NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA PEARAMAD RRA Code for Design of Concrete Structures ike ie E25 PII ASE GB 50010— 2002 CAR) BELJING 2002NOTICE ‘The code is written in Chinese and English. The Chinese text shall be taken as the ruling one in the event of any inconsistency between the Chinese text and the English text.Notice of Promulgation for the National Standard“Code for Design of Concrete Structures” Document JB [2002] No.47 According to the requirements of, “Notice of Printing and Distributing for the 1997 Preparation and Revision Plan of Engineering Construction Standards, Document JB [1997] NO. 108-the Ministry ‘of Construction”, the'*Code for Design of Concrete Structures” has been revised by the Ministry of Con- struction together with the relevant departments, after extensive consultation by relevant departments, hence the new code has been approved as a national standard with a serial number of GB 50010— 2002, which shall come into force upon April 1, 2002. Herein, clauses 3.1.8, 3.2.1, 4.1.3, 4.1.4, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 6.1.1, 9.2.1, 9.5.1, 10.9.3, 10.9.8, 11.1.2, 11.1.4, 11.3.1, 11.3.6, 11.4.12 and 11,7. 11 are mandatory clauses, which must be enforced strictly, The former “Code for Design of Concrete Structures” , GBJ 10—89 is superseded by the new code at December 31, 2002. ‘The Ministry of Construction is in charge of management and explanation of the mandatory clauses in the code, the China Academy of Building Research is responsible for the explanation of specific technical items and the Research Institute of Standards and Norms, the Ministry of Construction has en- trusted the China Architectural & Building Press to take on publishing and distributing works of this code. Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China February 20, 2002Preface ‘According to the requirements of Document JB[1997] No. 108-the Ministry of Construction, the former code was revised by the China Academy of Building Research together with the relevant institu- tuons of higher leaming and scientific research, design, enterprises etc. Jn the period of revision, the code revision group launched various studies on specific topics, car- ried out wide-ranging investigative analyses, summarized practical domestic experiences for design of concrete structures, coordinating with relevant standards and made necessary companson with advanced international standards for reference. On the basis of above metioned measures, various ways were used by the code revision group to solicit comments from the organizations concemed in the country, in addi- tion, some trial designs were carried on by the revision group, in the meantime, the major issues in the code were elaborated and amended revised repeatedly, and finally, the new version of code was decid- ced after examnation. ‘The contents for main stipulations of the present code consist of: Basic design stipulations of con- crete structures, Materials, Structural analyses, Calculations of ultimate limit states and checking cal- culations, Detailing requirements of serviceability limit states, Earthquake-resistant design of structural members end Relevant appendixes. ‘The main stipulation of the present code may be, if needed, revised in the future, the concemed information and contents of local revised clauses will be published on the Magazine of Engineering Construction Standardization . Clauses marked with boldface type in,the code are mandatory ones and mast be enforced strictly. In onder to enhance the quality of the code, all relevant units are kindly requested to sum up and accumulate their experiences from actual practices during the process of implementing the code, and the relevant opinions and suggestions should be sent to the Managing Group of Code for Design of Con- crete Structures, China Academy of Building Research, No. 30, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, China( Postcode: 100013 ; E-mail;code_ ibs _ cabr@263. net.cn). Chief Editorial Unit: the China Academy of Building Research Participating Units: Tsinghua University, Tianjin University. Chongqing Construction Engineering College, Hunan University, Dongnan University, Hehai University, Dalian University of Science and Technology, Hathin University of Architecture, Xi" an University of Architectural Technology, Building Design Institute of the Ministry of Construction, Beijing Municipal Building Design Institute, Beijing Capital Engineering Co., Lid, China National Contracting & Engineering Institate for Light In- dustry, Professional Design Institute of the Railway Ministry, Planning and Design Institute of Water Transport, Ministry of Communication, Northwest China Hydroelectric Design and Survey Institute, and Prostressing Committee of the Metallurgical Material Industry Association Chief Drafting Stafis: Li Mingshun Xu YoulinBai Shengxiang Bai Shaoliang Sun Huizhong Sha Zhiguo Wu Xuemin Chen Jian Hu Dexin Cheng Maokun Wang Zhendong Wang Zhenhua Guo Zhenhai Zhuang Yaping Zhu Long Zou Yinsheng Song Yupu Shen Jumin] Di Xiaotan Wu Peigang Zhou Di Jiang Weishan Tao Xuekang Kang Guyi Lan Zongjian Gan Cheng Xia Qil Reviser( English edition of code) : Chen Dingwai, Professor, China Academy of Building Research May ,2004, Beijing, ChinaContents 1 General Principles 2 Terms, Symbols - 2.1 Terms - 2.2 Symbols - 3. Fundamental Design Stipulations 3.1 General Stipulations 3.2 Stipulations for Calculation of Ultimate Limit States: 3.3. Stipulations for Checking Calculation of Serviceability Limit States 3.4 Stipulations for Durability « 4) Materials - 4.1 Concrete 4.2. Stoel Reinforcements - 5 Structural Analysis - 5.1 Fundamental Principles - 5.2 Linear Elastic Analysis Method « 5.3. Other Methods for Analysis - 6 Requirements for Calculation of Prestressed Concrete Structural Members - 6.1 Genera Stipulations - 6.2. Calculation of Values for Loss of Prestress 7 Calculation of Ultimate Limit States - 7.1 General Stipulations for Calculation of Normal Section Load-bearing Capacity - 7.2. Caleulation of Normal Section Flexural Load-bearing Capacity - 7.3. Calculation of Normal Section Compressive Load-bearing Capacity 7.4 Calculation of Normal Section Tensile Load-bearing Capacity 7.5. Calculation of Inclined Section Load-bearing Capacity + 7.6 Calculation of Torsional Section Load-bearing Capacity + 7.7 Caloulation of Punching Shear Load-bearing Capacity + 7.8 Calculation of Local Compression Load-bearing Capacity - 7.9 Checking Calcuilation of Fatigue 8 Checking Calculation of Serviceability Limit States - 8.1 Checking Calculation of Crack Control + 8.2. Checking Calculation for Deflection of Flexural Member 9 Stipulations for Detailing Requirements - 9.1 Expansion Joint 9.2 Concrete Cover * 9.3. Anchorage of Stoel Reinforoement ~ BRBR ReESYYNS BSSSSRRBRIAY9.4 Connection of Steel Reinforcements - 9.5 Minimum Ratio of Reinforcement for Longitudinal Stressed Steel Reinforcements + 9.6 Stipulations for Detailing Requirements of Prestressed Concrete Structural Members 10 Fundamental Stipulations for Structural Members - 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Slab - Beam Column + Nodal Point of Ginder and Column Well - ‘Superposed Flexural Member * Deep Flexural Member - Corbel + Embedded Parts and Hanging Ring 10.10 Connection of Precast Suuctural Members 11 Earthquake-resistant Design of Reinforced Concrete Structural Members - 1.1 11.2 M3 4 1S 11.6 17 18 General Stipulations Materials > Frame Ginler Column of Frame and Column of Braced Frame Column of Hinged Bent - Nodal Point and Embedded Parts for Girder and Column of Frame ‘Structural (Shear) Wall Prestressed Concrete Structural Members + Appendix A Calculation of Plain Concrete Structural Member - Appendix B- Nominal Sectional Area, Calculated Sectional Arca and Thoocetical Weight ‘of Steel Reinforcements « Appendix C Multi-axial Strength and Constitutive Relation of Concrete - Appendix D Loss of Prestress for Common Tendon Shapes of Post-tensioned Prestressed Steel Reinforcements Appendix E Time-dependent Loss of Prestress * Appendix F Calculation for Normal Section Load-bearing Capacity of Random Section Members + Appendix G Design Value of Equivalent Concentrated Reaction Used for Calculation of Nodal Point of Slab and Column - Explanation of Wording in This Code -1 General Principles 1.0.1 The code was published in order to enforce national technical and cconomic policies for the design of concrete structures, and to ensure structures to be economical, reasonable, rele, applica- le, with bigh quality and using advanced technology. 1.0.2 The code is spplicable to the design of reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete and plain concrete load-bearing structures used in industrial and civil buildings, 9s well as nomnally constructed structures, but it is not applicable to the design of lightweight aggregate concrete structures, or struc tures using special concrete. 1.0.3 In design of concrete structures, besides complying with the stipulations in the eode, the de- sagners shall also conform to the stipulations in relevant current mandatory national standids.2 Terms, Symbols 2.1 Terms 2.1.1 Concrete structures-The structures are mainly made by concrete, including plain concrete structure, reinforced concrete structure, and prestressed concrete structure ete. 2.1.2 Plain conerete structuro-The structure is made of the conerete without the steel reinforcements ‘or not providing with the stressed steel reinforcements, 2.1.3 Reinforced concrete structure-The structure is made of the concrete and providing with the stressed ordinary steel reinforcements, steel reinforcement meshs or steel reinforcement skeletons. 2.1.4 Prestressed concrete structure-The structure is made of the concrete and providing with the stressed prestressing reinforcements, which will be Uuough stretching or by other methods to establish prestress. 2.1.5 Pre-tensioned prestressed concrete structure-The conerele structure of which the concrete will be casted, after the stressed prestressing reinforcements have been stretched on stretching bed, then through the transmission of bond force between tendons and concrete to establish prestress. 2.1.6 Post-tensioned prestressed concrete structure-The concrete structure of which the strength of ‘concrete should be first reached the required stipulated requirements, then stretching the stressed pre~ stressing reinforcements and anchoring on the structure to establish prestress. 2.1.7 Cast-in-situ concrete structure-The concrete structure of which the formwork of conerete is in- stalled in-situ and cast-in-situ the concrete integrally. 2.1.8 Prefabricated concrete structure-The concrete structure of which the structure is assembled by pPrecasted concrete components or parts through the method of welding or bolting connection ete. 2.1.9 Assembled monolithic concrete structure-The monolithic conerete structure is assembled by precasted concrete components or parts, through the connections of steel reinforcements, connecting parts or applied prestressing force, and finally cast-in-situ the concrete. 2.4.10 Frame structure-The load-bearing system structure is composed by girders and columns con- necting them with rigid joint or hinged jount . 2.1.11 Structural (shear) wall structure-The structure is composed by structural wall (shear wall) to sustain the vertical and horizontal actions. 2.1.12 Frame-structural (shear) wall structure-The structure of which the vertical and horizontal ac tions are jointly sustained by frame and structural wall (shear wall) 2.1.13 Deep flexural member-It denotes the flexural member with span-depth ratio less than 5. 2.1.14 Deep beam -It denotes the single-span beam with span-depth ratio not greater than 2 and the rmulti-span beam with span-depth ratio not greater than 2.5. 2.1.15 Ordinary steel bar -A general call for various non-prestressed steel reinforcements which are ‘used in concrete structural members . 22.1.16 Prestressing steel reinforcements-A general call for steel bars, steel wires, and strands which sre used in the prestressed concrete structural members. 2.1.17 Degree of reliability-It refers to the measurement for the probability of which the ability of a structure fulfils the expected functions within stipulated time-limit and stipulated conditions. 2.1.18 Safety class-The classes of structures and structural members which are classified according to the degree of severity for the destructive consequences. 2.1.19 Design working life “The design stipulation for the time-limit of working period of structures cor structural members, which can serve for the expected purposes, have no need of heavy repairs. 2.1.20 Load-effect-The reactivity of the structures and structural members are induced by loads, such as internal forces, deformations and cracks ete. 2.1.21 Combination of load-effects-In the limit states design, it is the stipulated combination for de- sign values of various load effects occurred simultaneously, to ensure the reliability of the structures. 2.1.22 Fundamental combination-It refers to the combination of permanent leads and variable loads in the calculation of ultimate limit states. 2.1.23 Characteristic combination In the checking calculation of serviceability limit states, that the characteristic values and combination values of variable loads are used as the representative values of variable loads in combination. 2.1.24 Quasi-permanent combination-In the checking calculation of serviceability Limit states, that the quasi-permanent values of variable loads are used as the representative values of the variable loads in combination, 2.2 Symbols 2.2.1 Matetial properties E,—nmodulus of elasticity of concrete; E‘—modulus of fatigue deformation of concrete; E,—rmodulns of elasticity of steel reinforcements; C20—strength grade of concrete with characteristic value of cube strength is 20N/snen?; Sar~—oompressive strength of 150mm side length concrete cube during period of construc tion; Seat ——characteristic value of compressive strength of 150mm side length concrete cubes fasfe——characteristic value, design value of axial compressive strength of concrete respoc- tively; Surfi—characteristic value, design value of axial tensile strength of concrete respectively Sa Se — characteristic values of axial compressive strength, axial tensile strength of concrete during period of construction respectively; Syrfox—characteristic values of strength of ordinary steel reinforcements, prestressed stect reinforeements respectively; SySo— design values of tensile strength, compressive strength of ordinary stee) reinforce 3.ments respectively ; Sy-Foy——design values of tensile strength, compressive strength of prestressed steel reinforce ments respectively 2.2.2 Actions, action-effects and load-bearing capacity N—design value of axial forces N,.Ng-——values of axial forces calculated in accordance with the characteristic combination, quasi-pemmanent combination of load-elfects respectively; N,——resultant of forces of prestressed reinforcements and nonprestressed reinforcements in post-tensioned members No—resultant of forces of prestressed reinforcements and non-prestressed reinforcements, ‘when normal prestress in concrete is equal to zero; Ng—design value of sectional axial compressive or axial tensile load-bearing capacity of members Nea Nuy——design values of eccentric compressive or eccentric tensile load-bearing capacity due to axial forces acting on the X-axis, Y-axis respectively; M——design value of bending moment; My. Mg——bending moment values esloulated in accordance with the characteristic oombina- tion, the qusst-permanent combination of load- effects respectively M,—design value of normal section flexural load-bearing capacity of members M,-—cracking bending moment value for normal section of flexural member; T——design value of torsional moments V—design value of shearing forces Veo——design value of shearing load-bearing capacity of concrete and stimup in inclined section of members Fy—design value of local load oF concentrated reaction; 7a.Foj7—nonmal stress of concrete at the extreme fiber of section for crack-resistance checking calculation, under the characteristic combination, the quasi-permanent combination of load- effects respectively 04¢——-normal stress in concrete due to prestressing force; 1y»0cj7—PFincipal tensile stress, principal compressive stress in concrete respectively; maximum stress, minimum stress of concrete on extreme fiber of section in tension Of en zone or compression zone of concrete used for fatigue checking calculation respec= tivelys ,,6,—stress in longitudinal ordinary steel reinforcements, stress in prestressed steel rein- forcements in calculating load-bearing capacity of normal section respectivelys 0,———stress or equivalent stress in longitudinal tensile steel reinforcement calculated in ac- cordance with the characteristic combination of load-effects;Com —stretching controlled stress for presstressed stee! reinforcements 6 —stress in prestressed steel reinforcement, at the resultant of forces point of prestressed stee! reinforcements where normal stress in concrete equals to zero; -—effective prestress of prestressed steel reinforcement; 01.0-—values for loss of prestress in prestressed steel reinforcements on tension zone, com- pression zone at corresponding stages respectively; r-—shearing stress of concrete; Wqn;-——maximum crack width calculated in accordance with the chavacteristic combination of Joad-effects and in consideration of the influences for effects of long-term actions; 2.2.3 Geometric parameters a, a'—distance from point for resultant of forces of longitudinal tensile stee! reinforcements, point for resultant of forces of longitudinal compressive steel reinforcements respec tively to near extrem fiber of section; ,.a——distance from point for resultant of forces of longitudinal nonprestressed tensile steel reinforcements, point for resultant of forces of longitudinal nonprestressed compres- sive steel reinforcements respectively to near extrem fiber of section; 4,,4,—distances from point for resultant of forces of longitudinal prestressed steel reinforce ments in tension zone, point for resultant of forces of longitudinal prestressed steel reinforcements in compression zone respectively to near extreme fiber of section. b——widih of rectangular section, web width of T-shaped, F-shaped section; b,.6/—flange widths in tension zone, in compression zone respectively of T-shaped or I- shaped sections d—diameter of circular section or diameter of stee} reinforcements; e——thickness of conrete covers €ye'——distances fron acting point of axial force to point for resultant of forces of longitudi- nal tensile steel reinforcements, of longitudinal compressive steel reinforcements re- spectivelys ¢g—eecentricity of axial force with respect to centroid of section; additional eccentricity e cocentricity; h——depth of section; ho—effective depth of section; high{-—lange depth in tension zone, flange depth in compression zone of T-shaped or I- shaped sections respectively i-—radius of gyration of section; r-——radius of curvatures 1, ——anchorage length of longitudinal tensile steel reinforcementIg——calculated span of beam, slab or calculated length of column; s—spocing of transverse slee! reinforcements, spacing of spiral steel reinforcements or spacing of stirrups in direction along exis of member; x——depth of concrete compression zone; distances from centroid of transformed section, centroid of net section to calculated extreme fiber respectively 2z-——distance between point for resultant of forces for longitudinal tensile reinforcements and point for resultant of forces for concrete compression zone A-—sectional area of member; ‘Ag—transformed sectional area of members A,-—not sectional area of members A,.A'-—sectional area of longitudinal nonprestressed stee! reinforcement in tension zone, 1n compression zone respectively; A,.A'-—sectional area of longitudinal prestressed steel reinforcements in tension zone, in compression zone respectively; Apt sAui—sectional area of single limb stirrup in the shearing calculation, in the torsional eal- culation respectively; Aqi—~seetional area of total torsional longitudinal nonprestressed steel reinforcements usod for the torsional calculations AyyAq—olal sectional area for limbs of vertical and horizontal stimups or for distributing steel reinforcements in a same cross section of member respectively; AgsAy—sectional area of nonprestressed bent-up steel reinforcements, prestressed bent-up steel reinforcements in a same bent-up plane respestivelys ‘Ay—local compression area of concrete: A,gr~—oore area of concrete within the range of inner surface of fabric reinforcement, spiral steel or stimups B——section rigidity of flexural members; W—elastic section modulus of extreme tension fiber of sections Wo—elastic section modulus of extreme tension fiber of transformed section; W,—elastic section modulus of extreme tension fiber of net section; 1¥,—>plastic section modulus of torsional seetion; 1——rmoment of inertia of section; Jo~——moment of inertia of transformed section; Yona 1,——moment of inertia of net section; 2.2.4 Calculation coefficients and miscellaneous @y—ratio of the stress value in the rectangular stress diagram for compression zone of concrete to the design value for axial compressive strength of concrete:ax—alio of the elastic modulus of steel reinforcements to the elastic modulus of con- crete; B.— influence coefficient of concrete strength Br—ratio of depth of compression zone to depth of neutral axis (distance from neutral axis to the extreme fiber of compression zone) in rectangular stress diagram: Pr—raising coefficient of concrete strength for local compression: Y—plastic influence coefficient of section modulus for section of concrete members; 7—enhancement coefficient for eccentricity of axial foree considering the influence of second-order bending moment for eccentric compression members A——atio of shear span to depth for calculated sections e—frietion factors p—ratio of reinforcement for longitudinal tensile stecl reinforcement; Px.Pa—tatios of reinforcement for the vertical stirrup, horizontal stirrup or the vertical dis- tributing steel reinforcement, horizontal distributing steel reinforcement respectively (Px —ratio of volumetric reinforcement for indirect steel reinforeement or stirrups —stability coefficient for axial compression members 6— influence coefficient for the effects of long-term actions on enlarging, of deflection; ¢—non-uniformity coefficient for the strain of longitudinal tensile steel reinforcements between eracks.3 Fundamental Design Stipulations 3.1 General Stipulations 3.1.1 The code adopts the probability-based limit states design method, the dogroe of reliability of structural members is measured by the reliability index, and the design is carried out by adopting the design expressions of partial safety factors. 3.1.2. When a structure or part of a structure exceeding a particular state, that a certain functional requirement in design stipulations will be dissatisfied, hence this particular state is called the limit states of above mentioned function. ‘The limit states are classified as two estegories as follows: 1 Ulimate limit states: A structure or a structural member reaches the maximum load-bearing capacity, and appears the fatigue failure or undue deformation unsuitable for loading continuously; 2. Serviceability limit states:A structure o a structural member reaches a certain stipulated limit value of serviceability or dumbility. 3.1.3. In accordance with requirements of ultimate and serviceability limit states, the structural members shall be calculated and checking calculated on the hasis of the following stipulations: 1 Load-bearing capacity and stability: All structural members shall be ealculated in accordance with load-bearing capacity (including instability) ; in certain cases, structural overtuming, floating and sliding shall also be checking calculated; In addition, the earthquake-resistant capacity of structural members shall still be checking ealcu- lated for structures in areas subject to seismic activity: 2 Fatigue: The fotigue strength of structural members, which directly support heavy-duty cranes, shall be checking calculated; depending on actual application and design experiences, the members, which directly support cranes used for installation or maintenance, may be exempted from checking calculation on the fatigue strength of members 3 Deformation: Deformation checking calculation shall be carried on structural members, where the deformation values need be controlled during service; 4 Crnck-resistance and crack width: The checking calculation for tensile stress of concrete shall be carried on the stuatural members, where crack is not allowed during service; in cases where crack is permitted during service, the crack widih of members shall be checking calculated; in addition, the checking calculation for tensile stress of longitudinal steel reinforcement in the superposed flexural ‘members shall also be carried out. 3.1.4 The design values of loads shall be used when calculating the load-bearing capacity‘ including instability) , and in checking calculation of structural overturning, floating and slidings the correspond- ing representative values of loads shall be used for all checking calculations such as fatigue, deforma- tion, crack-resistance and crack widths when calculating the load-bearing capacity, and checking cal- 8culation of fatigue, crack-resistance, the dynamic load factor of crane load shall be considered for structural members that directly support cranes. In addition, the procest members choll be checking coloulated in all construction stages in accor- dance with specified load values during fabrication, transportation and erection. When checking calcu- ation for the hoist and assembly capacity of the member itself, it is necessary to multiply the total weight of the member by a dynamic factor 1.5, which may be increased or decreased according, to the Joad-support condition of the member during the process of hoisting. Checking calculation of construction stages for cast in-situ structures shall be carried out when necessary. In terms of earthquake-resistant designs of structural members, the design load value and the seis- ic action shall be adopted in accordance with the stipulations of current national standards “Code for seismic designs of buildings” GB 50011. 3.1.5 The ratio of reinforcement for stressed steel reinforcements in the members of reinforced con- cere structure and prestressed concrete structure, shall conform to the stipulations eonceming the mini- mum ratio of reinforcement in Chapters 9 and 10 of the code. Plain concrete structural members shall be calculated in accordance with the stipulations in Ap- pendix A of the code, 3.1.6 The structures shall have the integral stability, the local damage of structures shall not lead to collapse of wide scope. 3.1.7 Within design working life, the structures and structural members shall maintain their func tions of service under normal maintenance conditions, and have no need for repair of wide scope to re- inforce. The design working life shall be determined according to current national standard “Unified standard for reliability design of building structures” GB 50068. Also can be determined by the re- quirements of construction units, if they put forward other higher requirements. 3.1.8 The use and application circumstances of structures shall not be modified without tech- nical verification or approval of the designing unit. 3.2 Stipulations for Calculation of Ultimate Limit States 3.2.1 Based on the degree of serious consequences for failure of the building structures, which shall be classified into three safety classes. In terms of design, the proper safety class shall be selected according to stipulations ini Table 3.2.1. Table 3.2.1 Safety Classes of Building Structures [ Safety dasses ‘Consequences of damnge ‘Type of buildings Gas I ‘Very serious Important bulking Gass Serious General bulking Note: The safety class for buildings with special requirements shall be determined separately in accordance3.2.2 Safety classes of all building structural members are required to be the same as safety classes for the integral structure. While safety classes for some structural members can he readjusted appropn- ately in acoordance with their degree of significance, but it cannot be readjusted to less than class I. 3.2.3. For ultimate limit states, the structural members of building structures shall accord with the fundamental combination or accidental combination of load-elfecs to adopt the following design expres- sons of limit states: %S = R (3.2.3-1) R= Rferfr ae) (3.2.3-2) Where ¥o—factor of importance : for structural members of safety class I or the design service year ia 100 years or above shall not be less than 1.13 for stmctural members of safety class Il or the design service year is 50 years, shall not be less than! .0 for structural members of safety class IIl or the design service year is less than 5 years, shall not be less than 0.9; in earthquake-resistant design, the factor of importance for structural members may not be considered. S—Design values for combination of load-effocts for ultimate limit states, which are cal- culated in accordance with the current National Standards “Load code for design of building structures” GB 50009, and “Code for seismic design of buildings” GB 50011; R—Design values of loading-bearing capacity of structural members; in the earthquake-re- sistant design, the value of R shall be divided hy the earthquake-resistant adjusted coefficient pe of load bearing capacity; R(-)—funetion of load-bearing capacity of structural member; Sesfi—design value of strength of concrete and strength of steel reinforcement respectivelys a; —characteristic value of geometric parameter. When the variation of the geometric pa- rameter significantly influences structural behavior, a, may be increased or decreased by an additional value. oS in equation (3.2.3-1) is expressed by design values of intemal forces (NM, VT etc.) in the code; Prestress-effects shall be considered for prestressed concrete structures in accordance with the stipulations for Clause 6.1.1 of the code. 3.3 Stipulations for Checking Calculation of Serviceability Limit States 3.3.1 For serviceability limit states, the structural members of building structures shall accord with the characteristic combination, quasi-permanet combination or characteristic combination and consider ing influence of long-term actions of load-effects, to adopt the following design expressions of limit states: Sal (3.3.1) where S——denotes the combination values of load-ellects of serviceability limit states 10C—enotes the limiting values of deformation, width of cracks and stress etc, when the structural members of building structores meet the stipulated requirements for service- ability. ‘The characteristic combination and qussi-permanent combination of load-effects shall be calculat- ed in accordance with current national stindards “Load code for design of building structures” GB 50009. 3.3.2 Maximum deflection of flexural membes shall be calculated in accordance with the characteris- tic combination and considering influence of long-term actions of laad-effects, its calculated value shall not exceed the allowable limiting values of deflection stipulated in the Table 3.3.2. ‘Table 3.3.2 Allowable Deflection Values for Flexural Members: ‘Type of wenbers Crane girder; Manusl-operated crane Electric-operated crane Roof, floors and stair members: When p< 7m 6/200 lp/250) When Im< lox 9m 14/250 1/300) When ig 9m 1,/300( 19/400) Note:1 dpi the Table is the caleulated span of members; 2 Values in parentheses are appropiate for members on which the deflections are strictly required in applica- tion; 3. Wmenber is cambered before its fabrication, and when itis allowed during its service suge, this canber value stall be deductod from the calculated deflection value duting checking calculation withthe allowable value. As for prestressed concrete members, the camber caused by prestressing may also be deducted; 4 When calculating the limiting value for deflection of cantilever member, its calculating length Ip is twice actual fength of cantilever. 3.3.3 Crack control level for normal section of structural members shall be divided into three levels in accordance with the following, stipulations: Level members, on which cracks are strictly prohibited, when the calculation is in accor- dance with characteristic combination of load-effects, that the tensile stress shall not be ovcurred st ex- treme tensile fiber of conerete structural members; Level 2——members on which cracks are generally prohibited, when the calculation is in accor- dance with characteristic combination of load-effects, that the tensile stress at extreme tensile fiber of conerete structural members shall not be greater than the characteristic value of axial tensile strength in concrete; when the calculation is in accordance with quasi-permanent combination of load-effects, that the tensile stress at extreme tensile fiber of concrete structural members may not be occurred, but it can be loosened, when the reliable experiences are available. Level 3——members, on which cracks are allowed, when the calculation is in accordance with ilcharacteristic combination and considering influence of long-term actions of load-eflects, that the maxi- mum crack width of structural members shall not exceed the stipulated limit values of maximum crack width given in the Table 3.3.4. 3.3.4 The different crack control levels and the limit values of maximum crack width 1g of struc- tural members shall be adopted from the Table 3.3.4 "according to the types of structures and the envi- ronmental categones specified in the Table 3.4. ‘Table 3.3.4 Crack Controt Levels and Limit Values of Maxiamam Crack Width Reinforced conerete structures Prestresed concrete structures cateeoicn | crack conta levels | tian) | Crack conta levels iq) I 0.3(0.4) 0.2 0 0.2 U - W a 0.2 I - NNote:1 The stipulations in the Table are applicable to reinforced concrete members using hot rlled ste bess, and 10 prestressed concrete members using prestressed sie wires, strand, heat treated stoe) bars; when other types of stee! wires or reinforcements are selected the requirements of crack control may be determined by specific standards; For a flonurel momber situatod in an area with evel I environment, where mean annual relative humidity is leas than 60% , the value in parerahesis may be used as its limit value of maximum erack widths Under level 1 environment, the limit value ‘O.2enm’ of maximum crack width shall be adopted for rein- foreod concrete roofing iss, bracket, and erane ginder which requires checking calculation of fatigue, ‘and ‘0.3mm’ shall be adopted for reinforced concrete roofing beam and bracket beam; ‘Under level I environment, the prostressed concrete roofing beam, bracket beam, roofing truss, bracket, roof board, and floor slab, shall be checking calculated according to crack control level IT ; under level and II environments, the fatigue of prestressed concrete erane girder shall be checking calculated ac- cording to ernck control level I 5 ‘The crack control levels and the limit value of maximum crack width, tabulated for prestressed concrete structural member, are merely applicable to checking calculation of normal section. The checking caleula- tion for crack control of inclined section shall conform to the stipulations in the Chapter 8 of the code: For chimney, tube-shaped warehouse, and structural member under liquid pressure, the crack contra re- quirements shall conform to relevant promsions of current special code ‘The crack control requirements of etructural members situnted in level IVandV environments, shall con- form to relevant promsons of curent epecial code. ‘The limit values of maximum crack width in the Teble are used for the checking calculation of maximum crack width resulting from the lond-effects. 3.4 Stipulations for Durability 3.4.1 ‘The dumbility of concrete structures shall be designed in accordance with the environmental ceategonies and design working life specified in the Table 3.4.1. 12‘Tabie 3.4.2 Enviroumental categories for concrete structures (ae , Coa | I Indoor noemal environmett | Indoor humid environment; opet-airenvirerment of now severe cold or non-cold set, environment of direcly contacted wih non-erosive water or sil I b Opeares environment of severe cold or cold area, environment of dreetly con- L. laced with oon-erotive vate or il. Envisoament of applied cryoeel remover; environment of severe cold or cold area m ‘wih water level fluctuated in winter season; coastal outdoor environment N ‘Sea water environment v Environment of affected by atificial or natural erosive materials. [Note:The classification of severe cold and cold areas shall conform to the stipulations of national current standard “Thermal design specification for civil building” JG} 24. 3.4.2 In environmental categories 1, Hand IIL, structural concrete with design working life as 50 years shall conform to stipulations in Table 3.4.2. ‘Tablc3.4.2 fundamental requirements for durabliity of structural concrete Min. coment Lowest . chlorion | Max. alli cviroamental | Mex. water-cement| 1” S=™ ete | Mes vee nae consumption for strength content ‘content * amout (kg/n®) | of eonorete (%) (p/n?) I 0.68 2s 0 1.0 Valimited 1 a 0.60 250 as 0.3 3.0 b 0.35 25 0 0.2 3.0 0 0.50 300 co on 3.0 Note: 1 Chlorine ion content refer to the percentage of chlorineion in cement consumption amount: 2 Max. chlorion content and tin. cement consumption amount in prestressed concrete structural member are 0.05% and 300kg/m? respectively; the lowest grade for strength of concrete shall be increased by two sgyades according to stipulations in the Table; 3° Min. cement carsumption amount in plain concrete member shall not be less than the values in the Table minus 25 ke/n?s 4 When activatded odmixture or other additives, which can prolong durability, is added to concrete that the Min. cement consumption amount could be redhiced appropriately; 3 When reliable enginecting experience is available, the lowest grade for strength of concrete in environ- mocntal categories I and [] could be reduced by one grades 6 When non-alkali activated aggregate is applied, there is no limitation forthe alkali content in concrete. 3.4.3. In environmental categories I , structural concrete with design working life up to 100 years shall conform to following stipulations: 131 The lowest grade for strength of concrete in reinforced concrete structures and in prestressed ‘concrete structurs are C30 and C40 respectively; 2 Maxicmum chlorion- content in concrete is 0.06% ; 3 Iis better to use non-alkali activated aggregate; when alkali activated aggregate is applied, max. alkali content in concrete is 3.Okg/m’. 4 The thickness of concrete cover shall be increased by 40% according to the stipulation of the Table 9.2.1 of the code; when effective protective measures are taken for concrete surface, the thick- ness of concrete cover could be reduced appropriately . 5 Regular maintenance shall be performed during the course of epplication. 3.4.4 In environmental categories I] and [l[ , the special effective measures shall be taken for con- crete structures with design working life up to 100 years: 3.4.5 In humid environment of severe cold and cold rea, structural concrete shall meet relevant re- quirements for freezing-resistant, and the freezing-resistant grade of concrete shall conform to the re~ quirements of relevant standards. 3.4.6 For concrete structures requinng penetration-resistant, the penetration-resistant grade of conerete shall conform to the requirements of relevant standards. 3.4.7 For steuctural members in environmental categories [[] , 11 is better to use ribbed steel bars coated with epoxide-resin for stressed reinforcement; and the special protective measures shall be taken for prestressed steel reinforcements, anchorage devices and connectors. 3.4.8 The durability reguirements of concrete structures in environmental categories IV and V , shall conform to the stipulations of relevant standards. The durability requirements of concrete may not be considered for the temporary concrete struc- tures.4 Materials 4.1 Concrete 4.1.1 Concrete Strength grade shall be determined in accordance with the characteristic value of cube compressive strength oblained from standard tests on 150 mm side long cube specimen, which was fab- ricated and cured for a period of 28 days under standard conditions, and has the compressive strength with 295% guarantee rate. 4.1.2 Concrete strength grade of reinforced concrete structures shall not be less than C15; when the steel bar of Grade HRB335 is used, concrete strength grade may not be Jess than C20; it shall not be Jess than C20 for members sustained the repetitive loads and in oases using the steel bars of Grade HIRBA00 and Grade RRB400. Concrete strength grade for prestressed concrete structures shall not be less than C30; concrete strength grade may not be less than C40 when strand, steel wires and heal-treated stee! reinforcements are used as prestressed steel reinforcement, Note:In the use of mountain sand conerete or slag concrete shall still be in compliance with stipu- lations of related special codes. 4.1.3. Characteristic values of concrete axial compression strength fa, axial tension strength ‘fu: shall be adopted in accordance with the Table 4.1.3 respectively Table 4.1.3 Characteristic Values of Concrete Strength (N/mm? } ‘Type of Concrete strength grade strength | cis | C20 | cas | cro | cas | cw | cas | cso | css | oxo | cos | cro | Crs | coo fa__| 10.0] 13.4 | 16.7| 20.1 | 23.4 | 26.8 | 29.6 | 32.4[ 35.5 | 38.5 | 41.5| 44.5] 47.4] 50.2 Ja__| 1.27] 1.54] 1.78 | 2.01 | 2.20 | 2.39 | 2.51 | 2.68] 2.74] 2.85 | 2.93] 2.99] 3.05] 3.11 4.1.4 Design values of concrete axial compression strength f,, axial (ensile strength f; shall be adopted in accordance with the Table 4.1.4 respectively . ‘Table 4.1.4 Design Values of Concrete Strength( N/mm?) “Type of Concrete strength grade strength [CIS] Go| Gs Go] as] cw] cs | coo] css | Ow | Gs] Go| Cs cao Se_[ 1.2 | 9.6 | 11.9] 14.3} 16.7] 19.1] 28.1 | 23.1[ 25.3 | 27.5 | 29.7] 31-8 [33.8] 35.9 S__ [0.91] 4.40} 1.27 | 1.43] 1.57] 1.71] 1.80 | 1.89] 1.96] 2.04] 2.09 | 2.14] 2.18] 2.22 Note: When calculating axial compression and eccentric compresion members of cast-insita reinforced concrete, the design values of concrete strength in this Table shall be multiplied by a factor of 0.8, if the long side or the diameter of the section is less than 300mm; this restriction may be dis- regarded when the qealty of the member (incluting the molding of concrete, dimensions of the section and eats, ete.) can be guaranteed. 2. Design values of centrifugal fabricated concrete strength shall be taken in accordance with related special standards, 154.1.5 The modulus of elasticity of concrete E., in compression or in tension shall be adopted in ac- condance with the Table 4. ‘Table 4.1.5 Modulus of elasticity of concrete ( x 10'N/raii") Concrete strength grade E 4.1.6 The design values of concrete axial compression fatigue strength {, axial tension fatigue strength /{ shall be determined by multiplying the design vatue of concrete strength tabulated in Table 4.1.4 with a comesponding modified factor of fatigue strength 7, respectively. Depending on various ratios of fatigue stress pf, that the modified factor 7, shall be adopted from the Table 4.1.6. The ratios for fatigue stress of concrete p shall be calculated according to the following equation: ‘ ph = Seni (4.1.6) eum Where, o{,nin+95,mx——minimum stress and maximum stress of concrete at the same fiber of section during checking calculation on fatigue of members respectively. ‘Table 4.1.6 Modified factor of Concrete Fatigue Strength oe pic 0.2 O.20.3, the redistribution of intemal forces may not be considered. Hence, the & shall be calculated according to the stipulation in the Chapter 7 of the code. 6.1.9 The prestressing transmission length [,, of prestressed steel reinforcement for pre-tensioned members shall be calculated according to following equation: oa St, ten area (6.1.9) Where ,.—the effective prestress of prestressed steel reinforcement when relaxed stretchit d—the nominal diameter of prestressed steel reinforcement shall be adopted according to Appendix B of the codes a—the appearance coefficient of prestressed steel reinforcesinent shall be adopted accord- ing to stipulated in the Teble 9.3.1 of the codes Fa——characteristic Value of axial tensile strength corresponding to compressive strength of concrete cube fy during relaxed stretching, which is determined using linear interpo- lation methods specified in the Table 4.1.3 of the code. ‘When the construction process of suddenly relaxed for the prestressed steel reinforcement is adopt- 29ced that the starting point for calculation of 1), shall be 0.25 Jy from the end of member. 6.1.10 When in caloulation of the normal sectional or inclined sectional flexural load-bearing capaci- ty at end anchorage zone of pre-tensioned prestressed concrete member, within the range of anchorage length, that the design value of tensile strength for prestressed steel reinforcements shall take zero at the starting point of anchorage, and at the end point of anchorage shall take f,,, for the values between these two points can be determined by linear interpolation. ‘The anchorage length of prestressed steel reinforcements shall be determined. according to the Clause 9.3.1 of the code. 6.1.11 In addition to the checking calculation of ultimate limit states at the construction stage for prestressed concrete structural members, the members in which crack is not allowed in the pre-tension- ing zone, or in which the whole section shall be compressively during precompression, the normal stress at the extreme fiber of concrete under the actions of prestressing force, self-weight_ and construction load (dynamic coefficient shall be considered, if necessary) shall comply with the following. stipulations (Fig.6.1.11): Fig. 6.1.11 Checking caloulation of prestressed concrete members at construction stage (a) pre-tensioned member; () post-tensioned member; 1—centrid axis of wansformed section;2—pentoid axis of net sexton oust (6.1.11-1) ec 0.8f, (6.1.11-2) ‘The normal stress of concrete at the extreme fiber of section may be calculated by the following ‘equation: out a= Out he (6.1.11-3) Where o¢¢\0—the compressive stress, the tensile stress at concrete the extreme fiber of caleulat ed section in corresponding construction stage respectively; SuSa——characteristic values of tensile strength, compressive strength respectively, corre- sponding to the compressive: strength of concrete cube in each construetion-stage Sous they may be detemmined by linear interpolation method according tothe Table 4.1.3 of the codes Ny, My—values of axial force, bending moment at the calculated section respeetively,, pro duced by the characteristic combination of construction load and self-weight of the member; Wo-—elastic resisting moment of transformed section, at checking calculated extremefiber. Note:1 Pretension zone denotes the sectional tensile stress zone which is formed at the time for exerting the pre- stressing forces In equation (6.1.11-3), when oye i the compeesave stress, taking postive values when ope is the ten silesress, taking negive value; when Nj is the axial compressive force, taking pastive value; when My, is the axial tensile force, taking negative value; when eatreme fiber stress caused by Mis compressive ‘stress, the plus sign is taken in the equation; while it is tensile stress, the minus sign is taken in the e- quaion. 6.1.12 In addition to the checking calculation of ultimate limit states at construction stage of pre- suessed concrete structural members, for members on which cracks are allowed and longitudinal pre- stressed steel reinforcements are not provided in pretension zone, the normal stress in concrete on ex- treme fiber shall conform to following stipulations: eax fix (6.1.12-1) Ge<0.8fy, (6.1. 12-2) Herein the 045d shall still be calculated according to the stipulation in the Clause 6.1.11 of the code. 6.1.13 The reinforcement of longitudinal steel bars in pretension zone of prestressed concrete struc tural member shall conform to the following requirements: 1. For members in which cracks in the pretension zone is not allowed during the construction stage, the ratio of reinforeement for longitudinal steel bars in the pretension zone( A’, + A%)/A shall not be less than 0.2%, while A’, shall not be counted for post-tensioned members, where A is the sectional area of member; 2 For members where eracks*in the pretension zone is allowed during the construction stages, and longitudinal prestressing steel bare are nol provided in the pretension zone, when 4g, =2fi, the ratio of reinforcement for longitudinal stecl bars in the pretension zone A4/A shall not be less than 0.4% 5 when f'y.< 4 <2fysit may be determined by linear interpolation method between 0.2 % and 0.4 % 5 3. The diameter of longitudinal nonprestressing stecl bars in the pretension zone may not be greater than 14 mm, and shall be provided uniformly along the outer edge of the pretension zone of the member. Note: For slab members in which cracks in the pretension zone is not allowed during the construction stage, the re- inforcement for longitudinal steel bars in the pretension zone may be determined by experience in accordance with actual conditions of the member. 6.1.14 In the calculation of load-bearing capacity and crack width for pre-tensioned and post-ten- sioned prestressed concrete members, when the normal prestress in conerete is equal to zero, the resul- tant of forces for prestressed and nonprestressed steel bars Neo, and the eccentricity ¢,9 for the corre- sponding point of resultant of forces, shall be calculated according to the equations (6.1.6-1) and (6.1.6-2) of the code. The stresses of prestressing srecl bars in pre-tensioned and post-tensioned members ¢,0,4%9 shall be calculated according to the stipulations in the Clause 6.1.5 of the code. w 316.2 Calculation of Values for Loss of Prestress 6.2.1 The values for loss of prestress in prestressed steel reinforcements may be calculated according to the stipulations in the Table 6.2.1, Table 6.2.1 Values for Lass of Prestress( N/m?) Pre-tensioned Post-tensioned Fr actors lead 10 loss Symbols Calculated according Calculated acoordit Deformation of anchorage at stretching ‘othe alpen ne to the stipulation in the ; : an ipulation in cad and inner shocening of tel bar he Cane 62 ch ace | 86.2.2 and late 6.2.3 of the code Caleulated acoonding Friction with to the stipulation 5s duct wall: jin the Clause 6.2.4 Friction of ‘prestressed on ofthe code ‘steel reinforcement ~ Freton @ Determined according to change directix At the time of heat curing of concrete, the temperature difference between ob At _ stretched steet reinforcement and tensioned equipment Prestressed steel wire, strand Ceneral relaxation; 04g Fo where, Once stretching 4 Excessive etretching = 0.9 Low relaxation: ‘Stress relaxation of prestressed when oan 0-7 steal reinforcement “ o.123( 222-0 when 0.1/4 < om0. 8fya 32(continued) Pre-tensioned Post-tensioned Factors lead to Joss factors lead to Symbols Cenlated according to the stipulation in the Clause 6.2.5 inkage and ereep of. a Shrinkage and creep of concrete | the cole For ring-shaped members using spiral prestrossd steel reinforcement, when 4 _ 0 the diameter dq 3m, resulting from “ local compression af conerete Note:1 At in the Table denotes in the time of heat curing of concrete, the temperature difference (%C) between stretched stce reinforcement and tensioned equipments 2 The procedure of excessive stretching given in this Table stars from zero stress t0 1.03dami of from 2er0 st1e2s to 1.05cqqs afer holding the load for 2 minutes, unloading 10 Gans 3 When Gem/fya <0.5y the los value forthe stress relaxation of prestressed sto! reinforosment can be tak- en aa ter0, ‘When the calculated total value for loss of prestress is less than the following values, the values as follows shall be adopted: Pre-tensioned members 100 N/mm?; Post-tensioned members 80 N/mm? . 6.2.2 The value for loss of prestress on of prestressed straight steel reinforcement due to the deformation of anchorage and the inner shortening of steel reinforcement may be calculated by the fol- a lowing equation: ou=TE (6.2.2) Where a—the value for the deformation of anchorage at stretching end and the inner shortening of steel reinforcement (mm) may be taken as the value listed in Table 6.2.2; distance from the stretching end to the anchored end(mm) . ‘Table 6.2.2 Values for Deformation of Anchorage and Inner shortening of Stee] Reinforcement a( mm) ‘Type of anchorage @ Sear of mat 1 Supporting type anchorage (Butlon-head anchorage Gir tel wire bundle etc.) Seam deach pestedding shiva Cone plug-ype anchorage (Steel cone anchorage for stel wires bunlle etc.) 5 wee i With op pressure | 5 L le ne Tame [Note:1 The values for the deformation of anchorage and the inner shatening af steel reinforcement in the Table cn also be determined by actual measured data; 2 For other types of anchorage, the values for the deformation of ancharage and the inner shortening of ste! reinforment shall be determined by actual mexsured data 33The structure is composed of assembled precast blocks, the loss of prestress shall consider the precompression deformation of filling gaps between blocks due to prestressing. When concrete or oc- tment mortar were used for filling gaps that the value of { nun for precompression deformation shall be taken for each filling gap. 6.2.3 For post-tensioned members, the value for loss of prestress for prestressed curved steel rein- forcement, or broken line steel reinforcement o1,, which is caused by the deformation of the anchorage and the inner shortening of steel reinforcement, shall be determined in accordance with the condition for the deformation value of prestressed stee! reinforcement is equal to the values for the deformation of anchorage and the inner shortening of steel reinforcement, within the range of reversed friction affected length dy between the prestressed curved steel reinforcement or broken lined steel reinforcement and the duct wall. The reversed friction factor may be taken from the value listed in the Table 6.2.4 of the code. ‘The value for loss of prestress on of common used bundle formed post-tensioned prestressed steel reinforcement, within the range of reversed friction affected length f;, can be calculated according to Appendix D of the code. 6.2.4 The value for loss of prestress on(Fig.6.2.4) caused by the friction between the prestressed steel reinforcement and the duct wall, may be calculated using following equation: on= Coan 1- za) (6.2.41) when («x + ?)<0.2, op shall be calculated according to the following approximate equation; Oy = (xt + 1B) Foy (6.2.4-2) Where x-—the length of duct from stretching end to calculated section (m), the projective length ‘on longitudinal axis for this part of duct can be taken approximately 6— included angle (rad) from the stretching end to the tangent of curved duct part at the caleulated sections fe——the friction factor, considering the local deviation of every meter in the duct, may be taken from the value given in the Table 6.2.4; p—the friction factor between the prestressed steel reinforcement and the duct wall may be taken from the value given in the Table 6.2.4, ‘Table 6.2.4 Friction Factor {_ Formations of ducts ® # imbedded metal coma pipe 0.0015 0.25 Ennbedied see pipe 0.0010 0.30 L____ Rute pipe or stot pipe Insc Fring 0.0014 0.55 Note: The factors in Table may also be determined by actually measured data; 2 When the steel cone anchorage or similar typed anchorages are adopted, the additional loss of friction at the edge af anchor ring shall be considered, its value can be detemnined by actually measured data. 6.2.5 The values for loss of prestress of longitudinal prestressed steel reinforcements in tension zone 34Fig. 6.2.4 Caleulation for frictional los of prestrese I atetching end:?—eaealted tein and compression zone 0150's, due to shrinkage and creep of concrete, may be determined respective- ly according to the following methods: 1. In general condition, Pre-tensioned member Soe 45 +280 0152-2 (6.2.5-1) 1415p 45 +280 Le = .2..5-2; ie (6.2.52) Post-tensioned member « 35 +280 2 oy=—_=. (6.2.5-3) 1+15p 3542802 = —_ fa (6.2.5-4) 1415" Where 0,067, —normal compressive stresses of concrete at the point for resultant of forces for prestressed steel reinforcements in the compression zone, the tension zone te- spectively; Ses—compressive cube strength of concrete during prestressing; Pp’ —tatio of reinforcement for prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcements in com- pression zone, tension zone: For pre-tensioned member, p = (Ay + A,)/Ags 0" = (Aj, + A; )/Ao; for post-tensioned member, p = (Ay + A,)/Anyp' = (Ap + A!)/Aqsfor members which prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcements are placed symmetrically, and in this case, half of the total sectional areas for steel reinforcements shall be taken for the calculation of the ratio of reinforcement e The normal compressive stresses Gye, 0p in concrete al the point for resultant of forees for pre- 35stressed ste] reinforcements in compression zone, tension zone shall be calculated according to the stipulations in the Clause 6.1.5 and 6.1.6 of the code. In this case, the loss, which before the con- cerete is pre-compressed (the first batch)only, may be considered as the value for loss of prestress, and the value of zero shall be taken as the stressays, ¢'js in nonprestressed reinforcement; the values of a2, "pe Shall not be greater than 0.5f'q43 when o'p. is tensile stress, the value of o’;. in equations(6.2. 5-2)and(6.2.5-4)shall equal to zero. In calculation of the normal stress of concrete dye, "pe the in- fluences of self- weight may be considered acconting to the fabrication conditions of members. For structure situated in environment with annual average relative humidity below 40% , the values of ojsando's shall be increased by 30% . 2 For important structural members, which require the consideration to the values for loss of restress resulting from the time related to the shrinkage, the creep in concrete and the relaxation of prestressed stecl reinforcement, may be calculated according to Appendix E of the code. Note: In case of the concrete is delivered by pump, the increment of loss of prestress, which caused by the shrink- _age, the creep of concrete, shall be considered according to the actual situations 6.2.6 When the batch stretcting is adopted in the prestressed steel reinforcements of post-tensioned members, the influence of concrete elastic compression (or expansion) caused by the later-batch stretched steel reinforcements on the former-batch stretched steel reinforcements shall be considered. ‘The value of the stretching control stress Gs, for the former-batch stretched steel reinforcements shall be increased(or reduced)by ag¢ye;, where dy; denotes the normal stress in concrete caused by the later-batch stretched steel reinforcements at the center of gravity in the fonmer-batch stretched steel re- inforcements.. 6.2.7 The losses of prestress of prestressed member in every stage may be combined according to the stipulations as given in the Table 6. ‘Table 6.2.7 Combination of Values for Loss of Prestress al Each Stage Combination of values for las of prestress Pre-tensionod momber | Posi-tensionod member Lass before concrete pre-compression (first batch) ont oat oat om out on Lass after concrete pre-compression (second batch) os out ont 016 ‘Note: For the pre-tensioned members, if the differentiation for the occupied proportion of the value for loss of pre- stressing o14.due tothe relaxation of prestressed ste! reinforozment in the los value of fist batch and in the Jose value af sooond batch is required, it may be determined aocarding to the actual conditions. 367 Calculation of Ultimate Limit States 7.1 General Stipulations for Calculation of Normal 7.1.1 The calculation for ultimate limit states of normal section ag stipulated in the Section 7. 1 through 7.4 of this Chapter, is applicable to reinfored concrete and prestressed concrete flexural mem- bers, compression members and tension members. For deep flexural members in reinforced concrete with the span-depth ratio less than 5, its load- bearing capacity shall be calculated according to stipulations in the Section 10.7, Chapter 10 of the code. 7.1.2. ‘The normal section load-bearing capacity shall be calculated according to the following funda- rental assumptions: 1. Strain of section remains plane; 2 Tensile strength of concrete is disregarded ; 3. The relation curve of compressive stress and strain in concrete shall be taken according to fol- lowing stipulations; When e. 1) (7.1.51) For prestressed steel reinforcements on = Eee Pitot - ) opi (7.1.5-2) 2 Siress in longitudinal steel reinforcements shall be calculated by the following approxmate equations: For onfinary steel bars (7.1.53) For prestressed steel reinforcements on foe E-B) + ome (7.1.54) 3° The stress in longitudinal steel reinforcement calculated according to equation ( 7.1.5-1) through (7.1.5-4)shall conform to the following conditions: GSU, (7.1.5-5) wi ~ Sy So Ai In the calculation of T-shaped, I-shaped section flexural members using above equations, the depth of compressive zone in concrete shall still conform to the requirements in the equations (7.2. 1- 3) and (7.2.1-4) of the code. 7.2.3 The calculated flange width bj situated in compression zone of T-shaped, I shaped and in- verted L-shaped section flexural members, the minimum values acoording to the conditions listed in the Table 7.2.3 shall be taken. ‘Table 7.2.3 Calculated Flange Width 5; of T-shaped, | -shaped and Inverted L-shaped section Flexural Members ‘T-shaped, T-shaped section Inverted L-shaped Sua section Ribbed beam, st beam Ribbed beam, ribbed slab_ ribbed slab 1 | Considered based on the calculated span Jy. be/3- bf bo (Considered hased on thé net spacing, 2 bts, - bts, +,of the beam( lng vib) tH tH? ‘Considered based Ag /hp0.1 - be hy _ 3] onthe depth | 0.1> hi/ho>0.05 b4 DAP 54+ 6h} bash; of flange hf hi /hg < 0.05 b+ 12K} $ besht Notes:1 8 denotes the web widths 2 fin the span of the ribbed beam has transverse ribe with the space length between rib is leas than the ‘space length of longitudinal ribs, that the stipulations of the situation 3 listed in the Table can be disre- aed: For hunched T-shaped, J-shaped and inverted L-shaped sections, when the depth of the haunch in com- ‘Pression zone is hy> hy and the width of the hunch is by <3hy,its calculated width of the flange may {ollow the stipulation ofthe situation 3 listed in the Table, and increased 26, for ( T-thaped section, I- shaped section ), and increased by for (inverted L-shaped section) respectively; 4 I checking calculation reveals that the cracks might occur at flange plate in compression tone along the direction of the Longitudinal rib ofthe independent beam, its calculated width shall be taken as the wicth ol web b. 427.2.4 Calculation of the nommal section flexural load-bearing capacity of flexural member shall con- form with the requirements in the equation (7.2.1-3)of the code: When the sectional area of longitu- dinal tensile steel reinforcement, which is provided in accordance with the detailing requirements or the checking calculation requirements of the serviceability limit states, is greater than that the requirements of flexural load-bearing capacity, hence in the calculation of the depth of concrete compression zone socording to the equation (7.2. 1-2) or (7.2.2-3) sthere is only the sectional area of longitudinal ten~ sile steel reinforcement to meet the needs for the conditions of flexural load-bearing capacity to be counted . 7.2.5 When the longitudinal ordinary compressive steel bar is counted in calculations, the condition of equation (7.2.1-4) in the code shall be met; when the condition is not met, the normal section flexural load-bearing capacity shall conform to the following stipulations: Mex fyyAg(h~ a, ~ a1) +f,A(h~ a4~ a4) + (of ~Syy DA; (ay ~ a5) (7.2.5) Where a, @¢-——distances from the longitudinal ordinary steel bars, prestressed steel reinforce- ‘ments in the tension zone respectively to the extreme fiber of tension zone. 7.2.6 The nonmal section flexural load-bearing capacity of ring shaped section and circle shaped sec- tion flexural members shall be calculated in accordance with the stipulations of the Clauses 7.3.7 and 7.3.8 of the code. But the sign of equality in the equation (7.3.7-1), (7.3.7-3) and (7.3.8-1) shall be taken and taking the design value of axial force IV = 0; meanwhile, Np: in the equations (7. 3.7-2), (7.3.7-4) and (7.3.8-2) shall be replaced by the design value of bending moment M. 7.3 Calculation of Normal Section Compressive Load-bearing Capacity 7.3.1 For reinforced concrete axial compression member, when the stirrups provided for member ac- cont with the Section 10.3 of the code, the normal section compressive load-bearing capacity shall con= form to the following stipulations (Fig 7.3.1): N<0.99(f.A +f, Ai) (7.3.1) Where N'——design value of axial compressive forces p—stability coefficient of reinforced concrete member adopted according to the Table 7.3.1. So——design value of axial compressive strength of con- cerete adopted according to the Table 4.1 ‘ * A~—sectional area of member; A —total sectional area of longitudinal steel reinforce- -| ments. If ratio of reinforcement for longitudinal steel bars is greater j++ than 3 9%, A in the equation (7.3-1) shall be replaced by (A ~ yig.7.3.1 reinforoed concrete axial AN). ‘compression member provided 7.3.2 The reinforced concrete axial compression member, when with stirrups 43the spiral or the welding ring-shaped indirect steel reinforcement is provided in accordance with the stipulations in the Seation 10.3 of the code, the nonnal section compressive load-bearing capacity reinforced concrete axial compression member shall conform to the following stipulations (Fig.7.3.2), Table 7.3.1 Stability coefficient of reinforced concrete axial compression member wy | <8 | 10 | 2 | i | ww | » | 2» | m | 26 | 2% fd | <7 | 85 | 05 | 2 4% {iss | a7 | 9 | a | 25 | bfi | 12; 2) When the compressive load-bearing capacity calculated from the equation (7.3.2-1) is less than that ‘calculated from the equation (7.3.1); 3) When the transformed sectional area of indirect steel reinforcement Ayo is less than 25% of the total ‘sectional area of longitudinal reinforcements. 7.3.3 The additional eccentricity ¢, of axial compressive force in eccentsic direction shall be counted in the calculation of normal sec- tion load-bearing capacity of eccentric compression member, the val- ve of 20mm or the vaule of 1/30 maximum sectional dimension along eccentric direction, whichever is greater, shall be taken. 7.3.4 The nonnal section compressive load-bearing, capacity of a rectangular section eccentric compression member shall conform to the following stipulations (Fig. 7.3.4) : a] N cafe + fyAy- OAy A ~ (ofa ~ Soy V4 9p (1,3.4-1) Fig 7.3.2. Reinforced eonerets axi- Ne arfebe( ho - $) +f, 44 (ho - a) ee econ ted with = (ofa ~ Sy Ay (ho ~ 0) (7.3.4-2) spiral intirot steel reinforcement. e=ntt—a (7.3.4-3) & =e te, (7.3.4-4) Where ¢———-distance between acting point of axial compressive force and point for resultant of forces of longitudinal ordinary steel bars and prestressed tensile stee! reinforcements; 7-—rthe eccentricity enlargement coefficient for axial compressive forve of eccentric compres sion member, considering the influence of second order bending moment, calculated ac- ‘cording to the stipulations in the Clause 7.3.10 of the code; stress of Jongjtudinal ordinary steel bars, prestressed steel reinforcements at tension side or smaller compression sides ¢;—initial eccentricity a——~distance from the point for resultant of forces of longitudinal ordinary steel bars and prestressed tensile steel reinforcements to the near edge of section; ¢o-—eoventricity of axial compressive forve with respect to centroid of section ¢q = M/N; €s-—additional eccentricity, determined according to the Clause 7,3,3 of the code. ‘When the calculations is in accordance with the above stipulations that the following requirements shall still be conformed: 1 Stress in steel reinforcements ¢,.0, can be calculated in accordance with the following cases: 1) When €< 6, denotes the large eccentric compression member, taking ¢, = f, and op where € denotes the relative depth of compression zone, € = x/hos2) whien €> &, denotes the small eccentric compreasion member, the 2,0, shall be calculaay according to the stipulations in the Clause 7.1.5 of the code. 2° When the longitudinal ordinary compression stee! bars is counted in calculation, the depth « the compression zone shall moet the conditions of the equation (7.2..1-4) of the codes when the cond. tion is not met, the normal section compressive load-bearing capacity may be calculated in accordance with the Clause 7.2.5 of the code, in the meantime, M in the equation(7.2.5)of the code shall be re. placed by Ne’, where e', denotes the distance from the acting point of axial compressive force to the point for resultant of forees of longitudinal ordinary steel bars in compression zones the eccentricity en- largement coefficient shall be counted in calculation, while its initial eccentricity shall be determined by the equation(7.3.4-4) . 3. For small coventricity compression members with rectangular section and non-symmetric sted reinforcement , when N > f.bh the checking calculation shall be still carried on according to the fol. Towing equations: Fig. 7.3.4 Calculation of compressive load-bearing capacity in normal section of eccentricity compression member with rectangular section 1 eentoid nis of ection Ne f.th(ho--E) +f, A,(o~ a.) (a0 ~ Sey )Ap( BO ay) (7.3.45) 4 =a! —(e~ e) (7.3.46) Where ¢’—distance between the acting point of axial compressive force and the point for resultant of forces of longitudinal ordinary steel bars and prestressed steel reinforcements in ‘compression zones ‘hg—distance from the point for resultant of forces of longitudinal compression steel rein- forcements to the far-side of section. 4 For simall eccentricity reinforced concrete compression momber with rectangular section and symmetric steel reinforcement( A, = A,), the sectional area of longitudinal steel reinforcements may also be calculated by the following approximate equations: , _ Ne = (1 = 0.58) arfabhd AY Ty (ho (7.3.4-7) 46Where the relative depth of the compression zone & may be calculated by the following equation: N ~ Gaifebho és +& (7.3.48) Ne - 0.434 HB au f.bho Cr — &) (ho ~ 0, 7.3.5 The caloulated compression flange width of I-shaped section eccentric compression member 8 ‘hall be determined according to the Clause 7.2.3 of the code ,and its normal section compressive load-bearing capacity shall conform to the following stipulations: 1 When the depth of compression zone x h{(Fig7.3.5), it shall conform to the following. stipulations: Ncaifdbx + (be - bi] + SAL ode — (op - fix Ain opp (7.3.5-1) Ne << ayfl be( ho - S) a ~ ys { ho - 44)] + Sy A (ho ~ a4) ~ (oo - Soy 145 (ho ~ a5) (7.3.5-2) Stresses of steel reinforcements ¢,, 6, in the equation, and whether or not considering the effects for the longitudinal ordinary compression steel reinforcements, are all determined by relevant stipula- tions in the Clause 7.3.4 of the code. t = z fay a 2 Fig. 7.3.5. Caloulation of compressive load-bearing capacity in normal section of eccentric compeession member with T-shaped section emis of retin 3° when a > (h - hg), the effect of compressive portion in smaller side of flange shall be count- ed into the calculation of normal section compressive load-bearing capacity, meantime, the calculated width for the compressive portion in smaller side of flange b, shall be determined according to the Clause 7.2.3 of the code. 4 For the small eccentric compression member with unsymmetrical steel reinforcements, when > fA ,the checking calculation shall still be carried out according to the following equations : ea] t5( no — 4) « Cor = B94{ Hy 4) « Coy ODI HE a) + Hyasend 47= 04) = (0,0 — Spy) Aplh’o - @p) (7.3.5-3) easy - 0! -(e9- 4) (7.3.5-4) Where y'——the distance from centroid of section to the compression side nearby axial compressive ~ force, when the section is eymmetrical, taking y’ = h/2. Note: For the T-shaped section with flange is at the side nearby axial compressive force orly, b;= b may be taken; {for the inverted T-shaped section with flange is at the side far away axial compressive force only, b”y= 5 may be taken. 7.3.6 Rectangular, T-shaped or I-shaped section reinforced concrete eccentric compression member (Fig. 7.3.6) with longitudinal steel reinforcements uniformly provided along web of sections, the nor- mal section compressive load-bearing capacity may meet the following stipulations: + Fig.7.3.6 T-shaped section with stee! reinforcements uniformly provided along web of section Ng auf bbho + (0 — bY AG] + fyA's - o4An + Now (7.3.6-1) Ne x arf.[ €(1 ~ 0.56)0K3 + (Bi — B)We{ ho *4) + S/AChy - 0) + Mew (7.3.6-2) Ny = (14 Sent (7.3.6-3) &- By? i, = [0.5 - (=) Vide (7.3.6-4) ‘Where A,.—seetional area of all longitudinal steel reinforcements uniformly provided along the web of section; Spe ——design value for strength of longitudinal steel reinforcement uniformly provided along the web of section, it shall be adopted acoonting to the Table 4.2.3-1 of the codes N,,—axial compressive force is sustained by longitudinal steel reinforcement uniformly pro- vided along the web of section, when €> f),the € = 2 may be taken in the calcula- 48tion; M,——mement for the intemal force of longitudinal ste! reinforcement uniformly provided along the web of section to the centroid of As; when € > A; ,the € = 8; may be taken in the calculation; o—the ratio of the depth at sector of uniformly provided longitudinal steel reinforcement ‘egy to the effective depth of section ko, when, w = hy/hg, the hyy = ho ~ a, may be taken, The stress 0, of steel reinforcement A, in the ten- sion side or the smaller compression side, whether or not considering the effects of the compression ste! reinforve- ments and the compression portion of flange at smaller compression side in the calculation, shall be determined. according to the relevant stipulations in the Clause 7.3.4 and 7.3.5 of the code. Note: This Clause is epplicable to the situation that the ‘amount of longitudinal steel bars uniformly provided slong the web of soction isnot less than 4 pieces 7.3.7 For ring-shaped section eccentric compression members (Fig.7.3.7) with longitudinal steel reinforce- Fig. 7.3.7 Ring-shaped section with stel ‘ments uniformly provided along the periphery, the nor- reinforcements uniformly provided mal section compressive load-bearing capscity may con- Along the periphery form to the following stipulations: 1. Reinforced concrete member N 2/3,taking a,=0. an Fr ee 3 When a < arcea( ) [+ e exnity compan member wih sing shaped se tion can he calculated in accordance with the equation for the normal section compression load-bearing ‘capacity of eccentricity compression members with circular section stipulated in the Clause 7.3.8 of the code. ‘Note: This clause is applicable to the situation that the amout of longitudinal steel bars in section is not less than 6 proces and r)/r2>0.5_ 7.3.8 For reinforced concrete eccentric compression member (Fig. 7.3.8) with circular section, on which longitudinal steel reinforcements are uniformly provided along the periphery, its normal section compressive load- bearing capacity may conform to the following stipulations: Ng omrf.A(1~ 8288) 4 (a — aids (7.3.8-1) 2 in sinza_+ sinna, Fafedr EE 4 fyAyr Fig. 7.3.8 Circular section with steel (7.3.82) reinforcements uniformly provided “low te pedshen a = 1.25 ~20 (7.3.8-3) = cote (7.3.8-4) ‘Where A—area of circular section; ‘A,—sectional area of all longitudinal steel reinforcements -—adius of circular section; 1y——radius of circumference, where the centroid of longitudinal steel reinforcement is situ- 50ated; ¢o-—evventricity of axial compressive force to centroid of sections ¢¢—additional eccentricity, determined according to the Clause 7.3.3 of the codes a—corresponding to the value for ratio of the central angle (rad) of concrete sectional area in compression zone to 273 @;—value for ratio of the sectional area of longitudinal tensile reinforcement to the sectional area of all longitudinal steel reinforcements, when a > 0.625, taking a, =0. ‘Note: This clause is applicable to the situation that the amount of longitudinal steel bars in section is not less than 6 ices. 7.3.9 For eccentric compression members in various concrete structures, the additional intemal forces, which is caused by the side shifting of structures and the flexure of members, shall be consid- ‘ered in the caleulation of its normal section compressive load-bearing capacity. When determining the design values for intemal forces of eccentric compression members, the in- fluence of the second-order bending moment on the eccentricity of axial compreasive force may be con- sidered approximately, by means of the initial eccentricity ¢; resulting from axial compressive force to centroid of section times the eccentricity enhancement coefficient 7 stipulated in the Clause 7.3.10 of the codes otherwise, in accordance with the corrected flexural rigidity of members stipulated in Clause 7.3.12 of the eode, using the elastic analysis method of considering second-order effect, hence the design value for intemal force of each controlled section in structural members, including design value of bending moment, can be direetly calculated, then the design of section for each member can be car- ried out according to the corresponding design values for internal forces. 7.3.10 Using following equation, the eccentricity enhancement coefficient may be calculated for ec- centric compression members with rectangular, T-shaped, I-chaped, ring-shaped and circular sections: Ly a= + antral) bib (7.3.10-1) 9.5feA 7.3.10-2) ney (7.3.10- b= 1s 0.014 (7.3.10-3) Where fy~—calculated length of member, determined according to the Clause 7.3. lof the codes h—depth of section; for ring-shaped section, taking outer diameter; for circular section, taking diameter; ho——ellective depth of section; for ring-shaped section, taking hg = r2 + 145 for circular section taking ho = r+ r,i where rjrz and rs are taken acconding to the Clauses 7.3. 7 and 7.3.8 of the code; $1——corrected coefficient for sectional curvature of eccentric compression member; when £1 > 1.0, taking C, = 1.0; A——sectional area of member; for both T-shaped section and I shaped-section, takingA = bh +2(b'p- b's 51{2-—influence coefficient considering the influence of slendemess ratio of member on sec- tional curvature; whenlo/h <15, taking t= 1.0 ‘Note: When elendemess ratio of eccentric compression member lo/i<17.5 waking 7.3.11 The calculated length fo of axial compression, eccentric compression columns may be deter- mined according to the following stipulations; 1 The calculated length Jo of the bent column for single-storey building with rigid roof, the out- door erane column and the viaduct column can be taken from the Table 7.3.11-1. ‘Table 7.3.11-1 Calculated Length of the Bent Column for Singke-storey Building With Rigid Roof, the Outdoor Crane Column and the Vieduct Column by Vertical bert direction Tee Bent direction Wi Wish itercolumner interolunnar racing bracing Si 1sH 10H 12H Building column nel without orane Taw Span and 1.258 10H 12H ailing column |_Upper column 2.0 H, 125m, 15H, with onan, Lower columa 1.0% 08M, 1.0% cout door crane column and 2.04, 1.0%, - [Note:1 Hin the Table denotes the total height of the column calculated from the top ofthe foundation; Hidenotes the height for lower portion of column calculated from the top of the foundation to ether the botiom of pre- fabricated crane girders, or the top of east-in-situ crane girders; Hydenotes the height for upper portion of column calculated from the bottom of prefabricated crane girder, or the top of cast-in-stu crane girders 2 The calculated length for the bont column of building with crane in the table, when the crane loading is ot considered in calculation that the calculated length of building column without erane can be adopted, bat the calculated length of the upper column may’ still adopt the calculated length for the building with 3. The caleulated length for the bent direction of upper column on bent column of building with erane in the Table, it is merely applicable to the condition of H./Hi220.33 when H/H;<0.3, the caleulated length of 2.5 H, may be adojted. 2 In the general mmulti-storied building the frame structure with rigid joint between beam and column, the calculated length Io can be taken from the Table 7.3.11-2. ‘Table 7.3.11-2 Caloutated Length of Couns at Each Storey in Frame Structure Type of Noor ‘Type of catumn 4 Bottom storey column 1.0% (Cast in-situ floor Coluras for rst stories 1.25H 52(continued) ‘Type of floor ‘Type of column 4 Bottom storey column 1.254 Fabricated floor Colurans for rest stories 1H Note: For bottom storey column, H in the Table denotes the height from the top surface of foundation to the top sur- face of floor on first storey; for columns for rest stories, H in the Table denotes the height between the top surface of floors on upper and lower two stories, 3° When design value of bending moment resulting from horizontal load accounts for over 75% of total design value of bending moment, the calculated length Jo of frame column ean be calculated ac- cording to the following two equations, from which the smaller value is taken: Ig = [140.15 fa + WIM (7.3.11-1) Io = (2+ 0.2 pin) H (7.3.11-2) Where Yury —value for the ratio between the intersected sum of linear rigidity of each column and the intersected sum of linear rigidity of each beam, intersected at the nodal point of lower end, upper end of column respectively; Puig —the smaller value in values for the ratios of Yu, $13 H—height of column is adopted according to the note of Table 7.3. 11-2. 7.3.12 In the structural analysis using clastic analysis method considering the second-order effect, the clastic flexural rigidity 5. I of member may be multiplied by following reduction coefficients: 0.4 to be taken for beam; 0.6 to be taken for column; 0.45 to be taken for structural ( shear ) wall and core eylinderical wall. Here, in the relevant equation relating to the calculation of the normal section ‘compressive load-bearing capacity in accordance with the Section 7.3 of the code, all 72; shall be sub- stituted by (M/N + e,), where M, NV denote the design values of bending moment and the corre- sponding axial force respectively, by direct calculation using elastic analysis method considering the second-order effect. Note : When the checking calculation shows that there are no cracks in normal section at the bottom part of structural (shear) wall or core cylinder, then the 0.7 may be taken as the reduction coefficient of rigidity. 7.3.13 For eccentric compression member, in addition to the calculation of compressive Ioad-bear- ing capacity under the bending moment acted plane, that the checking calculation of compressive load- bearing capacity which is perpendicular to the plane acted by bending moment according to the axial compression member shall be still performed; here, the action of bending moment can be neglected, but the influence of stability coefficient shall be considered. 7.3.14 For two-way reinforced concrete eccentrie compression member, which has two perpendicular each other symmetrical axis on section(Fig. 7.3.14), either of the following two methods may be se- lected in the calculation of its normal section compressive load-bearing capacity: 1. It is calculated according to the methods in Appendix F of the code, meanwhile the M,, Min equation(F.01-7)and (F.0.1-8) shall be substituted by Np,ess, Nyjyeiy respectively, in which the initial eccentricity shall be calculated according to the following equations: 53Cx = Cr + Ow (7.3.14-1) iy = oy + Cay (7,3.14-2) Where ¢o,¢oy—ercentricity of axial compressive forces, which crossing x aus, y axis of sectional ‘centroid respectively: €05 = Mox/ Ns ¢oy = Moy/ Ni ‘Mog Moj——design value of bending moment of axial compressive force in the direction of x aus, y axis respectively, when the additional bending moment is not considered ax €ry— additional eccentricity in the direction of x axis and y axis respectively shall be determined according to the stipulations in Clause 7.3.3 of the codes es fy—emhancement coefficient of eccentricity in the direction of x axis and y axis re- spcetively shall be determined according to the stipulations in the Clause 7.3.10 of the code. 2° The calculation is according to the following approximate equation : — = 6 V << 0.2Bfcbho (7.5.1-2) When 4 2000 mm, taking ho = 200mm; —design value of axial tensile strength in concrete shall be adopted according to the Table 4.1.4 of the code. 7.5.4. For common flerural members with rectangular, T-shaped or I-shaped section, which are pro- 38vided with the stirrups only, the shear load-bearing capacity of inclined section shall conform to the fol- [owing stipulations: Vic Vat Vy (7.5.4-1) Veg = O.7f,bho + 1.25f, Ash (1.5,4-2) Vy = 0.05% in (7.5.4-3) Where ¥——design value of maximum shearing force on inclined section of member; Vog—design value of shear load-bearing capacity of conerete and stimup on inclined section of members V,-—design value of shear load-bearing capacity of member increased by prestressing forces A,——‘otal sectional area of different limbs of stirrups in the same section, A,, = RAya+ where n denotes the number of stinup limbs in the same section, and Ay; the sec- tional area of stirrup with single limbs s—spacing of stirrups along the length of members Sy—design value of tensile strength of stirrup is adopted according to the value of f, in the Table 4.2..3-Lof the codes ‘N,o——resultant of forces for longitudinal prestressed and nonprestressed stee] reinforcements, when the normal prestress in concrete is equal to zero on calculated section, is calcu- lated according to the Clause 6.1.14 of the code; when Nyg >0.3f.Ag» taking Nyo = 0.3f,Aq, where Ao denotes the transformed section area of member. For an independent beam subjected to concentrated load (including the conditions that the mem- ber is under a variety of loads and the value of shearing force at section of support or edge of joint in- duced by concentrated load amounts to over 75% of value of total shearing force), when the ealculation is caried out in accordance with the equation (7.5.4-1), then equation (7.5.4- 2) shall be changed 1s follows: Lz? Avy Va = $B fide + hy Tho (7.5.4-4) Where A—Ratio of shear span to depth of calculated soction using A= a/hos here a denotes the distance from the acting point of concentrated load to the edge of support or nodal point; when 2<1.5, taking 4 = 1.5,and when A >3, taking. =3; stirrups between the acting point of concentrated lod to support shall be unifomly provided. Note:1 For the conditions of the sectional bending woment induced by the resultant of forces Njo, is in the same direction as external bending moment, as well as, the prestressed concrete continuous beam and pre= stressed concrete simply supported beam where crack is permitted, the V,=0 chalf all be taken: 2 In the calculation of the resultant af forces Njo of pre-tensioned prestressed concrete members, the influ- ‘ence of transmission length for prestressed steel reinforce:nent shall be considered according to the stipuls- tions in the Clauses 6.1.9 and 8.1.8 of the code. 597.5.5 For rectangular, T-shaped and J-shaped seotion flexural members with stimups and bentp steel reinforcements, the shear load-bearing capacity on inclined section shall conform to following sin. ulations: V x Vos t V, + 0.8/,Ansina, + 0.8f,Apusinay (7.5.5) Where Y—design value of shearing force at providing position of bent - up ate! reinforcement , which can be adopted according to the stipulations of the Clause 7.5.6 of the code; V;—the increased design value of shear load-bearing capacity of member due to prestressing force can be calculated according to the equation (7.5.4-3) of the code, but the ef. fect of prestressed bent-up stee! reinforcement is disregarded in calculation for resultant of forces Nios Aw, Ag—sectional areas of non-prestressed bent-up steel reinforcements, prestressed bent-up steel reinforcements in the same bent plane respectively ,,a5—— included angles between the tangent lines of non-prestressed bent-up steel reinforee- ments, prestressed bent-up steel reinforcements on inclined section and the longitudi- nal axis of member respectively. 7.5.6 When calculating bent-up steel reinforcements, the design value of shearing force may be adopted according to the following stipulations (Fig. 7.5.2a): 1 When calculating the first row (with respect to the support) of bent-up steel reinforcement, that the value of shearing force at the edge of the support may be taken 2 When calculating bent-up reinforcement of cach subsequent row, that the value of shearing force at the bent-up point of steel reinforcement one row ahead (with respect to the support) may be adopted. 7.5.7 When common flexural members with rectangular, T-shaped and I-shaped section ean conform with the requirements of the following equation: Vc O.7fibho + 0.05Ne0 (1.5.7.1) ‘When the independent beam subjected to concentrated load conforms with the requirement of fol- lowing equation : Ve PB fibho +0.05No (7.5.7-2) then their shear load-bearing capacity on inclined section may not be calculated. and there are sufficient to provide stimups acoonding to the detailing requirements on the basis of the relevant stipula- tions in the Clauses 10.2.9, 10.2.10 and 10,2.11 of the code. 7.8.8 For rectangular, T-shaped or I-shaped section flexural members with an inclined tension side, the shear load-bearing capacity on inclined section shall conform to the following stipulations (Fig. 7. 5.8): Vig Vea t Von +0.8f,Ausina, (7.5.8-1) Vag = tM BrAnte Syst) aap (7.5.8-2) 4+ ctunBFig. 7.5.8 Calculation of shear load-bearing capacity on inclined section cof flexural member with an inclined tension side Where ¥-—maximum design value of shearing force on inclined section of members M——design value of bending moment at end of compression zone on inclined section of ‘members V.—0.3f.A, taking N= 0.3f,A, where A denotes area of member section. Ratio of shear span to depth for calculated section shall be taken in accordance with the following stipulations: 1 For column of frame in various structures, may take A= M/( Vig); for column in frame structures, when the point of contraflexure is within the height of storey, the 2 = H,/(2ho) may be taken; when A < 1, taking 4 =1; if A>3, taking A =3,here M denotes design value of bending mo- ment corresponding to the design value of shearing force on calculated section, and H, denotes net height of column, 2. For other eccentric compression members bear uniformly distributed load, taking A = 1.55 ‘when they bear concentrated load which is stipalated in the Clause 7.5.4 of the code, the A= a/hy may be taken; when A < 1,5, taking A=1.53 when A >3, taking A =3; where, a denotes distance from concentrated load to the edge of support or nodal point. 7.5.13 When the reinforced concrete eccentric compression member with rectangular, T-shaped or L-shaped section can conform with the requirements of the following equation: Vcc PB fibh + 0.07 (7.5.13) then there is no need to calculate the shear load-bearing capacity on inclined section, bat the ar- rangement of stirrups needs to conform to the detailing requirements stipulated in the Clause10.3.2 of the code. Ratio of shear span to depth and design value of axial compressive force in the equation shall be determined according to the Clause 7.5.12 of the code. 7.5.14 For reinforced conerete eccentric tension member with rectangular, T-shaped or J-shaped section, the shear load-bearing capacity on inclined section shall conform with the following stipula- tions : 63

4nj——sum of sectional areas for limbs of stitmups, which are provided parallel to the axis, y axis respectively in the same section; N—Design value of axial compression force coresponding to the design value of in- clined direction shearing force V, when N >0.3f,A, taking N= 0.3/.A, here A denotes the sectional area of member. In the design of section, which can be calculated directly after taking Vuy/ Vay = 1 approximately in the equations (7.5.17-1) and (7.5.17-2). 7.5.18 When the reinforced concrete eclumns of frame with rectangular section under two-way shear can conform to the following requirements : Ke (fF fitte + 0.07") coxa (7.5.18-1) 0 +0.07N) sind (7.5.18-2) then the inclined section load-bearing capacity may not be calculated, but it is only required to provide the stinups according to the detailing requirements stipulated in the Clause 10.3.2 of the code. 7.6 Calculation of Torsional Section Load-bearing Capacity 7.6.1 Under the combined action of bending moment, shearing force and torque, the h,/b <6 rect angular, T-shaped or I-shaped sections and the h/t, <6 box section reinforced concrete members (Fig. 7.6.1), their sections shall conform to the following, conditions: vs tte ad Tor | ia) (a) Fig 7.6.1 Sections of torsional member (a) recngular section; (b)Teshaped, Ihaped sections; (e) bar section (ty) I~scting plane of bending manent, shearing force When hy/b(or h,/t,) <4 iy ‘ow, <0.5BS. (7.6.1-1) When h,/b(or hy/ty) =6 65yl? th * baw, < 0.2Bf. (7.6.1-2) When 4< h,/b(or hy/ty) <6,deterined by linear interpolation method. Where T-—design value of torque moment b—the width of rectangular section, the web width of T-shaped or I-shaped section, the total thickness 22, for side wall of box section; hg~—ceflective depth of section; W,—torsional plastic section modulus of torsional member, calculated in accordance with the Clause 7.6.3 of the codes h,-—web depth of section: for rectangular section, taking the effective depth ho; for ‘T-shaped section, taking the effective depth minus the flange depth; for I-shaped or box sections, taking the net depth of web; ty-—wall thickness of the bax section, its value shall not be less than 6/7, here b, denotes the width of box section. Note: When hy/b(or hy/ty) > 6, the conditions for section dimension and the calculation for torsional ection load-bearing capacity of torsional member shall conform with special stipulations, 7.6.2 When the members under the combined actions of bending moment, shearing force and torque (Fig. 7.6.1) can conform with the requirements in the following equations: Vat Nw - tie * <0.7f, + 0.05 Bly (7.6.2-1) or ik a2 cof 0.07 (7.6.2.2) then there are no noed to calculate the shear and torsional load-bearing capacity of the member, Dut there are only required to provide the longitudinal reinforcements and stimups according to the de- tailing requirements stipulated in the Clauses10.2.11 and 10.2. 12 of the code. Where Njo———resultant of forces of prestressed and nonprestressed steel reinforcements , when normal stress in conerete at calculated section equals to zero, calculated according to the stipulation in the Clause 6.1.14 of the code, when Vio >0.3f.Ao, taking Nis =0.3f-Ao, where Ag denotes the area of transformed section for member. N—design value of axial compressive force corresponding to design value of shearing force V, torque. T, when N>0.3f,A, taking N=0.3/,A, where A denotes the sectional area of member. 7.6.3 Torsional plastic section modulus for section of torsional member shall be calculated in accor- dance with the following stipulations; 1 For rectangular section, W,= £on ~ 0) (1.6.3-1) Where 6, i dimensions of the short side and long side of rectangular section. 2. For T-shaped or I-shaped sections, 66Wy = We + Wet My (7.6.3-2) ‘The torsional plastic section modulus W.., Wig and Wy for rectangular section of the web, com- pression flange and tension flange portions shall be calculated according to the following stipulations: 1) For web, m= EGh-6) (7.6.3-3) 2) For compression flange, We = wey ~6) (7.6,3-4) 3) For tension flange, ‘ Ws = Heo, 8) (7.6.3-5) Where ,h———web width, section depth; ‘jx6-—flange width in compression zone, tension zone of section respectively; h{,h-—flange depth in compression zone, in tension zone of section respectively. ‘The flange width adopted in calculation shall still conform to the stipulations of bfs< 8 + 6h¢ and bred + 6hy. 3 Box section = Hoang — 5) — Cea 2 tan, — (oy 249) (7.6.3-6) Where 64, /4——dimensions of short side, long side of box section respectively . 7.6.4 Torsional load-bearing capacity of pure tomion member with rectangular section shall comform to the following stipulations: 7 0.35f,, + 1.20 Gy Andee (7.6.4-1) c= fhe (7.6.4-2) FA et theoe For reinforced conerete pure torsion member, its £ value shall conform to the requirement of 0.6 <<1.7, when {>1,7, taking [= 1.7 For the eccentricity ¢,0< h/6 prestressed concrete pure torsion member, when it conforms to > 1.7, the infloene item of pressing 0.05 “E17, can be added tothe right sie of the equation 0 (7.6.4-1).Here, the value of Mo shall conform to the stipulation of the Clause 7.6.2 of the codes in the equation (7.6.4-1), taking {= 1.7. Where {—value of ratio for the strength of the longitudinal torsional steel reinforcements to the strength of the stimups; Aai——Tn the torsional calculation, the total sectional areas of symmetrically arranged longitu- inal nonprestressed steel! reinforcements; Agi——the sectional area of single limb of stirrup provided along the perimeter of section in the 67torsional calculation ; fr —design value for tensile strength of torsional stirrups can be adopted according to the values of f,in the Table 4.2.3-1 of the codes ‘fj— 4/6, the influence item of prestressing shall not be considered, but the ealculation shall be caniod out in toms of reinforced concrete pure tion member. 7.6.5 For pure torsion member with T-shaped or I-shaped sections, the section of member can be ided into several rectangular sections, and the torsional load-bearing ‘capacity of each section can then be calculated separately in accordance with the Clauese 7.6.4 of the code. Design value of the torque of each rectangular section shall be calculated in accordance with the following stipulations: 1 For web = Ey a T= we (7.6.5-1) 2 For compression flange w = ot 0 Ts v, T (7.6.5-2) 3° For tegsion flange = We - Te ft (7.6.5-3) Where 7—design value of torque sustained by member section; T.—design value of torque sustained by web; Tj, T-—design value of torque sustained by compression flange or tension flange respectively. 7.6.6 The torsional load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete pure torsion member with box section ‘shall comform to the following stipulations; Tec 0.35 04fW, + 1.20 By Arde (7.6.6) ‘Where a,— influence coeificient for wall thickness of box section: a,=2.5te/by, when ay > 1.0, taking a4= 1.0 Here, the value of £ shall be calculated according to the equation (7.6.4-2) of the code and shall conform to the requirement of 0.6< < 1.7. when €>1.7, taking €=1.7. 687.6.7 Under the combined effects of axial compressive force and torque of rectangular section rein- forced concrete member, the torsional load-bearing capacity shall conform to the following stipulations: T <0.35f,F, + Lave, ete + 0.07 fy, (1.6.7) Where | N——dosign value of axial compressive force corresponding to design value of torque T , when N>0.3f,A, taking N=0.3f,A5 ‘A——sectional area of member. Here, the value of { shall be detemnined aocording to the stipulations in the Clause 7.4.6 of the code. 7.6.8 ‘The rectangular section shear and torsion member under the combined effects of shearing force ‘and torque, its shear and torsional load-bearing capacity shall conform to the following stipulations: 1 Common shear and torsion memeber 1) Shear load-bearing capacity Vg (1.5 ~ B(O.7fibko + 0.05Noo) + 1.254, Ae (7.6.8-1)" A= 1S (7.6.8-2) 140.5 Thin Whore Ayy——required sectional area of stinupe for shear load-bearing espactys ——reluction factor for torsional load-bearing capacity of concrete in common shear and torsion member: when ,<0.5, taking 8,=0.5; when B,>1, taking 2, =1. 2) Torsional load-bearing capacity 7 < pl 0.35h + 0.05 4a) Wa aves, Ande (7.6.8-3) Hore, the value of £ shall be determined according to the stipulation in the Clause 7.6.4 of the code. 2. Independent shear and torsion member under the effect of concentrated toad 1) Sheer load-bearing capacity Vc (1.5 ~ f)( AS f,bhe + 0.050) + fy, So (1.6.8-4) Ae? s ye ob (1.6.8-5) , 140.20 +1) He Where A2——the ratio of shear span to depth for calculated section, it is adopted according 10 the stipulations in the Clause 7.5.4 of the codes Aj —reduction factor of torsional load-bearing, capacity of shear and torsional member under the effects of concentrated load: when f,<0.5, taking A, =0.5; when P,>1, taking Real. 2) Torsional load-bearing capacity ‘The torsional load-bearing capacity shall still be calculated according to the equation (7.6.8-3), 69but the By in equation shall be calculated according to the equation (7.6.8-5). 7.6.9 Shear and torsional load-bearing capacity of T-shaped or I-shaped section shear and torsion member shall be calculated acoording to the following stipulations: 1 Shear load-bearing capacity of shear and torsion member is calculated by the equations (7.6. 8-1) and (7.6.8 -2), or (7.6.8-4) and (7.6,8-5)but T and W, shall be replaced by Ty and Woe respectively in the calculation; 2 The torsional load-bearing capacity of shear and torsion member can be calculated separately by dividing the section of member into several rectangular sections; web may be calculated by the e- quations (7.6.8- 2) and (7.6.8- 3), or equations (7.6.8 -3) and (7.6.8.5), but T and W, shall be replaced by T, and W,, respectively in the calculation; compression flange and tension flange can be calculated according to the stipulations of pure torsion in the Clause 7.6.4 of the code, but T and W, shall be replaced by T'yand W yor by Trand Wy respectively in the calculation. 7.6.10 Shear and torsional load-bearing capacity of box section reinforced conerete shear and torsion member shall conform to the following stipulations: 1 Common shear and torsion member 1) Shear load-bearing capacity Vc 0.1(1.5 ~ B)fidho + 1.25f,, “tho (7.6.10-1) 2) Torsional Joad-bearing capacity T <0.35a.BhW. + 12d By Anton (7.6.10-2) s ‘The values of , in the above two equations shall be calculated according to the equation (7.6.8- 2)of the code, but W, shall be replaced by ay,¥7, in the equation; the values of ay, and £ shall be de~ termined by the stipulations of the Clause 7.6.6 of the code. 2. Independent shear and torsion member under the effects of concentrated load 1) Shear load-bearing capacity Vg (15 ~ 8) 11 fitho + fy Ato (7.6.10-3) ‘The value of f in the equation shall be calculated according to the equation (7.6.8-5) of the code, but W, in the equation shall be replaced by a),W,. 2) Torsional load-bearing capacity ‘The torsional load-bearing capacity shall atill be calculated sccording to the equation (7.6. 10- 2), but the value of Bin the equation shall be calculated according to the equation (7.6.8-5) and Wy in the equation shall be replaced by ay... 7.6.11 The load-bearing capacity of the lesural shear torsional members with rectangular, T- shaped, I-shaped sections, under combined effects of bending moment, shearing force and torque can be calculated according to the following stipulations: 1 When V<0.35f,bho or V<0.875/bho/(A +1), it may be calculated separately as the normal section flexural load-bearing capacity of flexural member, and as the torsional load-bearing ca- 70pacity of pure torsion members 2 When T<0.175fW, or T<0.175axf,Was it may be calculated separately as the normal section flexural load-bearing capscity and as the inclined section shear load-bearing capacity of flexural member. . 7.6.12 For the flexural shear torsional members with rectangular, ‘T-shaped, T-shaped sections and box section, the sectional area of longitudinal steel reinforcements shall be determined acoording to the calculations of the normal section flexural load-bearing capacity of the flexural member and the torsional load-bearing capacity of shear and torsional member respectively, and it shall be provided at oorre- sponding positions the sectional area of stirrups shall be detemmined according to the calculations of the shear load-bearing capacity and the torsional load-bearing capacity respectively of shear and torsional member, and it shall be provided at corresponding position. 7.6.13 The shear and torsional load-bearing capacity for the reinforced concrete column of frame with rectangular soction, under the combined effects of axial compressive force, bending moment, shearing force and torque shall comform to the following stipulations: 1. Shear load-bearing capacity Vc (1.5 B)( 2S fide + 0.070) + 5, Athy (7.6.13-1) 2. torsional load-bearing capacity T < B(0.35f, + 0.07N/A) , + 1. 20 Gy Aste (7.6.13-2) Where A——ratio of shear span to depth for calculated section, determined according to the Clause 7.5.12 of the code. ‘The values of in the above two equations shall be calculated according to the equation (7.6.8- 5) and the value of shall be determined according to the stipulations in the Clause 7.6.4 of the code. 7.6.14 For the reinforced concrete column of frame with rectangular section under the combined ef- fects of axial compressive force, bending moment, shearing force and torque, when T<(0.175f,+ 0.035N/A) W,, it can be calculated only according to the normal section compressive load-bearing capacity of the eccentric compression member and the shearing load-bearing capacity of the inclined section for column of frame respectively. 7.6.15 For the reinforced concrete column of frame with rectangular section under the combined ef- fects of axial compressive force, bending moment, shearing force and torque, the sectional areas of longitudinal steel reinforcement shall be determined according to the calculation of the normal section ‘compressive load-bearing capacity of the eccentric compression member and the torsional load-bearing capacity of shear and torsional member respectively, and it shall be provided at corresponding posit the sectional areas of stirupe shall be determined according to the shearing load-bearing capacity and . the torsional load-bearing capacity respectively of shear and torsional member, and it shall be provided at corresponding position. n7.6.16 The redistribution of stresses shall be considered to the torque of supporting beam, the rein- - forced concrete supporting beam, which is restrained by neighbouring members, belongs to the struc- tural member to coordinate the torsion. ‘The load-bearing capacity of supporting beam after the redistribution of stresses shall be calculated according to the flexural shear torsional member and the longitudinal steel reinforeements and stirrups shall be provided in accordance with the stipulations in the Clauses 10.2.5, 10.2.11 and 10.212 of the code. Note: The other design method, which has the sound basis, can also be adopted. 7.7 Calculation of Punching Shear Load-bearing Capacity 7.7.1 For reinforced concrete slab without stirrups or bent-up steel reinforcements under the effects of local load or concentrated reaction, the punching shear load-bearing capacity shall conform to the following stipulations( Fig. 7.7.1): 2 fn \ Te az} here 5) Fig. 7.7.1 Caleulation of punching shear load-bearing capacity of slab (a) under the effect of local load; (6) under the effect of concentrated reaction I~ inelined section of punching failure cone;2—critieal section;3—pesimeter of critical section: 4—bottom face lines of failure punching cone Fy < (0.78 pf, + 0.150 5¢,m) Pmbo (7.7.1-1) ‘The factor 7 in the equation (7.7.1-1) shall be calculated by the following two equations and the smaller value may be taken: (7.7,1-2) (7,.7,.1-3) Where F;——design value of local load or concentrated reaction; for the nodal point of slab-column Rstructure, the difference value between storys for the design value of axial compressive force supported by column minus the design value of loading within the range of Punching failure cone supported by slab is taken; where the unbalanced beinding mo- ment shall be determined according to the stipulations of the Clause 7.7.5 of the codes Pi —— influence coefficient for depth of section: when h<800mm, taking f, = 1.0; when + >2000mm, taking A, =0.9; the intermediate values may be taken by the linear interpolations fi—design value of axial tensile strength of concretes peja—weighted mean-value of effective compressive prestress of concrete in terms of length in the two directions on the perimeter of critical section, the values may be controlled within the range of 1.0~3.5 N/mm? ug —perimeter of critical section: the most unfavorable perimeter of the vertical section of slab located at a distance ho/2 from the periphery of acting area for local load or con- centrated reaction; ho——elfective depth of section, taking the mean-value for the effective depth of sections in the two providing directions of steel reinforcements; 3 influence coefficient of the acting area shape for local load or concentrated reaction; x ——influence coefficient of the ratio for the penmeter of critical section to the effective depth of section for slab; P.—rtatio for the long side to the short side when the acting area of local load or concen- trated reaction is rectangular, 2, may not exceed 4; when B, <2, taking B= 25 when the area is roundly, taking 2, = 25 @j—influence coefficient of the column type in slab-column structure: for central column, taking a, = 40; for side column, taking a, = 303 for comer column, taking a, = 20. 7.7.2 When a clab has a hole and the distance from hole to the edge of acting area for local load or ‘concentrated reaction is not greater than 0.6 ho, the penmeter of critical section j1—+ which is taken in the calculation of punching shear load-bearing capacity, shall deduct the length including between ‘two tangent lines, there are drawn out from the center of acting area for local load or concentrated reac- tion to the two outer edges of hole respectively (Fig .7.7.2) . Note: When J, > Jp in the Fig., the perimeter of hole J; is substituted by Th. 7.7.3 Under the acting of local load and concentrated reaction, when the requirements for punching shear load-bearing capacity in the Clause 7.7.1 of the code is not satisfied, and the thickness of the slab is limited, hence the stirrups and bent-up steel reinforcements may be provided. Meanwhile, the ‘ection for punching shear shall conform to the following condition: Fy < L.05fijtaho (7.1.3-1) ‘The punching shear load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete slab with stimups or bent-up steel reinforcements shall conform to the following stipulations: B<6 1 1 st) AGE Th (ASA Sr Fig.7.1.2. Perimeter of critical section adjacent to the hale | --acting ore fo local ld end eon recton:2—pevieter of ital ecton:3—hades4—the lng sal be decd 1 When stimups are provided, Fy < (0.35f, + 0.15o50.m) Minho + O.8f yA uu (7.7.3-2) 2. When bent-up steel reinforcements are provided, Fy < (0.35, + 0.150 50;m) Jmho + 0.8f, Aausitia (1.1.3-3) Where Ayg—total sectional area of stimups intersecting the inelined section of punching failure ‘cone with 45°; A. —total sectional area of bent-up steel reinforcements intersecting the inclined section of the punching failure cone with 45° @— included angle between the bent-up steel reinforcement and the botiom surface of slab. Stimups or bent-up steel reinforcements provided in the reinforced concrete slab shall conform to the detailing requirements stipulated in the Clause 10.1.10 of the code. For sections, which are beyond the punching shear failure cone provided with punching shear steel reinforcements, shall still cary on the calculation of the punching shear load-bearing capacity in accordance with the requirements in the Clause 7.7.1 of the code, meantime, the most unfavorable perimeter /tm located at 0.5 ho beyond the punching failure cone provided with punching shear stec! reinforcements shall be taken. Note: When the reliable evidences are available, other effective punching shear reinforcements (e.g. I-shaped steel, steal channel, shear anchot bolt, U-thaped hoop of fat steel ete.) can also be provided. 7.7.4. For the stepped foundation of @ rectangular section column, the punching shear load-bearing capacity at the junction of column and foundation, as well es, at the change of foundation steps shall ‘conform to the following stipulations (Fig. 7.7.4) Fy <0.78\f.baho (1.1.4.1) Fi = pA (7.7.4-2) bee fete (7.7.43) Where —ho——ellective depth of section at the junction of column and foundation or at the change of 14foundation steps, taking the mean value of the effective depth of section in the two di- rections for providing the steel reinforcements; ‘Ps—design value for reaction of subgrade at bottom surface of foundation, calculated ac- cording to the fundamental combination for effects of loads and considering the impor- tant coefficient of structure (the self-weight of foundation and the soil weight on the foundation may be deducted), when the foundation is under eccentric loading, the design value for the maximum reaction of subgrade can be adopted; A——area of polygon used for consideration of the punching shear load (the shaded area ABCDEF shown in Fig. 7.7.4); b—upper side length of inclined section on the most unfavorable side of the punching shear failure cone: when calculating the punching shear load- bearing capacity at the junction of column and foundation, taking the column width; when calculating the punching shear load-bearing capacity where the change of foundation steps, taking the upper step width; by —lower side length of inclined section on the most unfavorable side of the punching shear failure cone at the junction of column and foundation or where the change of foundation steps, by = b, + 2g. Fig. 7.7.4 Location of the section forthe calculation of punching shear Toad: bearing capacity of stepped fourxlation (Ca) at the junction of calurn and foundation; (8)where the change of foundstion steps {inclined section on the mast uniworable side the ponding shear fuze cones 2—bottom mrisce line of the punching shear faire coe 7.7.5. For the slab-column structure under the effects of vertical lord, horizontal load, when consid cenng the unbalanced bending moment transmitted from shearing stress on the critical section at the nodal point of slab and column, and the calculation of punching shear load-bearing capacity acoonding to the Clause 7.7.1 or Clause 7.7.3 of the code, the design value of concentrated reaction F; shall be 18substituted by the design value of equivalent concentrated reaction F,.,, which can be caleulated ac- cording to the stipulations in Appendix G of the code. 7.8 Caloulation of Local Compression Load-bearing Capacity 7.8.1 For the reinforced concrete structural member providing the indirect steel reinforcements, the sectional dimension of local compression zone shall conform to the following requirements Fre 1.35B.BfAtm (7.8.1-1) A A =,[% (7.8.1-2) Where F/——design value of loeal compression load or local compressive force acting on the local ‘compression surface; for the design value of compressive force at the local compression zone of anchorage head in the post-tensioned concrete member, the 1.2 times the val- ue of controlled stretching force shall be takens fe-—design value of axial compression strength of concrete; at thé stage of checking calcu- lation for stretching of post-tensioned concrete member, it shall be determined using the linear interpolation method on the basis of corresponding stage values for compres sion strength of concrete cube ft, according to the stipulations in the Clause 4.1.4 of the code. P.~—influence coefficient of concrete strength, adopted in accordance with the stipulations of the Clause 7.5.1 in the codes Br—enhancement coefficient of concrete strength for looal compressions Aj—ocal compression area of concrete; ‘Aig-—net local compression area of concretes for post-tensioned prestressed concrete mem- ber, areas of ducts and caves shall be deducted from the local compression area of concrete: Ay—ealeulated bottom area for local compression may be detemmined socording to the Clause 7.8.2 of the code. 7.8.2. Calculated bottom area for local compression Ay, can be determined on the principle of the lo- cal compression area is concentric or symmetric to the calculated bottom area; in general, the condi- tions in (Fig.7.8.2) may be adopted. 7.8.3 When square grid mesh or spiral indirect reinforcement is provided and its core area is Aca:2 Ay(Fig. 7.8.3), the local compression load-bearing capacity shall conform to the following stipula- tion: Fy < 0.9 BBifc + 240, Bonhy) Atm (7.8.3-1) In the case of square grid mesh reinforcement (Fig. 7.8.3), the volumetric ratio of reinforce- ment p, shall be calculated by the following equation: mAuh + mAoh (7.8.3-2) ors a 16AAS Fig. 7.8.2 Calculated bottom #rea for local compression Meanwhile, the value of the ratio between the sectional areas of steel reinforcements per unit length in two directions of mesh reinforcements shall not exceed 1.5. In case of spiral reinforcement (Fig. 7.8.35), the volumetric ratio of reinforcement p, shall be caloalated by the following equation 4A, Odes Where Pex——enhancement coefficient of the local compression load-bearing capacity due to indirect reinforcement may still be calculated by the equation (7.8.1 -2), but Ay is replaced by Ags when Age > Apy shall take Agu = Apt Sj—Hesign value of tensile strength of steel reinforcement may be adopted according to the Table 4.2.3-1 of the code; a7—teduction coefficient for the concrete is restrained by indirect reinforeement, it may be adopted ancording to the Clause 7.3.2 of the codes Acco ——for the area of concrete core within the range for inner surface of square grid mesh or spiral indirect reinforcement, its centroid shall coincide with centroid of Ar, in the calculation, its value is taken according to the principle of concentric or symmetric to the calculated bottom area. (e;——velumetric ratio of indirect reinforcement (the volume of indirect reinforcement is contained in unit volume of cancrete within the range of core area Ay) + 12, ,Ay—number of reinforcements along the direction 1; of square grid mesh and the sectional area of single piece of steel reinforcement respectively 12\Aq—number of reinforcements along the direction lz of square grid mesh and the sectional area of single piece of reinforcement respectively ‘Aqi—sectional area of single picce of spiral indirect reinforcements 4..,——diameter of concrete section within the range for inner surface of spiral indirect rein- forcement; s—spocing of square grid meshs or spiral indirect reinforcements; 30-80 mm is desir- 7 (7.8.3-3)able. Indirect reinforcement shall be provided within the range of A stipulated in (Fig. 7.8.3.), shall not be loss than 4 pieces, for square grid mesh reinforcement; and shall not be less than 4 circles, for spiral reinforcement . For column joint, h shall not be less than 15d, d denotes the diameter of lon- situdinal steel reinforcement of column. Sip Ged.) Fig. 7.8.3 Indirect reinforcements for local compression zone Ca)aquue gid mesh renforcoment (6) spiral reinforcement 7.9 Checking Calculation of Fatigue 7.9.1 The nommal section fatigue stress in flexural member, which is in need of the checking calcu- lation of fatigue, shall be calculated according to the following basic assumptions: 1 Strained section remains planes 2 The diagram for normal stress of conerete in the compression zone is to be triangular; 3 For reinforced concrete members, the concrete tensile strength in the tension zane is not con- sidered; all tensile forces are sustained by the longitudinal stec] reinforcements; for prestressed con- crete members in which crack is not allowed, the dingram of normal stress distribution of concrete in the tension zone is to be triangular; 4 Transformed sections are used for the calculation. 7.9.2 In the checking calculation of fatigue, the characteristic value of load shall be used; the dy- namic coefficient shall be considered for crane load and the dynamic coefficient for erane load shall be taken from the values specified in the National Standard “Load Code for Design of Building Structures” GB 50009. For crane girder with a span not greater than 12m, the load of one of the largest crane may be adopted. 7.9.3. The checking calculation of fatigue for reinforced concrete flexural members, the’ stresses in Bthe following portions shall be calculated: 1 The stress of concrete extreme fiber in the compression zone of normal section and the ampli- tude of stress for longitudinal tensile reinforcements; 2. ‘The shearing stress of conerete in the neutral axis of section and the range of stress for stimups. Note: Checking, calclation of fete may nat be necessary for longitudinal compression stee) reinforcement. 7.9.4 Fatigue stress in the normal section of reinforoed conerete flexural members shall conform to the following requirements; Ona < St (1.9.4-1) Aol; < Off (7.9.4-2) Where! nx——when in the checking calculation of fatigue, the compressive stress of concrete at extreme fiber in compression zone of section may be calculated according to the e- quation (7.9.5-1) of the code; ‘Ao!;——when in the checking calculation of fatigue, the range of stress for the i layer lon- gitudinal stesl reinforcements in tension zine of section may be calculated accord- ang to the equation (7.9.5-2) of the codes f-——design value of axial compression fatigue strength of concrete may be determined by the Clause 4.1.6 of the codes Af; —limit value for fatigue amplitude of stress for steel reinforcements may be adopted according to the Table 4.2.5-1 of the code. Note: When the longitudinal tension steel reinforcements belong to the same type of steel, only the amplitude of sates forthe outa layer sect reinforcement may be checking ealeulatod 7.9.5 ‘The compressive stress of concrete for nommal section of reinforced concrete flexural members ‘and the range of stress for steel reinforcements shall he calculated according, to the following equations: 1 Stress in concrete at extreme fiber of compression zone ( gay = Miz (7.9.5-1) ry 2. amplitude of stress of longitudinal tension steel reinforcements ote = ONisaae ~ Ftisnin (7.9.5-2) f Chain = af, Maal bos = £0) (1.9.5-3) in ib Ohismer = a Mou ho; = #0) + (1.9.5-4) Where MS. Ms ——when in the checking calculation of fatigue, the maumum value, minimum value of bending moment respectively caused by corresponding load combina- tion on the same section; 4; min>O4i,am——Sttess in i layer longitudinal steel reinforcements for tension zone of corre- sponding section caused by bending moment Mf... Mi. respectively; @f—the value for ratio of elastic modulus of steel reinforcement to modulus of fa- 79tigue deformation for concrete: af = E,/ El; #o—when in the checking calculation of fatigue, the transformed depth for com- pression zone of section corresponding to bending moments M., and Mf, in the same direction; hor—distance from the edge for compression zone of section to the sectional cen- troid of the i layer longitudinal reinforcements in tensile zone, when corre- sponding to Mi, and Mf, in the same direction. ‘When the bending moment Mi, is opposite to the bending moment Af. in direction, then the hoc» 0 and If in the equetion (7.9.5-3) shall be substituted by hg;, hi(Fig.7.9.6) Bias i= OCs — HOE 5 abn (ay ~ 0) ~ ofAs(hy ~ 50) = 0 (7.9.6-3) he oad We be aH y GhAW(ag — 0)? + abAs(hg ~ 0)* — (7.9.6-4) wt ! Fig. 7.9.6 Calculation of nonnal section fatigue seca in einfroed concrete Dexurel member 2) When xox ht, may be calculated as a rectangular section with a width bi. 3 The above relevant equations of xo, / may till be adopted to calculate x4 and J§; When the directions of bending moment, MLins Mfa, are oppasite, the positions of compression zones related to x", x9 shall be at the lower and upper sides of this section; when the direction of bending moment MSiq, Mig, are same, then the x'9= x9, 1 = If may be adopted. 80Note:1 When tensile see) reinforcoment is arranged in multilayers along the depth of section, item A, and fig in ‘above mentioned equations shall be calls ancording tothe separated Ay, and. ho, et each layer. 2. The stress of longitudinal compression ste! reinforcement shall conform to te requirements for the cond- tion of abol << f,; when afal > f,, that the af, A’, in the equation of this Clause shall be replaced by FAV/a4, where f, 4 the design value of strength for compression sie] reinforcement, of isthe conerete stress ‘at the point for resultant of forces of longitudinal compression steel reinforcements. 7.9.7 ‘The checking calculation of fatigue for reinforved concrete flexural members and distribution of shearing forces shall conform to the following stipulations: 1 When the shearing stress at the neutral axis of the reinforced conerete flexural member con- form to the following conditions: ft <0.6f (7.9.7-1) then all the tensile stress in this zone may be sustained by concrete, meanwhile the stirrups may be provided according to detailing requirements. Where r“——the shearing stress at the neutral axis of section may be calculated according to the Clause 7.9.8 of the code; ‘fi—the design value for axial tensile fatigue strength of concrete may be determined ac- cording to the Clause of 4.1.6 in the code. 2 For portion where the shearing stress at the neutral axis of section does not comply with the e- gustion (7.9.7- 1), the shearing stress shell be sustained joinily by stimups and concrete, Mean- while, the amplitude of stress of the stirrups Ao’, shall conform to the following stipulations; oof, < Af, (1.9.1-2) Where As!—the amplitude of stress for stirrups may be calculated according to the equation (7.9.9-1)s Sf —the limit value for fatigue amplitude of stress for stirrups may be adopted according, to the Aff, in the Table 4.2.5-1. 7.9.8 "The shearing stress at the neutral axis of the reinforced concrete flexural member shall be cal- culated by the following equation: vt ' vas (7.9.8) Where Viq-—value of maximum shearing force in checking calculated section of member under the effects of corresponding load combination, used for checking calculation of fatigues 6—width of rectangular section and web width of T-shaped, I-shaped sections; zy —distance from the point for resultant of forces in compression zone to the point for re- ssliant of forces of tensile steel reinforcements; meanwhile, the depth of compres- sion zane xp may be calculated according to the equation (7.9.6-1) or (7.9,6-3). 7.9.9 ‘The amplitude of stress for stirrups on inclined section of reinforced concrete flexural member shall be calculated by the following equation; dof, = (AV ix - 0-1 9ftbho)s Ayto (1.9.9-1) 81BV = Vier — Von (7.9.9-2) 7 = AV; / Vows (7.9.9-3) Where AVi.——value for maximum amplitude of shearing force in checking calculated section of member, used for checking calculation of fatigues Vés;-—value for minimum shearing foree in checking calculated section of member under the combination of corresponding loads, used for checking calculation of fatigues t7—-maximum relative amplitude of shearing force; s——spacing between stinmupss Ag—total sectional area of all stimup limbs provided within the same section. 7.9.10 When checking calculation of fatigue of prestressed concrete flexural member, the stresses in the following positions shall be calculated: 1 Stresses in concrete extreme fiber on the tension and compression zones of normal section, as well as the amplitude of stress for longitudinal prestressed, non-prestressed steel reinforcements in the tension zones 2. Principal tensile stress in concrete at positions such as the centroid of the section, as well as the acute change in the width of section. Note: The checking calculation of fatigue for prestressed longitudinal steel reinforcements in the compression zone ‘may not be required . 7.9.11 Fatigue stress in nonnal section of prestressed concrete flexural member shall conform to the following stipulations : 1. Stresses in concrete extreme fiber of the tension zone or the compression zone 1) In case of compressive stress om SS (7.9.11-1) 2) In case of tensile stress » Psa Sf (7.9.11-2) 2. Amplitude of stress for prestressed longitudinal stec! reinforcements in the tension zone obs Of, * (7.9.11-3) 3. Amplitude of stress for non-prestressed longitudinal steel reinforcements in the tension rone bc af (7.9.11-4) Where of,mx-——maximum compressive stress ( the absolute value is adopted ) in the concrete extreme fiber of the tension zone or compression zone, shall be determined by the calculation according to the equation (7.9.12-1) or (7.9.12-2) of the eodes 6s a —maximum tensile stress in the concrete extreme fiber of the tension zone or com pression zone, shall be determined by the calculation according to the equation (7.9.12+1) or (7.9.12-2) of the code; 4o!——amplitude of stress for prestressed longitudinal steel reinforcements in the tension zone, shall be calculated according to the equation (7.9.12-3) of the codes 82Sfiy——limit value for fatigue amplitude of stress of prestressed reinforcements, shall be adopted according to the Table 4,2.5-2 of the codes 4o{——amplitude of stress of non-prestressed longitudinal steel reinforcements in the ten- sion 2one, shall be calculated according to the equation (7.9. 12-6) of the codes 4fi—limit value for fatigue amplitude of stress of non-prestressed steel reinforcements, shall be adopted acconling to the Table 4.2.5-1 of the code. Note: When the prestrseed and the non-presiressed longitudinal steel reinforcements in tension zone belong to the ‘sane type of see] respectively, only the amplitude of stress af the outmost layers steel reinforcements may be 7.9.12 For the prestressed concrete flexural members in which crack is not allowed, that the maxi- mum stress, the minimum stress and the amplitude of stresses of concrete, prestressed longitudinal steel reinforcement and non-prestressed longitudinal steel reinforcement of normal section shall be cal~ culated by the following equations: 1. Stress in concrete extreme fiber of tension zone or oompression zone . My Fesnin OF Otymas = Spe + PY (7.9.12-1) lo ‘ Oh man OF Onin = Ope Moxy, (7.9.12-2) a 2. Stress and amplitude of stress of prestressed longitudinal reinforcements in tension zone 05 = Op ~ (7.9.12-3) Me Chmin = Ose + Ope “te (7.9.12-4) : Ofyeas = Ope + caer (7.9.12-5) 3° Stress and amplitude of stzess for non-prestressed longitudinal reinforcements in tension zone B08 = OS ux — Oh erin (7.9.12-6) Osaia = Tue + OB Mey, (7.9.12-7) © Mow as. Gomas = One + OE Tm 912-8) Where 64 inv@!,cax-— minimum stress , maximum stress in the concrete extreme fiber of the tension or compression zone used for the checking calcutation of fatigue, the maximum stress, minimum stress shall be docided by their absolute valuess Op ——after deducting all losses of prestress, the normal stress in concrete pro- duced due to prestressing force at the extreme fiber in the tension zone or ‘compression zone, may be calculated by the equation (6.1.5-1)or (6.1. 835-4) of the codes Mh. Miiz—when the checking calculation of fatigue, the maximum bending, moment, ‘minimum bending moment respectively under the effects of corresponding combination of loads in the same section; ay~—ratio of the clastic modulus of prestressed steel reinforcement to, clastic modilus of concrete: aye = E,/ Eos Jo——moment of inertia for transformed section; ‘Yo—distance form the edge of the tension zone ot compression zone to the een troid of transformed section; Ob.mins2,nx——when the checking calculation of fatigue, the minimum stress, the maxi- mum stress in prestressed steel reinforcements respectively of a calculated layer in the tension zone; ‘Aai-—when the checking calculation of fatigue, the amplitude of stress for the prestressed stee] reinforcemeait of a calculated layer in the tension zones o,c—alter deducting all losses of prestress the effective prestress in prestressed steel reinforcement of a calculated Jayer in the tension zone may be ealcu- Jated according to the equation(6. 1 .5-2)or(6.1.5-5) of the codes Tou sTos ——Hlistance from the centroid of section for the non-prestressed steel reinforoe- ments, the prestressed steel reinforcements to the centroid of transformed section respectively of a calculated layer in the tension zone; of wins%,mx-——when the checking calculation of fatigue, the minimum stress, the maxi- ‘mum stress in non-prestressed steel reinforcements respectively of a caleu- lated layer in the tension zones 4ol——vhen the checking calculation of fatigue, the amplitude of the stress for non-prestressed steel reinforcement of a calculated layer in the tension zones 4-—the stress caused in the non-prestressed steel reinforcement of calculated layer in tension zone, under the effects of compression-relief bending mo- ment Mo; where Myo denotes the corresponding bending moment, when the normal prestress in concrete equals zero at the sectional centroid for a layer of non-prestressed steel reinforcements in tension zone. Notes Werus age Mhsy/ fo) 79 (Mand fa) Yo in the equations (7.9.12-1) and (7.9.12-2), may substitute the Positive value for tonsil stress for compressive stress may subsite the negative value item cin the equa- tions (7.9.12-7) and (7.9.12-8) may substiate negative value, 7.9.13 The principal tensile stress in concrete for inclined section of prestressed concrete flexual member shall conforn to the following stipulation; oat 7.9.13)Where of—principal tensile stress in concrete at the extreme fiber in the inclined section for checking calculation of fatigue of the prestressed concrete flexural member shall be calculated according to the equation in the Clause 8.1.6 of the code (for crane load, the dynamic factor shall be considered) . 858 Checking Calculation of Serviceability Limit States 8.1 Checking Calculation of Crack Control 8.1.1 For the reinforced concrete and the prestressed concrete members shall accord with the stipula- tions in the Clause 3.3.4 of the code, the comesponding classes of crack control and the limit value of maximum erack width may be determined according to the classification of situated environments and the category of structures, as well a3 the checking calculation of the tensile edge stress or the crack width of nommal section may be carried out in accordance with the following stipulations: 1 Class I- for members in which erack is strictly not allowed Under the characteristic combination for effects of loads shall conform to the following stipulation: 4 ~ F<0 (8.1.1-1) 2 Class I - for members in which crack is generally not allowed. Under the characteristic combination for effects of loads shall conform to the following stipulation: Oa - Ops fx (8.1.1-2) Under the quasi-permanent combination for effects of loads may conform to the following stipula- tion: Coq FeO 3° Class III -for members in which crack is allowed ‘The maximum crack width calculated according to the characteristic combination for effects of loads and in consideration of the influence of long-term actions shall comform to the following, stipula- tion: Wea < Whi (8.1.1-4) Where ¢4.Feq—nommal stress of concrete at the edge for the checking calculation of erack - resistance , under the characteristic combination, the quasi-permanent combination for ef- fects of loads respectively; o_—Pre-compression stress at the edge for the checking calculation of crack resis- tance, after deducting all losses of prestress, may be calculated by the equation (6.1.5-1)or(6.1.5-4) of the codes fa— characteristic value of tensile strength of concrete, may be adopted from the Table 4.1.3 of the codes Wau —tmaximum crack width calculated according to the characteristic combination for effects of loads and in consideration of the influence of long-term actions may be calculated according to the Clause 8.1.2 of the codes Wis—limit velue of maximum crack width, may be adopted according to the Clause 3.3.4 of the code, 86Note: For the flexural and the large eccentric compression prestressed concrete members, the portion of prestretch- ing zone, where the crack may oocur at the construction stage, the oye in the equations (8.1.1-1) to (8.1. 1-3) may be multiplied by coefficient 0.9. 8.1.2 In the reinforced concrete tension, flexural and eccentric compression members and the pre~ stressed concrete axial tension and flexural members with rectangular, ‘T-shaped, inwerted T-shaped ‘and T-shaped section, the maximum width of crack (mm), according to the characteristic combination for effects of loads and in consideration of the influence of long-term actions, may be calculated ac- cording to the following equations: Was = ag 28( 1.90 + 0.08 28 (B.1.2-1) (8.1.2-2) (8.1.2-3) (8.1.2-4) Where a,;—stressed characteristics coefficient of member , may be adopted according to the Table 8.1.24; ¢-—non-uniform coefficient for strain of tensile steel reinforcement between cracks: when $<0.2, taking p =0.2; when y>1; taking g = 1; for member is directly sus- taining repeated load, taking ¢ = 15 Ga —the stress of longitudinal steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete member or the e- quivalent stress of longitudinal steel reinforcement in prestressed concrete member eal- culated in consideration of the characteristic combination for effects of loads may be calculated according to the Clause 8.1.3 of the codes E,—Elastic modulus of steel reinforcement may be adopted according to the Table 4.2.4 of the codes ¢——distance (mm) from the outer edge of tensile steel reinforcements in the outmost layer to the bottom edge of tension zone; when ¢ <20, taking ¢ = 20; when ¢ > 65, taking 6=65; Pe-—tatio of steel reinforcement for tensile steel reinforcements calculated according to ef- fective tension sectional area of concrete; in the calculation of maximum crack width, when p.,<0.01, taking pe =0.01; A,—elfective tension sectional area of concrete: for axial tension member, twking sectional area of the member; for flexural, eccentric compression and eccentric tension mem- bers, taking A, =0.5bh + (br~ b)he, here, br, hrdenote the width, depth of ten- sion flanges; A,—sectional area of non-prestressed longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension zone; 87Ap——sectional area of longitudinal prestressed steel reinforcement in tension zone; d.q-—equivalent diameter (mm) of longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension zones d;—nominal diameter (mm) of Type i longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension zone; ny——numbers of Type i longitudinal steel reinforcements in tension zones ;-—relative cohesion coefficient of Type i longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension zone, may be adopted according to the Table 8.1.2-2. Note: 1 for flexural member, which is under crane load, may not need for the checking calculation of fatigue, the calculated maximum erack width can he multiplied by coefficient 0.85; 2 for eccentric compression member, with ¢o/h<0.55, the crack width may not be checking caleulated, ‘Table 8.1.2-1 Stressed Characteristics Coefficient of Members Te Reinforced concrete members Prestressed concrete members Flerum!, eccentric compression 24 17 Eccentric tension 2.4 - Axial tension 27 2.2 ‘Tobte 8.1.2-2 Relative Cohesion Coefficient of Stee! Reinforcements Now eared Pre-tensioned prestressed est-tensionl prestressed rei ‘stee] reinforcements ‘steel reinforcements. reinforemerts| pain | sited | ritted | SRY | irdemiel | pape slain Z|F/F S)S/t)-)/2 wire, strand % 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.4 ‘Note: for sibbed tee! reinforcement with epary resin coating, the relative cohesion coefficient shall be multiplied by 0.8. 8.1.3 Under the characteristic combinations for effects of loads, the stress of longitudinal steel rein- forcement in tension zone of reinforced concrete member or the equivalent stress of longitudinal steel re- inforcement in tension zone of prestressed concrete member may be calculated according to the following equations: 1 Stress of longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension zone of reinforced concrete member 1) For axial tension member cu = A (8.1.3-1) 2) For eccentric tension member = Nye’ 28 = Aho = a) 3) For flexural member 88M oa = oe, (8.1.33) 4) For eccentric compression member on = Miso (8.1.3-4) 0.87 - 0.121 - 719( %2)"] te (8.1.3-5) e= peoty, (8.1.3-6) _ Oy d)K, . 1 The (8.1.3-7) 1 by)? nel + mone) (8.1.3-8) Where A,—sectional area of steel reinforcement in tension zone : for axial tension members , taking the total sectional area of longitudinal steel reinforcements; for eccentric ten- sion member, laking the sectional area of longitudinal steel reinforcements at compara- idle; for flexural, cocentric compression members, taking the sec- tional area of longitudinal steel reinforcements in tension zone; e' distance from the acting point of axial tensile force to the point for resultant of forces of the longitudinal steel reinforcements at the compression zone or at the comparative small tension sides ¢——distance from the acting point of axial compressive force to the point for resultant of forces of the longitudinal tensile steel reinforcements; s—Hlistance from the pomt for resultant of forves of longitudinal tensile steel reinforce ‘ments to the point for resultant of forces of section in compression zone and not more than 0.879; ‘Ig —enhancement coefficient of eccentricity for the axial compressive force: at service stage; when [p/h <14, taking 7, = 1.05 distance from centroid of section to the point for resultant of forces of the longitudinal tensile steel! reinforcements; Y-—alue for ratio of sectional area of compression flange to effective sectional area of web; b}.hi-—widih, depth of Qange in compression zone respectively: in the equation (8.1.3-7), when hf>0.2hp, taking hj =0.2h93 Nq.My—values for the axial foree, the bending moment respectively, calculated according to the characteristic combination for the effects of loads. 2 equivalent stress of longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension zone of pretressed concrete member 1) For axial tension member WeNy No ou = (8.1.3.9) Ay + de zy 2) For flexural member My + Ma - Nylz - = RET Aah = ot (8.1.3-10) aa (Ay Aa ) eset Meth (8.1.3-11) ‘o Where A,——sectional area of longitudinal prestressed steel reinforcement in tension zone: for axial tension member, taking the total sectional area of longitudinal prestressed steel reinforcements; for flexural members, taking the sectional area of the’ longitudinal prestressed steel reinforcement in tension zones distance from the point for resultant of foives of the longitudinal non-prestressed and prestressed steel reinforcements in tension zone to the point for resultant of forces of sectional compression zone may be calculated according to the equaon (8.1.3-5), in which ¢ is calculated according to the equation (8.1.3-11); ¢;-——vhen the normal prestress of conerete equals zero, distance from the acting point for the resultant of forces Nip of the total longitudinal prestressed and non-prestressed steel reinforcements to the point for the resultant of forces of the longitudinal pre- stressed and non-prestressed stecl reinforcements in tension zone; ‘My-—sub-bending moment in the member of post-tensioned prestressed conerete statically indeterminate structure, may be determined according to the stipulations in the Clause 6.1.7 of the code. Note: in the equations (8. 1.3-10) and (8.1.3-11), when the Mf, and My acted on the same direction, taking the plus sign; when the M, and M, acted on the opposite direction, taking the minus sign. 8.1.4 Under the characteristic combination or the quasi-permanent combination for the effects of loads, the checking calculation of crack resistance for the normal stress in the edge of concrete shall be calculated according to the following equations: 1 For axial tension member, M aa = th (8.1.4-1) Ng oan 2. For flexural member, oa = % (8.1.4-3) on = (8.1.4-4) Wo 3. For eccentric tension and eccentric compression member, 90= oi,ot \-! a= tA (8.1.4-5) My Ng =ita-t 8.1.4-6) ae at ( ) Where Nq\Mq~——axial force value , bending moment value respectively calculated in accordance with the quasi-permanent combination for effects of loads ‘4g—transformed sectional area of members Wo-—elastic resisting moment for tension edge of transformed section . Note: The right items in the equations (8.1.4-5) and (8.1.4-6) when the axiel force is tensile force, taking plus signi when the axial force is compressive foree, taking minus sign. 8.1.5. The principal tensile stress of concrete and the principal compressive stress of concrete in the section of prestressed concrete flexural member shall be checking calculated respectively: 1. Principal tensile stress of concrete, 1) Class I - For member in which crack is strictly not allowed, the following stipulation shall be conformed: Oy < O.85fy (8.1.5-1) 2) Class II- For member in which crack is generally not allowed, the following stipulation shall be conformed: Oy <0.95fy (8.1.5-2) 2. Principal compressive stress of concrete. For member in which crack is either strictly or generally not allowed, the following stipulation shall be conformed: Og <0.6fa (8.1.5-3) Where o,6.——principal tensile stress, principal compressive stress of concrete respectively de termined acoording to the Clause 8.1.6 of the code. Meantime, the section at the unfavorable position in the span shall be selected, and checking cal- culation shall be carried out at the centroid of the transformed section for selected section, as well as at the position where the sectional width suddenly change. Note: For crane gitder in which crack is allowed, the stipulations in equations (8.1.5-2) and (8.1.5-3) shall be ‘conformed in static calculation . 8.1.6 Principal tensile stress and principal compressive stresses of concrete shall be calculated ac- conding to the following equations: 7 ee} a, 4 Oy (& a) 2 oJ at a) te (8.1.6-1) Ms, 5 tp + ee (8.1.6-2) hy a Ye Bee pasinary) So (8.1.63) lb o1Where o,——normal stress in concrete at the calculated fiber is caused by prestressing foree and bending moment M3 oy-—vertical compressive stress in concrete is caused by characteristic value of concentrated load Fis t—shearing stress in concrete at the calculated fiber caused by value of shearing force Vj. and prestressing foree of bent-up prestressed steel reinforcement; when torsional moment is acting on the calculated section, the shearing stress induced by torsional moment shall still be counted; for member of post-tensioned prestressed conerete stali- cally indeterminate structure, when shearing stress is calculated, the secondary shear- ang stress caused by prestressing force shall still be counted; 4gc—normal stress in conerete at the calculated fiber is caused by prestressing force, after deduction of total losses of prestress, shall be calculated according to the equation(6. 1,5-1) or (6.1.5-4) of the codes yo—tistance from centroid of transformed section to the calculated fibers Jo—moment of inertia for transformed section; V,—value of shearing foree calculated from characteristic combination for effects of loads; Sp—moment of area for the part of transformed section area above calculated fiber to the controid of transformed section area of members ye —elfective prestress of prestressed bent-up steel reinforcements ‘Ags ——sectional area of prestressed bent-up steel reinforcement in same bent-up plane on eal- culated sections 25—included angle between the tangent of prestressed bent-up steel reinforcement and the longitudinal axis of member on the calculated section. Note: The values of ¢,, 04, y-and My yo/Iy in equations (8.1.6-1) and (8.1,6-2), that the positive value may ‘be substituted for tensile stress; the negative value may be substituted for compressive stress. 8.1.7 For prestressed concrete crane girder in the range of both side of 0.6h length from the acting point of concentrated force, the simplified distribution of vertical compressive stress and shearing stress caused from the characteristic value of concentrated load Fy, may be determined according to Fig. 8.1,7 and its maximum value of stress can be calculated by the following equations: Crm = 28F (8.1.7-1) (8.1.7-2) ds 4S (8.1.7-3) 0 vis Hb (8.1.7-4) a Where t!,r'——shearing stress in the sections at 0.6h length from the left , right sides of the acting points for characteristic value of cancentmated load F;, respectively; 92ty—shearing stress on the acting section for characteristic value of concentsated load Pas Vi, Vi—characteristic value of shearing force in the sections at the left, right sides of the ‘acting points for characteristic value of concentrated load F, respectively. 0.64 | 0.65 (a) 2) Fig. 8.1.7 Stress distribution near to the acting, point of concentrated force for prestressed concrete crane girder a) sexton; (4) dssbatin of vesticl compressive ies 63 (Ce) disribotion of shearing stiess 1 8.1.8 When the checking calculation for the normal section, inclined section at the end of pre-ten- sioned prestressed concrete member, the variation of the actual stress values in the range over the transmission length fy of prestress for prestressed steel reinforcement shall be oonsidered. ‘The actual stress of prestressed steel reinforcement may be increased according to the linear regularity, at the end of member equals zero, the value of effective prestress 6, may be taken at the end of the transmission Iongth (Fig 8.1.8) the transmission length of prestress for prestressed steel reinforcement 1, shall be determined according to the Clause 6.1.9 of the code. T bs Fig. 8.1.8 Vevation (x the value of elective prestres in the range of the transmission length for prestressed stee! reinforcement 8.2 Checking Calculation for Deflection of Flexural Member 1 Deflection of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete flexural members under serviceabili- ty limit states may be calculated according to the rigidity of member using the structural mechanics ‘method. In member with constant section, it may be assumed that the rigidity remains unchanged in the 93portion of member with same sign bending moment, and the rigidity at the position with maximum bending moment in that portion can be adopted. when in the calculated span, the sectional rigidity at support is not great than twice or is not less than one half the sectional rigidity at mid-span, then the calculation of this span can also acoord to the calculation of the constant rigidity member, the rigidity ‘of maximum bending moment section ean be taken as the rigidity of this member. Deflection of flexural member shall be calculated according to the rigidity B, which is on the ba- sis of the characteristic combination for the effects of loads and considering the influence of long-term ction, the calculated value of the deflection shall not exceed the limit values stipulated in the Table 3.3.2 of the code. 8.2.2 Rigidity B of rectangular, T-shaped, inverted T-shaped, and I-shaped sections flexural mem- bers may be calculated by the following equation: e—_ Mh _ Pega (8.2.2) Where M,——hending moment is calculated according to the characterrstic combination for the effects of loads, taking the maximum value of bending moment within calculated portion; M,—bending moment is calculated according to the quasi-permanent combination for the effects of loads, taking the maximum value of bending moment within the calculated portion; B,—short-term rigidity of flexural member under the characteristic combination for the ef fects of loads, may be calculated by the equation in Clause 8.2.3 of the codes (6—inlluence coefficient considering the increase of deflection due to the effect of long tem action, can be taken from the Clause 8.2.5 of the code. 8.2.3 Short-term rigidity B, of flexural member under the characteristic combination forthe effoots of loads may be calculated by the following equations: 1. For reinforced concrete flexural member By = ———Eedehb (8.2.3-1) L15yp 40.24 —Oaee 143.571 2 For prestressed concrete flexural member 1) For member in which crack is not allowed By = O.85E.Iy (8.2.3-2) 2) For member in which erack is allowed 0.85E lo . te eo (8.2.3-3) Ma 7 kee He (8.2.3-4) 0.21 w= (10+ az ya +0.457,) - 0.7 (8.2.3-5) Ma = (6g + Yfa)Wo (8.2.3-6)_ (c= hy _ n= Get (8.2.3-7) Where non - uniform coelfieient for strain of longitudinal tensile reinforvement between cracks , determined according tothe Clause 8.1.2 ofthe codes ag—value for ratio of clastic madulus of see! reinforcement to the elastic modulus of con- cretesag= B/ Bes p——ratio of reinforcement for longitudinal tensile steel reinforcement: For reinforved con- crete flosural member, taking p = AY/( Bho): for prestressed concrete flexural, mom- ber, taking p = (Ap + A,)/( Bho); Jo—omnent of inertia for turafrmed setions 7¢7—value for ratio of sectional area of tension flange to effective sectional area of web; beshy—widih, depth of ange respectively in tension zones value for ratio of the cracking bending moment M, to the bending moment fy forthe normal section of prestressed concrete flexural member, when <> 1.0, taking Ker= 1.05 2 ,c—pre-compresion sts in concrete caused by prestessing fore atthe edge for checking calculation of crack resistance afer deducting the total loses of prestess; y—plastic influénce coefficient for sectional resisting moment of concrete member, may be determined according to the Clause 8.2.4 of the code. Note: For member where cracks occur in pre-tension mone al time of pre-compression, B, shall be reduced by 10%. 8.2.4 Plastic influence coefficient ¥ for sectional resisting moment of concrete member can be caleu- lated according t the following equation: ye (0.7 By, (8.2.4) ‘Where ¥,;——the basic value of the plastic influence coefficient for sectional resisting moment of concrete member may be detemined on the assumption that the normal section strain may keep plane and taking the concrete stress diagram in tension zone is trapezoid and the ultimate tensile strain ot the tension edge of concrete is 2f,/ Eqs for sectional shapes in common use, value of ¥., can be taken from the Table 8.2.4. h——depth of section (mm): when A < 400, taking h = 400; when A > 1600, taking h = 1600; for circular, ring-shaped sections, taking h=2r, where r is the radius of circular section or the radius of extemal ring of ring-shaped section. 8.2.5. The influence coefficient @ considering the long-term action of loads on the increment of de- Alection ean be taken according to the following stipulations: 1 Reinforoed concrete flexural members when p'=0, taking @=2.0; when p’ = 9, taking 9 = 1.6; when p’ is the intermediate value, the @ may be taken according to the linear interpolation method. Here, p' = A’,/( bho), p= A,/(dho). 95For inverted T-shaped section, the flange is tocated at tension zone, the @ shall be increased 20%. 2 Prestressed conerete flexural members, 6 =2.0 may be taken ‘Table 8.2.4 Basie Value 7q, of Plastic Influence Coefficient for Sectional Resisting Mornent Ttems 1 2 3 4 5 , Inverted T-shaped eee- Symmmetical shaped | |e section or bax secon | a” with flange located at ‘Seat fension zone Giroular and shape bb? bvb<2 rections hfhis | b/6>2 | byhis | byb>2 arbitrary | A/A br, the values may be adopted according to the valuos between item 2 and item 3; for Ishaped section where b'¢< br, the values may be adopted according tothe values between, item 3 and item 4; 2 For box section, & denotes to the eum total of the width of ribs; 3 ry denotes the radius of the inner ring of ring-chaped section, r is zero for circular section 8.2.6 ‘The inverted arch value due to the presstressing force in service stage of the prestressed con- crete flexural member, can be calculated using the structural mechanics method according to the rigidi- ty Eclo, and considering the influence for action of long-term pre-compressive stress, the calculated inverted arch value due to the prestressing force may be multiplied by the enhancement coefficient 2.0; jin the calculation, the total losses of presiress in the stresses of prestressed steel reinforcements shall be deducted. [Note:1 The long-term inverted arch valve of the important or special prestressed concrete flexural members may be Aetermined through special experimental analysis or by the analysis adopting reasonable shrinkage and creep calculation methods; 2. For member with comparative small permanent load, hence the unfavorable influence for use of member due tothe oversize of inverted arch shall be taken into consideration.