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أساسيات الهيدروليكا
أساسيات الهيدروليكا
K
????
K EF
K J
K
K
K
K
KW
W
K
K
o
o
--
K
K
K
K J JK
KEF
International K
K(SI)System Of Units"
K(SI)
--
m
60 mile
sec
hr
m
=1
ft
ft
5280
=1
mile
sec
3600
=1
hr
0.3084
EF
hr
hr
ft
ft 1 hr (60 )(0.3048)(5280 ) m
m
= 26.8
--
SI
WSI
EL F
EMF
E TF
(1m)
(1kg)
(1sec)
(1k)
W
Em3FW
(m/sec) W
(N)Newton W
K(m/sec2)
K W
K(N/m2)L
W
K(kg/m3)L
Km3/kgW
K(J) (N.m)KW
(Watt,W)W
W
--
KESIF
K1 Kpa E1 Kg F
W
Z
a . m = F
EF
Z
g . m = F
1KPa = 1Kg 9.8
kg.m
m
= 9.81
2
sec
sec 2
KFNESIF
K1m/s21 KgN
1N = 1Kg 1
Kg .m
m
=1 2
2
s
s
1KP = 9.81N
1KPa 10 N = 1daN
--
PZ
P=
FZ
F
A
AZ
KP/cm2
1KP/cm2 = 1atmEF
W
1bar = 10 N/cm2 = 1 daN/cm2
Pam2
1Pa = 1 N/m
KK
Kbar
1 bar = 100000 Pa
WEFpsi
1 bar = 14.5 psi
--
E FKbar
K
EF
10-1
deci
10
de
deca
10-2
centi
102
10-3
milli
103
hecto
kilo
10-6
106
10
-9
micro
nano
--
10
mega
giga
10-12
1012
pico
tera
EF
W
F =
1
ma
gc
gcam F
siK
1
m
1kg 1 2
gc
sec
kgm
gc = 1
Newton sec 2
1Newton =
1Ib f =
32.174
ft.Ibm
Ib f sec 2
ft
1
1Ibm g
gc
sec 2
W
W
(gc)
Ksi
Btu
Wsi
1 Btu =1054.35 J(or N.m)
(SI System)
W
K
K
--
kg
KN
J
KWN.m
Kw400 kj
W
Power , P = 2 400
KJ
hr
KJ 1000 J hr
J
P = 800
= 222.2W
= 222.2
hr KJ 3600 sec
sec
E1 = 4000 J
E2 = 10 W.hr
E3 = 20 kN.m
KBtu KJ
KJ
3600 sec kj
KJ
+ (20 KN .m )
hr 1000 j
KN .m
E = 4 + 36 + 20 = 60 KJ
1Btu
KW
W
- -
K
WK
W
W
K
K
- -
Density: L
kg
V m3
= m
ZLZ
20CO1000 kg/m4c
EF1.2kg/m
Specific Weight : L
= W
N
V m3
ZLZ
= g = mg Z Z
V
v = V
1 m3
kg
ZLZ
- -
SpecificGravityWSGL
SG =
f
w
(4C0)
ZLZ
KEF
p = m R T
p
RT
W
p = N m 2
R( R = 287 J kg K )
T(K)
= kg m 3
WE JF
K6.3m4m2cmW
K9772kg
- -
W
W
kg
V m3
= m
m = 9772kg
V = d 2 h
ZhZd
V = 2 2 3.6 = 11.31m 3
4
W
=
kg
m 9772
=
= 864 3
V 11.31
m
E JF
6750 kg1000kg/m
KEF
HWL
FWEF2WW
WVKE
- -
3
V = l w h = 2w w w = 2w
=
1000 =
m
V
6750
2w 3
3
w =
6750
= 3.375
2000
3
w = 3.375 = 1.5m
l = 2 w = 2 1.5 = 3.0m
h = w = 1.5m
E JF
K1.6k
(0.001m3)1000cm3
- -
f =
kg
m
1 .6
=
= 800 3
V 2 0.001
m
W
SG f
f
w
800
= 0.8
1000
Viscosity
KK
K
K
EF
- -
EFF
AyU
KF
KShear StressF
W w
w =
F
LZ
A
du
dY
w = du Z
dy
WK
N . sec
Z
du m 2
dy
N . sec
= Pa.Sec EFEKFEKF
m2
EF
Cinematic Viscosity
- -
m2
= Z
sec
m2
sec
KEF
EF
E FE_ F
KK
- -
EF
- -
EFEF
- -
1 du
dY
= 100
sec
WE JF
K10-3 pa.sec
du
dy
= 10 3 100 = 0.1Pa
- -
0.2m 0.15m0.12m3
K1.15kg/m
2750FK
KE9971500
1001/secEF
.0.001 pa.sec
0.85EF
2.8710 N sec/ m
40C05.00104 N sec/ m
W
W
KK
KK
K
- -
WK
= m = 1
V
v = V
W
m = V
mw = 9970.2 = 199.4 kg
Wm total
m total = 755 kg
total =
mtotal 755
=
= 755 kg 3
m
Vtotal
1
- -
vtotal =
3
1
Vtotal
=
= 0.001325 m
kg
mtotal 755
WE
du
= dy
K du
dy
= 0.001100 = 0.1 Pa
= m ZE
sec
= 0.85 1000 = 850
Kg
m3
m2
2.87 103
=
= 3.3 10 6
850
sec
EF
W40C05.00104 N sec/ m
K Benzene
- -
- -
KW
W
K
K
J J o
EF o
o
K JW o
o
K o
K
K
- -
J
Fluid Statics
m
K
K
pressure
K
P=
F N
A m2
N
2 = Pascal (Pa )
m
P = ( pa)
F = (N )
A = (m 2 )
( )
1 pa = 1 N m 2
( m ) = 100kpa
1bar = 100000 N
- -
EF
K1kN5mmEpistonF
A =
P=
d 2
F
A
P =
1000
50 2 10 6
KN
m2
P = 509 KPa = 5.09bar
P = 509
- -
EbFEaFK
KEFEdFEcF
E JF
Pressure HeadEF
K
K
E FE F
EmFEFFW
WEpFEgF
- -
P = gh
p = g (h )
h
EF
K1000Kg/m2 K
EFEF
F = m g
F = ( V ) g
F = (A h) g
F = 1000
kg
m
0.25m 0.30m 0.45m 9.81 2
3
m
sec
F = 331N
p = F
N
331
= 4400 2
0.30 0.25
m
W
P = gh
P = 1000
kg
m
9.81 2 0.45m
3
sec
m
- -
P = 4400
N
KN
= 4.4 2 = 4.40 Kpa
2
m
m
K
EF
K200m300mB A
1023 kg3
m
K
A
PA = g h A
PB = g hB
PB = 2.007 10 6 Pa
W
W
p = PA PB = g h
PA-PB = 1023 9.81 (300 200) = 1.004 10 6 Pa
- -
WEF
W(101.325kN/m2F
K1000kg/m3
K13.6
E13.6FE1000kg/m3F E101.325kn/m2F
KE9.81m/sec2F
P=gh
hH 2o =
H o g
101.325 100000 N
1000 kg
m 3 9.81 m
m2
sec 2
hH 2 o = 10.33m
K10.33 m
W
Hg
= Hg 13.6
Hg = 1000 13.6 kg
- -
m3
W
hHg =
101.325 100000 N
m2
13.6 1000 kg 9.81 m
m3
sec 2
hHg = 0.76 m
10.33 m0.76 m
W
K
E
F
KK
- -
EF
0.61m 3.66m
W 1000kg/m3
K101.3kN/m2W ,
EFEF
- -
917kg/m3
P2E F
KP2P1
P2 = P0 + P2g h2
WP1
P1 = P2+ P1gh1
P1 = 128737N/m2 +(1000 kg/m3).(9.81 m/sec2).(0.61m)
=134721.1 N/m2
P1(gauge) = P1 - P0(atm)
= 134721.1-101.3 1000
= 33421.1N/m2
3.34 kN/m2
EPressure MeasurementF
WK
- -
EThe BarometerF
EF
EF
EpF
P = g h
KKKg
1.013 bar
- -
1.013 100000
h=
1000 9.81
K10.326m
K13.6
h =
1.013 100000
13600 9.81
KE760 mm HgF760mm
EThe Manometers )
K
U
KK
KK
- -
KE F
KU
KEF
KCB
KhB
KC
PB = PC = P0 + Hg g h
EF
Differential Manometer
K
E FK
KEhF
KCD
KZhP2D
KEZ + hF P1C
P1+(h+Z)Ag =P2+Bgh+AgZ
- -
EF
P1 P2 = (B - A)gh
WKBA
P1-P 2= B g h
Inclined ManometerW
K
XX Sin hK
KEF
P1- P2 = g X Sin
EF
- -
WEF
KP
h P
Kg
P = h . .g
EF
P1 = P2 = P 3
KEF
K
EA1 = A2 = A3F
KEF1 = F2 = F3F
- -
EF
E FAF
P =
F
A
EF
K K
K
1 10 m K
Kbar
- -
W
K
KEF
EF
E F
EFEF
- -
WP A1 F1
F1
P
=
A1
F2KA2P
F2 = P. A2
KEF
F1 = F2
A1 A2
W
F2 A2
=
F1
A1
K
K
K
A1 F1
FEA2FF2
KE
S1 A2
=
S2
A1
W
W1 = F1 S1
W2 = F2 S2
- -
EF
KE F
KF1A1P1
WKA2P2
F1 = F2 = F
P1 . A1 = F1W
P2 . A2 = F2
P1 . A1 = P2 . A2
W
W
P1 A2
P = A
2
1
- -
EF
KEF
K
K
K
K
E F
WK
o
o
- -
KEF
EF
W
EF
EF
EF
KEFEF
K
K
K
- -
EF
EF
- -
KP
KEF
EF
DA
BKdB
K A
K b,a B
KP1F1 dQ
W
- -
F1 = Q
a
b
KQ
WF1 P1
4 F
1
1
1
P1 = A = 2 = d 2
1
d
P1 = P2 = P
WF2
F2 = P1 A2 = P1
D2
4
4 F1 D 2
a D2
=
=Q
4 d2
b d2
a D2
F2 = Q
b d2
0.85 0.80
- -
EF
EF
- -
EF
EF
- -
EF
EF
EF
- -
EF
- -
K EF
, 7.5cm EF
K6000N
7.5 m EF
K1 Mpa1206 kg/m
K10kg/m750 kg/m
2m3m
K1barK
- -
100 NF
F2
EF
KH
EF
W
P = F
- -
(0.075) = 0.004418m 2
4
4
6000
P =
= 135808 Pa 1358 KPa
0.004418
A = r2 =
D2 =
EF
7.5 m
Oil
EF
Kp
EF
H
P\ bs = Pg + Patm = 150 + 95 = 245KPa
P = gh
101.325 103
h =
= 10.34m
999 9.81
- -
E13600 kg/mF
p = gh
101.325 103 = 13600 9.81 h
h = 0.76 m = 76 cm
Pgage = POil + PW
CE
FF1
W
(0.33m)(100 N) (0.03m) F1 = 0
F1 =
0.33m 100 N
= 1100 N
0.03m
- -
F2 A2
=
F1
A1
P1 = P2 = P = F1/A1 =F2/A2
F1= P1A1= 1100 N
P1 = 1100/A1
1100 1100
6 N
P
=
=
=
6
.
22
10
1
2
A1
m2
d
4
P1= P2
F2 = P1 A2
F2 = 6.22 10 6
N
2
(
)
0
.
05
m
= 12.22kN
m2 4
- -
- -
KW
W
K
J W o
J
J
J o
JE
F o
EF
- -
EF
Fluids in Motion
K
EParticlesF
K
K
KEFETurbulent FlowF
EF
- -
EF
Fluids in Motion
EConvergentF KE F
E FF
K
KESteady Non-Uniform FlowF
EF
EF
Rate of Flow
E F
KQ
EF
- -
W
=A
m3/sec
m = V
Q =
= A
Q (0.015)2X0.6 = 106.02X10-6
m3/sec
Q = m
Continuity EquationEF
E
F
m = 1 A1 1 = 2 A2 2
Continuity EquationEF
KLaw of Conservation of Mass
K
1 = 2 =
A1 1 = A2 2
Q = Q
1
2
E FEConverging PipeF
0.15m0.46m
K0.3m3
EF
- -
W
.
Q = A1
KEF
Q
1Z
A1
WA1
(0.462) = 166.1910-3 m2 =
d12
1 =
0.3
1.66019 10 3
A1 =
= 1.8 m/sec
2Z Q 17m/sec = 16.98
A2
0.3
0.15 2
)=
K
K
K
A1 1 = A2 2
A
2 = 1 1 =
A2
d12 1
d 22
4
0.462 1.8
= 16.93 m
2 =
2
sec
0.15
4
- -
5cm998
kg
/m3
3.75cm7.5cm
WEF0.15 m3/sec
K o
K o
EF
m1 =
11
m1 = Q
m1 = 998 kg m3 0.015 m
sec
m1 = 14.970 kg sec
- -
W
.
m1 = 2 m3
m 3 = m 1
1
2
KA1
A =1
Q1 = A1 1
1 = Q1
A1
V1 =
0.015 m
sec = 7.6 m
sec
0.001963m 2
A3
A3 =
d3 =
(0.0375) 2 = 0.001104m 2
3
m
Q 3 0.0075 sec
3 =
=
= 6.76 m
sec
A3
0.001104m 2
- -
"the capacity to do
.work"
K
??
W
Potential EnergyW
Datum Z m
WKEFLine
Potential Energy =
m g Z kg
m
2
sec
?J? ''Joule'' ??
W
- -
m EF
J
kg
g z
P AK
K EPFxEAF
WQ
Q = A
KE F V = Q EPFxEAF
A
WEwork)
Q
work = p A
A
work = p Q
- -
W m
.
m = Q
WEF
pQ
pJ
kg
J kg L
p
EF
p
=
Pressure Energy=
Kinetic EnergyW
KE m2 FEF
Kinetic Energ = m
kg
WK
HHZ
gz+
EF
WEheight or headF
EPotential HeadF o
EPressure HeadF o
EVelocity HeadF o
p
2
+
g 2g
WK
N m3 sec 2 m 2 sec 2
m
m
m 2 kg
sec 2
W
Total Head Per kg = m + m + m = m
- -
Bernoulli Equation
F?W
E
W?
KHH
p1
12
2
gZ1 =
p2
22
2
+ gZ 2
EF
E F
KCBAKhv
KC ZB ZA
pA
A2
2
+ gZ A =
pB
B2
2
+ gZ B =
- -
pc
c2
2
+ gZ c
BA
K
BA
WKC
pA
A2
2
+ gZ A Z
pB
B2
2
+ gZ B
BA
W
p A + A + gZ A =
2
pB
B2
2
+ gZ B +
1.52 m/sec
K9.14 m/sec
K2.339kPaK15.2m
- -
P1
12
2
W
gZ1 =
P2
22
2
gZ 2
+
+ 9.81 0 =
+
+ 9.81 15.2
998
2
983
2
2.344 + 1.155 + 0 =
P2
+ 41.77 + 149.112
983
htZ hHhs
K h hsht
K W
WK
h =
2g
= 2 gh
Em/secF
EmFh
- -
KK 21.6m22m
W
K
h= ht - hs
h = 22-21.6 = 0.4 m
= 2 gh = 2 9.81 0.4 = 2.8 m
sec
13600kg/m31.2kg/m3K20mm
K
W
P = ghHg
= 13600 9.81 0.02 = 2668.32 N/m2
W
P
air
2
2
2 = 2
= 2
air
266.32
= 66.7 m
sec
1 .2
- -
Pitot Tube
K EF
K
WEFEF
P1 + 1
+ gZ 1 =
P2
22
2
+ gZ 2
KEF
P1
12
2
12
P2
P 2 P1
2 = 2
P2 P1
P2 P1
- -
EF
WVenturi-Meter
KEF
K
KEFEF
EF
K K
- -
K
KEFEF
P1
12
P2
+ gZ 1 =
22
2
+ gZ 2
P1
12
22 12
2
P2
+ gz2
P1 P2
W
1 =
A2
2
A1
WEF
2 =
2( P1 P2)
A22
A12
KEFEFA2 A
E
FK
25C
2.5cmEF7.5cmEF42.1cm
- -
EF
2 =
2 =
2 =
2
=
A22
(1 2 )
A1
2 g h
A2
(1 22 )
A1
2 9.81 0.421
0.025 2
1
2
0.075
8.08
= 8.18 = 2.86 m
sec
0.988
m3
0.0014
m3
2
sec = 1.4 lit = 84 lit
Q = A2 v2 = 4 (0.025) 2.86 = 0.0014 sec =
m3
sec
min
0.001
lit
Orifice MeterEF
KE F
K
K
2 =
2(P1 P2 )
A22
1 2
A1
- -
EF
0.3m/secEF
K
0.06 m
0.3 m
K Cv= 0.82
2 = C
A
1 2
A1
2 = 1 A1
A2
2 = 7.5 m/sec
P =
22 (1
2 C2
A22
)
A12
= 73048.9 Pa 73KPa
- -
W
W
KEF
30 C0 1.5barEF
250mmB 400mm 300mm A
BBA 0.2bar
AR=287 J/kg K
K18m/sec
K Q K
- -
W
W
K
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2
WEF
A1 v1 = A2 v2
EBFEAFK
K
WEF A
P1
RT1
1 =
1.5 105
Kg
= 1.725 3
287 (30 + 273)
m
WEFB
P2
RT2
2 =
EFEBF
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2
v2
W
v2 =
K
P1 + v1 + Z1 g =
P2
v2
+ Z2 g
2
EFK
EFEF
KEF
W
v2
2
= Z1 g Z 2 g = g (Z1 Z 2 )
W4m(Z1-Z2)
v2 =
(2 g (Z1 Z 2 ))
v2 = 2 9.8 4 = 8.86
m
sec
W Q
Q = A2 v2
( )
m3
Q = d v2 = (0.1) 8.86 = 0.0695
4
4
sec
m
Q = 0.0695 3
sec
2
2
- -
KW
W
K
W
W
EF o
EF
- -
KEFEF
K Surface Roughness
EF
(1) EF
W(2)
l 2
P1 P2 = f
di 2
- -
di l v
f
K
KN/m2
WH
P1 P2
l 2
Hf =
= f
di 2 g
g
Km
W
Re = V d
(Relative Roughness)
EF
(f)
EF
(Material)
D(mm)
Riveted Steel
0.9-9
Cast Iron
0.26
0.12
Concrete
0.3-3
Galvanized Iron
0.15
0.046
Commercial Steel
0.0015
Drawn Tubing
EF Smooth
Glass
- -
Re
Re
Re =
V dH
V dH
EFZRe
Em/secFZV
Ekg/m3FZ
Em2/secFZ
EN.sec/m2FEFZ
EmFZ dH
W
dH = 4
A
U
ZA
ZU
K1m
dH = 4
dH = 4
A
U
(1 1)m 2
(1 + 1 + 1 + 1)m
d H = 1m
- -
4 1 4
= = 1m
4
4
W Re < 2100
W 4000 Re 2100
W Re > 4000
E FK 2300
K
EF
EF
Moody Diagram
( 1944 )
Friction EF
Reynolds NumberFactor
W
Re 210
64
Re
0.001 Re 410
WSmooth Pipe
f
0.316
Re 0.25
- -
KRough Pipe Zone
EdEFF
Transitional Zone
KEF
6mm15m
0.014
K2100
64 64
=
= 0.088
Re 727
W
P1 P2 = f
P1 P2 = P = 0.088
l v2
d 2
2
15
2
848 = 373 .12 KPa
0.006 2
EF
- -
Moody Diagram EF
- -
Q=20 l/min10mEpF
= 50 10 pa .sec 1030kg/m3.81cm
Q = 20 l min = 0.02 m
min
3
0.02 m 3
= 3.333 10 4 m
sec
sec
60
W
W
Q =AV
3.333 104
Q
=
= 0.292 m
sec
A (0.0381)2
4
m
V = 0.292
sec
V =
Re =
Q Re 2100
Laminar Flow
P = f
l V2
D 2
64
W
Re
64
f =
= 0.279
229.2
W
P = 0.269
0.0381
2
- -
80c 3 L/sec
40m52.5mm
971.64 Kg/m380c
V = Q =
A
0.003
(0.0525)2
= 1.386 m
sec
Re
0.358 10
K40000
= 0.000046 m
0.000046
= 0.000876
0.0525
W0.000876Re = 197500
f = 0.0208
- -
L V2
D 2
2
40 (1.36 )
P = 0.0208
971.6 = 14.8 KPa
0.0525 2
P = f
Correction FactorK
KEFEF
450 pa/m50mm
.0.881.386 m/sec80CEF
40m
- -
20 C 0 EF
- -
EFEF
- -
EKKKKTF
EFK K
EF
(mm)
(mm)
15.80
20.93
26.46
34.04
40.90
52.51
62.65
77.92
102.3
128.2
154.1
90
15
20
25
35
40
50
60
75
100
125
150
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.1
2.4
3.0
4.3
5.2
6.1
45
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.7
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
3.0
3.7
4.6
6.4
7.6
9.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
EF
5
6
8
11
14
17
20
24
38
43
50
0.2
0.25
0.28
0.42
0.51
0.65
0.79
0.90
1.27
1.70
2.00
75mm
30m90
10-Pa/sec K998.21 kg/m3K6 L/sec
KK3 1.008
- -
3.0m=(90)
9 3= 27 m
= 0.90 m
= 2.7 m
= 30 m
L = 30 + 27 + 2.7
Lt = 59.7 m
V
0.006
Q
m
=
= 1.258
W
A (0.07792)2
sec
4
1.008 10
0.00046
= 0.0006 W
0.07792
f = 0.0208EF
L V2
D 2
2
= 0.0208 59.7 (1.258) 998.21 W
0.07792
2
P = f
- -
( pressure head K
K ( efficiency )
K
EF
WEFEFEF
V1
P2 V22
+
+ Z1 g + W =
+
+ Z 2 g + (Pfrict . )
2
P1
KJW W
- -
K(W)K50 kg/sec52.51mm
T90
K30 KPa
EF
V1
P2 V22
+
+ Z1 g + W =
+
+ Z 2 g + (Pfrict . )
2
P1
KEFEFEF
W
V22
W = + Z 2 g Z1g + (Pfrict . )
2
HH
- -
Re = v D = 1100 v 0.0508
v = Q =
A
Re =
2.11
m
50
= 0.35
sec
2
1100 60 (0.0521)
2.11
64 64
=
= 6.67
Re 9.6
Wf
L V2
P = f
D 2
L = 1+1+3+2+15+3+1+3+62.1+10.6 +2 0.65
L = 29+12.6+0.6+1.3 = 43.5 m
W
ptot = 372.1 + 30 = 402.1 kpa
WEF
Ptot
N
m 2 = 365.55 J
Kg
Kg
1100 3
m
402.1 1000
- -
Pressure Drop in Air Duct Flow
L V2
D 2
P = K 1 V 2
P =
K = f L
(Dampers)
E
K =f e
D
KD
Le =
f
Le = Equivalent Length(m)
K Z
fZ
- -
DZ (m)
K
P = P Q
Friction Loss
L V2
P = f
D 2
Dynamic Press. Losses
P = K V
WEF
W
K
W
J
EF J
J
KKKKK J
- -
KEF
80C010 l/secEF
80C0K40m25.5mm
K60mm 42m
K4590
- -
EF
WEFK
L V2
P = f
D 2
EF
Re =
V = Q = 10 0.001 = 4.62 m
2
sec
A
(0.0525)
4
4.46 10 3
W
K
EF 0.046mm
0.000046
= 0.000876
0.0525
f
f = 0.025
W
P =
L V2
D 2
P = 0.025
0.0525
2
2
- -
W
L = 42+ 8 2.4 + 4 1.5 + 60.79 =71.94m
Q = A V
m
480 0.001
V = Q =
= 2.6
A
sec
2
60 (0.06265)
4
L V2
P = f
D 2
P = 0.02
71.94 2.62
- -
W
W
K
K
W
W
o
o
JW o
J J J J
JW J J
K o
K o
K
K
K
- -
KE F
K
JW
J J J J
JW J J
K W
- -
EF
EHWCFF
K
K
K
250 275 80 %
K20 %
KK
K
EF
K
K
- -
KEF
K0.7
K
K
K
K
- -
K
K
WK
EF
KEF
W
- -
EF
K
K
KK
K
EHWCFF
K
K
E{{FK
K
EF
- -
HWCF EF
K
K
KEF
- -
EF
E F
- -
100 F
K 7.5 centistokes W
KEKEROSENEFEF
W
WEF
Emm2/secF
C0
V2
V4
WE
DBD
V4
- -
K??
KEF
EF
- -
K
K
EF
EF
- -
EF
K
EFK
EF
EFK
EF
- -
KW
W
K
K
o
J JW o
J
W o
EFEF
- -
E F
KKK
K????
KEF????
W
K
K
K
K K
- -
K K
K
K
W
P
K K
W K
P V = (const.) T
PV
= const.
T
Zconst.EFZT Z VZ P
W
- -
HZ
W
14.7Ibf/in2Z101KN/m2Z
WEF
1Pa = 1
N
m2
N
3
1KPa = 10 m 2
1MPa = 10 6
N
m2
W
Ibf
N
5 N
= 0.1MPa = 100 KPa = 10 3 Pa = 1.01325 10 5 2 = 76(cm) Hg = 14.7 2
1bar = 10
2
in
m
m
HZ
KEF 273
P V = m R T
Pv=RT
PV =MRT
PV =
V
m
V
V=
n
R = MR
T R m V P
E
K
W
ET1 = T2F
PV
= const.
T
PV
PV
1 1= 2 2,
T1 = T2
T1
T2
P1 V1 = P2 V2
20 gal( 75.7 L )
20 Ibf/in2 (137.9 kPa)
KEF
EF
- -
W
P2 =
P2
P1V1
V2
P2 = 478 kPa
PV
= const.
T
PV
PV
1 1= 2 2,
P1 = P2
T1
T2
V1 V 2
=
V1T2 = V 2 T1
T1 T2
1500 in3
93.3C0 26.67C0
KKEF
EF
- -
V1 V2
=
V1T2 = V2T1
T1 T2
V2 =
T2V1
T1
] = 30051cm
= 1833.3in 3
EV1 = V2F
PV
= const.
T
PV
PV
1 1= 2 2,
V1 = V2
T1
T2
P1 P2
=
P1T2 = P2 T1
T1 T2
E FE2000Ibf/in2F
KEPgaugeF250F0 80F0
- -
EF
W
P1 P2
=
P1T2 = P2T1
T1 T2
PT
P2 = 1 2
T1
Ibf
Ibf
= 2649 Ibf / in 2
P2 =
(80F + 460)
- -
250F075F01000 in3
KEF
EF
W
P1V1 P2V 2
=
T1
T2
PV T
P2 = 1 1 1
T1V2
P2 = (2000 Ibf / in
) (
) (
) (
)
) = 4011Ibf / in
abs
P2 = 4011Ibf / in 2 14.7 Lbf / in 2 = 3996 Ibf / in 2 ( gauge)
1500 Ibf/in2EPgaugeF
3996 Ibf/in2
- -
WESIF
KN
KN
13793 2 + 101 2
m
m
P2 =
23.89C + 273
3
3
1500in 3 16.39 cm 10 6 m (121C + 273)
in 3
cm 3
3
3
cm
m
1000in 3 16.39 3 10 6
3
in
cm
2
3
p 2 = (1389 KN / m )(0.0246m )(3 394 K ) = 27648kPa(abs) = 27547kPa( gauge) = 27.5MPa( gauge)
(297 K )(0.0164m )
K{
E0F
K{
P1abs = Pat + Pe
V1 = 1m3
V2 = 1m3
T2 = 20 + 273 = 293K
P1V1 P2V 2
=
T1
T2
PV T
PT
T1 = 1 1 2 = 1 2 = 8.2 293 = 320 K = 47C
P2V2
P2
7 .5
- -
K0
K
K
W
EDry airF
NO2
EHumid airF
KH
ETdbF
ETwbF
K
- -
ETdpF
K
K
( Psycrometric Tables)
- -
( Psycrometric Chart)
( Saturation Line) K
WEF
K(t)
KEF(a)KEF(pv)
K(a)K(t)
KEF
K(H)EF
K(t)
K(R.H.= 1)(R.H.= 0)
- -
EF
K(t)
KEF(H = C)
EF
EHFKEtF
KEtFKE FEaF
KEi=cFEaF
KEtF
- -
K EF
EFEaaFKEaF
KEta=cF
EF
KEpvF
K KE FEaFKEtF
KEv=cF
EaF
K
EF
- -
(Importance of Psychrometry)
(Comfort
KCondition)
KEF
EFEF
00
K00
K
K
- -
EF
K
EF
EsFE F
KEIF
- -
EF
EsFEdpF
K
EsFEEFF
K
- -
KW
KW
- -
K
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
W
K
K
EF K
- -
K
E F EF
EFEF
K
EF
- -
EF
K
W
E F
EF
KE F
E FK
K
- -
EF
EF
EF
EF
KEF
- -
EF
EF
KEFEF
EF
EF
- -
K
KEF
EF
EF
- -
EF
W
K
K
- -
W
EF o
EF o
EF o
EF
EF
EF
- -
KEF
KEFEFEF
EF
KEF
KEFEFK
KEF
K
K K
K
EFEF
- -
KK
- -
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KKW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KKW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KKW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
- -