ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 6, NOS. 1-2 2005) PAGES 21-33 DESIGN OF A DOUBLE CORBEL USING THE STRUT-AND-TIE, METHOD Bhupinder Singh", Yaghoub Mohammadi? and S.K. Kaushik* Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144 011, India, *Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil, ran, ‘Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, India ABSTRACT. ‘The strut-and-tie method can be used for the design of regions of structures where the basic assumptions of flexure theory, namely plane sections remaining plane before and after bending, are not applicable. Such regions occur near force arising from concentrated forces or reactions and near geometric discontinuities such as abrupt changes in cross section etc. ‘The strut-and-tie method of design is based on the assumption that appropriate regions in concrete structures can be analysed and designed using hypothetical pin-jointed trusses consisting of struts and ties connected at nodes. Although IS 456:2000 recommends the strut-and-tie method for design of corbels, no guidelines are given for determination of concrete strut and node dimensions and for the allowable stresses for design, The ACI Code 318-02 on the other hand, gives explicit and practical recommendations related to the design of structural members using the strut-and-tie method. ‘To amplify the application of these recommendations to the design of structural concrete a complete example on the analysis and design of a double corbel using the strut-and-tie ‘method has been presented, Keywords: corbel, strut, tie, node, truss, detailing LIST OF NOTATIONS Design Vertical Load on Corbel P, = Design Horizontal Load on Corbel fix = Characteristic Cube Compressive Strength of Concrete f, = Specified Cylinder Compressive Strength of Conerete f, = Specified Yield Strength of Reinforcement f4 = Effective Compressive Strength of Conerete in a Strut or a Nodal Zone {= Factor whose values are specified in Clauses A.5.2.1 through A.5.2.3 of ACI 318-02 imail-address of the corresponding author: singhb@nit.ac.in2 Bhupinder Singh, Yaghoub Mohammadi and S.K. Kaushik Strength Reduction Factor Shear Span, Distance between Concentrated Load and Face of Support d_=Distance from Extreme Compression Fibre to Centroid of Longitudinal Tension Reinforcement D =Overall Depth of Corbel at Column face h_ =Overall Thickness of Member W.= Width of Steut Out-of-plane Dimension of Corbel Area of Tension Reinforcement ‘Aamin. = Required Minimum Area of Tension Reinforcement . = Factor whose values are specified in Clauses A.3.2.1 through A.3.2.4 of ACI 318-02 ‘Au= Area of Shear Reinforcement Parallel to Flexural Tension Reinforcement ‘Ay Area of Reinforcement in Bracket or Corbel Resisting Tensile Force Nuc Nic= Tension Force Applied at Top of Bracket or Corbel Au= Area of Surface Reinforcement in the i® layer crossing a strut S, = Spacing of Reinforcement in the i" layer Adjacent to the Surface of the Member 7, = Angle Between the Axis of a Strut and the Bars in the i layer of Reinforcement Crossing the Stru INTRODUCTION The corbel geometry and the loads for which the corbel has to be designed are shown in Figure 1. The principal dimensions of the corbel may not be known a priori and the fixing of such dimensions is explained later on. The structure under consideration is a region of discontinuity since it encompasses abrupt changes in geometry and is in the vicinity of concentrated forces. ‘The conventional flexure theory is not applicable to regions of discontinuities and hence the application of the strut-and-tie method for the design of the corbel is justified. The structure will be designed as per recommendations of Appendix-A of ACI 318-02, Ref. [1] (here: aficr referred to as the Code) and other applicable clauses of the same Code. LOADS AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES Design vertical load on each corbel= Py = 325 KN (Figure 1) Design horizontal load on each corbel = Py = 75 KN (Figure 1) Design axial load on column = 950 kN (Figure 1) Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete (assumed) = f= 25 MPa Take cylinder compressive strength of concrete = f= 0.80 f= 20 MPa Yield strength (0.2% proof stress) of reinforcement bars = f, = 415 Mpa DESIGN OF BEARING PLATES The sizes of the bearing plates located at the loading points have to be determined. ‘TheDESIGN OF A DOUBLE CORBEL USING THE STRUT-AND-TIE METHOD. 23 bearing plates at the load locations, as will be seen later on, are resting on the underlying CCT (Compression-Compression-Tension) nodes of the strut-and-tie model. The applied load on the bearing plates exerts a bearing stress on a ‘face’ of the hypothetical nodal zone, which is assumed to enclose the CCT node. This bearing stress should be within Code specified limits for CCT nodes. (Atimensions ne) Figure 1. Loads on the double corbel Assume the size of the bearing plates as 300 x 200 mm, the longer dimension being along the plane ofthe corbel. 25103 _ 300%200 As per Clause A.5.2 eq. A-8 "|, the effective compressive stress at the face of a node=F..=0.85B, Pe ‘The values of the parameter , is specified in Clauses A.5.2.1, A.5.2.2 and A.5.2.3 "' For the CCT node which anchors one tie (the *T” in CCT), Clause A.5.2.2 "is applicable wherein f= 0.80. Therefore, f= 0.85 x 0.80 x 20 = 13.60 MPa The allowable bearing stress is equal to Pf., where ® is the strength reduction factor '"), As per Clause 9.3.2.6", for strut-and-tie models, = 0.75 Hence, @f,, = 0.75 x 13.60=10.20> 5.42 MPa, ok. Hence, the assumed size of the bearing plates is adequate. Hence, the bearing stress in conerete at loading points = 5.42 MPa SELECTION OF CORBEL DIMENSIONS As per Clause 11.9.1 of Ref. [1], for application of the recommendations related to the strut- and-tie method given in Appendix-A of Ref. [1] for the design of corbels, the span-to-depth24 Bhupinder Singh, Yaghoub Mohammadi and S.K, Kaushik 8 of the corbel, 7 (Figure 2), should be fess than 2, Further, Clause 11.9.2 of Ref. [1] requires the corbel depth beyond the bearing area to be at least 0.5 d. Figure 2. Structural action of a corbel Select overall depth of corbel at column face, D, equal to 500 mm, Select a depth of 250 mm at the free end of the corbel. Allow a clearance of 100 mm from the outer edge of the bearing plate to the free edge of the corbel. The selected dimensions of the double corbel are presented in Figure 3. aDESIGN OF A DOUBLE CORBEL USING THE STRUT-AND-TIE METHOD., 25 SELECTION OF STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL Multiple strut-and-tie models can be developed for a single load case, Some options for the double corbel being designed are shown in Figure 4. The moot question at this stage is how to select the optimal model. Usually, that model is the best in which the loads follow the path with the least force and the least deformation [2]. At the same time, since ties are more deformable than concrete struts, the model with the least number and the shortest ties is likely the best. This requirement can be quantified as EF iéqi = minimum, where F, is the force in the strut or tie, J, is the length of the member i and é)y is the mean strain in member i Ref. [2]. In addition to the above requirements, the selected strut-and-tie model should be such that the angle between the axes of the struts and ties acting at a node should be as large as possible so as to mitigate possible cracking and to avoid incompatibilities due to shortening of the struts and lengthening of the ties occurring in almost the same directions. ‘The ACI Code of Ref. [1], recommends that the angle between the axes of any strut and tie entering a single node shalll not be less than 25°. In light of the above recommendations, the strut-and-tie model of Figure 4 (a) is selected for modeling the double corbel. Figure 4, Strut and tie models for a double corbel26 Bhupinder Singh, Yaghoub Mohammadi and .K. Kaushik DETERMINATION OF TRUSS FORCES ‘The forces in the members of the strut-and-tie model are determined from conditions of static equilibrium. The location and orientation of the struts and ties is defined by the position of the nodes. The selected strut-and-tie model for the double corbel is shown in Figure 5. The center of the top horizontal tie BC (Figure 5), is assumed to be at a distance of 75 mm from the top of the corbel. Since the tie capacity is assumed to be furnished exclusively by the reinforcement bars, the assumed cover takes care of requirements for clear cover to the tie reinforcement bars and for the provision, if required, for two layers of reinforcement bars for the tie BC. Like wise, all ties are assumed to have an effective cover of 75 mm 220yn ‘cohin 500x300 2 Centrinedatance of tt z r. “4 ERY THE nett EET TE ett Figure 5, Selected strut and tie model for the double corbel Hence, d= 500-75 =425 mm. a_ 200 Therefore, T= 455 ‘The strut AD is assumed to lie on an imaginary horizontal line running through the point of intersection of the sloping face of the corbel and the vertical face of the column, ‘As shown in Figure 5, the column axial load of 950 KN is resolved into two equal loads of 475 kN each acting in line with strut AG and DH respectively. The position of the centerline of the strut AE can be found by calculating the of strut AE (Figure 5) Let Far be the required compressive force in strut AB. As per Clause A.3.1 of Ref. [1], the nominal compressive strength of a strut = Fa,= fe , where 4, is the cross-sectional .47 <2, ok.. idth w,