Trng i hc B Ra - Vng Tu

Khoa Ha hc v Cng ngh thc phm

CNG NGH SINH HC TRONG HA HC

Bin son: Ts. ng Thu Thy

Vng Tu 2015

CHNG 3: CNG NGH SINH HC

TRONG SN XUT SN PHM HA HC

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

a) Khi nim chung: C3H6O5

Dng bt mu t trng n vng, tan trong nc v cn, c m

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

b) C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lactic
L qu trnh chuyn ha ng

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

b) C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lactic

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

b) C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lactic
Ln men ng hnh

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

b) C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lactic
Ln men ng hnh
Glucose

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

b) C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lactic
Ln men d hnh
Glucose

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thng
Chun b ging v mi trng ln men

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thng
Vi sinh vt: Lactobacillus delbruckii

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thng
Chun b mi trng ln men: mt r
Bng. Thnh phn ha hc ca mt r
(xem li chng 2)

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thng
Chun b mi trng ln men: x l mt r
Phn loi mt r

Mt r hydrol: thu c sau khi kt tinh glucose trong qu trnh thy ph

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thng
Chun b mi trng ln men: mt r
X l mt r
Chy qua ct than hot tnh
Ty mu
Pha long t l 1:3

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thng
iu khin qu trnh ln men
Thng s qu trnh

Gi tr

Vi sinh vt

Chim 2,5-3 %

Thnh phn mi trng nui cy

R ng

pH mi trng nui cy

5,0...6,0

Nhit nui cy

50 C

Thi gian nui cy

7...10 ngy m

Thm vi bt

3-4 ln/ngy

Thng kh

Khuy trn hoc thi kh

Lng acid trong canh trng

18...20 %

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thng
To calci lactate v thu nhn acid lactic

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic hin i
(t nghin cu)

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lactic

e) ng dng: trong cng nghip thc phm

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid citric

a) Khi nim chung:

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.2. Acid citric 687
122211 + 32 2687 + 32
Sau khi ln men thu c dung dch 3 acid: acid citric, axit
oxalic v gluconic.
2687 + 3()2 = 3(C6H5O7)2+ 62
26127 + ()2 = (6117)2 + 22
224 + ()2 = Ca2O4+ 22

20

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.2. Acid citric 687

21

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.2.3. Acid citric 687
Thng s qu trnh
Vi sinh vt
Thnh phn mi trng
nui cy
pH mi trng nui cy
Nhit nui cy
Thi gian nui cy
Lng acid trong canh
trng

Gi tr
Aspergillus niger,
Varrowia lipolytica
R ng, NH4Cl,
MgSO4, K2HPO4
7,0...7,2
34...3632...34 C
5...7 ngy m
5...12 %

22

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.3. Acid propionic 32
Thng s qu trnh
Vi sinh vt
Thnh phn mi trng
nui cy

Gi tr
Propionibacterium

ng (Lactose hoc
glucose, maltose,
sacharose) acid hu c
(acid citric, acid lactic)

pH mi trng nui cy
Nhit nui cy

6,8...7,2

Ch thng kh
Thi gian nui cy
Lng acid trong canh
trng

Hiu kh
12 ngy m
70 % ng chuyn
thnh acid

30 C

23

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.3. Acid propionic 32
ng dng: trong ha dc, m phm, bo qun cc loi ht

24

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.4. Acid itaconic 5HO4
Thng s qu trnh
Vi sinh vt

Gi tr
Aspergillus itaconicus,
Asp. terreus

Thnh phn mi trng

nui cy

ng (mt r), Mui Zn,

Mg, Cu

Phng php ln men

Thi gian nui cy
Lng acid trong canh
trng

Ln men b mt
10-12 ngy m
60 % ng chuyn
thnh acid, 15-20 % acid
itaconic

25

3.2. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.5. Acid itaconic 5HO4
ng dng: sn xut si tng hp, cht nha dnh, cht
hot ng b mt, thuc nhum v hu c hp cht hu c
phc tp khc.

26

3.2. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.6. Acid gluconic
Thng s qu trnh
Vi sinh vt
Thnh phn mi trng
nui cy
Phng php ln men
Lng acid trong canh
trng

Gi tr
Penicillium,
Aspergillus
30-35 % glucose,
MgSO4, K3PO4, CaCO3,
ngun N
Ln men b mt, ln men
chm
Kt thc khi lng
ng trong canh trng
cn gn 1 %
27

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.6. Acid gluconic
ng dng: To phc vi cc kim loi - natri gluconate,
c s dng trong sn xut cc cht ty ra; cc mui
canxi, st v kali ca axit gluconic s dng rng ri trong y
hc v cng nghip thc phm.

28

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.1. Dextran
a) Khi nim chung
-) Dextran l polymer sinh hc, c tnh nht ni ti, d tan
trong nc, methylsulfide, l dung dch in ly bn, pH
khng nh hng n tan ca dextran.
-) Chui mch thng gm cc phn t glucose lin kt v tr
-1,6 glucoside, mch nhnh v tr -1,3 glucoside.

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.1. Dextran
b) C s l thuyt

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.1. Dextran
c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Chun b ging v mi trng ln men
Vi sinh vt: Leuconostoc mensenteroids
1

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.1. Dextran
c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Chun b ging v mi trng ln men
Ha tan ng voMi
nc
ct dung
trng
ln dch
menc nng 15 %

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.1. Dextran
c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
K thut ln men
Thng s qu trnh

Gi tr

Sn phm

Vi sinh vt

Leuconostac
mesenteroides

Thnh phn mi
trng nui cy

Sucrose (10-30%),
dextran mi, chit
xut nm men, mui
khong

2 loi dextran: 6080.000 Da, 2030.000 Dan

pH mi trng nui
cy

6,7

Nhit nui cy

20-30 C

Ch thng kh

0,5 l/pht khi np mi

trng

Thi gian nui cy

18-20 h

33

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.1. Dextran
c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Thu nhn sn phm
Kt ta ln 1 (b sung ethanol lnh, 1:5)

34

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.1. Dextran
e) ng dng
Cht lm c

35

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.2. Xanthan Gum
a) Khi nim chung:
-) L polysaccarides cao phn t M 933
-) Bao gm 5 cm gc ng gp li, mi cm gm 2
gc D-glucose, 2 gc D-mannose, 1 gc Dglucoronate v cc gc acetate, piruvate thay i
lm cho cu trc phn t bt i xng. Cc -Dglucose lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt 1,4-glucoside.

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.2. Xanthan Gum
b) C s l thuyt ca cng ngh sn xut

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.2. Xanthan Gum
c) Quy trnh sn xut
Chun b ging v mi trng
Vi sinh vt: Xanthomonas campestris
1

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.2. Xanthan Gum
c) Quy trnh sn xut
Chun b ging v mi trng
Mi trng ln men
Glucose
Bp
Sucrose
Syrup
Glucose
Bp
Syrup
Sucrose

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.2. Xanthan Gum
c) Quy trnh sn xut
K thut ln men ln men
Thng s k thut

Gi tr

Tc sc kh

0,5-1vvm

Nhit

28-30 oC

pH

6,4-7,4

O2 ha tan

10-30 %

Tc khuy o

200-500 rpm

Thi gian

96 h

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.2. Xanthan Gum
c) Quy trnh sn xut
Thu nhn sn phm
Thanh trng ln 2 (70

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.2. Xanthan Gum
d) ng dng

3.2. Polysaccharides
3.2.3. Alginate
a) Khi nim chung:

3.3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
3.3.1. Khi nim chung
Polyhydroxyalkanoates: l dn xut cha oxy ca acid
bo, c tng hp bi vi sinh vt, trong iu kin sinh
trng mt cn bng, d tha Carbon v nng lng nhng
thiu khong cht (N, S, PO43-), v O2.
Ph bin nht: Polyoxybutirate - polymer -hydroxybutyric
acid.
Ngoi ra: hydroxybutyrate, copolyme oxyvalerate,
hydroxybutyrate v oxy-hexanoate, polyhydroxybutyrate v
polioxyheptanoate

44

3.3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Bng. So snh tnh cht
Polyoxybutirate (POB) v Polypropylen (PP)
Tnh cht

POB

PP

Nhit nng chy (oC)

trong (%)
Khi lng phn t (D)
Nhit thy tinh ha
(oC)
Khi lng ring (g/cm3)
Modul un (gPa)
dn khi ko t (%)
bn vi tia cc tm
bn vi dung mi

175
80
5x105
15
1.1250
4.0
6
Tt
Khng tt

176
70
2x105
- 10
0.905
1.7
400
Khng tt
Tt

45

3.3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Tnh cht c o khc ca Polyhydroxyalkanoates:
+ kh nng tng thch vi cc m ng vt,
+ hot quang hc,
+ p in
+ cht chng oxy ha
+ quan trng nht l phn hy sinh hc.

46

3.3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
3.3. C ch tng hp
Phosphoenolpiruvate
Acetyl CoA
Acetacetyl CoA
Acetacetate
-hydroxybutyric acid

Oxybutyryl CoA

Polymer -hydroxybutyric acid

47

3.3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
3.3.3. Ging v mi trng nui cy

Vi sinh vt: Alicagenes eutrophys

Ngun dinh dng tng hp PHA
Methanol, ethanol, acetate, dextrose, mt r, hydro, CO2

48

3.3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
3.4. ng dng ca Polyhydroxyalkanoates:
+ Y hc v phu thut (phu thut mch mu, mng ph
vt thng v bng, vt dng s dng mt ln),
+ Dc (ko di tc dng ca thuc),
+ Cng nghip thc phm (ngn chn oxy ha nc gii
kht, vt liu ng gi),
+ Nng nghip (bao ph ht ging, v bc cc loi phn
bn v thuc tr su),
+ in t
+ Dch v th (container v khc nhau v bao b) v.v

49

3.4. Polylactic acid

3.4.1 Khi nim chung

50

3.4. Polylactic acid

3.4.2 C s l thuyt

51

3.4. Polylactic acid

3.4.2 Quy trnh sn xut
Chun b mi trng ln men

52

3.4. Polylactic acid

3.4.2 Quy trnh sn xut
Ging vi sinh vt

53

3.4. Polylactic acid

3.4.2 Quy trnh sn xut
K thut ln men

54

3.4. Polylactic acid

3.4.2 Quy trnh sn xut
K thut thu nhn sn phm

55

3.4. Polylactic acid

3.4.2 Quy trnh sn xut
ng dng

56

CHNG 4: CNG NGH NNG LNG

SINH HC

4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nng lng sinh hc

4.1.1. Nhin liu sinh hc l g?
NLSH l loi nhin liu c hnh thnh t cc hp
cht c ngun gc ng thc vt (sinh hc).

58

4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nng lng sinh hc

4.1.1. Nhin liu sinh hc l g?
Ngun nguyn liu sn xut NLSH
1

59

4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nng lng sinh hc

4.1.2. u nhc im ca nhin liu sinh hc

60

4.1. Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.3. Phn loi nhin liu sinh hc
NLSH
NL lng

61

4.1. Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.3. Phn loi nhin liu sinh hc
a) Nhin liu lng

NL Bioethanol,
lng
Biomethaol, Biobutanol: sn xut t ma, c c

62

4.1. Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.3. Phn loi nhin liu sinh hc
b) Nhin liu kh
NL kh (biogas): hn hp kh methane (CH

63

4.1. Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.3. Phn loi nhin liu sinh hc
c) Nhin liu rn

NL rn: nhin liu sinh hc rn m cc nc ang pht trin s

64

4.1. Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.4. Li ch ca s dng nhin liu sinh hc
a) NLSH c th gim thiu s ph thuc vo nhin liu
ha thch t , ang cn kit:

65

4.1. Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.4. Li ch ca s dng nhin liu sinh hc
b) NLSH c th gii quyt cc vn bin i kh hu

66

4.1. Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.4. Li ch ca s dng nhin liu sinh hc
c) NLSH c th tng cng an ninh nng lng quc
gia

67

4.1. Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.4. Li ch ca s dng nhin liu sinh hc
d) NLSH c th hnh thnh s tham gia ca cc x
nghip nh v va

68

4.1. Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.4. Li ch ca s dng nhin liu sinh hc
f) NLSH c th ng gp vo pht trin kinh t- x hi
ca cc cng ng a phng v cc ngnh kinh
t ang pht trin

69

4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.5. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanol
a) Khi nim chung: C4H10O
C

70

4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.5. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanol
b) C s l thuyt ca cng ngh sn xut
Lignocellulogic biomass
Cellulose
Glucose

Hemicellulose
Xylose, arabinose
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
Acetoacetyl-CoA

Butyrate

Butyryl-CoA

Ethanol
Acetone
Butanol

71

4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.5. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanol
c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Ging VSV: Clostridium acetobutylicum
1

72

4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.5. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanol
c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Mi trng ln men

73

4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.5. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanol
c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Quy trnh sn xut

74

4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.6. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanol
c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
K thut ln men

75

4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.6. Cng ngh sn xut biobutanol
c) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
K thut thu nhn sn phm

76

CHNG 5: CNG NGH THY LUYN KIM

SINH HC

5.1. Qu trnh ngm chit kim loi bng VSV

5.1.1. Ngm chit sinh hc l g?
Ngm chit sinh hc (Bioleaching): qu trnh
chuyn ha cc kim loi t dng rn (dng qung)
sang dng tan c trong nc nh vi sinh vt.

78

5.1. Qu trnh ngm chit kim loi bng VSV

5.1.1. Vi khun ngm chit
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

79

5.1. Qu trnh ngm chit kim loi bng VSV

5.1.1. Vi khun ngm chit
Leptospirillum ferrooxidans

80

5.1. Qu trnh ngm chit kim loi bng VSV

5.1.1. Vi khun ngm chit
Thiobacillus acidophilus

81

5.1. Qu trnh ngm chit kim loi bng VSV

5.1.1. Vi khun ngm chit
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

82

5.1. Qu trnh ngm chit kim loi bng VSV

5.1.2. C ch bin i kim loi
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

83

5.1. Qu trnh ngm chit kim loi bng VSV

5.1.2. C ch bin i kim loi
M hnh c ch ngm chit

M hnh
Trc tip

84

5.1. Qu trnh ngm chit kim loi bng VSV

5.1.1. C ch bin i kim loi
M hnh c ch ngm chit
M hnh c ch trc tip:
thu nhn in t trc tip t phn ng kh qung
khong

VD: ngm chit qung pyrite

2FeS2 + 7O2 + 2H2O + 2H2SO4 2FeSO4

85

5.1. Qu trnh ngm chit kim loi bng VSV

5.1.1. C ch bin i kim loi
M hnh c ch ngm chit
M hnh c ch gin tip:
VK cung cp lin tc cht oxi ha l Fe3+ oxi ha cc
sulfide kim loi v b kh thnh Fe2+

VD: ngm chit qung pyrite

FeS2 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 2S 3FeSO4
4FeSO4 +O2+2H2SO4 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
2S + 3O2 + H2O 2H2SO4

86

5.2. Qu trnh thy luyn kim sinh hc

Thy luyn kim sinh hc l g?
Thy luyn kim sinh hc: x l tch chit, thu hi
kim loi t dng qung thng qua qu trnh trong
cc dng dung dch ng vai tr ch yu vi s tham
gia
ca
cc
VSV.

87

5.2. Qu trnh thy luyn kim sinh hc

Thy luyn kim sinh hc vng (Au)
Phng php thng dng: kh thu c vng phn
tn nh t qung m
1

88

5.2. Qu trnh thy luyn kim sinh hc

Thy luyn kim sinh hc vng (Au)
Phng php nh VSV: t gy nhim, hiu sut thu
hi cao
Oxi ha cc sulfide KL nh cc VK ngm chit

89

CHNG 6: K THUT X L NHIM DU

BNG VI SINH VT

6.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV

6.1.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca du m
Bng. Thnh phn ha hc ca du m
Thnh phn

Hm
lng
(%)

Hydratcacbon mch thng

30-35

Hydratcacbon mch vng

25-75

Hydratcacbon thm

10-20

Hp cht cha Nitrogen: furol,

indol,carbazol

Hp cht cha S: hc n, bitum

91

6.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV

6.1.2. Vi sinh vt phn hy du m

92

6.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV

6.1.2. C ch phn hy du m ca VSV
Qu trnh phn hy alkan

93

6.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV

6.1.2. C ch phn hy du m ca VSV
Qu trnh phn hy alkan

94

6.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV

6.1.2. C ch phn hy du m ca VSV
Qu trnh phn hy hydratcacbon mch vng

95

6.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV

6.1.2. C ch phn hy du m ca VSV
Qu trnh phn hy hydratcacbon thm

96

6.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV

6.1.3. K thut x l nhim du bng vi sinh vt

97