AIEE No. 805 No. 803 Jan. 1960 Proposed Test Procedure for ALTERNATING-CURRENT 400-CYCLE-PER-SECOND AIRCRAFT INDUCTION MOTORS (Published for tial use) + Published by AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York 18, N.Y.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT “The Institute wishes to acknowledge it indebtedness to those who have to frely given of their time and Knowledge and conducted ‘experimental work on which many of it publications are based. ‘This Test Procedure was prepared by the Airraft Rotating Machinery ‘Subcommittee of the AIEE Air Transportation Committee. The mem- bere were Present Commitee: A. J. Wesolowski, Chairman TJ, Martin RR Mille, Secretary RO. McCants JW. Allen ALF. Pelster RM, Brows Joseph Salay S.5. Burns RR Smith 1M, Hibbard HLT. Stowits, J V. C.Holloway D.S.Toffolo RP, Judkins H.R Tragesser Former Members: *R. D, Jones FM. Potter WW. R. Kruest L.A. Zahorsky LR Larson W. K. Stubbs MH. Lowe F.C. Yaegerhofer *Special Credit.20 aa 23 24 CONTENTS L1AtoL13 Purpose 12t0121 Scope .. ‘Test Facttes and Conditions Characteristic of Electric Power Supply for Testing. 244 Type 242 Voltage « 243 Balance 214 Phase Angle 215 Frequency 216 Amplitude Modulation 217 Harmonie Content 218 Amplitude Factor Standard Test Conditions 221 General 222 Temperature 223 Alitude . 224 Humidity 225 Mounts 226 Porition 227 Machine Temperature 228 Voltage 229. Frequency Metering Circuits 234 Single-Phase Machines 232 Three-Phate Machines Instrumentation 241 General 242. Ammeters 243 Voltmeters 244 Wattmeters 245. Speed Measurement 246 Loading Devices. 24641 Generat 10 10 10aa aan Tete CONTENTS (Conva) 24462 Cord and Pulley Dynamometer. 2463 Prony Brake esssevessee 2468 Cr le Dynamometer 2465 Catesttions ‘Temperature Meaturements Ositograph Vibromtter nmulation Resistance. aaa aus aaa Porpote ‘Test Equipment ‘Text Procedure. Caution essesssese Dielette Testing os. aaa a22 aaa za ‘Test Equipment ‘Test Procedere Retest of Machines «ooo. Winding Resistance Measurements aaa ana ‘Test Equipment ‘Teat Procedure ‘Temperatare Correction Stator Polarity Test oo... aaa aaa aaa Purpose soeseceeeese ‘Test Baupment . ‘Test Procedere Blclency and Speed Test asa asa asa Purpose ‘Test Equipment... ‘Test Procedsre Calesations (Character Carve ‘Temperature Rise365 CONTENTS (Conta) Purpose ‘Test Equipment ‘Test Procedure Caleutations Caution . 37. Voltage and Frequency Variation saa 372 373 an Purpose ‘Test Equipment ‘Test Procedure Caution 38 Overapeed Test sat 382 333 Parpose ‘Test Equipment ‘Test Procedure. 39 Magnetic Saturation Tests .. 304 392 393 394 Purpose ‘Test Equipment Saturation Curve Cateutations 310 Wavelorm Distortion 3101 Purpose 3102 Test Equipment 103 Test Procedure 3104 Caution « 3105 Caleslations 4.11 Klectreal Balance SALA Purpose... S412 Test Equipment 113 Test Procedure ALA Calculations. 3415 Comments S12 Staring Current st2a Purpose 3122 Test Eauipment« 1s 15 215 6 16 6 16 16 6 16 16 6 "7 v7 7 ” 7 7 7 7 7 "7 "7 wv 18 18 18 8 18 8 18 18 8CONTENTS (Contd) 8423 Test Procedure 8 3124 Castion 18 3325 Discussion 18 313 SeltInduced Vibeetion 19 3434 Purpose 9 13132 Test Equipment 9 2433 Test Procedure 1 134 Caution 19 Rab Life... » 3441 Purpose : 442 Test Equipment 9 3443 Test Procedure 19 3144 Comment - 19 15 Atticede 20 3151 Purpose « : 2» 3152 Test Equipment : 20 3183 Test Procedure 20 3184 Comment 2Proposed Test Procedure ALTERNATING-CURRENT 400-CYCLE- PER-SECOND AIRCRAFT INDUCTION MOTORS 1.0 General, 1a Purpose, LAA The purpore of this Procedure isto define Uniform acceptable methods for making tests to determine the performance of al- ternating-current, 00-eyele-per-second, ait alt type induction electric motors. 142 Aircraft type machines are subjected to en- vironmental operating conditions much more Hsingent than thore normally encountered by commercial type machines and yet min fur weight and the stmost reliability are ‘essential to the application. Weight reduc- tion is uormally achieved by reduction of life expectancy, thus making direet measure- sents 4 necesity in order to determine that eiability is commensurate with aircraft practices, 143 Tt is recognized that there may be accepte thle methods for making tests other than those included herein. However, the meth- tds inthis publication ate intended to serve Seva standard for both manufacturers and ‘sere of airratt motors, Tes intended that the standardizing of test procedures lead to coincident test data regardless of which party conducts the test. 12 Scope. 121 Procedure is applicable 40 aircraft motors which operate from constantlrequency, rominally 400-cyle-persecond, constant- Toltage, (nominally 115 yot ine to neutral, E-phase fose-wire or 115 vot single-phase) lternating-currentairealt power systems. ‘This aircealt power system is defined by par~ graph 321.3, Type T of Miltary Specitica- tion No, MIL-E-7894, The text methods de- teribed herein will be suitable for test of machines of diferent frequency and voltage anges. However, test equipment must be Chosen eultable for the desired ranges, 20 Test Facilities and Conditions. 21 Characerntc of Blectsle Power Supply for ‘Testing. 2a Type. A three-phase, four-wite wye, grounded a2 aus aus 216 neutral eyatem should be used forall three~ Dace testing. described in this Test Pro- edure, and will be aitable for single-phase teoting. A single-phase power supply may be used for tet of single-phase machines, ‘The generator should have a cureat rating of at least eight times the motor rated cur~ Voltage. ‘The test power supply should be capable of producing balanced line-tomnestral voltages Fanging from 98 to 124 volts, Foot-mean Square) and should be eapable of maintain- ing any predetermined voltage within this ‘ange within 3 10 percent throughout the ‘duration of the specified test. Balance. ‘While conducting tests of threesphase ma- chines, the voltage unbalance should ‘ot fxceed 1 percent. The wnbalance shall be Aebned as follows: Unbatanee Maximum deviation from x 100 “Aridimetic average Phase Angle “The phate angle between adjacent phases of the fundamental frequency should be 120 4 degrees Frequency. ‘The power supply should be capable of pro ducing frequencies ranging fom 380 to S20 ‘yeles per second and should be capable of maintaining any predetermined fequency in this range within = 1 percent throughout the duration of the specified test. Amplitude Modulation. ‘The amplitude modulation of the voltage wave should not exceed I percent Percent Moduaton nan — Eu 100 Co FE 1 ismaxinan ale ofmadaaton envelope Faminimam value of modulation envelope22 aug Harmonic Content. ‘The toa root meas-square harmonic con. leat of the voltage wavelorm should not exceed § percent of the fendamental ee ‘quency component. The value of any single Harmonie shold not exceed 2 percent of the ‘alee of the fundamental Frequency eompo- 218 Amplitde Factor. ‘The amplitade factor of the voltage wave thould be L4l 2 0.16 Anplitude Fetor= Peak value of voltage ‘re vale of volage Standard Test Conditions, 221 General Unless otherwise required by the type of teat ll test deserbed by this Test Proce: date should be conducted under the cond tions described below. 222, Temperature. Ambient temperature of 201040, 223 Atituds, ‘Alstade shoald be fom sea level to 500 feet However, higher altitudes may be used atthe option of the tester. 224, Homi Dermal room ambient 225 Mounting. Machine shouldbe on bute or flange in man- er intended 226 Poston. ‘Tet shouldbe condated with motor in any 227. Machine Temperate, 5) Continsous-doty machines should be tested with machine temperature sub= fantaly stabilized at a value cores- ponding #9 operating temperature at rated load. bp Intermittent-dty motors should bet ‘efiwith machine temperature a clot to ‘oom temperature as possible atthe ime toads apple 228 Voltage Testing shoald be conducted with 118 volts (oot mean-square) 10 perent (lite to revtra). applied divetly to the machine terminal 229° Frequency. ‘Testing woleasotherwie specified should be conducted at frequency of 400 eycles per second = 1 percent 23. Meteing Cicuit 231. Single Phase Machines Frigate 1 describes the meter arrangement to bevuted for mensurement of inpat power to tingle-phare machines Wheve accuracy of thevetup aid sneasurement waerants melee ‘correction shall be made a8 follows: (Note: All meter catraeneorections ae to te applied before correing for test eat loses The yltage measured by Vis erect motor voltage exon r nie elton coretion. y= Watmetr potential al reine Kya Volmeter eal resitance Ra = Balealent meter resistance ‘and Ry in parle) Vgq= Volume rating T= Corrected motor exert [= Ammer seating Corrected motor np power (wats) For case where the inated curve seven (7) Ties he rte burden, Paw hr Re the following enon may be ued o determine We » 4 TR For caes ia which the indeed cnr (I) is Tess than seven (7) times the meer burden ie he?» “The conreted input power may be determined by the following equation. 2 W=¥,-—— Re “The motor gower factor is then determined as fellows ® Tota! power input to motor Wat Average motor phase voltage Vent Van t+ Pow 232 Three-Phase Machines, Figure 2 describes the meter arrangement to be used for measurement of input power to three-phase machines Where accuracy of the test set up and the measurements wat wm, Ww, rant, meter corrections should be made as Motor power factor +: + follows: Vale Wah Veale Byuivalent meter resistance (Ry and Ry as Jy and I, approach balance (equality) in parallel) fa Resistance of wattmeter potential cl ee Resistance of voltmeter coil VP, Corrected motor current in phase @ Corrected motor curtent in phase b Corrected motor current in plate © : ag er eed eee pee ‘The instruments described in this Section “ hhave been found satisfactory for the tet W ,= Corrected power delivered to motor phase b cluded in this Test Procedure and are W,= Corrected power delivered to motor phase ¢ recommended for use Meter scales shosld be chosen such that the readings will be between 25 and 90 percent of fll ecale uavel. This practice Ill keep the meter readings as accurate 2s possible since meter accuracy is stated percentage of fll-eale reading. Meter ‘albration charts may be used to obtain the desired accuracy. Frequent calibration fof meters at 400 cycles per second is de rable 242. Ammeters ote: Aly all meer cars ns ‘meas sould fave oot mean nure Sa Srcntng for tom creat lone fesponsive elements and should have sales ‘Fae vobages mearorol Voss Pie 0d exited i ootsneangure va The Paar aries wear eens cage ‘aan aonb chee wecodnce meter ealbration corrections. With paragraph 241 and shoul have meter for me te Tewcy within atleast 1 percent of fll See reading for frequencies from 380 to {20 cytes per second 24 Instrumentation. 241 General 243 Voltmeters Voltmeters should have root-mean-square fesponsive clements with scales graduated in, rootmean-equare values. Voltmeter244 24s 246 ange should be 0180 volts with accuracy wvithin atleast 1 percent fall-scale reading Tor frequencies of 380 to 420 cycles per second, Wattmeters, Wartmeter scales should be chosen in ac- cordance with paragraph 241 and meter sccoracy should be within at leat I perceat of fall-seale deflection over the range of 5380 to 420 cycles per second. Speed Measurement. Speed measurements may be obtained by ‘wre of phototensitive or mechanical de- views If direct connection is made to the tuiput shaft to obtain a speed indication, the speed-measuring device chosen should fot require more than 1 percent of the ‘motor fated torque. The speed-measuring device chosen should be accurate within I percent of the test machine's rated speed (Care should be exercised when using #ro- boseopie devices to calibrate the device at frequent intervals Loading Devices 2451 General. ‘The choice of loading device to deter ‘mine motor performance characteris- tice should be governed by the out. ‘st rating, speed time rating, ete. of ‘the machine to be tested, The choice ‘of type of absorption device to be used will depend on speed toraue oration of test and evaleilty of ‘equipment. If motors of consider table size are to be tested (several horsepower) the disposition of the test energy must be considered, (re sistor bank, pump back, water, ete) For most test programs the indicated torque should’ not be more than I percent in error of the trae tora 2462 Cord and Pulley Dynamometer. ‘This type of device i iustrated by Figure 3. This device may be used where the energy can be absorbed ‘without damage to the cord. Thi device is generally sed for tora Which, depending on the speed, re- ole in energy dissipation of a few ‘watts to several hundred watts Care ‘ust be exercised when using this device to fll the following condi 10 4) Cord must be in alignment with the spring balance in order to prevent the pretence of unre- forded components of force on the cord. 1b) No force may be exerted on the free end of the string unless the imasgitade of that force is know find correction is made. ‘EDN OP Figure 3 When using this method it is gen- crally convenient to use a pulley of foneinch radius. If larger pulleys are tered care should be exercised that they are not operated at unsafe speeds. Care should be exercised to See that the string extending above the pulley ie im Hae with the string below it: The tension spring is of- Sonal, The pointer may be adjusted to zero when the string is not wrapped around the pulley. This rakes it unecessary to subiract a tare weight. The mass of the frame in combination with the spring bal- ance tends to produce oscillation and fa oll dash pot with practically zero Satie fiction i advisable ‘A simple form of cord and pulley dynamometer, which is Teequently ‘more adaptable sd by which tests of tunexeelled aceuracy may be per- formed, is ret up by directly conse. ing the tension end to arutable reale smakiag sure that the sale is Ha Tine ‘with the tension side of the pulley nd) manually adjusting the ‘other fend to zero tension by the number of ‘whole and partial turns of the cordaround the pulley, A litle practice loadabsorbing or powerdriving ma- will develop the shill required to chine ia which the load absorption or ‘Miust the control end to zero tension the power driving is obtained by re- ‘whieh will be indicated by the cord ction forces between the stator and Coming from the palley hanging in a the rotor and. the reaction forces foose arc, The control end may be fneasured by restraining the stator Ihld in the hand for quik adjustment from turning by connecting it through of the exact angle by which it Teaves ft wuitable arm to-a scale or balance the pulley, which determines the “Typically i is am electric machine forgue setting of, having found the which can act as either motor oF turns and angle of leaving the pulley fenerator with the stator suitably maybe easily controlled by. Uahtly mounted. ia. trunnion. bearings and Securing it in place, Ifthe seal tends Connected to. a weight-measuring to oscillate i ean frequently be stabi- Sale through » torque arm whose lized by waxing the surface of the Tength is aecarately known. Tf the pulley, Increased power absorption dynamometer is ured for load absorp By the pulley can be accomplished by tion, the encrey i normally diss Constructing the pulley with a re ‘pated in restive bank or by being cessed ri in which water ean De pumped back into am electric line placed, When ‘running, centrifugal Other types of loud absorption ma. force will hold a gaiform annular poo! Chines may dissipate the energy di- fof water which will not distur the fectly in the machine in eddy car- balance and the heat ean be dissipated ents which may be cooled by water in the evaporating water. Tncreased fr by dissipating the enermy into the accuracy may be obtained by deter- ‘eculation of = Hauid Inining string diameter under tension Involved and adding one-half of this to pulley radius in determining torque arm. Windage torque generated d ing test pulley should be added to fndicated torque when tests of the highest scuracy are desied. This can generally be determined to suficient fccuracy by the diference in input ower with and withoot test pulley And converted to a torque as covered in paragraph 2465. earache nn sees Sih Sas meted Paes eerie oe eye ny eco aie toh ewes eee plied to the pulley, the device may be sat seated type of device is particularly suitable He - for high forgues at low speeds such (ana eioens ‘a would be encountered when test ‘The mechanical ostpat of motor, in ing’ & motor with an integral gear horsepower is given by eduction. Care mast be exercised to insure that the pointer of the seale een remains substantially constant for any ae fone reading, ‘The brake should be oe Toore whes starting, and care should N= Shalt speed in rovotons pee be taken to be sure that the pulley coe e rotates inthe proper destin before the brake is tehtened., T—Torgue in pound feet 2404 Cradle Dynamometer. HP=159 x 104 NT, A cradle dynamometer is defined as a T= Torque in pound foches“The equivalent eletic power is Power (Watts) =H X 746 Windage losses in test pulley as cov- fred. in paragraph 2462 can be converted to torgue by the following formula Watts 7.04 w where T isin pound fet, of Watts x 44 fie ¥ swhere T isin poand inches “The windage loster which result in torque reaction of a cradle type dyna- zmometer may be determined by dri ing the dynamometer with a stall feparately-encited divect-current mo- tor at the speed or speeds involved inthe load tet ‘The brushes, if « brush te is sed, of the dynamometer must be lifted for ths test, the dynamometer Beld should be open, andthe following ‘easuremente made’ 8) Input power to be motor (W,) and the torque teading in ound feet (1) of the dynamometer 1b) The motor mast then be dison- nected and the input power (7) rmescored with motor ronaing {eee etme pec rh @. ‘The windage torque (Tg) in pound feet is then determined as olows 708 WW) = N speed in revolutions per minste 1 Wis less than 85 percent of Wy ‘then Correction must be made for the copper lose of the motor. This torque ‘should be added to indicated torque to ‘obtain total torque on motor. 2 247 Temperature Measurements. ‘Temperature measurements should be made ising @ pytometer potentiometer and ther- ‘nocouples, or by change in resistance of the ‘inding. Potentiometers should be capable Of measuring from 25 to 250C, with an Sceuracy of one-half of 1 percent of f Scale reading. A potentiometer with a range to SO0C is desirable but not required, Ther- Imocouples should be chosen in accordance ‘with the recommendation of the potentiome fer manufacturer and care should be taken te insure that the dissimilar materials used tein welded contact. Oncilograph. ‘An oscillograph shosld be chosen with a Seequency range up to at least 2,000 cycles per secoad at half power point. The osilo- igragh preferably should be a recording type, owever, a eathode-ray oscilloscope and camera are satisfactory for most purposes. If an orciloscope is used, the input im- pedance should be above LS megohis, and 2 Suinch or larger instrument is recom mended. The oscillograph should not be lunderdampened and should have a response tors aquare wave of at least 90 percent of final defection fa 0.000 second. 249° Vibrometer. Vibrometers should have 2 range from 00008 to 0010 iach total excursion and should be suitable for uae at frequencies to ‘70 cycles per second, (a range to 500 cycles per second is recommended to allow use of the instrament fm conjunction with vibration testing). ‘The device should be accurate ‘within atleast 5 percent Care must be taken fo choose an instrament (euch a5 a Tight- beam type) which will have a negligible ‘lies upon the vibration being measured. 30 Tess 1 Tngulation Resistance 4a Parpowe., Insulation resistance testing may afford a tela indication as to. whether or not the Imachine is ia uitable condition for the ‘pplication of dielectric or other tests, and ii in the cate of a new installation of of @ few machine which hat been idle a long time, the machine is in witable condition for service S12 Test Equipment. 44) A resistance messaring device with 500,343 au volts diect-curcent power supply and Capable of measuring a resistance of at feast 1000 tegohme, This device may be a commercial instrament or may be A laboratory set-up comprised of direet- Current power sapply, high-resistance direct-corrent voltmeter, and a direct- ‘creat mllammeter. 1) Suitable leads and prods. ‘Text Procedure. ‘The ground connection of the motor shall be disconnected andthe fasulation resistance cof each coll measured by applying 500 volts ‘iret current (power source should be tach fs to limit maximem current to 5 lie ftoperes)_ between each lead and motor frame. While insulation resistance can be expected to vary inversely withthe size of the machine, for mest new small motors dieectic resistance ofa least 100 megohme fs to be expected. Voltage shosld be applied for salient time to obtain a stendy read ing before mesruring fsistance in order to allow the winding to become completely ‘charged. Caution. A high value of insulation resistance isnot in itelf proof thatthe Sasulation will not break down upon application of voltage, since cracks of other faults isthe insulation fay exist which will nt be reflected inthe Ineuation resistance. Insulation resistance measurements are of greatest value as a periodic check of machines inservice to de- ermine weaknesses that may have de- veloped in the insulation, oF to determine FH accamulated moisture or dit ie seriously impairing dielectrie strength. ‘The insulation resistance ia subject to wide variation with temperature, humidity, and Cleanliness of parts. When the jsulation fe- Sistance falls it ean, in most cases of good design and ‘where’ no. defect exists, be brought up to a proper value by cleaning, witha suitable solvent if necessary, and by eying. Lf the machine has been subjected to exces- sive moisture, the insulation resistance may generally be browght back to normal by baking at between 7S nd 100C or by passing current through the winding. With the ape plication of heat, the insulation resistance ‘will generally decrease rapidly but, as the Arying process progresses, the insulation re sistance will increase, nally reaching an ap- B proximately constant value. Drying should Be continued until there ino. further change in resistance 32 Dielectric Testing. 321 Parpoee. Dielectic testing is intended to determine the suitability of the insulation system for the wae intended and to determine the ade- fquacy of clearance distances. This teat is 10 be conducted upon aew machines only since the accumslation of drt and moisture which sccompanies machine use will decrease the Aielectrie properties. S22 ‘Test Equipment. 8) High-potential breakdown tester cap- able of producing a (root-mean-aavare) ‘potential of 1,500 vats The voltage pro- {doced by this tester shosld be of com- Imercial frequency with substantially a ine wave form (amplitude factor of spproximately 1414), and the spplica- tion of the volage to the winding should produce no appreciable transient voltages 1) Suitable lads and prods, 323 Test Procedure, ‘The ground connection of the motor should be disconnected and the following test volt- ‘ke applied between windings, and between feach winding and machine frame. The Standard test voltage should have an effec- tive vale of 1,000 volts plus twice the rated voltage ofthe machine except for machines {ated $0 volts or lower. In the later case, the test voltage should have an effective ‘alue of £00 volts, The tert voltage should be applied for ose minute, or as an alterna- tive a voltae 20 percent higher than that specified above may be applied for one second, 324 Retest of Machines, ‘When a retest i to be made of a new ma- chine which has previously passed dielectric test atthe factory and whose windings have rot since been disturbed, the test voltage Should be 75 percent of the voltage specified above 33 Winding Resistance Measurements, 381 Purpose, Winding resistance measurements are made to determine if coils are made up of the332 334 correct number of turns and correct wire See, and to form a basis for calculating copper (PR) losses and for determining average winding temperatures ‘Test Bquipment. Wheatstone Bridge or Kelvin Double Bridge, cor both ‘Test Procedure. The resistance of each winding is to be determined using the procedures. recom mended by the bridge manufacturer. The Wheatstone Bridge is to be used for measurement of winding resistances above approximately ohms, andthe Keh Bridge for measuring winding resistances below approximately § ohms. ‘Temperature Correction. Inasmuch a2 resistance ie proportional to temperature, eare mast be exercised to make measurements at a standard temperature, for to correct measurements back to the Standard temperature. The relation between the resistance of copper wire and teripers: ture is given below: R, R 2MSHT, 2US+T, A, is resistance in ms measured at 7, de rces Cengrade. "Rye resetance in ohms meatored at T, de- recs Centigrade 24 Stator Polarity Test. aaa aa2 sas Purpose, Stator polarity testing is to. determine ‘whether or not the phate coils are properly placed and connected ‘Text Equipment 8) Directcrrent power source capable of producing 6 10 12 volts, 1D) Magnetic compass. ‘Test Procedure, Apply the direct potential to one of the phases and move the compacs about the Inside. periphery of the stator observing the needle position when compass ie cen tered over cach stator tooth, Repeat for cach phase, ‘The magmeric pattern obtained in this fashion will depend upon the member of poles, and the type of winding. and so the “4 experimental pattern must be compared to the pattern derived by consideration of these various parameters 4S ficiency and Speed Test. asa 382 Purpose. Efficiency and speed testing are intended to determine compliance ofthe motor tothe ficiency and speed requirements of the etal specification and to determine the foutput characteristics of the motor ‘Test Bauipment 8) Loading device with stitable controls for varying the load to 150 percent of the motor rated torque, Refer to para iraph 2461 for suitable load device 1) Speed-measuring device capable of measuring speeds to 150 percent of rated speed. ©) Electric meters arranged a8 shown by Figure 1 of paragraph 231 of single phase or Figure Zof paragraph 222 of three phase. ‘Test Procedure. ‘The motor should be operated at 25,50, 75, 100,125 and 150 percent of falrload torque and phase currents, phase power, and speed measured at each torque If desired suring torque or a complete speed-torgue curve may be obtained, start- ing. torave is usually measured with a ford and pulley or with a prony Brake since ynamometers normally cannot oad a rotor to zero speed. The starting torgue is tsually considered the minimum torque developed as the rotor very slowly turns (ue to five rpm). The speed of turning should be slow enough so that inertia will not carry it through the low toraue points ‘This torque with the rotor turning slowly can be measured with a cord and pulley Generally 2 sufcient number of wrape of the cord around the pulley can be found that will allow this slow motion with the free end of the string hanging down. Tf beeause heating is too rapid or the maga tide of the current drawn by the motor is tnduly large the torque may be measured at reduced voltage and the torque at fll woltage can be established by the direct Fatio of the square of rated voltage to the square of the test voltage. Thit will give A conservative value of starting torque since the torque normally will increase faster than the square rato, Most continsowrdaty motors and maay354 intermittently rated of servo type motors ‘wil have more maximum rensing torque than starting torave. This presents con- Siderable. diiculty in obtaining torane- Speed values between these points. They an be obtained on the simplifed cord and pulley dynamometer covered under par feraph 24.52 but considerable sill is re- tvired, Iti generally sficient to Bnd the forgue value of any dips from the general fevel of the speed-torqve curve if such dips in toruue occur. These dips, if they exist, can generally be found by carefully allow ing the motor to. slowly accelerate and Observe and measuce any hesitation pola. Byampeted ir (he ale mate te de) Calculations 1) Mechanical power in watts delivered by the motor is determined as follows: P01 NT where WV is speed in cevlutions per ‘minute and 7 (s torque in pound inches 1) The electric energy delivered to the rotor ie the sum of the phase watt eter readings Efficiency in percent is determined as follows: Power Outpt Percent Efceney = ———— 100 Power Input ©) The power factor of single-phase machines Power Inpat vr 4) The power factor for three-phase machines is determined a8 follows: Power Inpat BVT where Vis applied voltage (line 10 rental) and 1 16 line current, refer to paragraph 232 6 355 Characteristic Curve “The characteristic curve of the motor {ested shall consist ofa plot of phase cur Tents, apeed, power output, power input, ficiency and power factor at ordinates ‘erste output torque as absciss 46 Temperature Rie 261 Purpone ‘Temperataretise testing is intended to give a basic criterion for evaluating the Iie expectancy, the application range, and ‘of the insolation system of the test motor. ‘Test Equipment. 2) Loading device capable of absorbing the rated power output of the motor at rated daty cycle 362 by Resistance measuring equipment suit able for measuring ator resistance as ‘escribed by paragraph 33. ©) Thermometers graduated to 200C. ‘Thermocouples should be used where higher temperatures are involved. 4) Potentiometer and thermocouples suit able for uae in measuring temperatures from 25 to 2500. A higher maximum temperature may be eequired for some ‘Test Procedure ‘The motor i to be equipped with ther rmometert of thermocouples, of both, at Spproprinte places for temperature meas ferements, Generally temperature measure- mmonts will be desired on the case ov the stator core and on each bearing hows ing. Tf the end turns of the windings are accessible, temperatures at this point will be desirable. For highly-ventilated motors the temperature of inlet and exhaust ait will be wanted ‘The motor should be operated at rated toraue and rated duty cycle if intermittently tated. Temperature readings should be re corded. at regular intervals. Five-minste intervals would be suitable for quite small motors up to Sfteen-minste intervals for ‘ite large motors. The motor should be fun ntl stable temperatures are reached ‘which generally will be indicated by three fuccessive readings in which the tempera ture does not vary more than one degree centigrade. Tatermittently-rated motors Should have the temperatures recorded at sas364 the end of an integral number of eycles as indieated in the detail specifications of, if continuous repetition of the intermittent duty cycle i indicated, the motor can be ‘onridered stabilized. when the maximam temperature at the end of successive cycles does not show increments of more than one degree centigrade or faetuates about When the motor temperature hat stabilized, 4 should be de-nergized and data for 3 plot of armature resistance against time Ehould be taken, It is eetentist that the frat reading be obtained as quickly as possi. Calculations, ‘The data of stator resistance versus time shouldbe ploted on semilogarithmic paper with the resistance on the fog scale and the time on the Hnear scale, This plot shall be extrapolated back to the instant of shut- down, and this value of resistance shall be ‘used a4 R, in the formula of paragraph 334 Using the room ambient tempera: ture at T, and the room temperature re- stance as Ry the Anal value of stator temperature (7) may be determined. The temperature rise is the diference between room and final temperate. Caution, Heat rune require the exercise of rest ‘are in setup and in testing techniques i accurate and. reproducible results are to be obtained. The temperature of walls and surrounding objects if at a diferent tem= perature than the ambient air, stray alr furrents, placement of test equipment Which may interfere with the ventilating it flow or cause recirculation of exhaust + into the air intake and heat flow to or from the loading device can all have Ise effets. The placements and contact of thermometers or thermocouples, or both, js important. Small motors can have large percentage of their surface blanketed Dy the felt, putty of other material by ‘which thermometer bulbs or thermocouples are secured to the motor. Motors with large amount of air blown over the cases present difulies in recurng accurate temperature readings because of heat con- ducted down thermocouple wires and be- cause of interference with the sir flow by the temperature measuring devices, Ther- mometers or thermocouples, of both, measuring exhaust air temperatures must be shielded feom radiation from the motor 16 by placing behind a heat reflector. If heat runs are to be made in an alte chamber the problems are multiplied. The motor Should be shielded from walls and. Toad Ing devices which may be much colder or hotter than the motor, The motor should be shielded from the chamber air ow. Tt should be noted that the temperature tise of aircraft. motore is not normally limited by ATEE, Industry, or Miltary specications and any temperature rise that is consistent with motor insulation, bear- ings, electrical performance and/or effects fon other equipment is tsvally considered acceptable, 87. Voltage and Frequency Variation. 371 Purpose, Voltage and frequency variation testing is tended to determine the effect upon per- ormance and life expectancy of extreme power supply conditions 72 Test Rqulpment Equipment as outlined by paragraphs 352 and 362, S73 Test Procedure, ‘The test methods of paragraphs 35.3 and 363 should be repeated except that data is taken for both maximum specied volt. ‘ace with minimum apecifed frequency and with minimum specified voltaze combined swith maximam specied Frequency. Ifthe voltage and frequency range are not speci- Fed the following is the normal standard 4) 380 cycles per second—124 volts (both ‘continuous and intermitlent duty motors) 1) 20 cycles per second—98 votts (nter- rittent duty motors) ©) 420 cycles per second—I02 volts (lor continuous duty meters) 314 Canton. Temperature rise under extreme supply conditions may be aay value as long as operating life is as specified by the Motor Detail Specification. Change of performance with extreme sup: ply conditions is not ordinarily governed by specification, but consideration must be given to these changes when applying the 3B Overapeed Test. 381 Purpose. ‘Overspeed testing is intended to determine382 iH the motor has euficlent mechanical strength to withstand overspeed conditions ‘Test Bquipment. Voltmeters, ammeters, and watimeters a ranged at shown by paragraph 2.31 figure Tor paragraph 232 Figare 2. ‘Test Procedure ‘The motor isto be terted with the rotating parte ae close to rated temperature as practical, The motor rhould be operated at fated voltage and frequency to obtain spe- ‘fed overspeed and should be operated for tpeciied time, If overspeed values and time are not specised operate at $20 eycles per eecond at no load for § minutes, Dur- {ng thie operation, the current and power input. shall be observed. for any sudden changes. Following this run the motor shall be given am eficieney and speed test (elerence paragraph 38) to determine if the overspeed test has caused any sit- nificant change in performance. The motor hall then be torn down and carefully x pected for any indication of mechanical damage. 39 Magnetic Saturation Tests, sot 393 Purpose. Magnetic saturation testing is intended to determine the stator excitation eequced to produce a given value of stator fx ‘Test Equipment. a) Ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters arranged as shown by paragraph 2.51 Figure I or paragraph 232 Figure 2. 1B) Speed.measuring device capable of measuring slip speed of the motor. ©) A driving motor capable of driving the test motor at syachronous speed ‘The test motor ie to be driven at sym chronous apeed and readings of phase cur- rent and phase power taken for various values of phase voltage ranging feom zero to 124 volts, This test isto be conducted ‘with stator frequencies of 380,400, and 420, tycles per second. For many purpores#afi- cient accuracy will be obtained i the motor fs operated at no loed and readings taken a3 described abore, Saturation Curve, ‘The saturation curve shall consist of plot of phase current, phase power, and omer factor as ordinates versus. phase voltage as abscise ” 394 Calculations Synchronous epeed of the motor, in revor Intions per mine, is determined as follows: wxF P where F is frequency in cycles per second. Ty is ernchronous speed in Tm is numberof poles 10 Wave Form Distortion. 4031 Purpote. Waveform teting is intended to determine the amount of ‘distortion introduced into the power system by operation of the motor. 3102 Test Equipment. 8) Peakereading voltmeter capable of measuring phate volage 1) Vatlable linear load impedance cap- able of absorbing an electric load entical to the electric load demanded by the motor at rated lead. ©) Wave analyzer capable of measuring harmonic content. 4) Wattmeters, ammeters, and voltmeters arranged as shown by Figures 1 or 2 13103 Test Procedure. 8) With the motor operating at rated torgue, rated voltage, and rated. fre- ‘quency, measure the peale phase volt- Sue. the phase corrent, the phase ‘voltage andthe harmonic content of the hace voltage (throughs 25th harmonic) 1b) Substitute the load impedance for the motor and adjast this load. so. th power and current are the same as ‘ensured in a) With circuit inthis condition, measure peak phase voltage tnd harmonic content as ina) ©) When measuring peak voltage, measure- sents are to be made for exch of the possible. polarities, The peak voltage Fall be taken asthe arithmetic average of the two readings 104 Caution. Care must be taken to insure that the fnaiyzer ie stabilized, Te it not un usual theta two-hour ‘warm-up. period may be necessary forthe analyzer to reach stability‘3105 Calculations The crest factor is defined a the ratio of the peak to the (rootmean-aquare) value fof voltage, In general, the value of the rest factor obtsined in part a) should not vary more than 0 from the val obtained in part b), however, special rotors may result in greater variations. ‘The value of the various harmonies should not vary more than S percent when measured 4s in a) and b) above. ‘311 Blectical Balance, SAL Purpose. Electrical balance testing ie intended to Aetermine if the motor has a symmetrical tlectrieal construction. This testis to Be conducted only on three-phase motors SAL2 Test Equipment. Set-up and equipment as deseribed in para: graph 35, 113 Test Procedure ‘The motor is 19 be operated at rated torque, at rated frequency, at rated volt- age, and the three line curents measured, 114 Cateulations, Percent unbalance may be determined as shown by paragraph 213. 3115 Comments, ‘The percent unbalance will generally not ‘exceed 10 percent, however, unsymmetrical brakes and auxiliary devices should be dis- connected for the test. a2 Starting Corrent 12 Parpose. Starting current testing is intended to de termine the current drawn at starting in order that proper controls and installations fay be designed 3122 Test Equipment. 2) Voltmeters arranged so phase voltage. b) Oscillograph oF cathode-rayosillon scope and suitable recording means. ©) Ammeters of a suitable range to cali bate the oscillograph for the expected 4) low non-induetive and low-tempera- turesenstive resistance suitable for 18 serton in series with one of the motor leads to get an instrument current ‘Sunt fo provide s signal voltage for the oecillograph. ©) A sheostat of a size and rating to set tp a. singlephase calibrating circuit apable of deawing approximately the npected stating current of the moto. 1) Loading device capable of apptving fed motor torque. The loading device Should have an inertia equal to. the load inertin present in the actual ap- lication. If inertia of intended load is ‘unknown, an inerda equal to 50 percent fof rotor inertia should be applied to the motors. 123 Test Procedure, A calibrating cirait should be set up con- fisting of the resistance with the oscilo- raph across, the ammeter and the rheo- at, This should be connected to one fine tnd neutral of the source of power. If it ietnot considered desirable to draw so much single-phase power the circuit can be kept ‘ppronimately balanced by additonal re Hrtancer from the other two lines to nevtral adjasted to draw approximately the expected starting current. The defection of the oscllograph trace should be deter Imined for several values of current bracket. fag the expected starting current and. Calibrating value of current against defee tion of the trace obtained ‘The resistance with the oscilogeaph across it should be then inserted in one line of the motor and several recorded starts should be made. A trace of the Hine voltage should bbe made simultancously so that current and voltage may be correlated at any time dur- Ine the starting period 3124 Caution. Daring this test the regulation of the fine should be checked. This regulation should be such that the voltage does not drop more than two volts for each multiple of rated current drawn at starting Since the maximum peak value of current which ie obtained is dependent upon the itching angle, several trials must be con dicted to be sure that the maximum peak current ie obtained, Only one phase of a three-phase machine ced be tested for starting current 3425 Discussion. ‘The ewitehing angle (2) is defined as theangular displacement between the point at which the instantaneous value of applied Voltage equals zero and the point at which the switch it closed. The 2eto point of in Stantancous voltage is t0 be defined when the slope of the voltage is positive posinnmanes ve S rosrive Figure 4 In typical aircraft motor designs, the max: imum peak current. will be obtained at switching angles from 15 degrees to SEAS degrees ‘The switching angle may be readily de- termined by applying a trace of the phase voltage to the osilogeaph simultaneously ‘with the transient starting current. ‘313 Be-Induced Vibration. aaa aas2 3133 sass Purpose. Selfinduced vibration testing is intended to evaluate the amount of mechanical une balance present in the motor, ‘Test Equipment. 8) Light-beam type vibrometer capable ‘of measuring amplitudes to 0005 inch for other iastrument which measures total excursion ) Elastic mounting support with 2 nat tral frequency at least as low 38 one- ‘quarter of the operating speed of the ©) Voltmeters arranged so as to measure hase voltage ‘Test Procedure. ‘The motor should be opersted at no load at rated frequency and vated voltage, and the amplitude of vibration of the motor featured with the Wibrometer, Caution. Great care must be exercised in making the test setup to insare that the vibration is Tmited only by the inertia of the motor. ‘The following criteria are recommended a8 fa guide to choosing the proper flexible ‘mounting pad. 4) The campresson of the pad caused by the motor weight ehould not be more than one-half) of the original pad ) Ie is suggested that the amplitude be checked ‘with the selected pad, and then the pad thickness doubled. If the fmplitude does not change the original pad is suitable 314. Life S141 Purpose. Life testing is intended to determine the life expectancy of the motor under condi- tions stipulated by detailed. specications, 3442 Test Equipment. a) Loading device capable of applying rated torgue to the motor 1») Voltmeters capable of measuring phase voltages, 1) Thermocouples and potentiometer 3143 Tet Procedure ‘The motor shall be operated at specified torque, rated voltage, and rated frequency at the rated duty eyele. Tt is recommended ‘that thermocouples be located on the motor Shell immediately over the stator core, and others as close to each of the bearings as possi. Daily readings of these tempera- foree thould be taken to determine if de- ‘Speed, power, and current readings should be taken at intervals that wil give at Teast, ten (10) readings during the test to deter- ‘ine any changes in performance that may fear, Thete measurements are to be made in accord with paragraph 35. Reversible inermitenteduty motors are to be alternately operated in opposite direc- ions. Reversible continuous-duty motors should be reversed every 24 hours Unidirectional continuous-duty motors should be stopped and started every 24 hours, Upon completion of the duration of test specied by the detail specifiation, the ‘motor should be given a performance check St rated torave, {3144 Comment. ‘The performance check at rated torque alter life tent should be within 10 percent 19of the values obtained before life test ‘The usual life specified for sn airraft-type rotor is 1,000 hours at rated conditions, many motors are designed. for shorter life im order to obtsia a minimum fenvelope and weight 318 Alseude. S181 Purpose. Alsiude testing is intended to determine the performance of the motor under condi= tions simulating fight conditions 3152 Test Buipment. 8) Test setup as described by paragraph 382, 1) Resistance measuring equipment as de- seribed by paragraph 33, (©) Equipment is described by paragraph 362. 3153 ass 4) Test chamber capable of simulating desired altitede and temperatre ‘Test Procedure, “The motor is to be properly mounted inthe chamber, and heat rons conducted a6 de fered by paragraph 36 The heat rans ire to be conducted at specified alitade, ‘The motor should be operated at rated load at this alttade and periodic checks of beat- ing and frame temperatures made during the fet. Comment Ie is not necessary to contol the dew point ring this test bat attention should. be fzven to the temperature controle to insure that the chamber” wall temperatures are within 10 degrees Centigrade ofthe ambient temperature.