sheenaersyenearn aa ‘n/min top, = 620 KP, find the » and the beat fa) nenflow process ¥,= 16 avs andv, = 60 m F Te SSSGLIK minst)-1 00 Cycles ‘of am fieal gas undergoes an isentrops ja volume of 0.6 N* to a final volun, gine or thermal engine isa dosed system (nomass shoundaries)that exchangesnly heatand work with img and thot operates in cyces (of thermodynamic hea! engine wit a i we cao whogeR=278.6JikeK ande,= 1.015 from 1517 kPa, 298°C to 205 ¢ ofheat (als called ahot body, aheut reservoir, ee); from which the working substance mieeives fasnt sink (also enlled a roeiver, a cold body, or just which the working substance con reject heat and fnengins, wherein the working substance may do-work amie cydle occurs whea the working Hui of os a mumber of processes shat. erenbially id to its initia! state Work and Thermal Efficiency Ww Qj bestadied y= bent ected: ay = net work 111928prof the Carnot Enging rof Thermodynamics ya heat-engine cycl® canbe der iothermaaly, to. Next the the insulator Vi tO moves fe the bot ody y further process i= Muae isentropic change 23 now secure andthe paton Bi) to. When the piston reaches the on hs nrulotr | is wmtved and te eee eee gontact with the rwciver cranky which mecanes ala Pamperature T., Hest then fows from tke substance fale, and the isothermal empreasion 3-4 ooour while moves from 3 to4\ Finally, the insulator i again fer the head and the isentropic eomprension substance toits initial condison, athe piston movesin Vv, *Q,-Q,= aR, =T,) mRin <3 .- Ty) mRin ¥ 7, ss rpamiate ek, tn Y) vey fraction of theheat24.81 pain ee, =(2)(653.34) (630) _ Giana) ~ RR pit the compression ratio : ae th ! beginning 12) (69.94), 3551 _ 9.9990 Bt the end of isothermal saaRin yf = pre 8775 OR ‘wollame at the endl. 7 ve Sena =, (AS) = (960) (0.0062) = 9148 Bt of expansion, and (>! “A, (05) = {880 (0.0952) = — 5046 Bl a Ee = 0.4481 oF 44.81% ES aeTS K and 305 Qj. fb) AS during ne 4351 ~cof 8 9.495 pei ES y Ry -aonlatel ee :POR 0.74424 0.2000 - 1.04, 83 = 0.8692 mt with R = 296.9 sks) ‘Of 827.4 kPa and a ‘at constant pres: = C to a point back to its a eWfor 1004 sey ne =m =3) . onal Ee tee 1D) 358869 99.8) + (2 SHO.TORRIRSO B86)Review Problems ‘working substance for Carnot cycle is § eles tar catia secpenesn ‘and the pressure is 300 psia. The ratio of expansion duriny {thison ont in 2 od the temperate ofthe cold 90. ees Oe a hay. (Pe (#)P., ‘of expansion during the isentropic Sprocess, andj Sous Haat es syoney a re "25.64 pala) 91-790: (0 81.28 paias(@) 13.59 pei: 3 re 2, Gaseous iron acess a Corot extn ia whic Le respect erat the nr crore ofa‘ig the ideal prototype of spark-ignis.., of the formula foreWea Bs. @, = the, (7, =7,) = (0.1) (0.2385) (5000 — 983 9, Q, = 91.77 Bru Q, =the, 7,-7)=0.0) (0-285) (590 ~ 2908) aoa 2) = 904396 Ag 3,208 oonts ws We 0, = 91:77 55.03 = 36.75 BY o =f - BOrE = as0nso soos BT, =(305)G0 ses Pep = C013)" -25100Pe (36.752 y 60-4.) a ee 2 a Gein) hp me, (7,—) ‘of compression in ax = (0.04396) (0.5444) (7, ~ 689) i standard with k= 1.34, are is 10% and 12.640 1028 K vf ]= co [5] = S757 kPa ety ili) fice“te Fig, 16: Air Standard Diesel Gyde =T,)s-me,T,-T) Qe ms, TT) BGToc. en se a ‘compression nati 1 OF st cath fees since the Dice! ekeins cra can a eat ee pera Nbr (ar ae Coe gH AMONE T,,T,, andr, (expansion rato} J cycle operates with acompression ratio 0613.5 ang at Gr ofthe stroke. State Lis sand 140°F. For the hot-air standard with k= 1 Stand jal 1 cu fl, compute (9) ty Pa. Yar Vp Pu 90d ty (O) and p,.(e) For arate af on oF 1000 fe, ‘horsepower:‘are supplied 217 iulegele to an ideal Dissal (ng on 227g air:p, 9791 kPa i, =48.3°0 tthe BaD a Deverming a) ra (BK 3) m= aga ke. p= 979 kPa ‘ 4 i Dagg + a79= 5229 A jv pe ‘Co Eee ! 7186) 71.9145) 36,8 = 180 ng 81 oF 56.819) Dual Combustion Engine Jerm compression ignition engines the pressureisnot “Guring the combustion process but vavies in the re illustrated in the figores blow. The major part of . tiom can be considered to eppruach a comtaxtalame - gets, and the fate burning, acorstant pressure process aethe beginning of compression in an ideo! ithe working fuld is 1 Tb-of air ot 14. ps The compressiaa ratios’, the pressure "volume addition of Reot is 470 0 the constant Bt: nee (by, (el the pereentage clearance (2)(128.5)(778)__ sas pak aatee= tore ATSReview Problems 1. An ideal Oito engin, operating on the hot-air sa with kw 1.36. has a compression ratio of. At the begtnnin, cotspecision thevolumeis 6cutt the pressure is 18.75 pia or the temperature is 100°F, During the constant-valume j ng. 340 Blu are added pereyele: Find (a)e,(0) T,,(c) p, and (e) p “Ans, (a) 25%; (by B2O0"R; (2) 639-4 psi; (4 (e) 161.2 p51 2. Anideal Ottocyele engine with 15% clearance opersia, ‘on 0.297 k's of air; intake state is 100.98 kPa, 87.7°C. Thy energy tehraned daring sion ig T10 kel/s, For hot-air sstandard with k = 1.52, compute(a) p, Y, and T at each corns, (b)W, (c}e, and (a) p.. Ans. (a) 02019 mils, 0.02826 mi%e, 596.2 K, 1479 kPa, 1136.4 K, 2620.7 kPa, 592.2 K, 191.71 kr (hy 52.7 kl fo) 47.919; (2) 201.1 kPa A. Inan idea! Diesel engine compression is frov 14.7 psa (80°F, 143.cu Mh t500pain, Then 16 Biwleycle are added as hess ‘Make coeputations fr cald-air standard and find (a). V,,., PA Ie es i) Wp fo 200 oye As. (9) 24705R, 01152. 2119'R, 0.1646 0, 90°R e886 4. For an ideal Diesel cycle with the overall value of & = 184 = 18 1-21, p= 979 KPa, Sind py and p,. ‘Ans, 2589 kPa, 602 kPa, ir 5. State 1 for a dual combustion engine is p, = 1 atm ax4 orton Spe 2h Charen Fig 19 46 hows a convention] indialr cad for ¢ Sie shout cloarane, Axe piso stars ees £1, ar and gas is denn int the i rave opens to Can ears rte ik al s a engine At point 1, the pista u 7, 903°C: n= Ua he end afthe constant valume cts 2 pin gests cored alo i {im pre th preere 7005 KPa, =1.8, Basoon 1 kei Fie cachange ale epes 08 # SPerte ica hss rdwith k = 1.31, determine (a) the pere*™" to the receiver. aes Anil Tateaeh bémner point on the ext!" thesaine ne iar a unis of tho diagram with aren does Not 0.05246 m?, 4495 KP mmo clearance, except that = nt 2108 236 97:48 311900 ** aust re-exe eoas vip ermal eoiprenion (K=O)by GeeulstnyFree Air fir is air at 1 eeoaraphical lmoepherie € obuditions io ap,= 100 Ps Tie 088 K SDN =f 5 (0850.38) 150) = 88 achtv,) nto 090 (5.0 = S14 eesingle-acting ‘compressor with a clearance of 6%; san A Sineerating Oe preapureand ampere ofS, ‘and discharges it-at a pressure of 8§ pein. The air handled is 0:25 cu ft per cycle measured at discharge pressure. If th. compression is isentropic, find Cas me ova, compressor Tht Board Preklew Mah 1979) discharges it at 6 wured at dischar i, find fa) piston disp lan, effective pres Board Probl 14.7 psia 85 psia 0:25 Bleycle 85 + 460 = 545°R APs aoun s008Pa 600 kPa ominin m= Bre saentoogy = 0.08874 Ieyle a OER = OBIE Merce arltene RT = 14 008- (0.06) et 0.8499 sin (8) Vj = (0.8754) (750) = 606.6 R¥/min ud 137ans i to be designed with 6% clearance |, ia art pice HEP, the state oi vie Dexinning of compression stroke. Tae compression isisent, 1090.3 pig. (a) What displacement infin is necessary? (b) Ifthe compressor is used at an altitude of 6000 8 anas¢ the initial temperature and discharge preseure remain (is ‘same as given in (a), by what percentage is the capacity of ‘compressor (c) What should be the displacement ofa compressor atthe altitude of €000 f to handle the same mass of str as in (a tage decreased in capaci 14.7 psia py at 600 fim Tat 6000 = 530% sor ‘At 6000 A = capacity to handle the came mass of sir agin (a) jt 6000 f= displacement volume tohandlethesome = 107 psia tras oo ain & 9032 14.7 105 ps0 = 600 Rimi 1 pai (Pat 6000) (Va 00009 T= 70+460~ 530 Rel raver, stab { (1471600) pono pnesogo n= ADS BS coca n = 283 a0 AL 6000 = S755 °° in 129ee _ Compressor Efficiency ‘A. Mechanical Efficiency ‘The mechanical efficiency of a compressor 1s indicated work of W, See eeced mma ___ Ifthe compressor is driven hy a steam or internal « Hemensice. the mechanical eclncr ofthecompressor sy | work of compressor Griving engine aoe B. Compression Efficiency Adisbatic compression efficiency is : S iieuteondns Isothermal compression efficiency ie ‘Polytropic compression efficiency is Soe recne Fe compressor ‘a Bolytropic ideal work Jed work is the work done in the elinder work or shaft workia the wickdelivered athe shal ‘compression efficiency is the oanpression ef one Compression sey therefor ald te eneapresson efceneyied terms of - ‘times ambient j, Sc900 ie and |r ifthe mechanical efici,, n.— April 1984) Wee pain and 124 Daten ag emit gB2F und 147 pis, Bork of the competes lid the ides! work Thar =100kPs ie BB] -s0s-o0s ff ag -omme x fia)’ a4] (15012) «21420 7 Lg, " elen compreior operating AOLS52Pa 5, = 267°C and. spiintion are polyteypic with onal voluntetrc effileney, nd) the XW input bythe for‘ overall aishaseetisensy hia” = 0.8856 m 248 kghmin 10185 kPa 81027 kPa 267 +273 = 2097 K = 40.3586) (0.25560 (100) (2) =7088 ae (48) (0.2590) (299.7) _ g 517 Sore oan 17 _ o,9n27 or 92.27%r= 2041 kw ; Multistage c “G0 Compression fultistazing: S8sicply the cn ly the cmeronicn oe gurn iele-cytindse che ee a Cowon Cath Fa. ‘Same eatin! Cords, Pee en area tnethat the gus leaving the intercooler and, each cylinder | Gibjlisie) aod BA OP cylinder. W = Wof the low preseure eylinder + W of th ‘pressure cylinder “ee one ay Seay uaivertscn cn orn ao aa ely equal works are dono in “Gilinders, a practice that results in minimum work an _preasinga given quantity ofa gas, Thus forthe particlas ee ME, and of fy = Py = Ty we have the work ofthe LP star ‘0 that of the HE stage, or amRT, [P.* AT, [Py _ 7] ee ees) - | aa VPR ‘where: p, =sntermediate pressure for minimum war ‘pince the work af escheylindor isthe samo, the tol w= wvo-stage machine i (wice the work ineschezin‘# aie] eet Foose asada elses I value. he heat rejected Qiew mis, t,o jmass drayrnis by the ner der) [hove are comproied 11,50 ya fairs fajosr sein Aldarnwarse. D Find the isentropic power snd Bios = ciogs sags compen, Bp) Using te same data, he niu del pork oe Beagecompcosion ies the iterseler steers he temperature ie ne displacement of enc ender Forth om oS Behar onc best i exchange ite intra? B) Fer an overall compression elfiency of 76%, what Heolor output ie require? displacement = nasa pi wosanite BD raat BL poream eT 138(23.62) (0.28708) v9.7) 292.02mse fe) the work, and (f) iff. )7%4 0.68 and if both cylinas, ‘be the cylinder dim. +6.05-r0 05/5254 1+ 0.05-40.05)825""< pga 90 Iban (29.8) (0.491) = 14.63 804 460 = 50 14.3 paia 90+ 460 AB pela pa Vp (1 +0) = 11398) (a + 0.05)< 1467 oem soon i, (14.3) (148) esr | 8.aa)e86q) = 10a ania 16, (T,—7,) = 1000 (-0,0800) (767 — 50) 675 Biw/min Heat to water = Heat from sir (90) (53.34) (550) _ may pesca 1222 (640) (04.5) _ 050 et = resortaes 8° BGR Ce.) tat y= Q,, os BL me" J /Bk ae coSDF = 400.5 D= 0.966 ft ow 31.8955 T= 15.01 in Three-Stage Compression TPeplinder HP liner Fig. 24, Three Stage Compression. Cenaittons fe mintne wore 1) ig > Map Mae a5 oy (210) (2) = 224.3 D* efm‘Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously, WFP and p, =¥/p,Py wee ee | ‘Problem Ais is compressed from 103.4 kPa and 82°C to 4136 kPa by ‘2 three-stage compresor with value ofn = 1.92. Determine (a) ‘the work per kg of air and (b) the heat rejected in the intercoa!- om Pajected in tho frst intercocler, = me, (1, -1) = 2) (1.0062) (305 — 410) «106.7 eg Total heat rejsctred = (9) (-108.7) = -213.4 kg Lig 103.4 kPa 4136 kPa 82°C + 273 = 300K = @vLasav 441928708) (808) Fass == 3762 kd atReview Problems 1. A reciprocating compressor handles 1000 cfm or ‘measured at intake where p, = 14 psia and t,~ soit sn discharge pressure is 84 prin, Calculate the work ifthe pro. ‘of compression is (a) isothermal, (b) polytropic with an. ‘and (c) isentropic ‘Ans. (a)—109.5 bp; (b) 181.7 hp (©) 143 hp 2. Atwin-cstindor,double-acting, compressor ithcey ‘ance of 5% draws in oxygen at 450 kPa, 17°C and discharger, GEIBO0 KPa, Tho mans How rate in 20 kg/nin, compreesen expansion are palyropicwithn = 1.25.Find(a) imework, (tte Iheat transferred, andi(c) thn hore and stroke for 109 pus sed 1-120. ‘Ans. (a) 40.25 KW; (b) B29 ked/mind (c) 21.71 x 2 em 8. Adouble-acting compressor with ¢= 7% draws 401 per minute ofsirat 14,7psiaand 80°F and discharges t at 90 psc, Compression and expansion are polytropic with n = 1.28. Find (a) the work, (b) the heat rejected, and (c) the bore and stroke for 90 xpm and L/D = 1.25. ‘Ans. (a) 77.68hp; (b)-1057 Btu/min; (€) 18.96 «2570 in. 4. A 14 x 124m, single-cylinder, double-acting sir com swith 5.5% clearance operates at 125 rpm. The suction ‘anid temperature are 14 psia and 100° respecte) iacharge pressure is 42 psia. Compression and expansico Pace ih n = 150 Duemine Oe Volumetric efficiency, (b) the mass and volume at sucitt fonditions handled each minute, (c) the work, (d) the ber ‘pafected, (e) the indicated air hp developed if the polytrir compression efficiency is 76%, and (f) the compress 9%; (b) 247.8 ef, 16.72 Ibimini ©), gis 176-7 Blufinin; (e) -25.24 hpi. 77 i engine, the false 2 Soe 4 800 eft: suction ted ork of tho com fagine, 172 bp. Calcuiy §) the overall off iency, ti woe. (a) 90.06%; 0) 81.10% 36 bp indleated work ‘An air compressor with » eleara jmifmnin of ir from #7 LP, nce of 4% compresses ZC Lod kPa. there ‘he indicated bore min of sir at 14 peia and 85°F and delivers it at 120 pia mpressions are polytropic with m = 10, and the intar- scools the air back to 85°F. Find (a) the work, (b) the heat d in the various processe,(¢) the work for 3 single- ne, (d the corresponding percentage saving forthe pe machine, and (0) the mass of water to be creulated h the intercooler if its temperature rise is 15 P “has, (a) 171.6 hp;(b) 802.8 Btu/min; (c) 2988 Bta/ (a) =196 hp (e) 12.45%; (0 196 thin3 D The Brayton Cycle "Operation of a Simpie Guy ‘Turbine Power PlantOf the formuta for @ a vt. =" “ll oat @ tae, 8) : : -constant-pressure addition of heat 3 ‘expansion. -constant-preasure rejection of heat a 4 n Cycle - (ey _ pe eR Re Ta Ta iuting equations (2) and (4) in CD.Of the formuta for @ a vt. =" “ll oat @ tae, 8) : : -constant-pressure addition of heat 3 ‘expansion. -constant-preasure rejection of heat a 4 n Cycle - (ey _ pe eR Re Ta Ta iuting equations (2) and (4) in CD.work, W, = -c, (T,-) = =(0.26) (1047-550) = —118.3 8 work, W, = ¢, (T, ~ 7) = (0:249(1900~ 996) = 216.5 Brat work, W, = W.-W, = 2165-1188 = 272 Beutb (= (B72(2945) = 6751 hp. oa « -1) (0.24)(1900-1017) = 2047 Bout Ww. m2. ue SZ, = 0478 or 7.48%eM TRG oe nt ee vee mie hot cy JL K_ Assume the closed Brayton cycle, nnd fine ‘eqiired air low and (b) the thormal eficieney, tS Py = Py, = (99:975)(10) = 999.75 kPa os = (278)(10) * = 536.7 K Point 4: ne 7 3] ain) Fal 975.4 K Q, = 6, (7, —T,)= (1.0062K1111 — 536. T= 5179 KIKE 299.2 kale Q,=6, (7, -7) = (.0062(278 - 575-4 W = 577.9-209.2 = 278.7 kilke oe 0.4823 oF 48.23% Review Problems ‘The turbine acction of a Brayton cycle gas turbine eu the hot compressed air at 150 peia, 2100°R, expand it, fand develops a gros output of 16,000 hp. Air enters or rection al 15 paia, 500°R. Determine (s) mass Tequired, Ib/s, (b) compressor power required, (c) net fautput, and (d) cycle efficiency. ‘Ans, (a) 43.62 Ibis, (b) 6895 hp (c) 8195 hp, (a) 48.22% Ina Brayton cycle air enters the comprestor st 101.82 {udleaves ata pressure of 606 kPa. The airishested fn the combustor For a net output of 2125 kW, a) the rate of floor of air per second, (b} the thermal and (¢) the mean effective pressure, ‘Ans. (a) 10,78 kgs, (b) 44.75%, (¢) 145.65 kPa