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Molarity and Concentration
Molarity and Concentration
moles of solute
liter of solution
Example 1. What is the molarity of a 5.00 liter solution that was made with
10.0 moles of KBr ?
Solution: We can use the original formula. Note that in this particular
example, where the number of moles of solute is given, the identity of the
solute (KBr) has nothing to do with solving the problem.
# of moles of solute
Molarity = ---------------------Liters of solution
Given: # of moles of solute = 10.0 moles
Liters of solution = 5.00 liters
10.0 moles of KBr
Molarity = -------------------------- = 2.00 M
5.00 Liters of solution
Answer = 2.00 M
Weight (g)
1000
Molarity = ----------------------------------- x ----------------------------Molecular Weight ( g/mol)
Volume (ml)
Normality =
Weight (g)
No. of equivalents = --------------------------Equivalent Weight ( g/eq)
Weight(g)
1000
Normality = ---------------------------------x------------------------Equivalent weight (g/eq)
Volume(ml)
M.Wt
Eq.Wt = -----------n
n = No. of (H) atoms for acids
for HCl
n=1
n=1
n= 2
n= 7
Weight(g)
1000
Normality = ---------------------------------x------------------------Equivalent weight (g/eq)
Volume(ml)
M.Wt
Eq.Wt = ------------------N
N=Mx n
Mole Fraction
The mole fraction, X, of a component in a solution is the ratio of the number
of moles of that component to the total number of moles of all components
in the solution.
To calculate mole fraction, we need to know:
Molality
Molality, m, tells us the number of moles of solute dissolved in exactly one
kilogram of solvent. (represented by a lower case m.)
10 6
DILUTIONS
Whenever you need to go from a more concentrated solution [stock] to a
less concentrated one, you add solvent [usually water] to dilute the
solution. No matter what the units of concentration are, you can always use
this one formula
C1 V1 = C2 V2
N1 V1 = N2 V2
M1 V1 = M2 V2
V1= 25 ml
complete to 100 ml
V1 = 159 ml
diluted to 900 ml
p-Functions
The p-function of a number X is written as pX and is defined as
pX = log(X)
X= H + , Cl- , .etc.
PH= - log [H +]
POH = - log [OH-]
[H +] + [OH-] = 10-14= Kw
PH + POH = 14
Example /
What is the [H+] in a solution that has a pH of 5.16?
SOLUTION
The concentration of H+ is
pH = log[H+] = 5.16
log[H+] = 5.16
[H+] = antilog(5.16) = 105.16 = 6.9 x 106 M