt.
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Nu kim vt ln th t b nh thng.
Nu kim vt ln nhng tr v khng ht th t b r.
Nu kim vt ln v kim tr v l th t b kh.
Nu kim khng ln th t t.
Ch : Nu kim tra t in trc tip trn mch th ta cn ht rng mt chn
t ra khi mch ri sau kim tra nh trn.
2.6.4. Diode:
Diode c bn l mt ni P-N. Th nhng, ty theo mt cht tp pha vo
cht bn dn thun ban u, ty theo s phn cc ca diode v mt s yu t
khc na m ta c nhiu loi diode khc nhau v tm ng dng ca chng cng
khc nhau.
2.6.4.1. Phn loi:
Phn loi theo s phn cc:
Diode phn cc thun: Ch cn mt
in p dng cho diode dn
in. Diode s cho dng in i qua
theo mt chiu t cc dng n
cc m v s cn dng in i theo
chiu ngc li. VD: Diode bn dn,
LED, ...
Diode phn cc nghch: Ch cn
mt in p m cho diode dn
in (in p ny gi l in p nh
thng ca diode). Diode s cho dng
in i qua theo chiu phn cc
nghch ca diode. Thng thng,
dn in tt hn trong chiu nghch.
VD: diode Zener, diode bin dung
(Varicap).

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2.6.4.2. Mt s loi diode:

2.6.4.2.1.
Diode chnh lu:
L diode thng dng nht, dng i in xoay chiu thng l in th
50Hz n 60Hz sang in th mt chiu. Diode ny ty loi c th chu ng
c dng t vi trm mA n loi cng sut cao c th chu c n vi trm
Ampe. Diode chnh lu ch yu l loi Si. Hai c tnh k thut c bn ca Diode
chnh lu l dng thun ti a v in p ngc ti a (in p nh thng). Hai
c tnh ny do nh sn xut cho bit.
Anode
A

Cathode
K

K hiu

Khi lm vic vi diode cn ch :

- Dng nh mc qua diode: Thng thng dng nh mc khi lm vic vi
tn hiu DC ca cc diode l 1A, khi lm vic vi tn hiu xung th dng
nh mc ca diode l 10A.
- St p trn tip gip ca diode: vo khong 0.7V.
- Ch c tnh chuyn mch ca diode trong cc ng dng chuyn mch
tc cao.
ng dng: Chnh lu ton k, bn k,
2.6.4.2.2.
Diode Zener:
Cu to: Diode Zener c cu to tng t diode thng nhng c 2 lp bn
dn P-N ghp vi nhau. Diode Zener c ng dng trong ch phn cc
ngc. Khi phn cc thun diode Zener hot ng nh diode thng nhng
khi phn cc ngc diode Zener s ghim li mt mc in p c nh bng
gi tr ghi trn diode.
Hnh dng:
c tuyn:

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2.6.4.2.3.
Diode bin dung (Varicap):
Diode bin dung l diode c in dung nh t in, v in dung bin i khi
ta thay i in p ngc t vo diode.

ng dng ca diode bin dung Varicap: VD: Trong mch cng hng.
hnh trn khi ta chnh chit p VR, in p ngc t vo diode Varicap thay i,
in dung ca diode thay i
lm thay i tn s cng hng ca mch.
Diode bin dung c s dng trong cc b knh TV mu, trong cc mch
iu chnh tn s cng hng bng in p.
2.6.4.2.4.
Diode pht quang: hay cn gi l LED (Light Emitting Diode)
L cc diode c kh nng pht ra nh sang hay tia hng ngoi, t ngoi.
Cng ging nh diode bn dn, LED c cu to t mt khi bn dn loi P
ghp vi mt khi bn dn loi N.
2.6.4.3. o kim tra diode:
thang o R1 ta tin hnh o 2 ln c o que o:
Nu quan st thy kim ng h mt ln kim ln ht, mt ln kim khng ln
th diode hot ng tt.
Nu quan st thy kim ng h mt ln kim ln ht, mt ln kim ln 1/3
vch th diode b r.
Nu quan st hai ln o kim u ln ht th diode b thng.
Nu quan st hai ln o kim u khng ln ht th diode b t.
2.6.5. BJT:
2.6.5.1. Cu to bn trong v k hiu:
2.6.5.1.1.
Cu to bn trong:
BJT thun (PNP)
BJT ngc (NPN)
C

B
2.6.5.1.2.

K hiu:
C

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Bo co thc tp nhn thc

2.6.5.1.3.

GVHD: L Hng Nam

Hnh dng:

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2.6.5.2. K hiu theo hng sn xut:

2.6.5.2.1.
Transistor Nht Bn:
Thng k hiu l A..., B..., C..., D... VD: A564, B733, C828, D1555. Trong
cc transistor k hiu l A v B l transistor thun PNP, k hiu l C v D l
transistor ngc NPN. Cc transistor A v C thng c cng sut nh v tn s
lm vic cao cn cc transistor B v D thng c cng sut ln v tn s lm
vic thp hn.
2.6.5.2.2.
Transistor do M sn xut:
Thng k hiu l 2N... VD: 2N3055, 2N4073,
2.6.5.2.3.
Transistor do Trung Quc sn xut:
Bt u bng s 3, tip theo l hai ch ci. Ch ci th nht cho bit loi
bng: Ch A v B l transistor thun, ch C v D l transistor ngc. Ch th
hai cho bit c im: X v P l transistor m tn, A v G l transistor cao tn.
Cc ch s sau ch th t sn phm. VD: 3CP25, 3AP20,
2.6.5.3. Hot ng ca transistor:
- Vng ngt
: tip gip B-E phn cc nghch, B-C phn cc nghch.
- Vng tuyn tnh : tip gip B-E phn cc thun, B-C phn cc nghch.
- Vng bo ho
: tip gip B-E phn cc thun, B-C phn cc thun.
Trong cc ng dng thng thng BJT c phn cc vng tuyn tnh.
Vng ngt v vng bo ha thng dng trong cc ng dng chuyn mch
switching.

c tuyn ng ra
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c tuyn ng vo
2.6.5.4. Xc nh chn BJT:
Ngoi cch tham kho trang d liu datasheet bit chn linh kin, ta c th
dng VOM xc nhchn nh sau:
Da vo cu to bn trong ca BJT m suy ra cch xc nh chn ca BJT:
Ta t ng h VOM thang o 1k hoc 100.
Ta t que o vo mt chn c nh, cn que cn li o ga hai chn
cn li. Nu kim ln u th ta o hai que o vi nhau v o nh trn,
nu kim khng ln th chn c nh l chn B. trng hp c nh chn
B v o o gia hai chn cn li nu kim ln u, que chn c nh l
que en th BJT loi NPN, nu que chn c nh th l loi PNP.
BJT (NPN): Ta t hai que o vo hai chn cn li (khng t chn B).
Dng in tr (hoc ngn tay) ni ga que en vi cc B, nu kim ln
th chn tng ng vi que en l chn C, chn cn li l chn E. Khi kim
khng ln th ta o ngc que li v kim tra nh trn.
BJT (PNP): Ta t hai que o vo hai chn cn li (khng t chn B).
Dng in tr (hoc ngn tay) ni ga que en vi cc B, nu kim ln
th chn tng ng vi que en l chn E, chn cn li l chn C. Khi kim
khng ln th ta o ngc que li v kim tra nh trn.

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i vi BJT cng sut th khi ch to ngi ta c in tr lt hoc in

tr v diode lt bn trong, do khi o cn ch .
C

R1

B
R2

D
R

R1
Q

R2

D
R

2.6.5.5. Sai hng BJT:

Transistor c th b nh hng cc trng hp sau:
o thun chiu t B sang E hoc t B sang C => kim khng ln => t BE
hoc t BC.
o t B sang E hoc t B sang C kim ln c 2 chiu l chp hay d BE
hoc BC.
o gia C v E kim ln l b chp CE.

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2.6.6. SCR (Silicon Controlled Retifier):

2.6.6.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:

SCR c cu to gm 4 lp bn dn ghp li to thnh 2 transistor mc ni

tip, 1 transistor thun v 1 transistor ngc (nh s tng ng trn).
Thyristor c 3 cc l Anode, Cathode v Gate gi l AKG. Thyristor l diode
c iu khin. Bnh thng khi c phn cc thun, thyristor cha dn in.
Khi c mt in p kch vo chn G, thyristor dn cho n khi in p o chiu
hoc ct in p ngun, thyristor mi ngng dn

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c tuyn ca SCR
2.6.6.2.

Hnh dng thyristor:

2.6.6.3. Xc nh chn linh kin:

Vn VOM thang R1. Ta t 1 que o vo 1 chn c nh, que kia o ga
hai chn cn li. Nu kim khng ln th ta o hai que o vi nhau v o nh
trn, kim khng ln th chn c nh l chn A. Ta t que en vo chn A v que
vo mt trong hai chn cn li, sau ly dy ni ga chn A kch vi chn
cn li (chn khng t que ). Nu kim ln v th ra kim t gi th chn l
chn G. Chn cn li l chn K.
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2.6.6.4. o kim tra thyristor:

t ng h thang 1 W. t que en vo Anode, que vo Cathode. Ban
u kim khng ln, dng tuc-n-vt chp chn A vo chn G => thy ng h
ln kim, sau b tuc-n-vt ra => ng h vn ln kim => nh vy l thyristor
tt.
2.6.6.5. ng dng ca thyristor:
ng dng n gin ca thyristor: Mch n khn cp khi mt in

Bnh thng n 6V chy sng nh ngun in qua mch chnh lu. Lc ny

SCR ngng dn do b phn cc nghch, ACCU c np qua D1, R1. Khi mt
in, ngun in ACCU s lm thng SCR v thp sng n.
2.6.7. Phng php nhn din chn ca IC:
Mun nhn dng v tr chn IC ta u phi da vo s tay ca IC. Tuy nhin,
ta cn phi bit phng php xc nh v tr cho chn s 1 ca IC. Khi nhn thng
t trn xung IC, ta nhn thy trn IC mt pha trn thn s khuyt mt u
mt phn bn nguyt, i khi pha ny c th in vch thng sn trng, hoc c
im mt chm trng pha tri.
V tr chn pha chm trng bn tri xc nh chn s 1, sau tun t m
ngc chiu kim ng h ta s tm c cc chn cn li. Ty thuc vo cc tnh
nng k thut ghi trong s tay, chc nng ca mi chn tng ng vi s th t
ca chn .

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2.6.7.1.

Dng chn ra ca IC
LM386:

2.6.7.3.

Dng chn ra ca IC L7809CV:

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2.6.7.2.

Dng chn ra
KA7805:

ca

IC

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2.7. Lp rp mch:
2.7.1. Qu trnh lm mch in:
V s nguyn l (s dng phn mm Orcad 9.2).
V mch in bng Layout Plus.
In Layout ra giy.

i mch.

2.7.2.

Chi sch bng ng, ghp p phn giy pha mc ln mt ng. Lm sao
cho va vn.
t bn i ln lp giy v tm ng ban ny. mnh v c nh ti ch
trong khong 30 giy cho lp keo trong mc in chy ra v bm dnh vo mt
ng. Mit bn i u trn din tch board m bo tt c mc in u b
nng chy. Thi gian cn ty vo kch thc board, nng v lc mit.
board ch thong cho ngui i hon ton.
Ngm bng ng trong nc lp giy bong i. Chi sch lp giy
cn bm trn bng ng.
Ngm mch in trong FeCl3:
Sau khi bng ng ngui, g lp giy tha i, phn cn li l lp mc in dnh
trn bng ng.
Pha FeCl3 vo mt chu nc. Pha nhiu t ty theo kch thc board, sao
cho bao ph ton b phn mt ng l c. Ngm tm ng vo dung dch
trn. Nn lc nh nh board trong khi ngm qu trnh n mn mau hn.
Khi no phn ng tha b n mn ht th ly ra ra sch bng nc.
Chi sch bng ng bng giy nhm lm sch lp mc in cn bm
trn bng ng.
Gn linh kin v hn linh kin:

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Trc khi gn linh kin cn kim tra thng mch. Dng VOM ch o
in tr kim tra nhng ch b t hoc chp mch trong qu trnh ra
mch. C th iu chnh bng cch ct cc ng mch nu b ngn mch
hoc ni dy nu h mch.
Thc hin gn linh kin vo bng mch (ch kim tra h hng ca linh
kin). i vi cc loi linh kin kh xc nh chn nh BJT, IC78xx, SCR,
LM386, cn tra datasheet ca chng thc hin gn chn chnh xc.
Sau khi cm chn linh kin, dng mi hn ra vo nha thng, sau ly m
hn ch quanh chn linh kin v l khoan ty lp oxi ha quanh chn hn
v lm ng u nhit ca chn linh kin v l ng. Sau dng ch
chp vo st chn linh kin ch tip xc vi l ng. Khi ch nng chy bao
quanh chn linh kin th ly ch ra.
Dng km bm chn linh kin v kim tra thng mch cc mi hn.
2.7.3. Kim tra mch:
Qu trnh kim tra mch c thc hin song song vi qu trnh gn linh
kin, tin hnh cp ngun v kim tra p mt vi mc ng ra quan trng
nh cu diode, t C1, Rle, IC7805, 7809, cc chn ca BJT, v ng ra ca
mch ngun.. Nu gi tr sai khc th tm im sai v khc phc. Cc led bo
cng l nhng du hiu quan trng xc nh thng mch( led D2, D5,
D61, D62, ).
Kim tra mch bo v: o p mt vi chn vo ca LM386 (ngun cung
cp, ng ra O1, chn vo mch so snh, ng ra O2). Cch n gin th
mch bo v c hot ng hay khng l chp nh hai u ng ra, nu led D5
sng tc l mch hot ng. C th mt thm ti bng cc gi tr in tr
cng sut vi cc gi tr thay i ph hp ri tin hnh cp ngun kim tra
mch bo v.
2.7.4. Cc s c xy ra khi thc hin mch:
Do dy ch rt mnh nn qu trnh thc hin mch rt d b t. t bit l
qu trnh chi sch bng ng sau khi ra bng giy nhm, vt t rt kh
xc nh do kh nhn thy bng mt Sau khi kim tra thng mch tng
mi ni, xc nh c ch b t.
Cc gi tr nh in tr, diode, BJT, IC78xx, c th xy ra sai hng trc
hoc sau khi hn ch => Cn kim tra sai hng ca linh kin trc khi tin
hnh gn linh kin v o p kim tra linh kin c lm vic ng khng.
Mua thiu linh kin. Mt s linh kin khng c sn trn th trng => ph
hp vi mch: thay th 1 s linh kin.

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Phn III:

H THNG VIN THNG

1. Khi nim chung:
1.1. Khi nim mng vin thng:
Mng vin thng bao gm mng vin thng cng cng, mng vin thng dng
ring, mng vin thng chuyn dng l tp hp cc thit b vin thng c lin
kt vi nhau bng cc ng truyn dn.
Hot ng ca mng vin thng khng c gy hi n mi trng v cc
hot ng kinh t - x hi. Cc hot ng kinh t - x hi khng c gy nhiu
c hi, lm hng ng cp vin thng, anten, h thng thit b vin thng v
gy hi n cc hot ng khc ca mng vin thng.
1.2. Mng vin thng cng cng:
Mng vin thng cng cng l mng vin thng do doanh nghip vin thng
thit lp cung cp cc dch v vin thng. Mng vin thng cng cng c
xy dng v pht trin theo chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch c c quan
nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt.
Cc cng trnh vin thng cng cng l mt b phn quan trng ca kt cu
h tng phi c trong quy hoch, thit k tng th xy dng cc khu th, khu
dn c, khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu kinh t mi v cc cng trnh cng
cng khc bo m tnh thng nht, ng b trong u t xy dng v thun
tin cho vic cung cp, s dng dch v.
Cc cng trnh vin thng cng cng c u tin s dng khng gian, mt
t, lng t, y sng, y bin; cc ng truyn dn c kt hp i dc
ng giao thng, cu, cng, h ph, ng ph, ng dy in thun tin
cho vic xy dng, sa cha, bo dng v bo v cng trnh.
Cc im phc v cng cng oc u tin t ti cc nh ga, bn xe, cng
bin, cng hng khng, ca khu v cc a im cng cng khc phc v
nhu cu ca ngi s dng.
1.3. Mng vin thng dng ring:
Mng vin thng dng ring l mng vin thng do c quan, t chc, doanh
nghip hot ng ti Vit Nam thit lp bo m thng tin cho cc thnh vin
ca mng, bao gm cc thit b vin thng c lp t ti cc a im xc nh
khc nhau v c kt ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn dn do c quan, t
chc, doanh nghip thu hoc t xy dng.
1.4. Mng vin thng chuyn dng:
Mng vin thng chuyn dng l mng vin thng dng phc v thng tin
c bit ca cc c quan ng, Nh nc, phc v thng tin quc phng, an
ninh. Chnh ph quy nh c th v vic thit lp v hot ng ca cc mng vin
thng chuyn dng.

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Thit b u cui v mng ni b:

Thit b u cui thu bao l thit b u cui c nh hoc di ng ca ngi
s dng c u ni, ho mng vo mng vin thng cng cng thng qua
im kt cui ca mng vin thng cng cng.
Thit b u cui cng cng l thit b u cui c nh hoc di ng ca
doanh nghip vin thng c u ni, ho mng vo mng vin thng cng
cng thng qua im kt cum ca mng vin thng cng cng.
Mng ni b l h thng thit b vin thng do mt t chc, c nhn thit lp
ti mt a im c a ch v phm vi xc nh m t chc, c nhn c
ton quyn s dng hp php phc v thng tin ni b.
Ngi s dng dch v vin thng t thit k, lp t hoc thu cc t chc,
c nhn khc thit k, lp t thit b u cui thu bao v mng ni b ca mnh
cho n im kt cui ca mng vin thng cng cng.
Thit b u cui thu bao v mng ni b khi u ni vo mng vin thng
cng cng phi tun theo cc quy nh v hp chun thit b v v s dng tn
s v tuyn in.
Vic u ni, ho mng thit b u cui thu bao v mng ni b vo mng
vin thng cng cng do doanh nghip vin thng thc hin thng qua hp ng
giao kt vi ngi s dng dch v.
C quan qun l nh nc v bu chnh, vin thng quy nh c th v thit
b u cui, mng ni b, im kt cui ca mng vin thng cng cng.

1.5.

2. Gii thiu Cng ty Vin thng in lc EVN Telecom:

2.1. Gii thiu mng vin thng EVN Telecom:
Cng ty Thng tin Vin thng in lc l thnh vin hch ton c lp trc
thuc Tng Cng ty in lc Vit Nam, c thnh lp theo quyt nh s
380/NL/TCCBL ngy 8/7/1995 ca B Nng Lng.
- Tr s t ti: 30A Phm Hng Thi - Ba nh - H Ni - Vit Nam.
Tn giao dch Quc t: EVN Telecom.
Trung tm Vin thng in lc min Trung l thnh vin ca Cng ty
Thng tin Vin thng in lc Vit Nam, thnh lp theo quyt nh s
189/Q EVN-HQT ngy 03/06/2004.
- Tr s t ti: 310 Phan Chu Trinh - Qun Hi Chu - TP Nng.

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2.2.

GVHD: L Hng Nam

Cc dch v cung cp cho khch hng:

- Dch v in thoi c nh c dy (E-Tel).
- Dch v in thoi c nh khng dy (E-Com).
- Dch v in thoi VoIP 179.
- Dch v in thoi di ng ni tnh (E-Phone).
- Dch v in thoi di ng (E-Mobile).
- Dch v cho thu knh ring trong nc v quc t (E-line).
- Dch v Internet (E-Net).
Dch v truy cp Internet ISP.
Dch v kt ni Internet IXP.
Dch v OSP trn Internet.
Cc h thng / mng vin thng ca EVN Telecom:
- Mng tng i chuyn mch c nh.
- Mng truyn ti IP.
- Mng CDMA.
- Mng Internet.
- Mng NGN.
- Mng truyn dn.

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2.2.1. Mng tng i in thoi c nh:

Mng tng i ca EVN Telecom:

Mng tng i ca EVn Telecom

H thng tng i ca EVN bao gm 04 tng i, trong 02 tng i

HiE9200 (ti H Ni v Tp.HCM) v 02 tng i EWSD (ti Nng v Cn
Th).

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EWSD l tng i chuyn mch TDM thng thng, HiE9200 l EWSD cng
thm softswitch.
Mng tng i khng c lp host cp thu bao v vy cung cp dch v
E-Tel phi trang b thm DLU.

S cung cp dch v E-Tel

2.2.2. Mng VoIP/NGN:
2.2.2.1. Cng ngh TDM v TCP/IP:
- Trong cng ngh TDM, knh truyn c thit lp trc khi s liu uc
truyn i v bng thng lun c m bo (ngay c trong thi gian khng
dng).
- Trong cng ngh giao thc TCP/IP, s liu v thoi c ng thnh cc gi
tin c a ch ni gi v ni nhn (a ch IP), cc gi tin c truyn trong mng
IP theo cc ng c lp vi nhau. Khi n ch s c khi phc li nh ban
u.

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Cng ngh TDM

Cng ngh giao thc TCP/IP

- Trong cng ngh TDM, cht lng ng truyn lun m bo nhng kh h
tr cho a dch v, s dng ti nguyn khng ti u.
- Trong cng ngh giao thc TCP/IP, cht lng ng truyn chu nhiu tc
ng (tr gi, mt gi, ) nhng h tr tt nhiu dch v, s dng ti nguyn hp
l.
- Khi cht lng truyn dn tt, cc nhc im ca cng ngh giao thc
TCP/IP c khc phc nn y l cng ngh s c dng rt nhiu.
2.2.2.2. Mng Router ca EVN Telecom:
- Mng li c 04 Core Router M20 (tc x l > 20Gbps): t ti H Ni,
Tp.HCM, Nng, ng vai tr trc chnh v kt ni quc t.
- 04 thit b Edge Router M10 (tc x l > 10Gbps): tp trung lu lng t
cc tnh trc khi a ln ng trc.
- Khong 50 Access Router M5 (tc x l > 5Gbps) cc PoP c nhim v
chuyn lu lng t mi tnh v trung tm.

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Mng Router ca EVN Telecom

2.2.3. Mng truyn ti IP:
Mng truyn ti IP c thit lp bi cc router (b nh tuyn).
Router c nhiu hng kt ni. Khi mt gi tin n t mt hng no , cn
c vo bng nh tuyn, a ch ni gi v nhn, router s gi gi tin theo
hng kt ni ti u.
Cc router thng xuyn trao i thng tin vi nhau thit lp bng nh
tuyn.
2.2.3.1. Cng ngh VoIP:

S mng VoIP ca EVN

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Cc Media Gateway chuyn tn hiu thoi sang thnh cc gi tin TCP/IP.

Cc gi tin TCP c chuyn ti trong mng IP nh cc router.
Khi n ni, cc gi tin TCP/IP c bin i ngc li thnh tn hiu thoi.
Soft-switch iu khin Media Gateway trong sut qu trnh thng qua knh
iu khin.
2.2.3.2. Kt ni mng EVN vi cc mng khc:

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2.2.3.3.

GVHD: L Hng Nam

Cung cp dch v E-Tel qua IP:

2.2.4. Mng Internet:

- Kt ni Internet qua ng thu knh ring leased line vi nhiu cp tc .
- Truy nhp Internet bng thng rng qua mng truyn hnh cp.
- Truy nhp Internet bng thng rng qua mng cp ng ADSL.
- Truy nhp Internet qua mng in thoi khng dy 2000 1x.
2.2.4.1. Truy nhp Internet qua ADSL v truyn hnh cp:

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2.2.4.2.

Kt ni Internet trong nc v quc t:

2.2.4.3.

Dung lng kt ni Internet:

Nh khai thc

Dung lng kt ni (Mbps)

VNPT

2168

Viettel

400

EVN Telecom

200

SPT

72

FPT

930

Tng cng

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2.2.5. H thng CDMA:

2.2.5.1. Cc cng ngh a truy cp:

- FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access): Mi MS s dng mt tn s ring.

- TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): Mi MS chim mt khe thi gian ring
trong mt khong tn s ring.
- CDMA (Code division multiple Access): Cc MS s dng chung mt bng tn ti
mt thi im, chng ch phn bit nhau bng m ring.
2.2.5.2. Mng thng tin di ng CDMA:

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- MSC (Mobile Switching Center): chuyn mch tn hiu thoi v kt ni vi cc

mng khc.
- BTS (Base Station Transceiver): iu khin cc hot ng phn radio v l giao
din gia mng v thit b u cui.
- BSC (Base Station Controller): phn chia lu lng thoi v d liu gia BTS v
MSC, qun l vic di chuyn ca thu bao.
- PCF (Packet Control Function): nh tuyn cc gi d liu IP t thu bao vo
mng IP.
- PDSN (Packet data service node): ng vai tr cng giao tip gia mng v
tuyn vi mng IP.
- VLR: y l c s d liu ng, lu tr cc thng tin tm thi ca tt c cc thu
bao (tt c cc d liu cn thit thit lp cuc gi) ang roaming trong khu vc
ca MSC . C s d liu ny c dng thit lp cuc gi n v i, h tr
cc dch v b sung, cc dch v c bn v qun l MS.
- HLR: N l c s d liu qun l thu bao di ng, lu tt c cc thng tin lin
quan n thu bao (lu thng tin v trng thi thu bao v thng tin v cc dch v
vin thng), v tr thu bao, MDN, IMSI (MIN),
2.2.5.3. Cc tng i mng CDMA:
- Tng i Lucent ti H ng.
- Tng i Huawei ti Nng.
- Tng i ZTE ti Tp.HCM.
- Tng i Huawei ti H ng.
- Tng i Huawei ti Nha Trang.
- Tng i ZTE ti Cn Th.

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2.2.5.4.

GVHD: L Hng Nam

Dung lng hin ti ca cc tng i:

Tng i

Thu bao

Lucent ti H ng

280.000

Huawei ti Nng

80.000

ZTE ti Tp.HCM

170.000

Huawei ti H ng

83.000

Huawei ti Nha Trang

100.000

ZTE ti Cn Th

280.000

Tng cng

Khong 1.000.000

2.2.6. Mng truyn dn:

- Khong 50 node thit b STM-16.
- Khong 30 node thit b STM-4.
- Khong 600 node thit b STM-1.
- Mng truyn dn ca EVN c mt ti 100% s tnh, khong 90 s huyn trn
c nc.
- Sau khi d n CDMA giai on 4 hon thnh s c mt ti 100% s huyn.
- 20000 km cp quang.
- ng trc: thit b STM-16 HiT7070 ca Siemens.
- ng lin tnh: STM-16 v STM-4.
- Cp quang ni tnh: STM-4 v STM-1.
- Hai cng kt ni quc t Lng Sn v Mng Ci.
- Trao i lu lng vi Viettel 04 lung STM-1 BcNam.
- Hn 30 node thng tin STM-16.
- Hot ng trn hai mch, tng cng 5Gbps.
- C 02 trung tm qun l mng ti H ni v Tp.HCM bo v cho nhau.
- H thng c ng b t ng h nguyn t ti H Ni, ng h rubidium d
phng ti Tp.HCM.

S truyn dn ng trc ca EVN Telecom

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Phn IV:

H THNG T NG
1. Gii thiu chung:
nc ta trong nhng nm tr li y, cc nh my x nghip d dn dn t
ng ho sn xut p ng mt phn trong chin lc cng nghip ho hin i
ho t nc. min trung nc ta cng ty xi mng Hi Vn l mt trong nhng
n v i tin phong trong vic u t i mi thit b iu khin v t ng ho
sn xut , vi thit b v cng ngh hin i hng KRUPP POLYSIUS ca c.
Cng ty xi mng Hi Vn c tr s chnh ti: Khu cng nghip Lin Chiu Ho Hip Bc - Qun Lin Chiu - TP Nng.
Cng ty xi mng Hi Vn tin thn l x nghip lin doanh Hong Thch (c
s) thuc Tng cng ty xi mng Vit Nam.
Nm 1994 B xy dng cho php thnh lp Cng ty xi mng Hi Vn v u
t xy dng phn xng 2 c cng sut 1 triu tn/nm, chia lm 2 giai on:
giai on 1 l: 520.000 tn/nm. Dy chuyn cng ngh c trnh t ng ho
cao, do tp on KRUPP POLYSIUS (Cng ho Lin bang c) chuyn giao
cng ngh.
Cng ty c tng s 385 CBCNV & vi nng lc hin ti c kh nng
vn hnh cng ngh c trnh t ng ho cao. Nh vy cng ty khng ngng
i mi, ci tin v ang sn xut cc loi xi mng PC40 theo TCVN 2682 1999 v PCB30, PCB40 theo TCVN 6260 1997.
Sn phm ca cng ty xi mng Hi Vn tham gia nhiu cng trnh c tnh yu
cu k thut cao nh thu in Yaly, cc sn bay, cu qua sng Hn, bn cng,
hm ng b Hi Vn v. v..
Nm 1996, cng ty tham d gii thng cht lng Vit Nam ln th nht v
ot gii bc do B Khoa Hc cng ngh v mi trng trao tng.
T nm 1998 cng ty xy dng v p dng h thng qun l cht lng
vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh v nm 1999 c 2 t chc Quacert (Vit
Nam) v DNV (Nauy) nh gi cng nhn ph hp theo ISO 9002:1994.
Cng ty duy tr p dng n nm 2002 chuyn i qua phin bn mi theo
ISO 9001:2000 v vo ngy 15,16/12/2005, t chc Quacert (Vit Nam) tin
hnh nh gi tip tc li h thng cht lng ti cng ty v cng nhn h thng
qun l cht lng ca cng ty xi mng Hi Vn ph hp theo tiu chun ISO
9001:2000 chng ch mang m s sau: HT.030/1.02.16 c hiu lc t
04/01/2006 n 03/01/2009.
Bn cnh h thng qun l cht lng, cng ty v ang xy dng, p dng
h thng qun l mi trng theo ISO 14001 t thng 6/2006 c cng
nhn vo thng 12/2006.
Ngay t ngy thng u nm 2006, cng ty c nhng hnh ng c th
bo v mi trng nh ci to thit b cng ngh, tng cng lp t thm lc
bi ti hn ch bi pht tn ti cc im chuyn, ci to mt bng, trng cy
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xanh, m rng cng vin, thm cy v hoa. Quy hoch kho tng gara xe, quy
hoch mt bng cc phn xng, to n np ngn np, gn sch, ngn nga
cc tn tht v ti sn v an ton hn trong sn xut.
2. Cng ngh sn xut xi mng:
Xi mng Hi Vn c sn xut trn dy chuyn cng ngh ng b hon
ton t ng, thit b cng ngh do hng KRUPP POLYSIUS (CHLB c) ch
to v cung cp. y l mt trong ba hng ch to thit b sn xut xi mng ni
ting v ng u th gii hin nay.
u im ni bt ca cng ngh ny:
- T l cc thnh phn clinker, thch cao, ph gia
hot tnh c phi liu ng nht v n nh thng
qua thit b cn bng nh lng in t ca hng
Schenck - CHLB c.
- Cng on nghin vi phn ly hiu sut cao c
t ng ho hon ton xi mng sau khi nghin gi
c cc yu cu k thut v l hc v ho hc lm
cho lng xi mng lun n nh.
- Cng on lm ngui xi mng thng qua thit b
lm ngui c quyn ca hng KRUPP POLYSIUS
(CHLB c) gi nhit xi mng khng b bin i v
cht lng.
- Cng on ng bao vi ch ci t ng bi
thit b ng bao ca hng HaveBoecker lun m
bo khi lng xi mng t yu cu qui nh v c
dung sai thp nht.
- Ton b hot ng ca dy chuyn c iu
khin ti phng iu khin trung tm nh h thng
iu khin t ng vi cc phn mm ni ting nh
phn mm POCID-DC c quyn ca hng KRUPP
POLYSIUS v phn mm CEMAT-6.1 chuyn dng,
ph bin cho ngnh xi mng ca hng SIMENS.
- Vi cc c im ni bt trn, kt hp vi cc h thng qun l tin tin ca
th gii nh: H thng qun l cht lng ISO 9001:2000. H thng qun l mi
trng ISO 14001:2004 v phng th nghim c cng nhn theo ISO/IEC
17025:2005. Xi mng Hi Vn vinh d c ng vo hng ng cc n v sn
xut xi mng c trnh cng ngh hng u Vit Nam v ngang tm cc nc
trong khu vc. Sn phm xi mng Hi Vn sn xut ra t cht lng cao, ph
hp vi tiu chun cht lng cng b v tho mn mi yu cu ca khch
hng.

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3. S khi ca h thng t ng (H thng dy chuyn sn xut ca

phn xng 2):

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H thng dy chuyn sn xut ca phn xng 2

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4. Nhim v ca cc khi:
1. Phu tip nhn: tip nhn nguyn liu.
2. Bng ti: Vn chuyn nguyn liu.
3. Gu mng: nguyn liu c vo y trc khi a vo silo cha.
4. Silo clinker 20.000 tn: nguyn liu clinker c cha y trong silo ny.
5. My rung: iu khin gim st thit b in.
6. Cn bng nh lng: t l cc thnh phn clinker, thch cao, ph gia hot
tnh c phi liu ng nht v n nh thng qua thit b cn bng nh
lng in t ca hng Schenck - CHLB c.
7. Thch cao, ph gia: nguyn liu thch cao v ph gia dng chung phu thu,
bng ti v gu ti. Vic rt nguyn liu vo silo c kim sot bng van 2
ng. Cc silo ny cng c trang b nh silo cha clinker.
8. Gu ti: cha nhng ht ln hn sau khi qua mng kh ng.
9. Kho: cha nguyn liu trc khi vo bng ti ph.
10. Silo thch cao 150 tn: cha thch cao.
11. Silo ph gia 150 tn: cha ph gia.
12. Bng ti ph: vn chuyn n h thng cn bng nh lng.
13. Bng ti chnh: cp nguyn liu cho my ngun.
14. My nghin: nghin cc ht c trng lng ln.
15. Phn ly tnh: ht cc ht c trng lng nh.
16. Gu ti: cc ht ln hn s i vo gu ti.
17. Phn ly ng, mng kh ng: phn ly trc khi vo silo.
18. Lc ti bi, mng kh ng: cc ht nh sau khi qua b phn nghin qua
ti lc bi v mng kh ng.
19. B ly mu: kim tra cht lng sn phm.
20. Sepol: b phn phn ly ng thc hin chc nng tch ht ln na.
21. Thp lm ngui: n dnh cht lng, gim nhit xi mng thp hn 80C.
22. Aeropol: b phn bm xi mng.
23. Kt cha: cha xi mng trc khi ng bao.
24. Phn ly mng: lm vic cha xi mng vo hai silo nh yu cu.
25. My ng bao 1, 2: ng bao t ng.
26. Silo cha 1, 2: cha xi mng.
27. H thng bng ti, xut bao: vn chuyn sn phm xut sn phm cho
khch hng.
28. Xut xi mng ri: xut xi mng ri.
5. Nguyn l lm vic:
5.1. Qu trnh vn chuyn v cha vt liu:
Cm Clinker: Clinker c kim tra v vo phu thu, c bng ti vn
chuyn vo gu mng, vn chuyn tip n silo cha. Khi silo y th thng
qua bng cha ko mc y (c lp trn thnh silo cho php bo mc 2) bo
v phng iu khin trung tm (mc 1), nu vn hnh khng cho ngng m
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clinker y v mc bo y 2 th b ch huy s tc ng ngt, cho ngng hot

ng cm np clinker vo silo. Trong trng hp xy ra s c: lch bng ti, xch
gu mng b t, hot dng khng ng cng sut th cm ny ngng hot ng
nh c trang b cm bin bao gm: cm bin ti trng, cm bin tc , cm bin
v tr Cm bin ny cho php to ra cc tc ng ngt trong mch in iu
khin cc thit b ngt ngun cung cp ng thi gi thng tin v mn hnh vn
hnh thng bo cho ngi vn hnh bit. Ngoi ra, cn c b phn ht bi
lm cho khng kh khng b nhim. B phn ny cng c cm bin v cc b
phn hot ng ti ch.
Thch cao, ph gia: nguyn liu thch cao v ph gia dng chung phu thu,
bng ti v gu ti. Vic rt nguyn liu vo silo c kim sot bng van 2 ng.
Cc silo ny cng c trang b nh silo cha clinker.
Vic vn chuyn nguyn liu v vo silo cha hot ng cho n khi
kt thc mt chu k np mt loi thch cao ph gia. Thch cao ch c vo
silo thch cao v ph gia ch c vo silo ph gia, m bo khng c s
nhm ln no.
Ngi theo di nhp thch cao, ph gia clinker phi ghi vo s theo di.
Ngoi ra iu ny cng c theo di qua mn hnh trong phng iu khin
trung tm.
5.2. Qu trnh tho nguyn liu:
Clinker, thch cao, ph gia sau khi c kim tra y cc thng s cht
lng s c cha vo trong silo tng ng. Khi my nghin hot ng, mt
bng ti chnh c chiu di 102m nm di y cc silo chy theo trc chnh silo
qua h thng nh hng cp nguyn liu cho my ngun. Trn bng ti chnh
c 1 cn in xc nh lng clinker. Cn trn bng ti thch cao, ph gia
cng c mt cn bng xc nh lng ca 2 thnh phn ny. Trong , t l
clinker, ph gia, thch cao c t theo yu cu k thut t phng iu khin
trung tm. S liu do phng k thut ca cng ty quy nh.
y, clinker c rt xung bng ti chnh nh 2 cp liu rung hot ng
da trn c cu rung in t v c iu khin gim st ca cc thit b in.
Trong qu trnh my nghin hot ng, lng clinker, thch cao, ph gia
cp vo my nghin c th b thay i. Khi nguyn liu b kt hoc xung khng
ng u h thng my tnh s iu khin tc bng ti thch cao, ph gia
v rng cp liu rung iu chnh lng clinker nhm m bo cht lng
yu cu.
Dy chuyn ny c thit k rt cht ch cho php h thng c nhng quyt
nh khi gp s c. B cm bin lch bng ti c kh nng dng h thng khi c
tn hiu lch bng. Ngoi ra cn c dy git khn cp dnh cho nhn vin vn
hnh v c s.

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Qu trnh nghin xi mng:

Hn hp clinker, thch cao, ph gia c np vo my nghin v c
nghin trong my nghin theo 2 chu trnh khp kn, c h thng phun nc dng
sng nhm gim nhit cho xi mng khi cn thit. Xi mng ra khi my
nghin nh s chnh lch p sut to ra bi mt qut ht cng sut ln v cc
ht c trng lng nh b ht a n phn ly tnh. Cc ht nh s i qua b
phn nghin v c gom li qua ti lc bi ri i vo mng kh ng. Cc ht
ln hn s ri v gu ti v sau c chuyn n b phn phn ly ng.
Trc khi vo b phn phn ly ng c b by vt l nhm tch cc vt rn
kim loi loi ra ngoi. B phn phn ly ng ny (Sepol) c thc hin chc
nng tch ht mt ln na thng qua nhng xyclon m bo xi mng u ra t
yu cu v mn v c a v u my nghin nghin. Vic iu chnh
da vo tc quay ca motor dn ng quay b phn phn ly.
5.4. Qu trnh lm ngui v cha xi mng:
Xi mng ra khi nh my nghin cn phi tip tc c lm ngui n nh
cht lng trc khi a vo silo. Xi mng sau khi ra khi b phn phn ly s
c kim sot nhit . Nu nh hn hoc bng 80C th s c i n thit
b AEROPOL (b phn bm xi mng) bm xi mng y ln silo. Nu ln hn
80C s c mt t l theo gc van iu chnh vo thp lm ngui bng nc
m bo nhit xi mng b hn 80C khi i vo silo. Trc khi vo silo, ximng
phi tri qua phn ly mng kh t ng, van chuyn i s lm vic cha xi
mng theo yu cu. Khng kh sau khi phn ly mng cn mang theo mt lng xi
mng s i qua b phn thu bi thi kh sch ra ngoi. Trong 2 silo cng c b
phn ch th bo y th h thng s chuyn van chuyn xi mng qua silo cn
li. Khi c hai silo y th s t ng ngng my.
5.5. Qu trnh ng bao xi mng ri:
Nh h thng kh sc c lp t di y cng nh thnh ca silo gip
cho xi mng ng nht cc b c kh nng chy qua ca tho. Xi mng c
tho ra xut ri hay qua kt cha mng ng bao bng h thng mng kh t
ng vo hai gu ti. Trc khi vo kt cha mng ng bao, xi mng c
a qua sn rung loi b vt liu l. Xi mng c ng bao bng my ng
bao Haver Boecker gm 6 vi vi cng sut 10 tn/gi. Xut xi mng bao s
c h thng bng ti t ng a n h thng xut trc tip ln xe khch
hng.
Xut xi mng ri: H thng xut xi mng ri c thit k iu chnh thch
hp cho xe ch xi mng c b tr di y silo. y c cn 60 tn kim
tra khi lng xi mng xut.
6. Chun truyn ca cc khi:
6.1. Tip nhn v cha clinker:
Clinker c kim tra v vo phu thu, c bng ti vn chuyn vo
gu ti v c gu ti chuyn i tip n silo clinker c ng knh 25 m, cao
5.3.

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42 m, sc cha 20.000 tn. Khi silo y th thng qua b ch th bo mc y

(c lp t trn thnh silo cho php bo 2 mc) bo v phng iu khin trung
tm mc 1), nu ngi vn hnh khng cho dng m clinker y n mc
bo y th 2 th b ch huy ny s tc ng ngt cho dng hot ng cm np
clinker vo silo. Trong trng hp xy ra s c nh: lch bng ti, xch gu b
t, m t hot ng khng ng cng sut,... th cm ny dng hot ng nh
c trang b cc cm bin bao gm cm bin ti trng, cm bin tc , cm bin
v tr,... cc cm bin ny cho php to ra cc tc ng ngt trong mch in iu
khin cc thit b lm ngt ngun cung cp ng thi gi thng tin v mn hnh
vn hnh thng bo cho ngi vn hnh bit.
Ngoi ra cn c b phn ht bi lm cho khng kh khng b nhim. B
phn ny cng c cc cm bin v cc b iu khin hot ng t ti ch.
6.2. Tip nhn ph gia, thch cao:
Ph gia Qung Ngi v thch cao ng H vn chuyn vo phn xng
bng t (hoc bng tu ho, tu thu) nguyn liu thch cao v ph gia c
dng chung phu thu. Vic rt nguyn liu vo silo c kim sot bng van 2
ng cc silo cha ny cng c trang b thit b bo y nh silo cha clinker.
Silo thch cao - ph gia c ng knh 7.5 m, cao 23 m (trong trng hp silo
y, thch cao c vo kho cha).
6.3. Cp liu my nghin:
Clinker, thch cao, ph gia t silo c tho xung bng ti chnh qua h
thng cn bng nh lng, c phi trn chuyn vo my nghin bi vi cng
xut 150tn/h bng h thng iu khin my tnh iu khin trung tm.
6.4. Nghin xi mng:

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Hn hp Clinker, thch cao v ph gia c np vo my nghin v c

nghin trong my nghin bi hai ngn cng sut 85tn/gi chu trnh khp kn, c
h thng phn ly (ng knh 4.2m x 12.75m) cng sut h thng vn chuyn xi
mng bt ra khi my nghin l 180 tn/gi. Xi mng bt sau khi nghin nu t>
80C s c qua h thng lm ngui bng s trao i nhit vi nc tun hon
pha bn ngoi, trc khi vo silo xi mng bng h thng bm kh nn, sc cha
mi silo l 8.000 tn.
Xi mng ra khi my nghin nh s chnh lch p sut to ra bi mt qut
ht cng sut ln. Cc ht c trng lng nh b ht a n phn ly tnh, cc
ht nh s i qua b phn ny v c gom li qua lc bi vo mng kh
ng, cc ht c trng lng ln khng qua c b phn ly s ri v gu ti v
sau c chuyn n b phn ly ng. Trc khi vo b phn ly ng, ti
mng kh ng c b by vt l nhm tch cc vt rn, kim loi loi chng ra
ngoi. B phn ly ng ny (SEPOL) thc hin chc nng tch ht ln na thng
qua nhng xyclon m bo xi mng u ra t yu cu v mn, cc ht khng
mn s c a v u my nghin ti nghin. Vic iu chnh da vo
iu chnh tc vng quay ca motor dn ng quay b phn phn ly , t l %
gi tun hon.
6.5. ng bao xi mng, xut xi mng ri:

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H thng kh sc c lp t di y silo lm cho xi mng ng nht c

kh nng chy qua ca tho. Xi mng c tho ra xut ri hay qua kt cha
mng ng bao bng h thng mng kh ng vo hai gu ti. Trc khi vo
kt cha my ng bao xi mng c a qua sn rung loi b vt liu l.
Mt my ng bao c th c cp liu (xi mng) t silo 1 hoc silo 2. Xi mng
c ng bao bng my ng bao HAVER BOECKER gm 6 vi vi cng sut
110 tn/ gi.
Xi mng bao c h thng bng ti t ng a n h thng xut trc tip
ln xe khch hng.
Xi mng ri: h thng xut xi mng ri c thit k iu khin thch hp
cho xe tc, c b tr di y silo. y c mt cn 60 tn kim sot khi
lng xi mng xut.

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7. Phn tch mt h thng:
H THNG BNG TI AI
7.1. Thng s k thut:
ST
THNG S K
BNG TI CLINKER L
T
THUT
02-01
1 Loi B.Br
1200 x 22,545 m
- Nng sut
Max 360 t/h
2 - Tc V/c
1 m/s
- Nc sn xut
c
3 Ni lp t
H chuyn vo gu
M t:
30 kW
4 - Cng sut
1470 v/p
- Tc
Hp s:
PLC25-R11-H31-63
5 - Kiu
- Du bi trn
VG 220 34 lt
Khp ni
Kiu CD320-E148
6
- Du bi trn
VG32
7 B gt ai
Kiu B6
8 Tang dn ng
BBM 052-3-562
9 Trc dn ng
BBM 052-3-562
bi trc ch ng: 532PKL22232K
- Kiu
+H3121
10
- Loi m
2 x FR16 x 140
EP2- 440 gam
Con ln c g cao
D1 = 89, D2 = 133
11 su:
81
- S lng
Con ln trn:
D = 133
12
- S lng
33
Bng ti cao su
Loi EP400/34+2
13
Di 47,2 m
Thit b kim sot
Kiu DG 10T
14 tc :
(EDO)
- S lng
01
Thit b an ton dy Kiu HEN 001
15 ko:
- S lng
02
Thit b kim sot
Kiu HES 011
16 lch bng:
- S lng
04
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BNG TI NC SILO
CLINKER L 05-01
1000 x 19,365 m
300 t/h
c
H chuyn vo gu
7,5 kW
1470 v/p
FA97DV132M
4
VG 220 18,5 lt
Kiu B6
BBM 052-3-559
BBM 052-3-559
561PRL1216K
+H216
2 x FR16/140
EP2- 440 gam
D1 = 89, D2 = 133
81
D = 133
33
Loi EP400/34+2
Di 40,4 m
Kiu DG 10T
(EDO)
01
Kiu HEN 001
02
Kiu HES 011
04
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7.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:

7.2.1. Cu to: Gm cc thnh phn chnh sau:
1- ng c
9- Cc gi trc
2- Khp ni thu lc
10- C cu lm sch bng ti
3- Hp s truyn ng
11- C cu kim sot lch bng
4- Khung
12- C cu kim sot tc (EDO)
5- Trc tang ch ng
13- C cu iu chnh cng bng ti
6- Trc tang b ng
14- Bao che
7- Con ln
15- C cu dng khn cp (Cng tc dy)
8- Bng ti cao su
16- Thit b cn bng con ln n

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Bng ti CLINKER L 02-01

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Bng ti nc SILO CLINKER L 05-01

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7.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng:

Liu i vo bng ti pha u trc b ng v liu c vn chuyn thng qua
h thng truyn ng ca bng ti thc hin t ng c qua khp ni n hp
gim tc, ri truyn ng trc tip trc tang ch ng thc hin chc nng
ko bng ti hot ng thng qua h thng con ln v trc tang b ng thc
hin chc nng vn chuyn liu i n thit b k tip.
7.2.3. c im truyn ng:
Truyn ng m v an ton: V nh s dng kh nng truyn lc, truyn
ng thng qua lp du thu lc trong khp ni. Khi tc ng c t n mt
tc nht nh trong mt thi gian nht nh cht lng (du thu lc)
truyn lc sang phn c th hai ca khp ni ri mi thc hin truyn ng tip
tc.
iu ny cho thy truyn ng m l v khng truyn ng trc tip gia hai
phn c ng thi an ton cho ng c khi bng ti b qu ti (do lc hai phn
c ca khp ni xy ra trt).
- Tui th ca bng ti cao do bi tnh nng trn.
- Bng ti c bo v chng lch ai thng qua c cu kim sot lch ai.
- Bng ti c kim sot tc thng qua c cu kim sot tc (EDO)
truyn tn hiu v phng iu khin trung tm theo di v x l.
7.3. Vn hnh my:
Hot ng ca bng ti c thc hin theo hot ng ca cm lin ng v
c th iu khin t xa. Do vy vic vn hnh y tp trung vo 2 ni dung
sau:
- Vn hnh iu khin hot ng bng ti dng Local (p dng khi sa cha
v bo dng).
- Vn hnh iu khin hot ng bng ti dng Remote (p dng khi iu
khin t xa).
7.3.1. Cng tc chun b:
Trc khi vn hnh my, cn kim tra:
- Kim tra cc c phn truyn ng ca bng ti, gu ti c b h hng, vng
kt, khc l g khng, cc bulng, np c b ni lng khng?
- Kim tra s b cc h thng thit b khc lin quan c tr ngi g khng (phu
cha, bng ti, hay gu ti).
- Kim tra an ton in, cng tc iu khin, cn gt dy an ton c m bo
v ng v tr khng.
- Kim tra v v du m cc trc nu cn thit.
7.3.2. Vn hnh:
7.3.2.1. Vn hnh dng local:
Kim tra li mt ln na (nh trn) trc khi cho my hot ng.
Bt cng tc iu khin ti hp sang v tr Local.

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Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca h thng khi chy: ting n l, cc c phn
khc.
iu chnh li cc c phn cho ng nu xy ra sai lch.
Ch : Vn hnh dng ny ch c p dng khi bo dng, kim tra v sa
cha, khng nn vn hnh ny chuyn ti liu cho sn xut (tr mt s
trng hp bt kh khng) v s nh hng khng tt n h thng tn hiu lin
ng ti phng iu khin t xa.
7.3.2.2. Vn hnh dng Remote:
Kim tra li mt ln na ton b cm truyn ng lin ng: Bng ti, gu ti,
lc bi theo ni dung nh trn. c bit ch n v tr cc cng tc iu
khin, cc vt l (dng c ngh, gi lau) cn dnh bm vo thit b, cc bao
che an ton.
Sau khi kim tra xong, nu m bo iu kin vn hnh an ton th mi thc
hin chy my.
Trong qu trnh my hot ng, ngi vn hnh lun theo di v bm st h
thng thit b kim tra c hin tng hoc ting ku khc thng khng,
ng liu c b r r ra ngoi khng v thng xuyn lin lc vi phng iu
khin trung tm nhn bit tnh trng hot ng ca h thng so vi thc t ti
thit b nh th no. ng thi phi thng xuyn theo di cc c phn ca h
thng bng ti c trc trc g khng, nu c th tu theo mc nng nh m c
th x l ti ch trong qu trnh vn hnh hoc bo phng iu khin trung tm
cho dng my x l.
7.4. Bo dng:
7.4.1. Bo dng khng nh k: L cng vic bo dng hoc sa cha thng
xuyn trong qu trnh sn xut nu c s c bt ng t xut xy ra.
Cng vic bo dng khng nh k bao gm:
- V sinh s b h thng thit b, c bit ti cc vng truyn ng nh:
ng c, khp ni, hp s, cc trc tng an ton lm vic cho thit
b v ngi vn hnh.
- Kim tra tng th v chc nng hot ng cng nh v tr ng ca cc c
phn nh: cng tc in, c cu kim sot lch bng, c cu lm sch bng
ti, cng tc dy dng khn cp, v tr bng ti c b lch hay khng, u vo
c b trn liu khng, v tr cc van ty c hp l cha, cc con ln c b kt
khng, bng ti c b chng khng, cc bulon c vt c b lng khng, hp s
c b r r nht khng, trc c b kh du m khng.. Nu xy ra mt trong
cc trong cc phn trn th tu theo tng trng hp c th m x l kp thi
hoc bo cho trng ca c hng gii quyt.
7.4.2. Bo dng nh k:
Kim tra li bng cao su, c cu gt liu dnh bm bng ti.
Kim tra cc phn ni c kh, bulon, ron c b x h khng.

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Kim tra cc ting ku l pht ra t thit b nu c xc nh tnh trng h

hng ca chi tit thit b.
Thng xuyn v sinh ton b h thng bng ti v thc hin thay m bi
trn ton b cc gi trc, hp gim tc, khp ni thu lc, cn chnh li h thng
bng ti v cc con ln.
Kim tra tnh trng khung gi v cng vng.
Kim tra mi ni bng ti.

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