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Chapter 3 Sequences and Series
Chapter 3 Sequences and Series
FHMM1014 Mathematics I
Chapter 3
Sequences and
Series
FHMM1014 Mathematics I
Contents
3.1 Sequences and notation.
3.2 Arithmetic Progression
3.3 Geometric Progression
3.4 Binomial Expansion or Binomial Theorem
FHMM1014 Mathematics I
3.1
Sequence and Sigma
notation.
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Sequence
A sequence a set of terms arranged in a
particular order.
Notation
nth term an or U n
Finite sequence :
Infinite sequence :
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a1 , a2 , a3 ....an
a1 , a2 , a3 ,........
4
Limit of a Sequence
a1 , a2 , , an
lim an l
n
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Example 1
Find the nth term of each sequence below.
Is it convergent or divergent? For
convergent sequence, state its limit.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
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3 5 7 9
, , , , ...
2 4 6 8
2, 4, 8, 16..
1
1
1
1
3 , 3 , 3 , 3 ,...
3
4
5
6
6
Example 2
3n
The nth term of a sequence is, a
where n
n 1
n
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Example 3
Evaluate each of the following,
n 3
(ii) lim
2
n 2n
n2
(iii) lim
n n 3
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Series
A series a sum of terms in a sequence.
Notation
Finite series
Infinite series
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Series
The series u1 u 2 u n
is a convergent series if there exists a real
number S such that
lim S n S
n
10
Sigma () Notation
If k is a constant,
n
(ku
r 1
) k u r k (u1 u 2 u n )
r 1
If u1 u2 un k , then
n
u k
r 1
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k k k nk
r 1
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Sigma () Notation
In general,
n
u
r 1
u1 u 2 u n
For example :
10
r 1 2 3 10
2
r 1
12
Example 4
Find the sum of
3
(a) 2i 1
i 1
(b) (3k 2 k )
k 1
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Example 5
Write down the first three terms and last term of
the following series.
20
(i)
r ( r 2)
r 1
10
(ii)
(1)
r 1
r 1
14
Example 6
Write the sum using sigma notation.
(i) 1 + 3 + 5 +.+ 19
(ii) 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 +.+29.30
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3.2
Arithmetic Progression
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Arithmetic Progressions
In general, an arithmetic progression :
a , a d , a 2d , , a (n 1)d ,
where a = the first term
d = the common difference
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Arithmetic Progressions
The nth term, Tn a (n 1)d
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Arithmetic Mean
If a, b, c is an arithmetic sequence, then the
arithmetic mean of a and c is b, where
1
b (a c)
2
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Example 7
Given that the fifth term of an arithmetic
progression is 21 and the tenth term is 41, find
the common difference, first term and the sum
of the first 10 terms.
20
Example 8
1. How many terms of the arithmetic sequence
3, 5, 7, . . . must be added to get 195?
2. Find the sum of positive integers less than
500 which are multiples of 3 or 7.
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Example 9
The sum to n terms of a series is given by
2
S n 17 n . 3n
(a) Write down an expression for the sum to
n 1 terms.
(b) Find an expression for the nth term,
(c) Show that the series is an A.P. and find the
first term and common difference.
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Example 10
n
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Example 11
If the sum of first 10 terms of a AP is 55 and
the next 10 terms is 30. Find the sum of first
30 terms.
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3.3
Geometric Progression
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Geometric Progression
In general, an geometric progression :
2
a , ar , ar , , ar
( n 1)
26
Geometric Progression
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if
r 1
if
r 1
27
Geometric Mean
If a, b, c is a geometric sequence, then
the geometric mean of a and c is b,
where
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ac
28
Example 12
If ( x 1) , 2 2 and (3 x 2) are three
consecutive terms of a geometric progression,
find the integer x.
29
Example 13
1. Find the eighth term of the geometric progression
3, 9, 27, . . . .
2. The first term of a geometric progression is 5 and the
common ratio is 1.5. Find the least number of terms
needed such that the sum of the progression exceed
100.
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Example 14
1. Given that the geometric mean of (4p - 3) and
(9p + 4) is (6p 1). Find the value of p.
2. If the sum of first 10 terms of a GP is 10 and
the sum of first 20 terms is 30. Find the sum
of first 30 terms.
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a(1 r n )
1 r
a
a n
r
1 r
1 r
32
a
a n
lim
r
n 1 r
1 r
a
a
rn
lim
1 r
1 r n
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r 1 :
If
r 1 :
1 r
34
Example 15
Express the recurring decimal 0.329 as an
infinite geometric series.
Hence, express 0.329 as a fraction in its
simplest form.
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Example 16
Find the sum to infinity of the series
1 2 x 4 x 8 x K ,
2
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Example 17
Find the smallest number of terms of a GP
1 1
1 ...
2 4
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Example 18
If S n and S are sums to n terms and sum to infinity of
3 3
3,
, , ...
a GP
2 4
| S S | 0.001.
integer value of n such that
n
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3.4
Binomial Expansion or
Binomial Theorem
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PascalsTriangle
Triangle
Pascals
Note that the coefficients (the numbers in front of each term)
follow a pattern. [This was noticed long before Blaise Pascal
(1623), by the Chinese mathematician Yang Hui
(1261 ]
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
You can use this pattern to form the coefficients, rather than
multiply everything out as we did above.
41
Pascals
Triangle
Pascals Triangle
To build the triangle, start with "1" at the top, then continue placing
numbers below it in a triangular pattern.
Each number is just the two numbers above it added together.
42
43
4!
2!
44
n
n!
n
where n is a positive integer, and C r
r !(n r )!
r
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Example 19
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand
(i) ( x y ) 4
1
2
(ii) ( x 1) 5
(iii) (2 x 2 x 2 ) 4
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Example 20
Obtain the term independent of x in the
1
expansion of 3x
x
10
n
nr r
(
r
1)
term
=
a
b
Hint :
r
th
47
Binomial Series
From the binomial formula, if we let a = 1 and b = x, we
can also obtain the binomial series which is valid for any
real number n if |x| < 1.
48
Binomial Series
For example,
1
(1 x) 1 x x x ......,
3
(1 x) 1 x x x ......,
3
x 1
x 1
49
Example 21
Expand the function below as an ascending
4
series up to and including the term x . State
the range of the values of x for which the
expansion is valid.
(i)
(ii)
1
2
x
1
2
(2 6 x) 3
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Example 22
Expand the function below as an ascending
3
series up to and including the term x . State
the range of the values of x for which the
expansion is valid.
1 2x
2 x
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Example 23
1
2
(1 x )
1
2
2
x
25
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Example 24
1
2
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Example 25
Expand 1 x as an ascending series up to
and including the term x3.
Hence, by taking x = 0.1, approximate 10 to 4
decimal places.
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The End
Of
Chapter 3
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