Corrosion

KAERI/RR-2518/2004
Development of Technologies for Improving

Integrity of Nuclear Steam Generators

Corrosion Evaluation and Corrosion Control
of Steam Generators
2005. 4. 22.
1/2
:18.7 MY
:2,807,155

:19.1 MY :
() ()
:37.8 MY
:2,807,155
:
:
:, , , , Pb
, , , Zn
,

:crevice chemistry, stress corrosion cracking(SCC) of steam
( 5 )
generators, corrosion inhibitor, erosion corrosion of piping, SCC
in S environment, SCC in hydrogen environment, Zn injection,

alternative amine
( 500 )
394
1.
2
2 /
Sludge
1 /
2.

- (T) (MRC)
Pb 2 .
- Crack Morphlogy ,
2 .
- ,
Sludge .
- pH, , N2H4 FAC
1 .
- 1 , Zn
3.
1 2
(40)
.

,
. ,

1
.
,
,
1 2
.
.
2
2
Sludge
1
- i -
.
1. 2

.
1
.

. NaOH
40 ppm, 4 l/hr, 40mm, 0.15 mm, , 25
5000 .
. NaOH
, NH4Cl , H3BO3
.
ECP(ElectroChemical Potential)
. ECP ,
, , , ,
ECP .
2.
2 /

.
Alloy 600
(PbSCC) .
PbSCC Alloy 600 MA
PbSCC , PbSCC
RUB . CERT
2 Alloy 600 MA
- ii -
PbSCC PbSCC
. Alloy 600 MA, TT, HTMA Alloy 800
Alloy 690 TT PbSCC 315 10%
NaOH (1,000 ppm) Alloy 800 Alloy 690 TT
PbSCC . Alloy 600
IGSCC Alloy 800 Alloy 690 TT SCC
TGSCC .

. Na2SO4
. 340 RUB
. Na2S4O6 < NaHS < Na2SO4 < Na2S2O3
Alloy 600 MA SCC . IGSCC . XRD
,
SCC .
SCC SCC
TiO2(P25), TiO2(anatase
form), TyzorLA, CeB6 SCC . CeB6
Alloy 600 SCC Alloy 800
SCC . TiO2(P25)
SCC .
3. Sludge
sludge , sludge
magnetite . pH
ammonia ETA ,
FAC 5
MWe . ETA 200
pH . sludge
magnetite ETA
.
sludge -(FAC)
- iii -
, . Sludge
FAC . Sludge -
( FAC) , , , pH .
- 130, -, 4 m/sec 9 m/sec, ammonia-pH2
5
9.510.0 , 500
- ,
, - -pH pH25 9.5,
2Cr-1Mo .
pH ETA , pH-
- . Ammonia, morpholine, ETA,
pyrrolidine MPA pH130 6.78(ammonia-pH25 9.0 )
. FAC
, pH ETA-
pH MPA , - pH-
.
FAC , -
, 250 hydrazine FAC
. -
, stainless steel alloy 600 TT
. , FAC
.
(150) (pH: 3,4,5) (3.5NiCrMoV)
.
. pH
. pH
. pH ,
+
(H )
.
.
.
,
.
- iv -
2
:
- FAC
pH pH
.
- ,
,
.
- 2 ,

, 2
2Cr-1Mo .
- sludge FAC
pH ETA pH
MPA amine .
4. 1 /

600 CRDM PWSCC
. 817 ccSTP/
kg-water 2550 ccSTP/kg-water

. PWSCC
modified RUB 35 50
ccSTP/kg-water

.

. Amberlite
IRN150 0.5 mEq/mL .

40 ppb 12
- v -
.
1 (360C, ) (ZnO, Zinc Borate)
Alloy 600 PWSCC PWSCC
. 360C Zn 50 ppb Zn
PWSCC 50% . PWSCC
.
.
.
1. 2

.

.
, ECP .

.
2. 2 /

2 SCC
. PbSCC
PbSCC
. SCC
Alloy 690TT SCC Pb
- vi -
.

.
.
Ti- SCC ,

.
3. Sludge
2 sludge FAC
FAC
.

- - .
2Cr-1Mo
sludge
. pH 9.510.0 FAC pH
FAC pH
. FAC

FAC . pH
ETA
MPA pH sludge
.
.

.
- 2
sludge .
- vii -
4. 1 /

PWSCC 600 CRDM

nozzle
.

.
Zn (Alloy 600)
. 1 Zn

.
- viii -
S U M M A R Y
. Project Title
Corrosion Evaluation and Corrosion Control of Steam
Generators.
. Objective and Importance of Project

Steam generators show the most frequent degradation problems due to a
corrosion at a high temperature among the major components of nuclear power
plants in Korea. This kind of degradation will continue and get worse, as these
plants are operated for a longer period of time. These steam generators can not
be used for their designed lifetime by the present technology, due to the
initiation and propagation of various kinds of corrosion. The primary goal of
this project is to operate these plants for their designed lifetime without losing
their integrity, by developing active mitigating technologies depending on the
forms and causes of the degradation for each specific plant.
The final objectives to achieve this goal are to provide a supplementary data
base to evaluate the high temperature corrosion of steam generators by a
change of the water chemistry and operating conditions, to develop mitigating
technologies by an improvement of the water chemistry, operating conditions
and by applying corrosion inhibitors, and to modify the water chemistry
guidelines.
. Scope and Contents of Project

Development of the technologies to evaluate the water chemistry
- ix -
conditions in the secondary side crevices of steam generators.

Data production on the stress corrosion cracking of steam generators
by the water chemistry conditions and additive chemicals in the
secondary system.
Development
of
the
technologies
for
steam
generator
sludge
reduction.
Data production on the stress corrosion cracking of steam generators
by the water chemistry conditions and additive chemicals in the
primary system.
. Results of Project
1. Technology to evaluate the chemistry conditions in the
secondary side crevices of steam generators
To evaluate the periodical trend of the crevice chemistry in steam generators
at domestic NPPs, chemistry data such as normal blowdown data and hideout
return data were collected and analyzed. The periodical trend showed that
crevice environment of domestic NPPs is becoming more stabilized and has
moved to 1 of a molar ratio index with the periodical cycles.
High temperature, high pressure CASS(Crevice chemistry Analysis and
Simulation System) was constructed to simulate the crevice environment in a
steam generator. The verification experiment for the concentration and hideout
of the impurities, the molar ratio control and the corrosion inhibitor were
conducted with sodium hydroxide, ammonium chloride and boric acid. The
sodium concentration factor for an open crevice with a 0.15 mm gap was
estimated as about 5000 with 50 wppm NaOH solution at a super heat of 25.
The design for an on-line monitoring loop was carried out to produce the
fundamental data on the electrochemical potential in a crevice of a steam
generator. Experimental results of the ECP measurement in a static autoclave
- x -
showed a qualitative agreement with the calculated results. Discrepancy in the

absolute magnitude is attributed to errors in the static experiments.
2. Stress corrosion cracking of steam generators by the

water
chemistry
and
additive
chemicals
in
the
secondary system
The tube degradation and sludge composition of domestic nuclear power
plant's steam generators were reviewed to deal with it.
Steam generator tube materials were tested to investigate their lead induced
stress corrosion cracking (PbSCC) in caustic solutions at high temperatures.
The effect of an applied potential on the SCC was tested for meal-annealed
Alloy 600 specimens, since their corrosion potential in the crevice of a steam
generator can be changed when the lead oxide coexists with oxidant chemicals
such as copper oxide in the sludge. The SCC tests were performed by using a
constant extension rate tester(CERT) at different electrochemical potential
levels, and this applied potential changed the susceptibility of the Alloy 600
specimens to PbSCC. When the passive oxide layer was formed, the PbSCC
was suppressed. The immersion test was carried out to compare the PbSCC
resistance for different tube materials by using modified reverse U-bend
(m-RUB) specimens. These tests showed that the Alloy 690 TT and 800 were
more susceptible to PbSCC and that the crack morphology changed from an
intergranular(IGSCC) to a transgranular cracking(TGSCC).
The anodic electrochemical characteristics and SCC behaviors of SG tubing
materials were evaluated in sulfur containing solutions. In Na2SO4 solution, the
critical
current
densities
of
the
polarization
curves
increased
with
concentration. The SCC tests were conducted using m-RUB specimens at 34

0. The SCC resistance of Alloy 600 MA was increased in the following order:
Na2S4O6 < NaHS < Na2SO4 < Na2S2O3. The crack morphology was only IGSCC.
From the XRD analyses, it was confirmed that the sulfur existed as the species
of a reduced form in the test. This reduced sulfur species were seemed to
- xi -
increase the SCC susceptibility of the SG tubing materials.

The SCC inhibitor was developed to suppress the damage due to the SCC of
the SG tubes at sites. The effects of the compounds, TiO2, TyzorLA, CeB6,
were tested for several types of SG tubing materials. The SCC test was
conducted using the m-RUB specimen in a caustic solution at a high
temperature. The addition of CeB6 inhibits efficiently the SCC for all of the
Alloy 600 type specimens, however it causes some harmful effect by increasing
the SCC of the Alloy 800. The test with the addition of the TiO2(P25) compound
showed it's effectiveness in decreasing the SCC for all of the SG tubing
materials.
3. Technology to reduce the formation of sludge on steam

generators
In order to develop steam generator sludge reduction technology, firstly, the
major chemical composition of the sludge in the steam generator was
re-identified to be magnetite. While, the data of the ETA (alternative pH agent
to ammonia) application experiences at NPPs showed a positive effect, causing
almost half of the feedwater iron concentration to decrease and approximately a
5 MWe power increase. While, ETA thermally decomposes easily over the
temperature of 200 into several organic acids which impacts on the solution
pH. The chemical characteristics of magnetite and ETA, including the basic
water chemistry factors, should be deeply considered in the research for a
sludge reduction.
A major cause of steam generator sludge accumulation is the production,
transportation and accumulation of the corrosion product generated by an
erosion-corrosion(or FAC) of piping materials. Therefore, a preferential method
for a sludge reduction is a suppression of the piping material FAC. We
investigated
the
effects of
the
flow
velocity,
orifice
distance,
material
characteristics and pH on the FAC of piping material. An experiment was

carried out under the flow velocity of 4 m/sec or 9 m/sec at ammonia-pH25 of
9.510.0 of a de-oxygenated aqueous solution at 130 in an Erosion-Corrosion
- xii -
Test Loop for 500 hours. The FAC of carbon steel(A106, Gr. B) and low-alloy
steels(1Cr-Mo and 2Cr-1Mo) depended on the flow velocity and the orifice
distance. The pH25 of near 9.5 at which a minimum FAC appeared should be
a pH value for a minimization of the carbon steel FAC, while 2Cr-1Mo was
the best alternative piping material among them.
A dependency of carbon steel FAC on the characteristics of the pH controlling
agent was studied to find an alternative to ETA with a weakness of the
thermal ETA decomposition. The weight loss and soluble iron concentration of
the carbon steel were obtained at the pH130 of 6.78 (corresponding to
ammonia-pH25 9.0) controlled with ammonia, morpholine, ETA, pyrrolidine and
MPA. The FAC appeared to be dependent on the agent being decreased in the
above order, showing that MPA is the best. This tendency was estimated as a
function of their molecular characteristics such as their base strength and
density.
In order to develop a technology for a FAC reduction of the piping material
located at a high temperature region, the Erosion-Corrosion Test Loop was
modified. Some testing data for evaluating an effect of the hydrazine
concentration on the carbon steel FAC was obtained. The doping characteristics
of the platinum compound(H2Pt(OH)6), selected as an inhibitor against FAC, on
carbon steel, stainless steel and alloy 600 TT were investigated. For a better
FAC suppression, a more continuous study in this field will be needed.
Constant Elongation Rate Tests(CERTs) were carried out to investigate the
effects of organic acids on the stress corrosion cracking(SCC) and the corrosion
fatigue behavior of the turbine disc steels at a high temperature deaerated water
in which an organic acid dissolved (pHs: 35). Organic acids significantly
influenced the environmental cracking behavior of the turbine disc steels in a
high temperature water. The SCC susceptibility and the CF crack growth rate
of the turbine disc steels increase as the organic acid concentration in water
increases to a critical saturation value (about pH 3.5). Beyond the saturation
value of the pH, the SCC susceptibility and the CF crack growth rate do not
change remarkably. The increase of the SCC susceptibility in water of a higher
content of organic acid is considered to be due to the higher content of H
- xiii -
enhancing the reduction reactions. Crack tip blunting prevents the SCC and CF
cracks from growing beyond the critical value of an organic acid concentration.
Among these results, the following items would be preferentially able to
contribute to an improvement in the NPP secondary system water chemistry
guidelines:
- Plant water chemistry personnel should carefully consider the pH
dependency of the piping material FAC, suggested from this experimental result,
to control the pH for a better mitigating of the FAC.
- It is recommended that the surface, thickness and material of a piping
system located at a certain plant-specific distance from an orifice be
reconsidered, in order to prevent possible piping ruptures of a piping system
having some orifice device.
- Based on the material result, it is also necessary to alternate the
composition of the secondary piping system material of NPPs, with low-alloy
steels such as 2Cr-1Mo, particularly when some of the old pipe systems have to
be replaced after an accident like a piping rupture, as above.
- For both a suppression of the piping material FAC and an improvement in
the turbine material integrity, it is desirable to alternate the current pH
controlling agent to a certain amine such as MPA.

water chemistry and additive chemicals in the primary
system
The effects of the hydrogen concentration and water chemistry on the
primary water stress corrosion crack growth rate of alloy 600 CRDM nozzle
material were evaluated. The observation of the peak crack growth rate at the
hydrogen concentration of 817 ccSTP/kg-water in both the MOC and EOC
water chemistry confirms that an operation under a higher hydrogen level in the
recommended range of 3550 ccSTP/kg-water is effective in reducing the
PWSCC growth rate. The dependency of the PWSCC initiation time upon the
- xiv -
hydrogen concentration was studied with modified RUB specimens. The crack
initiation behavior of the steam generator tube material was similar in both the
hydrogen concentration of 35 and 50 ccSTP/kg-water and it was concluded that
the effect of the hydrogen concentration upon the crack initiation time was
minor.
An estimate was made of the potential effect of zinc on the performance of
the demineralizer resin bed in a typical pressurized water reactor in connection
with a zinc addition into the reactor coolant system. The mixed bed operating
capacity is rated at about 0.5 mEq/mL based on the Amberlite
IRN150 resins
from the fixed-bed adsorption experiments of an aqueous zinc solution. At this

rate for a zinc concentration of 40 ppb in the reactor coolant, the mixed bed
resins capacity could easily accomodate the normal fuel cycle for 12 months.
CERT tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of a Zn injection on the
PWSCC behavior of Alloy 600 in the simulated corrosion environments of
nuclear power plants. PWSCC resistance of Alloy 600 was considerably
increased by the Zn injection in deaerated water at 360C. The increase was
attributed to the Zn incorporation in the surface oxide layer. The Zn
incorporation in the oxide is considered to improve the passivity of the oxide
structure.
. Proposal for an Application

1. Technology to evaluate the chemistry conditions in the
secondary side crevices of steam generators
The evaluation results for the crevice environment of domestic power plants
with cycles can contribute to the integrity and life extension of the steam
generator. A high pressure and high temperature CASS(Crevice chemistry
Analysis and Simulation System) was designed and constructed to simulate the
crevice chemistry in a real steam generator. The CASS and experimental
- xv -
results can be applied to maintain the system integrity and a good quality of the
water chemistry in the secondary system. The design for an on-line monitoring
loop was carried out to produce the fundamental data on the electrochemical
potential in a crevice of a steam generator. The fundamental data will be applied
to the basic technology of a crevice chemistry monitoring at an on-site model
boiler.

water
chemistry
and
additive
chemicals
in
the
secondary system
The data of the tube degradation and sludge composition of domestic nuclear
power plant's steam generators will be used as basic information in study of
the SG's secondary side SCC. The PbSCC tests under applied electrochemical
potentials in a caustic solution produced the relation between the PbSCC and
corrosion potential. From this relation, It may be possible to evaluate the PbSCC
resistance of SG tube materials through measuring the Pb concentration and the
corrosion potential. The SCC tests reveal that Pb contamination may be an
important factor for the SCC of Alloy 690 TT, and further studies are needed to
confirm that. The SCC results of SG tubing materials were performed under
conditions simulating those plausible in steam generator crevices. It is expected
that the results will be used to aid utilities. The test results on an inhibitor can
be applied to determine the type of the most effective additive to suppress the
IGSCC of SG tubes.
3. Technology to reduce the formation of sludge on steam

generators
The conditions for a suppression of a piping material FAC and the items for
an improvement in a NPP material and the water chemistry guidelines obtained
from these experiments, will be available for reducing the steam generator
- xvi -
sludge.
From a material-compositional and structural point of view, it is necessary to
re-evaluate the pipes which are located at a certain plant-specific distance from
an in-piping orifice-like device. This consideration will be available for drawing
up a project for a series of inspections and evaluations of a whole piping
system and for a comprehensive countermeasure to prevent a piping rupture
accident.
A low-alloy such as 2Cr-1Mo will be a more useful alternative piping
material for a steam generator sludge reduction, when a secondary piping
system material is newly designed for a new NPP construction, particularly
when some of the old pipe systems have to be replaced after an accident like a
piping rupture.
The characteristic pH dependency of the piping material FAC which resulted
from this experiment in the pH range between 8.0 and 10.0 will be an important
item to be re-evaluated by utility water chemistry personnel for a pH control
for an improvement in a NPPs' water chemistry guidelines.
The preliminary results of the effect of the hydrazine concentration on the
piping material FAC and of the doping characteristics of a platinum compound
on the piping material surface could contribute to an improved research planning
in these fields.
A pH controlling agent such as MPA was suggested to replace ETA which is
currently used and thermally decomposable, and it should be considered for an
improvement in a domestic NPPs' water chemistry guidelines and for the
turbine material integrity.
Organic acids significantly influenced the environmental cracking behavior of
the turbine disc steels in high temperature water based on the research results
of this study. The research results can be applied to estimate the corrosion life
of turbine components and to prevent the failures of the turbine materials of
nuclear power plants.
Summing up, these results will contribute to an improvement in the piping
material and water chemistry guidelines in order to reduce the steam generator
sludge.
- xvii -

water chemistry and additive chemicals in the primary
system
The guideline for the optimum hydrogen concentration and water chemistry
condition during a plant operation to reduce the crack growth rate of the Alloy
600 CRDM nozzle and the crack initiation time of a steam generator tube is
proposed for the domestic nuclear power plants from the experimental studies
on the PWSCC in the various hydrogen concentrations and water chemistries.
The estimates for the potential effect of zinc on the performance of the
demineralizer resin bed will be applied to the plan of a zinc addition into the
reactor coolant system at a pressurized water reactor.
The beneficial effect of a Zn injection on the PWSCC behavior of Alloy 600 in
the simulated high temperature water of nuclear power plants was confirmed in
this study. The research results can be applied to the implementation of Zn
injection technologies in the primary water of nuclear power plants for the
suppression of PWSCC of steam generator materials.
- xviii -
CONTENTS
Summary ix
Contents xix
List of Tables xxv
List of Figures xxvii
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Current status of research and development 5
1. Technology to evaluate chemistry conditions in the secondary side
crevices of steam generators 7
2. Stress corrosion cracking of steam generators by the water chemistry and
additive chemicals in the secondary system 12
3. Technology to reduce the formation of sludge on steam generators 15
additive chemicals in the primary system 18
Chapter 3. Contents and results of the project 27

Chapter 4. Achievement of project objectives 319

- xix -

Chapter 5. Plans for application of results 325

Chapter 6. References 331

Appendices 343
- xx -
i
Summary ix
Contents xix
xxi
xxv
xxvii
1 1
2 5
1. 2 7
2. 2 / 12
3. Sludge 15
4. 1 / 18
3 27
1 2 29
1. 29
. 29
. 31
2. 33
. 33
. 33
. 35
. 36
3. 38
- xxi -
. 38
. 38
4. 39
2 2 /
42
1. 42
2. Pb 44
. 44
. CERT 45
. RUB 48
3. 50
. 50
. 51
. 51
. 53
4. 54
. 54
. 54
. 55
. 57
3 Sludge 59
1. 59
2. Sludge ETA 59
3. FAC 60
. FAC 60
. FAC 61
. FAC 62
. 63
. 63
- xxii -
. 64
. pH 65
. pH 68
. pH 68
. FAC pH 70
4. Hydrazine FAC 72
. hydrazine 72
. 74
5. 76
. 76
. SCC 77
. 80
6. 83
4 1 /
86
1. 1 CRDM
86
. 86
. 87
. 89
. 94
2. Zn 95
. 95
. 1 96
. 97
. 98
. 99
3. 99
. 99
. PWSCC 100
- xxiii -
. 101
. 106
4 319
1. 2 321
2. 2 / 322
3. Sludge 322
4. 1 / 324
5 325
1. 2 327
2. 2 / 327
3. Sludge 328
4. 1 / 329
6 331
343
A. Magnetically driven autoclave 345
- xxiv -
Table 3-2-1
Tube degradation of nuclear steam generators in Korea. 107
Table 3-2-2
Steam generator sludge compositions of Kori unit 1. 108
Table 3-2-3
Table 3-2-4
Table 3-2-5
Table 3-2-6
Steam generator sludge compositions of Yonggwang unit 1 111
Table 3-2-7
Table 3-2-8
Table 3-2-9
Table 3-2-10 Steam generator sludge compositions of Ulchin unit 1. 113

Table 3-2-14 Steam generator sludge compositions of Wolsong unit 1. 117
Table 3-2-15 Steam generator sludge compositions of Wolsong unit 2. 118
Table 3-2-16 Material property of Alloy 600 MA for CERT test. 119
Table 3-2-17 Chemical composition of modified reverse U-bend specimen. 119
Table 3-2-18 Mechanical properties of modified reverse U-bend specimen 119
Table 3-2-19 Electrochemical and Stress Corrosion Cracking test conditions
of Sulfur species. 120
Table 3-2-20 Stress Corrosion Cracking of the Alloys in Na2SO4 solutions at
340. 120
Table 3-2-21 Stress Corrosion Cracking of the Alloys in Na2S4O6 solutions at
340. 121
Table 3-2-22 Stress Corrosion Cracking of the Alloys in Na2S2O3 solutions at
340. 121
Table 3-2-23 Stress Corrosion Cracking of the Alloys in NaHS solutions at
340. 122
Table 3-2-24 Quality specification of Degussa P25 TiO2 powder. 122
- xxv -
Table 3-3-1
Chemical Composition of the test specimens. 123
Table 3-3-2 The constant values of WL (Regressed weight loss(/)) = A

x pH + B for linear curve fitting. 123
Table 3-3-3
Molecular characteristics of five pH controlling agents obtained
from HyperChem (Professional Ver.-Rel 6.02) software. 124

Table 3-3-4
Composition of turbine steels. 124
Table 3-3-5
Stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue test conditions

of turbine steels. 125
Table 3-4-1
Chemical composition and tensile properties of alloy 600 CRDM

nozzle material. 126
Table 3-4-2
Chemical composition and tensile properties of alloy 600 LTMA

steam generator tube material. 126
Table 3-4-3
Summary of the CERT results in simulated MOC water

chemistry. 127
Table 3-4-4
Summary of the CERT results in simulated EOC water

chemistry. 128
Table 3-4-5
Nuclear grade Amberlite
Table 3-4-6
Characteristics of Amberlite
Table 3-4-7
Current research status of the Zn injection effects on PWSCC.
ion exchange resins. 129
mixed resin* 129
130
Table 3-4-8
List of primary water reactors applying Zn injection. 131
Table 3-4-9
Composition of Alloy 600 hump specimens in this study. 132
Table 3-4-10 Mechanical properties of Alloy 600 specimens. 132

Table 3-4-11 CERT Results of Alloy 600(B, Shoulder released) in Zn(ZnO)
injected deaerated water at 360. 132
Table 3-4-12 CERT Results of Alloy 600(C, Shoulder released) in Zn(ZnO)
injected deaerated water at 360. 133
Table 3-4-13 CERT Results of Alloy 600(B, Shoulder Fixed) in Zn(Zinc
Borate) injected deaerated water at 360. 133
Table A-1
Physical properties of distilled water under the pressure. 348
Table A-2
Velocity Distribution according to the conditions. 348
- xxvi -

Fig. 2-1-1 CLARINETTE facility flow sheet from J. L. Campan.[2-1-4] 20
Fig. 2-1-2 Heated crevice monitorfrom J. B. Lumsden.[2-1-5]
21
Fig. 2-1-3 Model boiler at Ohi unit 1 from H. Takamatsu.[2-1-6]
22
Fig. 2-3-1 World-wide experience of the flow accelerated corrosion damage

to LWR secondary-side piping [2-3-1]
23
Fig. 2-3-2 A recent pipe rupture accident occurred at the position just after
a flow-meter with an orifice-typed device, reported in 2004
[2-3-3].
24
Fig. 2-3-3 EDF Data of relative FAC rate of carbon steel at 235,
dependent on hydrazine concentration with DO less than 5 /
under 5 or 10 m/sec(from M. Merilo et al.)[2-3-14].
24
Fig. 2-3-4 Observed and predicted relationships of crack growth rate verse
corrosion potential for furnace sensitized type 304 SS[2-3-15].
25
Fig. 3-1-1 Schematic diagram for mass balance in steam generator. 134
Fig. 3-1-2 Molar ratio index profile with cycle at K site. 135
Fig. 3-1-3 Molar ratio index profile with cycle at Y site. 136
Fig. 3-1-4 Molar ratio index profile with cycle at U site. 137
Fig. 3-1-5 Crevice chemistry Analysis and Simulation System. 138
Fig. 3-1-6 Schematic of crevice vessel. 139
Fig. 3-1-7 Concentration model in crevice. 140
Fig. 3-1-8 Thermodynamically-limited transient. 141
Fig. 3-1-9 Location of the thermocouples in crevice. 142
Fig. 3-1-10 Liquid penetration depth with superheat. 143
Fig. 3-1-11 Concentration factor and pH with boiling point elevation of NaOH
solution. 144
Fig. 3-1-12 Electrochemical potential with concentration factor of NaOH
solution. 145
Fig. 3-1-13 Temperature profile with T = 25 and feed water with 40
wppm NaOH. 146
- xxvii -
Fig. 3-1-14 Electrochemical potential profile with T = 25 and feed water

with 40 wppm NaOH. 147
wppm NaOH. 148
with 40 wppm NaOH. 149
Fig. 3-1-17 Soubility of NH4Cl in water. 150
Fig. 3-1-18 pH of 53.5 wppm NH4Cl solution. 151
Fig. 3-1-19 ECP of 53.5 wppm NH4Cl solution. 152
Fig. 3-1-20 pH of 5.35 wppm NH4Cl solution. 153
Fig. 3-1-21 ECP of 5.35 wppm NH4Cl solution. 154
Fig. 3-1-22 Concentration factor and pH with boiling point elevation of 5.35
wppm-NH4Cl solution. 155
Fig. 3-1-23 Temperature profile with T = 25 and feed water with 53.5
wppm NH4Cl. 156
with 53.5 wppm NH4Cl. 157
Fig. 3-1-25 Temperature profile with T = 25 and feed water with 5.3
wppm NH4Cl after NaOH concentration. 158
Fig. 3-1-26 Electrochemical profile with T = 25 and feed water with 5.3
wppm NH4Cl after NaOH concentration. 159
Fig. 3-1-27 Soubility of H3BO3 in water. 160
Fig. 3-1-28 pH of boric acid solution. 161
Fig. 3-1-29 Electrochemical potential of 50 wppm B solution with
temperature. 162
Fig. 3-1-30 Concentration factor and pH with boiling point elevation of boric
acid solution. 163
Fig. 3-1-31 Electrochemical potential of 50 wppm boron solution with
concentration factor. 164
wppm B as H3BO3. 165
Fig. 3-1-33 Electrochemical profile with T = 25 and feed water with 50
- xxviii -

Fig. 3-1-36 Electrochemical potential profile during ECP measurement. 169
Fig. 3-1-37 Temperature profile during ECP measurement. 170
Fig. 3-1-38 Temperature profile with T = 25 and feed water after H3BO3
Concentration. 171
Fig. 3-1-39 Electrochemical profile with T = 25 and feed water after
H3BO3 Concentration. 172
Fig. 3-1-40 Temperature profile with T = 10 and feed water after H3BO3
Concentration. 173
after H3BO3 concentration. 174
wppm B as H3BO3.after NaOH concentration. 175
wppm B as H3BO3 after NaOH concentration. 176
wppm B as H3BO3.after NaOH concentration 177
wppm B as H3BO3 after NaOH concentration. 178
Fig. 3-1-46 Schematic diagram of ECP measurement loop. 179
Fig. 3-1-47 Potential of YSZ electrode to SHE. 179
Fig. 3-1-48 pH of 8% NaOH solution with weight % of B. 180
Fig. 3-1-49 ECP profile of 8% NaOH solution. 181
Fig. 3-1-50 ECP profile of 8% NaOH + 1% B solution. 182
Fig. 3-1-51 ECP profile of 8% NaOH + 2% B solution. 183
Fig. 3-2-1 Removed sludge of steam generator A at Kori unit 1, 2, 3 and 4.
184
Fig. 3-2-2 Removed sludge of steam generator A at Yonggwang unit 1, 2, 3
- xxix -
and 4. 184
Fig. 3-2-3 Removed sludge of steam generator A at Ulchin unit 1, 2, 3 and
4. 185
Fig. 3-2-4 Dimension of the CERT Specimen.(unit : mm) 185
Fig. 3-2-5 Results of CERT tests in the condition of applied potentials. 186
Fig. 3-2-6 continue. 186
Fig. 3-2-7 SEM micrograph of Alloy 600 MA after SSRT in water
containing 1000 ppm Pb at 300, pH 10, strain rate of 2 x 10
-7
-1
sec , potential of -500 mV vs Ag/AgCl. 187

-7
-1

-7
-1

Fig. 3-2-10 SEM micrograph of Alloy 600 MA after CERT test in solution of
pH 10 distilled water containing 1,000 ppm Pb at 300, under
applied potential of -850 mV vs Ag/AgCl. 188
Fig. 3-2-11 SEM micrograph of Alloy 600 MA after SSRT test in solution of
Fig. 3-2-15 Potential effect on %SCC area of Alloy 600MA in Pb containing
environment. 191
- xxx -
Fig. 3-2-16 Potential effect on the SCC of Alloy 600 MA in a pH 10 solution

containing 1,000 ppm Pb at 300. 191
Fig. 3-2-17 Schematic drawing and dimensions of the modified reverse
U-bend (RUB) specimen.(Unit: mm) 192
Fig. 3-2-18 Results of the SCC tests with the RUB specimens in 10% NaOH
solution without any additives at 315. 192
Fig. 3-2-19 Results of the SCC tests with the RUB specimens in 10% NaOH
solution at 315 with (a) 1,000 ppm PbO (b) 1,000 ppm
PbO+SiO2. 193
Fig. 3-2-20 Crack morphology of the steam generator tube materials tested in
10% NaOH solution at 315. 194
Fig. 3-2-21 Crack morphology of the steam generator tube materials tested in
10% NaOH solution containing 1,000 ppm Pb at 315. 195
Fig. 3-2-22 SEM micrographs of SCC tests with RUB specimens in solution
of 10% NaOH, 315 with 1,000 ppm PbO. 196
Fig. 3-2-23 Polarization curves of Alloy 600 MA, Alloy 690 TT, and Alloy
800 MA in deaerated (a) 0.01 M and (b) 0.1 M Na2SO4 solutions
at 300.
197
Fig. 3-2-24 SEM micrographs of Alloy 600 MA in deaerated 0.01 M (a)

Na2SO4 and (b) Na2S2O3 solutions at 340. 198
Fig. 3-2-25 Schematic drawing of specimen with different crevice gaps. 199
Fig. 3-2-26 Particle diameter distribution of TiO2 powder from the LS particle
size analyzer test. 199
Fig. 3-2-27 Results of SCC tests with RUB specimens in condition of 10%
NaOH solution at 315 with (a) TiO2(P25) 1 g/L (b) CeB6 1g/L
(c) TyzorLA 1 g/L (d) TiO2 anatase form 1 g/L. 200
Fig. 3-2-28 Crack morphology of steam generator tube materials tested in a
10% NaOH solution at 315 with TiO2(P25) 1 g/L. 201
Fig. 3-2-29 Specimen surface photograph tested in 10% NaOH, at 315 202
Fig. 3-2-30 Specimen surface photograph tested in 10% NaOH with 1 g/L
TiO2(P25), at 315. 203
Fig. 3-2-31 Specimen surface photograph tested in 10% NaOH with 1 g/L
- xxxi -
CeB6, at 315. 204

Fig. 3-2-32 AES depth profiles of the elements in the film formed on Alloy
600 with addition of CeB6 (a)(c)(d) on the edge of specimen(fig.
3-2-30) tested in 1 % NaOH solution at 150, and (b) on the
surface of mRUB tested in 10% NaOH solution at 315. 205
600 with addition of CeB6 on the middle of specimen(fig. 3-2-30)
tested in 1 % NaOH solution at 150. 206
600 in 1% NaOH solution at 150 (a) without any additives and
(b) with 2 g/L TiO2. 207
Fig. 3-3-1 Estimation of metallic ions in rinse wastes after chemical
cleaning, showing magnetite-rich sludge in a domestic nuclear
power plant(K). 208
Fig. 3-3-2 Chemical composition ratio of hard and soft sludge in a domestic
nuclear power plant(K). 209
Fig. 3-3-3 Power increase after ETA application mainly due to fouling
reduction at domestic and oversea nuclear power plants. 210
Fig. 3-3-4 ron concentration reduction at the local areas of secondary
system due to the amount of ETA at a domestic nuclear power
plant(K). 211
Fig. 3-3-5 The measured concentrations of organic acids generated by ETA
decomposition in some local areas of the secondary system at a
domestic nuclear power plant(K). 212
Fig. 3-3-6 Schematic diagram of an Erosion-Corrosion Test Loop. 213
Fig. 3-3-7 Schematic diagram of the Erosion-Corrosion Test Specimen 214
Fig. 3-3-8 SEM micrographs of the carbon steel(CS) after 500 hours at pH
9.0 under the flow velocity of 4 m/sec(A), and the original
one(B). 215
Fig. 3-3-9 Fe2p XPS spectrum in Fe3O4 formed on the carbon steel(CS) after
500 hours at pH 8.5 and 9.5 under the flow velocity of 4 m/sec.
216
- xxxii -
Fig. 3-3-10 XRD patterns of the carbon steel at pH 8.50(A) and 9.50(B) at
130 under the flow velocity of 4 m/sec. 217
Fig. 3-3-11 Weight loss of the carbon steel after 500 hours at 20.4 from
the orifice, dependent under the flow velocities of 4 and 9 m/sec.
218
Fig. 3-3-12 Weight loss of the specimens of carbon steel(CS) and low-alloy
steels (P11 and P22) at pH 8.0, 9.0, 9.5 and 10.0, dependent on
the materials at 130 after 500 hours, versus the distance of the
orifice. 219
Fig. 3-3-13 Regressed curves of the weight loss of CS, P11 and P22 after
500 hours at pH 9.0 and 130, dependent on the orifice distance.
220
Fig. 3-3-14 Turbulent pipe with separation(complex velocity field with
reverse flow). 221
Fig. 3-3-15 Cr2p XPS spectrum in Cr2O3 formed on the carbon steel and the
low-alloy steels(P11 and P22) after 500 hours at pH 9.75 under
the flow velocity of 4 m/sec. 222
Fig. 3-3-16 X-ray diffraction patterns of the carbon steel(A), P11(B) and
P22(C) after 500 hours at pH 9.75 and 130 under the flow
velocity of 4 m/sec. 223
Fig. 3-3-17 Weight loss of the specimens of CS, P11 and P22 after 500 hours
at 20.4 and 27.2 from the orifice and 130, dependent on the
material. 224
Fig. 3-3-18 Regressed curves of the weight loss of CS, P11 and P22 at 20.4
from the orifice at 130, dependent on the material. 225
Fig. 3-3-19 Weight loss of the specimens of carbon steel(CS) and low-alloy
steels(P11: 1Cr-Mo, P22: 2Cr-1Mo) at 20.4 from the orifice,
dependent on the pH and material at 130 after 500 hours 226
Fig. 3-3-20 Contributions of the individual soluble iron species to the total
magnetite solubility in an aqueous solution, calculated at 130,
dependent on pH. 227
Fig. 3-3-21 Dissolved iron concentration in the aqueous solution of the test
- xxxiii -
loop at pH 810 after 500 hour-testing. 228

Fig. 3-3-22 Weight loss of the specimens of carbon steel and low-alloy steel
at 20.4 from the orifice under the flow velocity of 4 m/sec in
the pH range of 1011 controlled with LiOH at 130 during 500
hours, particularly, dependent on the material composition. 229
at 20.4 from the orifice under the flow velocities of 4 m/sec
and 9 m/sec in the pH range of 1011 controlled with LiOH at
130 during 500 hours, particularly, dependent on pH at 25.
230
the pH range of 1011 controlled with LiOH at 130 during 500
hours, particularly, dependent on pH at 25 and the material.
231
Fig. 3-3-25 Final concentration of the soluble iron species dissolved in the
aqueous solution of the test loop at the pH range of 1011
controlled with LiOH at 130 during 500 hours, particularly.
232
Fig. 3-3-26 The base strengths(Kb) of seven chemical species
thermodynamically calculated with the concentration of 10 ppm.
233
Fig. 3-3-27 Relative volatilities(RV) of ammonia, morpholine, ETA, MPA and
pyrrolidine thermodynamically calculated with the concentration of
10 ppm. 234
Fig. 3-3-28 The distribution coefficients(Kd) of ammonia, morpholine, ETA,
MPA and pyrrolidine thermodynamically calculated with the
concentration of 10 ppm. 235
Fig. 3-3-29 Decomposition rates of morpholine, ETA and MPA at 286,
plotted from the data in Reference[3-3-2]. 236
Fig. 3-3-30 Decomposition rates of morpholine, ETA and MPA in the
temperature range of 140280, plotted from the data in Reference
- xxxiv -
[3-3-2]. 237
Fig. 3-3-31 Decomposition of morpholine proposed in Reference[3-3-2]. 238
Fig. 3-3-32 At-temperature pHs of the pH controlling agents when the pH at
25 is 9.0. 239
Fig. 3-3-33 pHs at 130 of the pH controlling agents when the pH at 25
is 9.0. 240
Fig. 3-3-34 Experimental specific weight loss of the carbon steel specimen at
pH130 of 6.78 controlled with five pH-controlling agents in
de-oxygenated aqueous solution under flow velocity of 4 and 9
m/sec at 130, including the regressively calculated specific
weight loss. 241
Fig. 3-3-35 Final concentration of the soluble iron species dissolved in the
aqueous solution of the test loop at the pH130 of 6.78 controlled
with five pH controlling agents at 130 during 500 hours,
particularly. 242
Fig. 3-3-36 Relative(to an arbitrary and historical fouling rate database) tube
bundle fouling rate of magnetite particles for various water
treatment chemicals. ETA = ethanolamine; Morph = morpholine;
Pyrr = pyrrolidine; MPA = methoxypropylamine; 4AB = 4
aminobutanol; DMA= dimethylamine; Opt. Mix = optimized
mixture of alternative amines(currently proprietary information),
replotted from reference[3-3-3]. 243
Fig. 3-3-37 Schematic diagram of High Temperature Magnetically Driven
Autoclave System used. 244
Fig. 3-3-38 Photograph of Erosion-Corrosion Test Loop, including High
Temperature Autoclave System. 245
Fig. 3-3-39 Photograph of the rotating blade and the specimen bundle in
High Temperature Autoclave System. 246
Fig. 3-3-40 Hydrazine concentration dependency on FAC of carbon steel(A106
Gr. B) after 500 hour tests at 250 in de-oxygenated
solution(DO < 2 ppb) of pH25 9.0 with ammonia. 247
Fig. 3-3-41 Schematic diagram of a doping apparatus. 248
- xxxv -
Fig. 3-3-42 XPS-EDX(x 5000) of a platinum cluster(a white point in the

yellow circle) doped on the surface of each specimen of carbon
steel, stainless steel and alloy 600 TT after 24 hour-water
bathing at 80. 249
Fig. 3-3-43 Schematic showing typical locations and orientations of cracks in
various U. S. low-pressure rotor disks. 250
Fig. 3-3-44 Example of turbine components failures in local plants. 251
Fig. 3-3-45 CERT apparatus for SCC tests. 252
Fig. 3-3-46 Geometry of CERT test specimen. 253
Fig. 3-3-47 Effects of pH(acetic acid) on Stress-strain curves of turbine
steels tested in water at 150. 254
Fig. 3-3-48 Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the failure morphology of turbine
Fig. 3-3-49 Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the morphology of fracture surfaces
of turbine steels tested in water at 150. 256
Fig. 3-3-50 Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the SCC ratio in fracture surfaces
of turbine steels tested in deaerated water at 150. 257
Fig. 3-3-51 Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the elongation of turbine steels
tested in deaerated water at 150. 258
Fig. 3-3-52 Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the reduction in area(%) of turbine
steels tested in deaerated water at 150. 259
Fig. 3-3-53 Cracking morphologies as a function of solution pH in deaerated
water at
150(pH control: acetic acid). 260
Fig. 3-3-54 Reduction in area(%) of turbine steels tested in deaerated water

at 150 as a function of acetic acid concentration(ppm, pH
control: acetic acid). 261
Fig. 3-3-55 Effects of pH(formic acid) on Stress-strain curves of turbine
Fig. 3-3-56 Stress corrosion crack growth behavior of turbine steels tested in
deaerated water at 150(pH control: formic acid, pH 3.41:
intergranular, pH 3.08: transgranular). 263
Fig. 3-3-57 Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the polarization curves of turbine
- xxxvi -

Fig. 3-3-58 Effects of pH(formic acid) on the polarization curves of turbine
Fig. 3-3-59 (a) SCC Initiation from the Corrosion Pits and (b) SCC growth
from the place of fracture of surface oxide(Turbine Steels tested
in deaerated water at 150 , pH=4.13, pH control: acetic acid).
266
Fig. 3-3-60 Effects of pH on the corrosion fatigue crack growth length of
turbine steels in deaerated water at 150. (pH control: acetic
acid) 267
Fig. 3-3-61 Effects of acetic acid on the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate
of turbine steels in deaerated water at 25. (pH control: acetic
acid) 268
Fig. 3-3-62 Effects of pH on the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate of
turbine steels in deaerated water at 150. (pH control: acetic
acid) 269
Fig. 3-3-63 Effects of pH on the fracture surface morphologies of turbine
steels. (corrosion fatigue tested in deaerated water at
150, pH
control: acetic acid) 270

Fig. 3-4-1 Microstructure of alloy 600 CRDM nozzle material. 271
Fig. 3-4-2 Dimension of tensile specimen for constant extension rate test.
271
Fig. 3-4-3 Microstructure of alloy 600LTMA steam generator tube material.
272
Fig. 3-4-4 Changes of hydrogen partial pressure with temperature in
simulated MOC and EOC water chemistry. 273
Fig. 3-4-5 Stress-strain curves from CERT in simulated MOC water
chemistry at 330 with various dissolved hydrogen contents.
274
Fig. 3-4-6 Fractographs and IGSCC area of CERT specimens in simulated
MOC water chemistry. 275
Fig. 3-4-7
Stress-strain curves from CERT in simulated EOC water
- xxxvii -
chemistry at 330 with various dissolved hydrogen contents.

276
Fig. 3-4-8 Fractographs and IGSCC area of CERT specimens in simulated
EOC water chemistry. 277
Fig. 3-4-9 Dependence of crack growth rate on hydrogen contents in
simulated MOC and BOC water chemistry around the operation
temperature. 278
Fig. 3-4-10 Summary plot of CER data, on a scc/kg hydrogen basis[4-3-9].
279
Fig. 3-4-11 Effects of hydrogen concentration and temperature on Ni/NiO
phase stability and peak crack growth rate for PWSCC in Alloy
600[4-3-1]. 280
Fig. 3-4-12 Summary of crack initiation test using modified RUB specimens.
281
Fig. 3-4-13 Morphology of crack in modified RUB specimens after 3,000
hours exposure to simulated primary water with the hydrogen
concentration of 35 ccSTP/kg-water. 282
Fig. 3-4-14 Morphology of crack in modified RUB specimens after 3,000
hours exposure to simulated primary water with the hydrogen
concentration of 50 ccSTP/kg-water. 283
Fig. 3-4-15 Effect of hydrogen concentration on time to PWSCC crack
initiation at 330[3-4-1]. 284
Fig. 3-4-16 Chemical and Volume Control System in PWR. 284
Fig. 3-4-17 Break through curves for different temperature in the adsorption
of Zn on Amberlite IRN150 and IRN217 from aqueous
Zn(CH3CO2)2 solution(Inlet concentration: 1000 ppm Zn, Bed
volume: 19 mL). 285
Fig. 3-4-18 Break through curves for different flow rate in the adsorption of
Zn on Amberlite IRN150 and IRN217 from aqueous Zn(CH3CO2)2
solution(Inlet concentration: 1000 ppm Zn, Bed volume: 19 mL).
285
Fig. 3-4-19 Adsorption rate of Zn on Amberlite IRN150 and IRN217 from
- xxxviii -
aqueous Zn(CH3CO2)2 solution(Initial concentration: 100 ppm Zn,

Solution volume: 1.5 L, Resin amount: 5 g). 286
Fig. 3-4-20 Time to reach break-point vs. coolant zinc concentration. 286
Fig. 3-4-21 CERT apparatus and Loop system for PWSCCtests. 287
Fig. 3-4-22 Geometry of Hump specimen. 288
Fig. 3-4-23 Stress-strain curves of Alloy 600(B, shoulder released) tested in
ZnO injected water at 360C. 289
Fig. 3-4-24 Effect of Zn concentration on the fracture surface morphologies
of Alloy 600(B, shoulder released) tested in ZnO injected water
at 360C(strain rate: 2.5x10
-7
/sec). 290
Fig. 3-4-25 PWSCC area ratio(%) and crack growth rate of Alloy 600(B,
shoulder released) in ZnO injected water at 360C(strain rate:
2.5x10
-7
/sec). 291

of Alloy 600(B, shoulder released) tested in ZnO injected water
at 360C(strain rate: 5x10
-7
/sec). 292
Fig. 3-4-27 PWSCC area ratio(%) and crack growth rate of Alloy 600(B,
shoulder released) in ZnO injected water at 360C(strain rate:
5x10
-7
/sec). 293
Fig. 3-4-28 Stress-strain curves of Alloy 600(C, shoulder released) tested in

ZnO injected water at 360C. 294
of Alloy 600(C, shoulder released) tested in ZnO injected water
at 360C(strain rate: 2.5x10
-7
/sec). 295

of Alloy 600(C, shoulder released) tested in ZnO injected water
at 360C(strain rate: 5x10
-7
/sec). 296
Fig. 3-4-31 Stress-strain curves of Alloy 600(B, shoulder fixed) tested in

Zinc borate injected deaerated water at 360C. 297
of Alloy 600(B, shoulder fixed) tested in Zinc borate injected
water at 360C(strain rate: 2.5x10
- xxxix -
-7
/sec). 298

of Alloy 600(B, shoulder fixed) tested in Zinc borate injected
water at 360C(strain rate: 5x10
-7
/sec). 299
Fig. 3-4-34 Initiation and crack growth in hump specimens during CERT
tests. 300
Fig. 3-4-35 Residual stress distribution after bending to hump type specimen.
(x: longitudinal, y: lateral). 301
Fig. 3-4-36 Longitudinal (x) and lateral (y) stress distribution when the
hump specimen is pulled by 2 mm (7% elongation) in
longitudinal direction. 302
Fig. 3-4-37 Variation of longitudinal (y) and lateral (x) stress when the
hump specimen is pulled by 2 mm(7% elongation) in longitudinal
direction. 303
Fig. 3-4-38 Shape of stress-strain curve in 3 different conditions. 304
Fig. 3-4-39 Fracture surfaces showing different cracking behavior for the
similar shape of stress-strain curve during hump tests. 305
Fig. 3-4-40 Effects of strain rates on the stress-strain curves of Alloy 600
tested in deaerated water at 360C. 306
Fig. 3-4-41 Effects of strain rates on the SCC ratio in fracture surface of
Alloy 600 tested in deaerated water at 360C. 307
Fig. 3-4-42 Effects of cold work on the stress-strain curves of Alloy 600
-7
tested in deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb Zn, strain rate: 5x10
/sec). 308
Fig. 3-4-43 Effects of cold work on the SCC ratio in fracture surface of
Alloy 600 tested in deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb Zn, strain
rate: 5x10
-7
/sec). 309
Fig. 3-4-44 Effects of temperature on the stress-strain curves of Alloy 600

-7
tested in deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb Zn, strain rate: 5x10
/sec). 310
Fig. 3-4-45 Effects of temperature on the SCC ratio in fracture surface of
Alloy 600 tested in deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb Zn, strain
rate: 5x10
-7
/sec). 311
- xl -
Fig. 3-4-46 Effect of zinc injection(ZnO) on the surface oxide structure of

Alloy 600 formed in zinc injected deaerated water at 360C(strain
rate: 5x10
-7
/sec). 312
Fig. 3-4-47 Effect of zinc injection(ZnO) on the surface oxide structure of

Alloy 600 formed in zinc injected deaerated water at 360C(strain
rate: 2.5x10
-7
/sec). 313
Fig. 3-4-48 Magnified microstructure of surface oxide on Alloy 600 tested in

deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb ZnO dissolved, 172 hrs).
314
Fig. 3-4-49 Preperation of TEM specimens by FIB(Focused Ion Beam) and

Observation of oxide layers of Alloy 600 tested in deaerated
water at 360C(50 ppb ZnO dissolved, 172 hrs). 315
Fig. 3-4-50 TEM EDS analysis for Zn implementation in oxide layer of Alloy
600 tested in deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb ZnO dissolved, 172
hrs). 316
Fig. 3-4-51 Zn implementation in oxide of Alloy 600 tested in deaerated
water at 360C(10 ppb Zn dissolved). 317
Fig. 3-4-52 Effects of Zn injection on the thickness of surface oxide of Alloy
600 in water at 360C. 318
Fig. A-1
Schematic diagram of the Magnetically-Driven Autoclave system.

349
Fig. A-2
Calculation lattice. 350
Fig. A-3
Velocity distribution(2500 rpm). 350
Fig. A-4
Pressure distribution(2500 rpm). 351
Fig. A-5
Velocity distribution(1500 rpm). 351
- xli -
- 1 -
- 2 -
1 2
, 1 2
. 1
1998 .

.
1 2 1
Hide-out
2
. ,

.
,
.

,
.

.
,

,
, 1 2
. 1(2002
2004) .
2
2
sludge
1
- 3 -
- 4 -
- 5 -
- 6 -
2
1

.
(crevice chemistry)
.

.
.
(Hideout Return, HOR)
,

.

(concentration factor)
.

(Molar Ratio Index, MRI)
EPRI(Electric Power Research Institute) EPRI
(Molar Ratio
Control, MRC) .
, 2 Na Cl
.
. HOR
, (blow-down)
pH . HOR HOR
(Molar Ratio Index, MRI) MULTEQ
pH . MULTEQ
- 7 -
HOR pH
.
MRI 1
pH .
(Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI) MRI
.
MRI =
[ Na] +[ K]
[ Cl] +[ excess SO 4 ]
(molar equivalent concentration) HOR

. EPRI MRI
[2-1-1].
.
HOR(Hideout Return) ,
,
,
.
(1) Hideout Return
pH SCC/IGA
.
crevice pH 5-9 .
bulk water HOR
. blow-down pH
. HOR .
(Molar Ratio Index, MRI) MULTEQ pH
.
- 8 -
(2) Hideout Return

()
, bulk
boiling
. .
hideout
. Hideout ,

. free span surface
crevice TSP(tube support
Plate), tubesheet, tubesheet
.
Baum Curlee[2-1-2] PWR U-tube SG tube TSP
, . TSP

. -

.
Kozawa[2-1-3] tube tubesheet
. () .
, ,
(steam blanketing)
.
()
Campan Shoemaker [2-1-4] Na hideout
. Na-24 tracer Fig. 2-1-1
CADARACHE CLARINETTE crevice .
2 12 single-tube model boilers
. Na radioactivity . tube support
plate tube sheet hideout flushing
- 9 -
. tube support plate

Na kinetics thermal flux , 1
bulk Na . thermal flux
hideout return . 1 2 53 800 ppm
x hours 12 mole/liter of crevice volume . tube
sheet crevice kinetics Na
bulk water Na .
bulk water Na .
Lumsden[2-1-5]
. tube/TSP
Fig. 2-1-2 superheat, bulk
water chemistry
. free span ECP
. ,
ECP .
(the autoclave, the ring simulating the TSP, and
heated tube) ,
tube ring . isolated
. 40 ppm NaOH hideout .
2
heat flux 40,000 Btu/ft -hr . Na heat flux 24

, hideout rate 0.62 mg/hr
. ECP (methodology) : crevice ECP steam
. "heat flux interruption" .
ECP cartridge heater .
crevice ECP free span ECP . heat flux
apparent" crevice potential .
. tube heater crevice ECP
free span ECP 150 mV . hydrazine 16
free span ECP 60 mV crevice ECP 130 mV
. 12 ppm NaCl ECP NaOH
. 12 ppm NaCl 11 ppm ammonium chloride
ECP free span ECP .
- 10 -
()
Takamatsu [2-1-6] OHI 1 Fig. 2-1-3
, model boiler
ECP crevice pH .
blowdown
.
pH .
OHI-1 autoclave( )

4
. Na K 10 , Cl F 10 Boron 10.
()
. crevice
.
flooding . liquid penetration depth tubesheet

. Simple concentration process model

. Millett
Fenton [2-1-7] .
species
. tubesheet tube
tubesheet crevice
. TSP, tubesheet sludge
.
- 11 -
2 2 /

1. Pb
Ni Alloy 600 .

.

.

Alloy 600 [2-2-1,2].
PbSCC , Staehle
Groman PbSCC
[2-2-35]. PbSCC Alloy 600 MA
Alloy 600 TT Alloy 690 TT , ppm
PbSCC [2-2-5].
Monels, stainless steels, high-strength alloys
PbSCC .

PbSCC . 1 ppm
PbSCC . Staehle
2 silica, phosphate, sulfate, carbonates
,
PbSCC
PbSCC .
KAERI PbSCC
[2-2-7]. pH , ,
PbSCC
- 12 -
pH PbSCC
.

PbSCC
.
Alloy 600 Alloy 690
SCC Alloy 600 .
Alloy 690
PbSCC . J.
M. Sarver[2-2-7] Alloy 690 PbSCC
heat ,
. Pb
PbO Alloy 690
PbSCC highly branched TGSCC PbS
TGSCC [2-2-8].
Alloy 690 TT Alloy 800
PbSCC Alloy 600 [2-2-9].
2.
2-
1981 TMI-1 thiosulfate (S2O3 )

(SCC)
[2-2-10]. 2
, ,
2
(IGA) (IGSCC) [2-2-11]. 10
0 Alloy 600
IGA/IGSCC [2-2-12].
2-
2 sulfate(SO4 )
PWR
SCC [2-2-13]. EDF

- 13 -
DPP [2-2-14].
2-
SO4 .
2 SCC .
SCC
.

.
3.
KAERI
.
caustic SCC
[2-2-15, 16]. D.H. Hur 315 10% NaOH C-ring
+ 150mV 120 TiO2 CeB6
[2-2-16]. active-passive
Titanium , Cr CeB6
,
. CeB6 PbSCC
. TiO2 Ti
(Chemical cleaning) tube
fouling Ti
[2-2-6]. wedged CT TiO2
DCPD .
ZnO, TiO2, CeB6
, TiO2
[2-2-17].
J. B. Lumsden Ti cerium acetate,
C-ring
TiO2 Alloy 600
SCC [2-2-18].
pH SCC
- 14 -
[2-2-19]. Daret[2-2-20]
model boiler TiO2
cerium acetate
Alloy 600 SCC .
TiO2
[2-2-21, 22]. Prairie Island 1 Point Beach 2
, 1993 Prairie Island 1
5 TiO2-SiO2 sol-gel, 2 TiO2, 17 TYZOR Point
Beach 2 TiO2 . TiO2
5 ppb .
Ti ,
. Prairie Island 1 sol-gel
. titanium chelate
. Prairie Island Oconee
TyzorLA , Callaway 1995 San
Onofre 2 & 3 1997 Degussa P25 TiO2
. Ti 3 IGA/SCC
Ti
Ti
.
3 Sludge
1985 Trojan , 1995 PWR
270 BWR 115 (Fig. 2-3-1
)[2-3-1]. 1986 Surry 2
, -
, (wet steam) ,
(single phase) . 1961 1976
98 3 1
[2-3-2]. 2004 (Fig. 2-3-2 )[2-3-3].
- 15 -
(wall thinning) FAC(flow-accelerated corrosion, -

) ,
. FAC
. FAC
,

[2-3-4].
FAC (flow velocity), (steam quality),
(flow path), (geometry), (water chemistry) pH,
[2-3-58]. FAC -
(erosion-corrosion)
. FAC 80
230 . FAC, - , 130
[2-3-2, 2-3-92-3-10]. pH
, FAC pH 9.5 ,
FAC pH [2-3-111].
PWR PHWR 2 . -
sludge
.
.
PHWR 1 (feeder piping) ,
10.210.8 pH . WS 1
wall thinning , Joint AECL/Canadian
Utilities Task Team pH 10.210.4
. , (lithium deuteride)
pH ,
.
.
PWR 2 pH ammonia ,
(relative volatility) .
ETA(ethanolamine) ,
sludge
- 16 -
[2-3-12]. PHWR morpholine .

, morpholine ETA amine MPA(3-methoxypropylamine)
. formic acid, acetic acid
glycolic acid [2-3-13]. pH
. pH
.
2, SCC -
, (hydrazine) 140 ppb
. EdF , 180
FAC , 235
.
(Fig. 2-3-3 )[2-3-14]. FAC
ECP , ECP FAC
.
GE BWR 1 ,
,
[2-3-15]. PWR 2
, sludge FAC .
, ,

, .
. (Stress
Corrosion Cracking, SCC), (Corrosion Fatigue, CF),
. SCC CF (Rotor), (Disk),
(Blade) .
. 1995 EPRI
109 41(38%)
. (Rim Attachment)
SCC CF .

.
2
- 17 -
. 2 (
) .
(TOC: Total Organic Compounds) 100 ppb .
.
pH , ,
.
.
SCC, CF
,
.
4 1 /

600 PWSCC 1

PWSCC
600 PWSCC . 90
PWSCC

. PWSCC

PWSCC
.
(330)
.
BWR PWR
,
1
. PWR
Farly 2
- 18 -
, 35% 1

65% .
1
.

.
EPRI GE BWR Zn
,
BWR
. Zn PWR
BWR .
Zn ,
PWR Zn
. PWR
. Zn PWSCC DB
. Zn PWSCC
. PWR Zn
.
- 19 -
FIg. 2-1-1. CLARINETTE Facility Flow Sheet from J. L. Campan.[2-1-4]
- 20 -
Fig. 2-1-2. Heated crevice monitor from J. B. Lumsden.[2-1-5]
- 21 -
Fig. 2-1-3. Model boiler at Ohi unit 1 from H. Takamatsu.[2-1-6]
- 22 -
Fig. 2-3-1
World-wide experience of the flow accelerated corrosion

damage to LWR secondary-side piping[2-3-1].
- 23 -
Fig. 2-3-2
A recent pipe rupture accident occurred at the position

just after a flow-meter with an orifice-typed device,
reported in 2004[2-3-3].
Fig. 2-3-3
EDF Data of relative FAC rate of carbon steel at 235, dependent

on hydrazine concentration with DO less than 5 / under 5 or 10
m/sec(from M. Merilo et al.)[2-3-14].
- 24 -
Fig. 2-3-4
Observed and predicted relationships of crack growth rate verse

corrosion potential for furnace sensitized type 304 SS[2-3-15].
- 25 -
- 26 -
- 27 -
- 28 -
3
1
2
.
(crevice) sludge Fig. 3-1-1
(hideout) .
(crevice chemistry)
.

.

.

(hideout return).

.

(concentration factor)
.

(molar ratio index) EPRI
EPRI [3-1-1].
1.
.
(1)
2
- 29 -
IGA IGSCC . IGA IGSCC pH pH

.
pH 1 .
(MRI, Molar Ratio Index) pH
1 pH .
[3-1-1].
MRI =
[ Na] + [ K]
[ Cl] + [ excess SO 4 ]
(3-1-1)

.
Fig. 3-1-1 . B
1 .
dA B
=- B A B
dt
(3-1-2)
A B = A Boe
- B t
(3-1-3)
AB = B (g)
t = (hour)
-1
B = B (hour )
ABo = B
. B
dC B
= 10 6 BA B - Q bC B
dt
(3-1-4)
. (3-1-3) AB (3-1-4)
.
10 6 B
CB=
A Bo
M
Qb
-B
M
[e
- B t
-e
-(
Qb
)t
M
+ C Bo e
-(
Qb
)t
M
CB = B (g/kg or ppb)
CBo = B (g/kg or ppb)
M = (kg)
Qb = (kg/hr)
- 30 -
(3-1-5)
(3-1-5)
, R .
R = A Bo [ 1 - e
- B t
(3-1-6)
0%
.
,
.
- ln 1 =
( R t - R o)
A Bo
t
(3-1-7)
(2)
rate constant semi-constant rate constant
.
- .
- (HOR) .
- HOR plot.
- Hot zero power plot .
- (3-1-7) .
- inventory .
- (3-1-7) .
(hot zero power) plot
(3-1-6)
semi constant .
.
IGA/ODSCC
, sludge (Crevice)
[3-1-2].
.

- 31 -
(hideout return).

.

.
(1) K
K K1, K2, K3 K4 4 .
Fig. 3-1-2 . K1 1978 4
. K1
2(SG-A & SG-B) .
0.5 2 .
K2 1983 7 2(SG-A &
SG-B) Westinghouse Model F broached quatrefoil. K2
. K3 2
K4
.
(2) Y
Y Y1, Y2, Y3 Y4 4
Fig. 3-1-3 . Y1 11 Y2 10
Y1 1 Y2
. Y3 Y4
1 .
(3) U
U U1, U2, U3 U4 4
Fig. 3-1-4 . U1
U2 1
. U3 U4
.
- 32 -
2.

,
(superheat)
.
sensor, program
, , gas sparger ,
, , , ,
.
(super heat, T)
.
mechanism model
.
.
.
Fig. 3-1-5 290, 110 bar
3/4
, 4 L/hr .
4 % ,

. Fig. 3-1-6
water-filled Ag/AgCl Platinum bulk
. 40 mm, 0.15
mm .
.
Fig. 3-1-7
.
[3-1-3].
l V
dc
=m i c o-m oc-m s K dc
dt
(3-1-8)
- 33 -
l =
=
V =
c =
co = bulk
mi =
mo =
m s =
Kd =
Baum Fig. 3-1-8 .

.
Baum
[3-1-4]. Baum 265 0.15 mm
Fig. 3-1-9 , Fig. 3-1-10
. .
Fig. 3-1-11 NaOH pH Fig.
3-1-12 NaOH ECP .
265 T = 25 40 wppm NaOH
Fig. 3-1-13 . 0.15 mm, 40 mm
290 . 2 50.85 bar
265 .
, 25. Fig. 3-1-13
. NaOH
.
Fig. 3-1-10 #5 steam blanked
#3 wet and dry [3-1-5 - 3-1-7].
25 #3
276 2 265 11 .
Fig. 3-1-11 5000
NaOH 20 % .
Fig. 3-1-14 265 T = 25 40 wppm NaOH
- 34 -
Bulk ECP ECP Ag/AgCl(water

filled) Platinum SHE(T)
. ECP 2

. ECP #3
. Fig. 3-1-12 NaOH 5000 ECP
-1.0 V .
Ag/AgCl Platinum
.
265 T = 20 40 wppm NaOH
Fig. 3-1-15 . 20 NaOH wet and dry
#4, #3 #2 . NaOH
#4, #3 #2 .
#3 271 6 . Fig. 3-1-11
NaOH 2000 .
20 25 5000
.
265 T = 20 40 wppm NaOH ECP
Fig. 3-1-16 .
ECP -0.8 V
30 -1.15 V . NaOH pH
ECP .
ECP ECP
.
.
NH4Cl
.
NH4Cl . NH4Cl Fig.
3-1-17 . 53.49
1.527. 53.5 wppm NH4Cl pH Fig. 3-1-18, ECP
Fig. 3-1-19 . 5.35 wppm NH4Cl pH Fig.
3-1-20, ECP Fig. 3-1-21 . NH4Cl
HCl . Fig. 3-1-22 5.35 wppm NH4Cl
- 35 -
pH .
265 T = 25 53.5 wppm NH4Cl
Fig. 3-1-23 . 2 , 290
265 50.86 bar
. 25
. #5
#4 wet and dry .
20 mm #3 268.5 3.5
. 48.5 2
.
265 T = 25 53.5 wppm NH4Cl ECP Fig.
3-1-24 . pH ECP
.
NH4Cl NaOH 265 T
= 25 5.35 wppm NH4Cl Fig. 3-1-25
. 40 wppm NaOH 49 5.35 wppm NH4Cl
. NH4Cl 10 #4
1 ~ 2 . 35
. NaOH
265 T = 25 5.35 wppm NH4Cl ECP
Fig. 3-1-26 . NH4Cl 10 ECP
ECP . ECP
NH4Cl
. NaOH 2 NH4Cl
.
.
NaOH
. Fig. 3-1-27
. Fig. 3-1-28
. Fig. 3-1-29 50 wppm Boron()
ECP . Fig. 3-1-30 50 wppm Boron()
pH Fig. 3-1-31 ECP .
- 36 -
265 T = 25 50 wppm B(as H3BO3)

Fig. 3-1-32 . 126 50 wppm B
. .

. 265 T = 25 50
wppm B(as H3BO3) ECP Fig. 3-1-33 ECP
.
265 T = 20 50 wppm B(as H3BO3)
Fig. 3-1-34 . 50 wppm B(as H3BO3)
#3 268.5 wet and dry
.
#3 3.5 Fig. 3-1-30 1000
. ECP Fig. 3-1-35
pH ECP .
ECP .
ECP
. Fig. 3-1-36 25 50 wppm B(as H3BO3)
ECP .
ECP ECP -0.66 V
Fig. 3-3-1 . ECP
. Fig. 3-1-37
ECP
.
Fig. 3-3-38 T = 25 50 wppm B(as H3BO3)
plot .
ECP
Fig. 3-3-39 .
Fig. 3-3-40 151.5 275 T = 10
plot .
. ECP Fig. 3-3-41
NaOH
ECP
- 37 -
NaOH 265 T =
25 50 wppm H3BO3 Fig.
3-1-42 . #2, #3 #4
2 . NaOH
. ECP Fig. 3-1-43
ECP ECP .
NaOH 265 T = 20 50 wppm H3BO3
Fig. 3-1-44 .
#4 2 . 25
NaOH
. ECP Fig. 3-1-45 ECP

.
3.
.
. ECP ,
, , , ,
ECP Fig. 3-1-46 loop
.
Vessel 1000 ml. Ag/AgCl,
Platinum YSZ(Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) Nickel
port .

.
.
Fig. 3-1-47 YSZ Fig. 3-1-48
NaOH 8% NaOH
pH . 8% NaOH pH 10.4
- 38 -
2% pH 9.8. 270 265

pH . pH Nernst ECP
.
ECP loop 1000 ml static autoclave
. Fig. 3-1-49 270 8% NaOH ECP .
Ag/AgCl platinum 60 0.03 V
-1.08 V. -1.082 V .
Ag/AgCl YSZ 270 -1.110 V
-1.125 V -0.015 V .
Fig. 3-1-50 270 8% NaOH + 1% B(as H3BO3) ECP
. Ag/AgCl platinum 60 0.02 V
-0.940 V -1.004 V -0.064 V .
Ag/AgCl YSZ 270 -1.056 V
-1.096 V -0.040 V .
Fig. 3-1-51 270 8% NaOH + 2% B(as H3BO3) ECP
. Ag/AgCl platinum
-0.970 V -0.963 V -0.007 V . Ag/AgCl
YSZ 270 -1.100 V
-1.055 V -0.045 V .
ECP 50 mV .
, autoclave
. loop
.
4.

.
K1 0.5 2
.
broached quatrefoil K2 . K3
2
K4
- 39 -
.
Y1 1 Y2
. Y3 Y4 1
. U1
U2 1 .
U3 U4
.
1
.

, 2 PID
(Graphic User Interface) .
(superheat)
.
290, 110 bar 3/4
, 4 L/hr
. 5%
,
. Thermocouple
water-filled Ag/AgCl Platinum
bulk .
NaOH 40 ppm, 4 L/hr, 40 mm,
0.15 mm, 25 5000 , 20
2000 .

.
.
. 25 NaOH
5.3 wppm NH4Cl
. H3BO3 25
. NaOH H3BO3
- 40 -
.
. ECP ,
, , , ,
ECP .
Ag/AgCl Platinum Nickel
port .
,
. ECP ECP
.
static autoclave 8% NaOH ECP
50 mV . ,
autoclave
. loop
.
- 41 -
2 2 /

1.
1978 4 29 1
1999 12 30 4
20 . 4 ,
6 6 16
, 4 .
(Steam Generator, SG) 1 WH Delta 60,
2, 3, 4 1, 2 WH model F, 3, 4,
5, 6 3, 4, 5, 6 CE system 80, 1, 2
WH model 51B, 1, 2, 3, 4 CANDU. WH
model 51 1 20
1998
WH model 51 WH Delta 60
.
Table 3-2-1 pitting,
1 (Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking, PWSCC), 2
(Outer Diameter Stress Corrosion Cracking, ODSCC), (wear)
, ,
, denting, 2
, 2 ,
, (Tube Support Plate, TSP) , flow
distribution baffle plate , eggcrate , feed water pipe
, tube end , 1 , ,
misplugging . (Tube Sheet, TS) sludge
, , skip roll , row 1 U-bend
, (Anti-vibration structure, AVS)
, flow distribution baffle plate , eggcrate , feed water pipe , free
- 42 -
span .
2
pitting 2 . sludge
blowdown, .

.
Fig. 3-2-1 1, 2, 3 4 A sludge
. 2 sludge
. 11 sludge 466.6 kg(10
) 50.4 kg . 2 3, 4
sludge . Sludge Jet cleaner,
Booy cleaner, CECIL sludge .
Fig. 3-2-2 1, 2, 3, 4 A sludge
. 1 2 9 sludge Booy
cleaner CECIL-4 sludge
. Fig. 3-2-3 1, 2, 3, 4 A
sludge . sludge
. sludge
. Table 3-2-25 1, 2, 3, 4
. 1
CuO
Fe3O4 90% . 1998 8 16
sludge 19 TiO2, PbO2, C
. 3 Na2O, P2O5, V2O5, SO3, Mo3O4 As2O3
. 4 11
Sn, Zr, Cl SO4 ppm . Table 3-2-69
1, 2, 3, 4 . 3 1 lancing
. Table 3-2-1013 1, 2, 3, 4
. Fe3O4 Ni
NiO 1% . 1 9, 10, 11
10 0.42 wt%
. 3 1, 2 4 1 sludge
- 43 -
. Fe3O4
. Table 3-2-14, 15 1 2
. 1 Fe3O4 ZnO
2-
MnO 1 wt% . (SO4 )

SO3 0.05 wt% . 2 ZnO
SiO2 . sludge Fe3O4, CuO,
NiO, .
2
. sludge
. sludge

.
2. Pb
.
(PbSCC)
CERT(Constant elongation rate test)
modified reverse U-bend(mRUB) .
pH
.

.
PbSCC
.
Alloy 600

.
Meal annealed(MA) Thermally treated(TT) High temperature
meal annealed(HTMA) Alloy600
Cr SCC Alloy 690TT
- 44 -
. SCC
RUB(mRUB)
(immersion SCC test) ,
PbSCC .
. CERT
(1)
PbSCC CERT .
CERT Toshin SERT-MINI-2000B
. 2 510
-5
mm/min . Hastelloy
C-276 , PAR 273 potentiostat CERT
. CERT Fig. 3-2-4

.
2
17 mm 3.9 mm .
Toshin Ag/AgCl
(Pressure Balancing type external reference electrode)
.

. (99.999%) 1
. LVDT(Linear Variable
Differential Transformer) PC Labview
.
(Pressure balancing)
.
CERT , Table 3-2-15 .
Alloy 600 MA 3/4 inch(19.05 mm), 1/24 inch(1.058 mm)
960 10 mill annealed .
Alloy 600 MA 3 Fig. 3-2-4
CERT .
1 Mcm NaOH
- 45 -
pH , pH 10 pH 7 .
PbO 1,000 ppm , 300 210
-1
sec (210
-4
-7
mm/min) CERT .
(SEM) SCC .
(2)
Ag/AgCl(0.1N KCl) 100 mV -1100 mV
CERT . Alloy 600 MA
- Fig. 3-2-5 Fig. 3-2-6 .
Fig. 3-2-7 Fig. 3-2-13 pH 10 CERT
SEM , Fig. 3-2-14 pH 7 -750
mV CERT SEM .
(Intergranular Stress Corrosion
Cracking: IGSCC) ductile
. SCC
Fig. 3-2-15 , Alloy 600 MA
Fig. 3-2-16 Alloy 600 MA
PbSCC .
1,000 ppm 300, pH 10
100 mV -500 mV Alloy 600 MA
PbSCC . PbSCC -
-650 mV
PbSCC 41.3% . -900 -950
mV PbSCC PbSCC
. Alloy 600 MA -950
mV %PbSCC 6% SCC
PbSCC .
PbSCC
.
pH 7 CERT Fig. 3-2-14 -500 mV -750
mV . -500 mV pH 10
SCC 5%
PbSCC -750 mV 26% PbSCC
- 46 -
. PbSCC
Alloy 600 MA
. Miglin[3-2-1] Alloy 600 SCC
16% IGA
, IGSCC TG/IGSCC
35% 87%
. SEM IGSCC
TG/IGSCC . Miglin

. Pourbaix diagram
+2
(Hydrogen evolution line) Pb
IGA IGSCC pH 10
Hydrogen evolution line (metallic Lead)
TG/IGSCC . Miglin
lead chromate metallic nickel
.
PbO + Ni = Pb + NiO
G = -6 kcal/mole
2Pb + 5NiO + Cr2O3 = 2PbCrO4 + 5Ni
(3-2-1)
(300) pH 10 (Fig. 3-2-15)

Alloy 600 SHE -1.1 V
Pourbaix diagram (metal lead)
. Alloy 600 TG/IGSCC

.
(3)
1,000 ppm 300 pH 10 Alloy 600 MA
CERT 0.1N KCl Ag/AgCl -500 mV
PbSCC . PbSCC
-520 mV ,
1 40%
PbSCC . Alloy 600 MA PbSCC
PbSCC
- 47 -
. Alloy 600 MA PbSCC

PbSCC .
. RUB
(1)
Alloy 600
MA, TT, HTMA, Alloy 690 TT, Alloy 800 PbSCC
mRUB .
Table 3-2-16, 17 .
reverse U-bend(mRUB) Fig. 3-2-17
. 2 gauge length 25 mm
20%
. 3-Point bending reverse U-bend Alloy
600 Alloy 800 .

. (NaOH) 10%
mRUB Alloy 600 MA
Ni 315
. SCC 3
.
PbO
1,000 ppm , PbO SiO2 1,000 ppm

. 10 20 SCC
. SCC
5% (crack
morphology) .
(2)
PbSCC mRUB
SCC Fig. 3-2-18, 3-2-19
. 1/2 2/2 / .
Fig. 3-2-18 10% NaOH 315
. Alloy 600 (MA, TT, HTMA) 40
, Alloy 800 2 mRUB 30 60 1
- 48 -
SCC . Alloy 690 TT 60

.
1,000 ppm (Fig. 3-2-19) TT Alloy 600
PbSCC Alloy 690 TT Alloy 800
SCC . Alloy 690 TT 10 SCC
SiO2 Alloy 690 TT 20 SCC
. Table 3-2-16 3-2-17 Heat No.
Alloy 690 TT(a), (b) 2

PbSCC . PbO SiO2 1,000 ppm 120
Alloy 600 Alloy 800 PbSCC .
PbO PbO + SiO2 Alloy 600
Alloy 800 SCC . Alloy 600
Alloy 690 PbSCC
. Alloy 690 PbSCC
Alloy 600
. Alloy 690 Alloy 800 PbSCC
. (1,000 ppm, 10% NaOH)
, RUB 20%
SCC
SCC
. Castano-Marin [3-2-2] Alloy 600MA Alloy 690 TT, Alloy
800 C-ring 2% 350
. 10% NaOH 500 SCC
0.1M PbO PbO Alloy 600MA
Alloy 690 TT PbSCC 100% .
PbSCC
PbSCC
.
Fig.
3-2-20, 3-2-21 . Fig. 3-2-20 PbO
10% NaOH 315 Fig. 3-2-21 10% NaOH
- 49 -
1,000 ppm PbO SCC . 10% NaOH

Alloy 600 MA TT, HTMA
(Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking; IGSCC) Alloy 690 TT
IGSCC
(Transgranular
Stress
Corrosion
Cracking; TGSCC) (Fig. 3-2-20). Fig. 3-2-21

PbO Alloy 600 IGSCC
Alloy 800 Alloy 690 TT TGSCC
. 1,000 ppm PbO SEM (Fig.
3-2-22) TGSCC .
(3)
Alloy 600 MA TT, HTMA, Alloy 800
Alloy 690 TT PbSCC mRUB 315, 10% NaOH
PbO 1,000 Alloy 600 Alloy 690 TT
Alloy 800 PbSCC . PbO SiO2 1,000
Alloy 600 Alloy 800 PbSCC Alloy 690TT
PbSCC . Alloy 600
IGSCC , Alloy 690TT Alloy 800
PbO TGSCC . PbSCC
.
3.
.
() 2
[3-2-3]. , ,
2 (IGA)
(IGSCC) . 2 hideout-return
2-
2-
sulfate(SO4 ) SO4 (+6)

.
2-
sulfide (S ) allloy Ni
nickel sulfide (NiS) .
- 50 -
IGA/IGSCC [3-2-4]. 0.01

M 0.1 M Na2SO4(+6), Na2S4O6(+2.5), Na2S2O3(+2) NaHS(-2)
SCC
RUB (Reverse U-bend) .
.
(1)
10 mm x 12 mm 0.01 M 0.1
M Na2SO4 . pH .
Ag/AgCl pt 99.999%
3 . 0.2 V
600
. (scan rate) 0.5 mV/sec .
. RUB SCC
1 mendrel bender
RUB
2 Fig. 3-2-17 .
Alloy 600
. Hastelloy C-276 1
Na2SO4, Na2S2O3, Na2S4O6 NaHS 0.01 M
0.1 M 340 . 20

.
X- .
(2)
Alloy
600, 690 800 , 3/4(19.05 mm), 1/24(1.058
mm) Table 3-2-16, 3-2-17
. Table 3-2-18 .
.
(1)
- 51 -
Fig. 3-2-23 (a) 300 0.01 M Na2SO4 Alloy 600 MA,

Alloy 690 TT, Alloy 800 MA .
Alloy 600 MA, Alloy 690TT, Alloy 800 MA
Alloy 800 MA, Alloy 600 MA, Alloy 690 TT . 1
Alloy 690 TT -0.05 V Alloy 600 MA Alloy
800 MA . Fig. 3-2-23 (b) 300 0.1 M
0.01 M
. Alloy 600 MA . 1
-0.15 V Alloy 600 MA Alloy 800 MA . Na2SO4

-
. 1 2 . Alloy Ni OH
2-
SO4
2-
SO4
[3-2-5].
(2) SCC
Table 3-2-19 340, 0.01 M 0.1 M Na2SO4 RUB
SCC . Alloy 600 MA 0.01 M
2160 IGSCC 0.1 M 1440
IGSCC . Alloy 600 MA 0.01 M 0.1 M
6000 4800 . Table 3-2-20 340, 0.01
M Na2S4O6 SCC
. Alloy 600 MA Alloy 600 TT 240 2 IGSCC
Alloy 800 MA 3120 1, 3600
IGSCC . Alloy 690 TT 6000 SCC
. Table3-2-21 340, 0.01 M 0.1 M Na2S2O3
SCC . Alloy 600 MA 0.01 M
3600 1 , 4500
IGSCC . Table 3-2-22 340, 0.01 M NaHS
SCC . Alloy 600 MA 960
2 IGSCC 2880
SCC . SCC Na2S4O6(+2.5), NaHS(-2), Na2SO4
(+6), Na2S2O3(+2) SCC .
SCC
- 52 -
[3-2-6]. Na2S4O6, Na2S2O3, NaHS

(H2S) wastage
. XRD Ni7S6, Ni3S2,
FeS Ni3S2 .
.
grain boundary IGSCC
. Na2S4O6 Alloy 600 MA, Alloy 600 TT, Alloy 800, Alloy
690 TT SCC . Alloy 600 MA Alloy 600 TT
. Alloy Cr
SCC . Marcus
OH
Ni
-
[3-2-5]. Alloy 600 MA Ni OH

Cr . Ni Alloy 600 MA
Na2SO4,
Na2S4O6, Na2S2O3, NaHS SCC . Ni

-
NiS OH Cr
.
SCC .
SCC
SCC .
.
- Na2SO4
1 .
.
- 0.1 M Na2S4O6 <
NaHS < Na2SO4 < Na2S2O3 SCC .
- 0.01 M Na2S4O6 Alloy 600 MA, Alloy 600 TT >
Alloy 800 MA > Alloy 690 TT SCC .
- 2 .
- 53 -
4.
.
1
2 . Alloy
600 Alloy 690
11.2 mm 1 2
.

.

.

.

mRUB SCC .
.
Table 3-2-16, 17
. modified reverse U-bend
(mRUB) Fig. 3-2-17 . 2
gauge length 25 mm
20% . 3-Point bending reverse
U-bend Alloy 600 Alloy 800
.
. (NaOH) 10%
mRUB Alloy 600
Ni-200 315
. SCC 3
. SCC
- 54 -
TiO2(P25) TyzorLA, anatase form TiO2, CeB6 1

g/L . TiO2(P25) Degussa P25
Table 3-2-23 .
Dupont TyzorLA Dihydroxybis(Ammonium lactato) titanium 50%
50% . 270 TyzorLA
lactate Ti 4873%
(acetate) . Anatase form titanium dioxide JUNSEI chemical.
extra pure 98.5% 0.30.4 m. CERAC
in. CeB6 Ce 68%, Al 0.02%, Fe 0.03%, Ti 0.02%, Ca <0.01%
, Fisher size(APS) 4.03 m . SCC

. SCC
. SCC
5%
(crack morphology) . Rigaku D/Max-IIIB
X-ray Diffractometer(XRD) TiO2
.
Fig. 3-2-25 Alloy 600

.
AES(Auger Electron Spectroscopy) .
AES Fig. 3-2-15 A-A 2.5 mm
'edge' middle'
. 1 gallon
1% NaOH CeB6 2 g/L 150
72 . AES
.
.
LS particle size analyzer TiO2(P25) Fig. 3-2-26
2
. 0.857 m 5015 m /g.

KAERI TiO2,
P25 TiO2 Deggusa . TiO2(P25)
- 55 -
XRD
anatase 82%, rutile 18% .
Fig. 3-2-26 0.07 m 1.05 m peak
anatase rutile TiO2
anatase 0.07 m, rutile 1.05 m
.
10% NaOH 315 SCC
Fig. 3-2-18 . 315 10% NaOH
TiO2(P25) CeB6, TyzorLA, anatase TiO2 Fig. 3-2-27
. Fig. 3-2-18 Alloy 600
40, Alloy 800 30 60 1 .
Alloy 690 TT 60 .
TiO2(P25) Fig. 3-2-27(a) Alloy 600 MA 2 1
50 Alloy 600 TT 60 90
. Alloy 600 HTMA 2 50
. Alloy 800 60 1, 80 1 , Alloy
690 TT 90 . CeB6 Fig.
3-2-27(b) Alloy 600 MA 50 60 1
, Alloy 600 HTMA 1 70
Alloy 600 TT, Alloy 690 TT .
Alloy 800 30 SCC
. TyzorLA Fig. 3-2-27(c) 40
50 , Fig. 3-2-27(d)
anatase form TiO2 Alloy 800 Alloy 600 40
SCC . TiO2(P25) SCC
Fig. 3-2-28
. Fig. 3-2-20
TiO2 Alloy 600 Alloy 800 IGSCC
. Fig. 3-2-29 SCC
RUB .
.
Alloy 600 TT
- 56 -
Alloy 600 TT
. Fig. 3-2-30 TiO2(P25)
.
. TiO2
. CeB6 Fig.
3-2-31 .
, Alloy 800 30
. CeB6 1% NaOH CeB6
2 g/L 72 150
AES Fig. 3-2-32 3-2-33 . 10%
NaOH 50 315 SCC RUB AES
(Fig. 3-2-32(b)). RUB
. AES
Cerium RUB Boron
. AES
. Alloy 600 72
150 1% NaOH TiO2 2 g/L
AES Fig. 3-2-34 .
(Fig. 3-2-34(a)) CeB6 AES
CeB6 Fe
. Ni-Cr Alloy 600 Fe
Alloy 800 CeB6 SCC
Fe . D. H. Hur[2-2-16]
315 10% NaOH C-ring SCC
AES CeB6 Cr
SCC
.
.
Alloy 600 MA, TT, HTMA, Alloy 800
mRUB 315 10% NaOH
. TiO2(P25) TyzorLA, TiO2(anatase
form), CeB6 TiO2(P25) TyzorLA, CeB6 SCC
- 57 -
TiO2(anatase form) . CeB6

Alloy 600 SCC Alloy 800
SCC . Ti TiO2(P25) TyzorLA
SCC TiO2(P25)
. TiO2(P25) Ti-

Ti
.
- 58 -
3 Sludge
1.
sludge ,
sludge pH
ETA . FAC
, , pH pH .
(A106 Grade B) (1Cr-Mo and 2Cr-1Mo) FAC
. ,
FAC , pH ETA
.
2. Sludge ETA
Sludge 2 sludge .
Sludge ,
1/3 Fe Cu, 1/20 Ni, 1% Zn, Cr, Al, Ti,
Sn, (Fig. 3-3-1 ).
hard sludge soft sludge ,
, hard sludge (metallic phase) Cu 56%, magnetite Fe
40%, Ni 2% , soft sludge 24%,
67%, 6% (Fig. 3-3-2 ). Cu-
, sludge magnetite ,
-(FAC) .
sludge magnetite , , ,
FAC .
ammonia ETA pH
. ETA
, ETA FAC fouling
, Fig. 3-3-3 , Y Diablo Caynon
- 59 -
(fouling) 5 MWe . K
ETA , Fig. 3-3-4 , ammonia
, ETA
.
magnetite ,
pH
, pH . ETA 2
acetic
acid, glycolic acid formic acid . pH
. FAC
pH .
sludge magnetite
ETA .
3. FAC
sludge , sludge FAC

, , , -pH pH
, - 130, -
, 4 m/sec 9m/sec, ammonia-pH25 9.510.0 500
, FAC -pH
.
. FAC
FAC
. FAC
(single phase) 2(two phase)
. , FAC
.
FAC (general
corrosion)
- 60 -
(oxide-solution interface) . 300

FAC (Steel) magnetite
[2-3-11].
- 2
:
(reducing potential)
-magnetite .
2
.
- magnetite
.
2 (boundary layer)
. 2 -
2 . -
.
- (oxidizing-reducing potential, ORP)
. (feedwater) ,
. - () (alkaline,
de-oxygenated (reducing)) pH
(, ORP ) .
2+
2 (Fe
Fe(OH) ) . 2
(Fe(OH)2) 150 ,
200 250 magnetite
[3-3-1].
. FAC
(1)
-(Erosion-Corrosion Test Loop) Fig. 3-3-6
. (A106 Grade B) (A336 P11 (1Cr-Mo)
A335 P22 (2Cr-1Mo)) Table 3-3-1 .
1.65 , 0.375 (ring
-typed) Fig. 3-3-7 (specimen bundle)
- 61 -
. (specimen test section)

. , 6
4 m/sec 4 9 m/sec .
pH (DO, dissolved oxygen) pH-
(Omega Co.) DO-Analyzer(TOA Electrics Co.) .
SEM(JEOL JSM-6300 Scanning Microscope), XRD(Rigaku
D/MAX-2000 X-ray Diffractometer) XPS(XPS LAB MIC II, B.G. Scientific
Co.) . 500 ICP-AES(Inductively
Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscope, IRIS-DUO) .
(2)

. 500
, FAC
130 .
, -(oxygen
-hydrazine) - .
DO-Analyzer DO 1 ppb
DO .
pH ammonia, PWR 2
. pH 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.3, 9.43,
9.5, 9.625, 9.75 10.0 .
500 SEM, XPS XRD
, ICP-AES .
. FAC
- pH 9.0 4 m/sec 20.4
500 (CS) SEM (A)
(B) Fig. 3-3-8 . (general corrosion)
.
FAC (groove), (, ripple), (, gully)
(thin pitting form) [2-3-2].
, (A), (B) ,
- 62 -
.
SEM .
130 4 m/sec 20.4 pH 8.5(A) pH 9.5(B)
500 (CS) Fe3O4 Fe2P XPS Fig.
3-3-9 . Fe2P XPS Fe3O4 710.4 eV,
707.0 eV Fe . pH 8.5
(A) pH 9.5(B) magnetite
(Fe) .
Fig. 3-3-10 pH 8.5(A) pH 9.0(B)
XRD . 2 degree 44.5 65.0 Fe
, Fe3O4 , pH 9.0 pH
8.5 .
pH 8.5 magnetite pH 9.5
, pH magnetite FAC
[3-3-1].
.
Fig. 3-3-11 4 m/sec 9 m/sec, 20.4 130
pH 8.010.0 500 .
FAC . 9
m/sec 4 m/sec 30%
.
.
, Fig. 3-3-7
6.8, 13.6, 20.4 27.2 .
Fig. 3-3-12 . pH 8.0, 8.5,
9.0, 9.5 10.0 500 CS, P11 P22
. pH FAC
.
pH 9.0 Fig.
3-3-13 . P22
. , P22
- 63 -
.
, Fig. 3-3-14 ,
(, laminar flow) (,
turbulent flow) . ,
, FAC
.
Fig. 2-3-2 ,
,
.
.
Fig. 3-3-13, . ,
20.4 , 9 4 m/sec 4 m/sec
P11 , 4 m/sec P22 ,
.
Fig. 3-3-15 .
4 m/sec pH 9.75 500 (CS) (P11
P22) Cr2O3 Cr2p XPS .
(binding energy) 576 eV, P11 P22
(steel) .
, (A), P11(B) P22(C) XRD Fig. 3-3-16
, 2 degree 36.0, 43.5 57.5 Fe3O4
, Cr2O3 . , P11 P22 2 degree 33.0
Cr2O3 Fe3O4 , Fe3O4
Cr2O3 .
P11(1Cr-Mo) P22(2Cr-1Mo) ,
, -
FexCryFe2-x-yO4 . ,
Cr ( Mo) VI-B , Fig. 3-3-17 ,
pH FAC
.
FAC ,
-pH :
- 64 -
WL re gressed = A pH + B
(3-3-1)
, WLregressed , A pH
, B . Table 3-3-2
, Fig. 3-3-18 . pH 8.09.5 9.510.0 , A B
, , . A B
FAC pH (index) , FAC
.
, 2
, Fig. 2-3-2
, 2
2Cr-1Mo
.
. pH
(1) Ammonia-pH 25 8.010.0
Fig. 3-3-19, 130 20.4 4 m/sec( 9
m/sec) pH 8.010.0 500 (CS) (P11:
1Cr-Mo, P22: 2Cr-1Mo) pH
.
pH 8.09.5 pH
. , pH 9.510.0 . pH 9.5
.
-
FAC
magnetite(Fe3O4)
.
2+
magnetite , Fe , FeOH ,
-
Fe(OH)2aq, HFeO2 , FeO2
2-
H2FeO3 magnetite
130
. , [3-3-1]
:
Fe3O 4 + 2 H = 2 FeOOH + Fe 2 +
(3-3-2)
- 65 -
Fe3O 4 + H
+ H 2O = 2 FeOO H + FeOH +
(3-3-3)
Fe3O 4 + 2 H2O = 2 FeOOH + Fe (OH ) 2aq
(3-3-4)
Fe3O4 + 2 H2O = 2 FeOOH + HFeO2 + H +
(3-3-5)
Fe3O4 + 2 H2O = 2 FeOOH + FeO22 + 2 H +
(3-3-6)
Fe3O 4 + H 2O = H2 FeO3 + H +
(3-3-7)
Fig. 3-3-20 . pH 8.09.5, 130

(3-3-2), (3-3-3) (3-3-4)
. , pH 9.510.0 (3-3-5), (3-3-6) (3-3-7).
magnetite pH pH
Fig. 3-3-21 ICP-AES
.
, , FAC magnetite
.
FAC pH
.
FAC pH
pH .
(2) -pH 25 10.011.0
(LiOH, lithium hydroxide) pH 10.011.0 , 4
m/s 9 m/s 20.4 500
FAC , Fig. 3-3-22 .
pH 10.2~10.6 ,
pH .
P11 , pH 11.0
48% , pH 10.8 45.2% . pH 10.0
17% pH 37%
. P22 , pH 10.8
54% , pH 10.210.6 2024%
.
LiOH pH 1011
ammonia .
- 66 -
, - FAC , -
FAC .
pH -
FAC .
, pH
. ammonia
pH 810 .
Fig. 3-3-23 Fig. 3-3-24 , FAC pH
10.210.4 .
magnetite pH
. Bohnsack[3-3-1] 300
pH 10 10.210.35
.
Fig. 3-3-23 Fig. 3-3-24 pH 10.0
130 magnetite
.
, pH 500
, Fig. 3-3-25 Fig. 4-27 28
. Fig. 3-3-25 , pH 10.0 308 ppb
, pH 10.2 10.4 247 ppb 242 ppb
pH .
pH 10.4 , pH 11.0
546 ppb . Fig. 3-3-23 Fig. 3-3-24 ,
.
, ammonia , pH
.
FAC

.
, pH 10.0 pH ammonia
LiOH
. pHT pH .
- 67 -
FAC pH .
. pH
pH (base
strength),
(relative
volatility),
(distribution
coefficient) ,
pH ETA . pH
. pH
ammonia,
morpholine,
ETA(ethanolamine),
MPA(3-methoxypropylamine),
pyrrolidine FAC
.
. pH
(1) pH
pH .
pHT , FAC pH .
, FAC pH pHT
pH . pH pH
Fig. 3-3-26 .
S/W Excel Visual Basic .
pKb log Kb , pKb .
Fig. 3-3-26 , ammonia morpholine 150
amine . Ammonia 220
morpholine ,
. amine pyrrolidine
, MPA ETA.
pH amine
. ,
hydrazine LiOH . pKb
pH130 pH25 .
, pH ammonia LiOH ,
pH25 10.0 130 pH pH130
. amine pH
- 68 -
, pHT FAC
pHT .
(2) pH -
pH , 2
pH . pH

pH . pH .
pH FAC . Amine pH
Fig. 3-3-27 Fig. 3-3-28 .
Fig. 3-3-27, amine 10 ppm
amine (RV) , log RV .
Amine
1 log RV 0 . Ammonia ETA
morpholine, MPA pyrrolidine pH ,
130 1 .
1 .
Fig. 3-3-28 -(non-ionized) (Kd)
log Kd .
, pyrrolidine 1
.
1 ,
pH .
pH FAC . pH
.
(3) Amine pH
pH
. pH morpholine
ETA MPA [3-3-2]
Fig. 3-3-29 Fig. 3-3-30 .
Morpholine ETA 1.33.8 MPA 26
, ETA MPA 20 .
- 69 -
Gilbert Lamarre morpholine Fig. 3-3-31

[3-3-2]. Morpholine ETA ethylene glycol
ammonia glycolic acid formic acid acetic acid carbon
dioxide . pH
.
(4) Amine pH
pH , ,
pH .
pH , ammonia morpholine
ETA ETA MPA pyrrolidine
.
pH , pH
MPA > pyrrolidine morpholine > ETA > ammonia
. - , pyrrolidine
.
pH MPA >> ETA >
morpholine .
, amine pH , -
, MPA pH .
. FAC pH
pH ETA pH-
, pH- FAC .
Ammonia, morpholine, ETA, pyrrolidine MPA pH130 6.8 (pH25
-ammonia 9.0 ) - .
pH- FAC ETA- pH-,
FAC pH- .
(1) pH 130 6.78 pH
ammonia, ETA, MPA, morpholine pyrrolidine pH
.
pH , Fig. 3-3-32 , pH25 9.0
pH . pH Fig. 3-3-33
- 70 -
pH130 .
FAC 130. pH
pH 130 pH130
. ammonia FAC , FAC pH25 8.0
9.5 .
pH25 8.0 pH pH
. pH25 9.5
. ammonia
pH25 9.0 , pH130 6.78. pH
pH130 6.78 pH25 , pH pH25
.
pH pH
20.4 500 Fig. 3-3-34 .
500 .
Fig. 3-3-34 , pH
, pH MPA pyrrolidine
. Morpholine ETA
ammonia 4 m/s 25%
9 m/s 15% . MPA pyrrolidine
ammonia 4 m/sec 4448% 9
m/sec 3438% .
.
, pH 500
, Fig. 3-3-35
. Morpholine ETA 440 ppb 420 ppb
. , Fig. 3-3-34 ,
MPA 250 ppb .
(2) pH 130 6.78
130 4 m/sec 9 m/sec pH130 6.78 500
FAC , 130 HyperChem (Professional Ver. - Rel

6.02) software (Table 3-3-3 ) ,
pH .
- 71 -
I9m/se c = 465.5 + 0.55 [
pKb 2
]
d
(3-3-8)
I4m/se c = 438.0 + 0.40 [
pKb 2
]
d
(3-3-9)
FAC(I) pH (Kb) (d)

. pH
(I) .
(3) Amine pH FAC
, ammonia amine pH MPA
pyrrolidine FAC .
- (single-phase)
, pH 2(two-phase)
.
, morpholine ETA ,
FAC pH
. Pyrrolidine
. pH [3-3-3]
fouling (Fig. 3-3-36 ).
pH 2
. , FAC pH
MPA 5 amine pH
.
4. Hydrazine FAC
250 hydrazine FAC
. , FAC

(doping) .
. hydrazine

- 72 -
hydrazine , PWR hydrazine

100140 ppb . EdF, 180
FAC hydrazine , 235
hydrazine 50 ppb FAC
[2-3-14]. hydrazine
.
, hydrazine FAC
, hydrazine FAC
.
(1)
FAC -
- (High
Temperature Magnetically Driven Autoclave System) (Fig. 3-3-37,
Fig. 3-3-38 3 ). 250
,
(magnetically driven system) .

blade , 2 (clearance)
- , - 90
5 (Fig. 3-3-39 ).
(linear velocity)
(computer simulation) , (3.973 MPa) 1500 rpm
2500 rpm 8.64 m/sec 12.95 m/sec [ 3 ].
(Fig. 3-3-39 )
, , .
Fig. 3-3-39 .
.
ammonia pH25 9.0, (DO) < 2 ppb,
hydrazine 0, 50 100 ppb, 250, 68 / .
1500 rpm 500
.
300
.
- 73 -
pH DO , hydrazine
UV . DO (4% in Ar)
bubbling, pH hydrazine .
(2)
Fig. 3-3-39 ammonia pH25 9.0 250 - (DO < 2 ppb)
300 FAC
. Hydrazine 0 ppb, 5020 10020 ppb 6
564.2 /, 647.0 /
536.5 / (Fig. 3-3-40 ).
, hydrazine , 100 ppb , FAC
. O. De Bouvier
(Fig. 2-3-3 ) [2-3-14], ammonia pH25
9.0 - hydrazine 0 ppb150 ppb
FAC hydrazine .
, hydrazine 100 ppb FAC 50
ppb .
.
hydrazine .
(200 )
(3-3-10) .
(3-3-10)
2 N2H 4 2 NH 3 + H2 + N2
hydrazine ammonia pH
, hydrazine hydrazine

. , pH hydrazine
pH hydrazine
ammonia hydrazine - .
.
GE BWR 304 stainless steel(SS)
[2-3-15]. Y. J. Kim ,
(DO) (DH) (H2O2) 304 SS
- 74 -
(ECP) . , H2
ECP, , 304 SS
ECP . 304 SS
[2-3-15]. 304 SS , 304
SS ECP ECP . ECP
magnetite ECP , 304 SS
magnetite
. , 304 SS .
PWR 2 FAC .
ECP, 304 SS ECP , ECP .
magnetite ,
magnetite ECP
. , FAC
, .
(1)
Fig. 3-3-41 .
SS alloy 600 TT 9 x 7 x 1
. 0.5
, 100 ppb (H2Pt(OH)6)
, 80.00.5 24 . 24
SEM-EDX
.
(2)
Fig. 3-3-42 , 5000 XEM-EDX SS alloy
600 TT .
cluster 300
. EDX , cluster , 1 EDX
, 20.69 wt.%, SS 18.27 wt.% 600 TT
24.84 wt.% . Fig. 3-3-42 300 nm
cluster .
,
- 75 -
, FAC .
5.
.
[3-3-43-3-9].
(Stress Corrosion Cracking, SCC), (Corrosion Fatigue, CF),
[3-3-103-3-11]. SCC CF
(rotor), (disk), (blade) . Fig.
3-3-43
[3-3-12]. 1995 EPRI 109
41(38%) [3-3-13].
(Rim Attachment)
SCC CF . Fig. 3-3-44
(Keyway) SCC
.
, ,
.

. . Hinkley
point SCC
[3-3-143-3-15].
.
200 600 .
1000 MW 100
[3-3-16].

. SCC, CF
,

.
- 76 -
2 pH ETA 2
.
[3-3-173-3-19]. 2

.
. SCC
(1)
Fig. 3-3-45
(CERT, constant elongation rate test)
Fig. 3-3-46 (3.5NiCrMoV)
. Table 3-3-4 .
(yield strength: 675 MPa, tensile
strength: 785 MPa, elongation: 16%).
Table 3-3-5 . CERT 150,
-7
(acetic acid, formic acid) pH 3 5 . 1x10

/. pH .
CERT , SEM
- ,
, .
, . pH 3
5 , . 150
-1000 mV 1500 mV 0.25 mV .
(2)
150 pH (-
) Fig. 3-3-47 . pH acetic acid
. pH . pH 3.21
.
pH 3.21 465 MPa, 8%
760 MPa, 17% .
.
Fig. 3-3-48 . pH (pH
- 77 -
3.5)
. pH (pH 4.95)
. pH
(pH 3.21)
.
Fig. 3-3-49 SEM . pH SCC
pH SCC . pH 3.21
SCC . Fig. 3-3-50 pH SCC
. pH 45 SCC 15%
pH 4 SCC pH 3.5
SCC 50% . pH 3.2 SCC .
pH SCC . Fig. 3-3-51
pH . pH 45 15%
. pH 4 pH 3.5
10% . Fig. 3-3-52 pH
. pH 45 40%. pH 3.54
pH 3.5 15% . pH 33.5
pH 3.2 45% .
Fig. 3-3-53 .
pH 3.2
. pH 3.83 pH 4.13
. pH 4.95
.
Fig. 3-3-54 SCC . 0.1
ppm 10 ppm SCC 15% SCC
. 100 ppm SCC 40%, 1000 ppm
SCC 55% .
Fig. 3-3-55 150 formic acid (pH)
(- ). pH formic acid
. Formic acid pH
. pH 2.8
580 MPa, 8% pH 3.58 720 MPa, 16% .
- 78 -
Formic acid pH
. pH . Fig. 3-3-56 pH
3.41 pH 3.08 . pH 3.41
pH 3.08 .
pH
150 Fig. 3-3-57 Fig.
3-3-58 . Fig. 3-3-57 acetic acid
Fig. 3-3-58 formic acid . pH
. Acetic acid (Fig. 3-3-57) pH 3.01
(E) 0 V pH 5.06 100 .
formic acid (Fig. 3-3-58) pH 3.07 pH 4.18
100 . ,
.
.
(3)

.
. (acetic acid) pH 4
pH 4
. pH pH
+
(H )
.
+
(H ) :
(3-3-11)
2 H + + 2 e H2
.
+
(M M +e ).
. pH 4
+
(H ) [3-3-17]. pH 4
. pH 4
+
(H ) .
. Fig. 3-3-59 (a)

- 79 -
. pH
.
Fe 2 + + 2 H2O Fe(OH )2 + 2 H +
(3-3-12)
Fig. 3-3-59 (b)

.
2
.
2 ( ) .
(TOC: Total Organic Compounds) 100 ppb
. .
pH , ,
. (acetate)
100 ppb ,
10 ppm .
90C pH 4.3
[3-3-17].
acetic acid, formic acid, glycolic acid
IGA/SCC acid sulfate Pb
IGA/SCC [3-3-18].
(resins)
[3-3-19].
(, )
.
.
(1)
CT (W = 25
) .
(loop)
. DCPD .
[3-3-21] .
150 .
- 80 -
80 kgf400 kgf 0.2, 0.1 Hz

. (acetic acid) pH .
pH Loop (purging)
. 10 ppb .
16 M .
(2)
pH Fig.
3-3-60 Fig. 3-3-62 . Fig. 3-3-60 150
. (a) pH
. pH 5
. 150(b) pH 5
pH 4 pH 3
.
Fig. 3-3-61
1/2
-4
. pH = 5 K 20 MPam 3x10
1/2
-3
/cycle 40 MPam 2x10
/cycle . pH = 4
1/2
K 20 MPam 4x10
1/2
MPam 2x10
-3
-4
/cycle 40
/cycle . pH = 3
1/2
-4
K 20 MPam 6x10
1/2
-3
/cycle 40 MPam 2.5x10
/cycle .
1/2
K 20 MPam pH = 5 pH = 3 2
1/2
. K 40 MPam pH = 5
pH = 3 .
K pH , K
pH .

.
Fig. 3-3-62 150
1/2
-4
. pH = 5 K 20 MPam 4x10
1/2
-3
/cycle 40 MPam 2x10
/cycle . pH = 4
1/2
K 20 MPam 6x10
3x10
-3
-4
1/2
/cycle 40 MPam
/cycle . pH = 3 K 20
- 81 -
1/2
MPam 2x10
-4
1/2
/cycle 40 MPam 2x10
-3
/cycle
.
1/2
K 20 MPam pH = 5 pH = 4
1.5 . pH = 3 pH = 5
1/2
. K 40 MPam pH = 5
pH = 4 1.5 . pH = 3 pH =
5 . pH = 3

.
150 K pH
, K pH .

.
pH = 4 150 150
50% .
.
Fig. 3-3-63 K . pH = 3
150 .
150
. pH 3, K 20 MPam
7x10
2x10
-3
-4
1/2
/cycle 150
/cycle . 3.5 .
. pH = 3, 150
, pH =
3 . Fig.
3-3-63
.
.
(3)
(150) (pH: 3,4,5) (3.5NiCrMoV)
.
- 82 -
. pH
. pH
. pH
, (H+)
.

.
. ,

.
6.
. sludge , sludge
ETA :
- Sludge magnetite .
- pH ammonia ETA
, FAC
, 5 MWe .
- ETA 200
pH .
- sludge
magnetite ETA .
. sludge -(FAC)
, . Sludge
FAC . (A106, Gr. B) (1Cr-Mo
2Cr-1Mo) FAC pH, , , pH pH
, - 130
pH 8.010.0 4 m/sec( 9 m/sec) 500
:
- .
- pH . pH
- 83 -
, pH 8.09.5 , pH 9.510.0
. FAC pH
. FAC
pH pH
.
- ,
6.827.2 , .
Fig. 3-1-2 ,
,
.
- FAC
. ,
2 ,
Fig. 3-1-2
, 2
2Cr-1Mo
.
- pH ETA , pH-
- . Ammonia, morpholine, ETA,
pyrrolidine MPA pH130 6.78(ammonia-pH25 9.0 )
. FAC
, pH
ETA- pH MPA , - pH-
.
. FAC , -
:
- 250 hydrazine FAC
.
- - , stainless steel
alloy 600 TT .
- , FAC hydrazine
FAC .
- 84 -
. (150) (pH: 3,4,5) (3.5NiCrMoV

) .
- .
pH . pH
. pH
, (H+)

.
-
.
. ,

.
. 2
:
- FAC
pH pH
.
- ,
,
.
- 2 ,

, 2
2Cr-1Mo
.
- sludge FAC
pH ETA MPA amine
.
- 85 -
4 1 /

1. 1 CRDM

.
600 1 (PWSCC;
primary water stress corrosion cracking) ,
CRDM
(control rod drive mechanism) nozzle .
1 boric acid(H3BO3)
, pH lithium
hydroxide(LiOH) . 1

.
15 ccSTP/kg-water
,

2550 cc STP/kg-water [3-4-1].
600 PWSCC 1

PWSCC
600 PWSCC . 90
PWSCC

. 600
1
[3-4-2], PWSCC

- 86 -
PWSCC
. loop static autoclave

.
(330) loop
.
1
. , 1
Li/B Li
pH(300) 6.9 7.4 high pH
, 600 (
CRDM nozzle) PWSCC
[3-4-1] pH Li
.
600
1
. 1) Pd-Ag cell
, 2) CERT(constant extension
rate tester) CRDM nozzle
3) modified-RUB(reverse
u-bend)
.
.
(1)
Pd-25%Ag cell 1
cell
[3-4-3]. 1 autoclave
cell
2.0 ppm Li / 1,200 ppm B (mid of cycle, MOC) 2.0 ppm Li /
500 ppm B (end of cycle, EOC) 2
- 87 -
. 4 (17, 35, 50, 65 ccSTP/kg water)

290330 5
, cell
2
2105 bar . 25
/
Henry's law coefficient [3-4-4]
lithium
hydroxide
boric
acid
TOMIYAMA nuclear grade .

(2) CRDM nozzle
600 PWSCC
1 mm
, mm
CRDM nozzle
.
CRDM nozzle 600 .
Table 3-4-1 Fig. 3-4-1
ASTM No. 35
PWSCC . Fig. 3-4-2
CRDM nozzle gauge
wire cutting gauge SiC #1,200 paper 4
. PWSCC
1 loop
(constant extension rate tester, CERT) . 0.1
/min. (strain rate)
6.67x10
-8
/sec. . 265 ccSTP/kg-water
2.0 ppm Li / 1,200 ppm B (mid of

cycle, MOC) 2.0 ppm Li / 500 ppm B (end of cycle, EOC)
. 330 2105 bar
100 1
. 25
- 88 -
/ Henry's law coefficient [3-4-4]

lithium hydroxide
boric acid TOMIYAMA nuclear grade .
(3)
1 mm
,
PWSCC
7/8 600 LTMA(low temperature mill annealed)
(heat No. NX8688) .
Table 3-4-2 Fig. 3-4-3
PWSCC
. RUB(reverse u-bend) 360
2,000 330
.

modified RUB
[3-4-3].
9%, 15%, 20% 3 2.0 ppm Li / 1,200
ppm B loop autoclave
330 / 2,200 psig 2,0003,000
20 stereo scope .
.
(1)
17, 35, 50, 65 ccSTP/kg-water 4 (2.0 ppm
Li / 1,200 ppmB) (2.0 ppm Li / 500 ppm B) 2
. Fig. 3-4-4

Henry's law
. [3-4-4] 50
ccSTP/kg water
- 89 -
. , 290
330
330 50%
. [3-4-5]

70% .
Li/B
.
374 0
0 ( )
. Fig. 3-4-4 boron 2

Li/B . [3-4-6]
Henry's law

.
210 bar ,
.
(2) CRDM nozzle
600 CRDM nozzle PWSCC

(2 ppm Li / 1200 ppm B)
(2 ppm Li / 500 ppm B) 1
330 CERT . Fig. 3-4-5
2, 8, 17, 35, 50, 65 cc STP/kg water 6
- .
( ) -

. 65 cc
17 cc
.
- 90 -
Fig. 3-4-6 6
PWSCC .
PWSCC
, , ,
Table 3-4-3 .
( 2)
.
PWSCC ( )
. 65 cc
8 cc 2 cc .
17 cc
.
Fig. 3-4-7 17, 35, 50, 65 ccSTP/kg water
4 -
( )
.
65 cc 17 cc
(Fig. 3-4-5)
. Fig.
3-4-8 4 PWSCC
,
, Table
3-4-4 .
Table 3-4-3 Table 3-4-4
Fig.
3-4-9 325 600 CRDM EdF
[3-4-7, 3-4-8] .
(2550 ccSTP/kg-water)
.

1
- 91 -
. Fig. 3-4-9
10 ccSTP/kg-water
Fig. 3-4-10 Rockheed Martin [3-4-9]
330 Ni/NiO
. Ni/NiO

. Ni/NiO
1
Ni/NiO
. EPRI primary water
chemistry guideline (rev.5, 2003) [3-4-1]

, Fig. 3-4-11
Ni/NiO ( )
. ,

Ni/NiO
.
. 330

817 ccSTP/ kg-water
Ni/NiO
2550 ccSTP/kg-water

.
1/2 .
cc
Ni/NiO 1

.
- 92 -
(3.5 ppm Li / 1,800 ppm B)

.
(3)
600 PWSCC
330 .
1
,
[3-4-3] heat No. NX8688
15% 9%, 15%, 20% 3
modified RUB 18,000 heat No.
302019 9% 20% modified RUB 16,000
. 330/3,000 psig, 2 ppm Li/1200 ppm B 1
35 ccSTP/kg water
. Fig. 3-4-12
NX8688 9% 6,00018,000, 15%
5,000, 20% 2,000 . 302019
20% 10,00016,000 5
9% 16,000 1
NX8688
.
, NX8688 9% 302019
20% 1
5,000
15% NX8688
.
330/2,200 psig, 2 ppm Li/1200 ppm B 1
35 50 ccSTP/kg-water 2
5 modified RUB
.
3,000 , 5,000
3,000 .
Fig. 3-4-13 35 ccSTP/kg-water 3,000
- 93 -
5

. 3,000
Fig. 3-4-12
.
( 3,000 psig, 2,200 psig)
. Fig. 3-4-14 50 ccSTP/kg-water
3,000 5
Fig. 3-4-13 35 ccSTP/kg-water

. 35 50 ccSTP/kg-water
.
[3-4-1] 3-4-15 600

.
1

.

1,000
.
.
- 1
1 .

.
.
- 330 1 CERT 600 CRDM
PWSCC .
817 ccSTP/
kg-water Ni/NiO
- 94 -

2550 ccSTP/ kg-water
.
1/2
.
- 330 1
modified RUB . 35 50
ccSTP/kg-water

.
2. Zn
.
1

[3-4-103-4-12]. 1
[3-4-13
3-4-14].
PWR
Farly 2 10 10.9 kg
.
35% 1
65% 7.1 kg
.

2 g [3-4-153-4-16].
1
.
1
.
- 95 -
.

, .
. 1
(CVCS)

(mixed bed) pH
(Cs) (cation bed) (Fig.
3-4-16).

CRUD,
(Li) (B)
-Li
-BO3 .
(mixed bed)
, CRUD
7
2 Li OH
7
Li /OH H /OH
.
7
Li OH pH
.
.
DF<10 .
1 CVCS

. Table 3-4-5
Amberlite
IRN .
1 (CVCS)

. 1
900L, 100500
- 96 -
L/min 1.89 min .

60 .
.
(1)
Amberlite
IRN217(Li /OH )
IRN150(H /OH )
styrene-
divinylbenzene . Table
3-4-6 . 18 M/cm
.
acetate ( Aldrich zinc
acetate dihydrate, Zn(OOCCH3)22H2O) 1,000 ppm
.
(2)

.

.

11 mm (Ace Glass
chromatographic column) 19 mL .
1,000 ppm .
1.8 min 515
mL/min, 60 .
Ace Glass 2L .
1060
. 1.5 L zinc acetate (100 ppm) 5
g( 50-60% )
.
.
- 97 -
Omega CDCN-90A .
(3)
1.8 min
10.5 mL/min 60C
. Fig. 3-4-17 IRN150 IRN217 (2560)
. IRN217
IRN150 . IRN217

.
IRN217 .
+
H Li
.
Fig. 3-4-18 25C .
.
.
1.8 min 10.5 mL/min IRN150
0.5 mEq/mL .
100 ppm 1.5 L
5 g
( ) Fig. 3-4-19
. IRN150
IRN217 .
.
.

.
.

. .
0.30.7 mEq/mL
,
- 98 -
Fig. 3-4-20 .
850 L,
510
L/min .
40 ppb 0.5 mEq/mL
(12) .
.
BWR
. PWR
.
.
1
. 1
.

.
. 1,000 ppm
1.8 min IRN150
0.5 mEq/mL .
IRN150 IRN217 ,
.
.

40 ppb 0.5 mEq/mL
(12) .
3.
.
BWR .
. 1982 EPRI GE
BWR Zn
- 99 -
[3-4-173-4-22]. , Zn
BWR . Zn PWR
BWR [3-4-23
3-4-24]. PWR
Alloy 600
[3-4-253-4-30].
Table 3-4-7 .
PWSCC
[3-4-31].
Zn , PWR . Table 3-4-8
PWR Zn Zn
[3-4-233-4-24]. PWR
.
Zn
. Zn PWSCC
DB . Zn PWSCC
. PWR Zn

.
PWSCC Zn .
Zn PWSCC / Alloy 600
PWSCC .
. PWSCC
(1)
Alloy 600 PWSCC
CERT
. 3.6 ppm Zinc borate(2ZnO3H2O35H2O) 3.4
ppm Zinc Oxide(ZnO) 050 ppb
. 10 ppb
1.25x10
-7
-7
/sec5x10
/sec .
Fig. 3-4-21
- 100 -
CERT(constant elongation rate test) . Alloy 600 hump

(Fig. 3-4-22) .
Table 3-4-9, Table 3-4-10 . (B, C)
Alloy 600 .
2 . 1) 1 mm
(SF: Shoulder Fixed), 2)
(SR: Shoulder Released) 2
.
. ;
(1) PWSCC Zn
(1.SF: Shoulder Fixed, 2.SR: Shoulder Released) (B,
C) Alloy 600 Zn (ZnO Zinc Borate) 360
Table 3-4-1113 . Zn Alloy 600
PWSCC .
Table 3-4-11 SR(Shoulder Released) B ZnO
CERT .
. , . Fig. 3-4-23
- . PWSCC
-7
. 2.5x10
/sec ZnO
0, 10, 50 ppb PWSCC 90, 81, 70%.

2.66x10
5x10
-7
-9
m/sec, 1.85x10
-9
m/sec, 1.12x10
-9
m/sec.
/sec ZnO 0, 10, 50 ppb PWSCC 86, 67,
40%. 4.72x10
x10
-9
-9
m/sec, 2.76 x10
-9
m/sec, 1.67
m/sec. Fig. 3-4-2427 Zn
.
Table 3-4-12 SR C ZnO CERT
. B
.
. , . Fig. 3-4-28
- . PWSCC
.
- 101 -
2.5x10
-7
/sec ZnO 0, 10, 50 ppb PWSCC 89, 79,
74%. 3.19x10
x10
-9
-7
m/sec. 5x10
-9
m/sec, 2.47x10
-9
m/sec, 2.68
/sec ZnO 0, 10, 50 ppb

-9
PWSCC 86, 67, 40%. 4.09x10

-9
m/sec, 3.35 x10
-9
m/sec, 1.57 x10
m/sec. Fig. 3-4-2930
.
Table 3-4-13 SF(Shoulder Fixed) B Zinc Borate
CERT . Fig. 3-4-31 - .
PWSCC .
. SF Zn , ,
. 2.5x10
-7
/sec Zinc Borate 0, 10 ppb
PWSCC 85, 69%.

2.19x10
-9
m/sec, 1.92x10
-9
m/sec. 5x10
-7
/sec Zinc
Borate 0, 10 ppb PWSCC 62, 43%.

2.65x10
-9
-9
m/sec, 1.19x10
m/sec. Fig. 3-4-32 Fig. 3-4-33
.
(2) Hump PWSCC
Hump (Interrupt
tests) . CERT
Fig. 3-4-34 . 3
.
1. : 1
mm(5%) Fig. 3-4-34 a
. .
2. : 1.75 mm(8.5%)
.
( )
(Fig. 3-4-34 b).
3. : .

. .
.
- 102 -

. Fig. 3-4-35
ANSYS . Fig. 3-4-35 a) (y)
b) (x) . y x
, .
Fig. 3-4-35 Fig.

3-4-36 .
.
.
Fig. 3-4-37 2 mm(7% )

. a) . b) y
c) x . y x path 1 path 2
path 3 path 4 .
Fig. 3-4-36 .
(x )
Fig. 3-4-37 b) c) . (y
) path 1 path 4 .
x
. x Fig. 3-4-37 c) .
x path 1 path 4
.
(z ) (6.25
mm) (1.26 mm)

.
3 . 3
.

3 .
,
.
. SCC
, , - . Fig. 3-4-38 Alloy 600
- 103 -
-6
3 (1. 360C, 1x10
/s, 2. 330C, 2.5X10-7 /s, 3. 330C,
-7
5X10 /s) CERT - . Fig. 3-4-37
- SCC
. SCC , , -
.
PWSCC (Zn , , ,
) .
(3) PWSCC (, , )
, Alloy 600 PWSCC
. Fig. 3-4-40, Fig. 3-4-41 360C Alloy 600
CERT . Fig. 3-4-40
- .
. Fig. 3-4-41 .
SCC . PWSCC 1x10
-7
-6
/s
-7
55%, 5X10 /s 79%, 2.5x10 /s 84% .

PWSCC .
Fig. 3-4-42 360C Alloy 600 CERT
. .
SF(Shoulder Fixed)
SR(Shoulder Released) CERT . SR SF

. Fig. 3-4-43 PWSCC
. SF SR PWSCC .
SF PWSCC .
.
Fig. 3-4-44, Fig. 3-4-45 PWSCC Alloy 600

-7
5x10 /s 360C 330C CERT .
360C 330C . SCC

330C 1.6% 360C 72% . PWSCC
.
(4)
-7
Fig. 3-4-46 Zn 360C CERT (: 5x10
- 104 -
/s)
. 2000 Zn
. 10000, 20000
Zn . Zn
. 10 ppb
Zn Zn
. 50 ppb Zn
-7
. 2.5x10 /s
Zn . Fig. 3-4-47
Zn Zn
. Fig. 3-4-48 50
ppb Zn (SEM)
.
.
Fig. 3-4-49 Zn 50 ppb 360C 172 Alloy 600

Pt , FIB(Focused Ion Beam) TEM
. a) SEM , b)
FIB SEM . c)
SEM . d) TEM
SEM . 100~200 nm
2 .
.
Fig. 3-4-50 Fig. 3-4-49 TEM .

. a) 200 nm . b)
EDX . Zn .
Zn . Fig. 3-4-51 a) 10 ppb Zn
360C Alloy600 SEM ,
b) EDX . Zn . c)
AES Zn . 2% Zn
.
Fig. 3-4-52 Zn . a) 360C

, b) 360C , c) 10 ppb Zn 360C
AES . Zn
- 105 -
, Zn .
Alloy 600
. Alloy 600
.
.
2 .
(ferrite), (nichromate) .
-
.

.
.
1 (360C, ) (ZnO, Zinc Borate)
Alloy600 PWSCC PWSCC .

360C Zn 50 ppb Zn PWSCC
50% . PWSCC
.
.
- 106 -
Table 3-2-1 Tube degradation of nuclear steam generators in Korea.
Degradation Mechanism
Comm
Ops
SG
Model
SG Tube
Materials
Pitting
PWSCC
ODSCC
Kori 1(Retired)
78.4.29
W-51
I-600MA
X(1)
X(2,3,4)
X(1)
Kori 1(Replaced)
78.4.29
W-D60
I-690TT
X(5)
Kori 2
83.7.25
W-F
I-600TT
X(1)
X(2,4)
X(2)
X(5)
X(2)
X(2)
X(5)
X(5)
Plant Name
Fretting
Others
X
Kori 3
85.9.30
W-F
I-600TT
Kori 4
86.4.29
W-F
I-600TT
Yonggwang 1
86.8.25
W-F
I-600TT
X(2)
X(5)
Yonggwang 2
87.6.10
W-F
I-600TT
X(2)
X(5)
Yonggwang 3
95.3.31
CE-80
I-600HTMA
X(2)
X(2)
X(6)
Yonggwang 4
96.1.1
CE-80
I-600HTMA
X(2)
X(2)
X(6)
Yonggwang 5
02.5.21
CE-80
I-600HTMA
X(2)
X(6)
Yonggwang 6
02.12.24
CE-80
I-600HTMA
X(2)
X(6)
Ulchin 1
88.9.10
W-51B
I-600TT
X(2,3)
Ulchin 2
89.9.30
W-51B
I-600TT
X(2,3)
Ulchin 3
98.8.11
CE-80
I-600HTMA
X(2)
X(2)
X(6)
Ulchin 4
99.12.30
CE-80
I-600HTMA
X(2,7)
X(2)
X(6)
Wolsong 1
83.4.22
CANDU
I-800
X
X
Wolsong 2
97.7.1
CANDU
I-800
Wolsong 3
98.7.1
CANDU
I-800
Wolsong 4
99.10.1
CANDU
I-800
(1) Sludge pile

(2) Top of tubesheet(expansion)
(3) Inner tubesheet
(4) Inner row U-bend
(5) Anti-vibration bar
(6) Batwing/vertical strip
(7) Upper tubesheet(Free Span)
- 107 -
Remarks
Table 3-2-2 Steam generator sludge compositions of Kori unit 1 (wt %).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Fe3O4
13.40
35.66
11.94
16.73
20.08
29.59
33.38
37.77
67.24
62.40
76.70
90.80
91.81
81.61
79.18
92.63
87.84
96.95
CuO
85.96
60.76
79.87
74.86
66.48
59.14
65.83
54.85
23.66
28.92
18.4
6.43
5.28
3.45
15.30
0.16
2.81
0.02
ZnO
1.25
0.535
0.485
0.99
0.77
1.32
1.325
0.76
0.37
0.32
Tr
0.375
0.155
0.24
0.07
NiO
0.185
Tr
5.62
4.85
12.37
9.96
5.01
4.395
6.43
4.92
3.37
1.53
1.37
1.09
1.33
0.69
1.10
1.35
Cr2O3
0.205
0.29
N/D
0.095
0.085
0.125
0.06
0.335
0.53
0.25
0.175
0.225
0.325
0.29
0.19
0.83
0.14
SiO2
0.545
0.395
0.14
Tr
0.06
0.07
0.075
Tr
0.225
0.71
0.10
0.095
Tr
3.375
1.58
0.99
1.90
0.16
Al2O3 MgO
0.395 Tr
0.72 0.515
0.03
N/D
Tr 0.01
0.17 0.01
0.20 0.06
Tr 0.03
0.17 Tr
0.335 0.125
Tr 0.04
0.035 0.025
0.115 0.03
Tr 0.025
0.125 0.03
0.14 0.03
0.42 0.03
<0.02 <0.01
CaO
Tr
Tr
0.01
N/D
0.01
N/D
0.06
0.02
Tr
Tr
0.02
Tr
0.10
0.065
0.045
0.07
0.05
<0.01
MnO TiO2 PbO2 C

0.43
0.30
0.465
0.375
0.285
0.41
0.47
0.49
0.36
0.34
0.45
0.45
0.48
0.62
0.260 0.06 <0.01 0.18
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Fe3O4
92.93
96.94
91.42
95.93
96.18
97.50
97.42
98.25
97.81
98.08
97.38
97.16
97.49
96.73
98.74
97.86
97.31
CuO
1.14
0.21
1.25
0.10
0.015
0.03
Tr
0.03
0.015
0.06
0.42
0.06
0.06
0.09
0.20
0.08
0.08
ZnO
0.39
0.19
0.16
0.15
0.065
0.075
0.065
0.07
0.06
0.085
Tr
0.075
0.06
0.10
0.07
0.04
0.06
NiO
3.65
1.46
1.92
1.17
1.095
1.325
1.385
1.44
0.88
0.905
0.85
0.80
0.84
0.79
0.7
0.59
0.64
Cr2O3 SiO2 Al2O3 MgO

0.93 0.06 Tr 0.03
0.39 0.19 Tr 0.02
0.37 0.15 0.07 0.03
0.27 Tr 0.03 0.03
0.32 Tr
Tr 0.02
0.315 0.14 0.06 0.02
0.16 0.255 Tr 0.01
0.11 0.05 0.06 0.03
0.21 0.26 0.035 0.01
0.22 0.045 0.035 0.02
0.23 0.23 Tr 0.01
0.29 0.265 0.21 0.02
0.25 0.28 0.08 0.01
0.27 0.67 0.07 0.03
0.50 0.27 0.21 0.03
0.19 <0.10 0.03 <0.01
0.38 0.22 0.05 0.02
- 108 -
CaO
N/D
Tr
Tr
0.10
0.03
0.01
Tr
0.025
0.02
0.03
Tr
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.03
0.03
MnO TiO2 PbO2 C

0.84
0.59
0.52
0.32
0.28
0.335
0.29
0.28
0.25
0.31
0.31
0.35
0.38
0.43
0.60
0.26 0.17 0.01 0.22
0.34 0.18 0.12
-
1
SiO2 0.09
Al2O3 0.46
Na2O 0.09
CaO 0.01
Cr2O3 0.71
CuO 2.38
MgO 0.03
MnO 0.98
Fe3O4 85.3
NiO 7.14
ZnO 0.41
P2O5
SO3
V2O5
Mo3O4
TiO2
PbO2
As2O3
C
2
Tr
0.27
0.41
0.02
0.53
0.51
0.02
0.80
90.66
4.79
0.28
3
0.13
Tr
0.02
0.01
0.21
0.02
0.02
0.42
94.77
1.72
0.20
4
1.62
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.07
0.05
Tr
0.28
96.29
1.29
0.10
5
0.12
Tr
0.06
Tr
0.08
0.05
Tr
Tr
98.64
0.74
0.07
6
0.21
0.12
0.05
0.01
3.08
0.42
0.02
0.65
85.60
1.90
0.09
7
0.25
0.15
0.06
0.02
2.24
0.50
0.03
0.60
94.6
1.50
0.10
8
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.12
0.16
0.04
0.02
0.21
96.32
0.15
0.24
10
2.47
0.43
0.09
0.35
1.11
0.23
0.07
0.83
92.60
1.06
0.13
0.05
0.07
Tr
0.04
0.29
11
0.27
0.19
0.02
0.05
0.46
0.10
0.04
1.14
95.74
1.02
0.18
Tr
0.08
0.02
0.04
0.16
0.05
Tr
0.18 0.21
- 109 -
12
1
SiO2
Al2O3
Na2O
CaO
Cr2O3
CuO
MgO
MnO
Fe3O4
NiO
ZnO
P2O5
SO3
V2O5
Mo3O4
TiO2
PbO2
As2O3
C
Sn
Zr
Cl
SO4
2
0.15
N/D
0.08
N/D
0.51
0.37
N/D
0.24
98.07
3.58
0.20
4
0.08
0.09
Tr
0.03
0.13
0.02
0.02
0.20
96.33
0.91
0.09
5
0.57
Tr
Tr
Tr
0.13
0.03
Tr
0.31
97.72
0.63
0.08
6
0.15
0.05
0.01
N/D
1.56
0.06
N/D
0.32
91.8
0.05
0.04
7
0.08
0.12
Tr
N/D
0.20
0.02
N/D
0.57
97.2
0.92
0.12
8
0.41
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.22
0.01
0.01
0.17
97.94
0.65
0.08
9
0.20
0.27
0.07
0.02
0.17
0.02
0.01
0.19
97.97
0.64
0.08
0.08
Tr
Tr
0.02
0.03
Tr
-
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
10
2.53
0.32
0.06
0.08
0.60
0.54
0.04
1.25
91.94
1.57
0.17
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.36
0.03
0.03
Tr
0.38
11
0.47
0.30
0.94
0.05
0.79
0.12
0.03
1.47
92.06
1.58
0.17
Tr
12
0.07
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.13
0.01
0.01
0.11
96.32
0.56
0.06
Tr
0.027 Tr
0.35 0.04
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
284 0.003
2 0.0002
10 0.0007
- 110 -
Table 3-2-6 Steam generator sludge compositions of Yonggwang unit 1 (wt %).
1
SiO2
Al2O3
Na2O
CaO
Cr2O3
CuO
MgO
MnO
Fe3O4
NiO
ZnO
P2O5
SO3
V2O5
Mo3O4
TiO2
PbO2
As2O3
C
0.18 0.07
0.29 0.16
0.03 0.02
90.24 96.43
5.19 2.16
3
0.10
0.03
0.03
Tr
0.12
0.04
Tr
0.44
97.57
1.35
0.13
Tr
Tr
4
0.16
0.12
0.03
97.46
0.9
5
0.13
Tr
0.39
0.04
0.14
0.01
0.01
0.34
97.51
0.46
0.10
Tr
6
Tr
Tr
Tr
0.12
0.08
0.03
Tr
0.31
97.48
1.23
0.09
Tr
0.14
7
0.21
0.04
0.10
0.14
0.15
Tr
0.01
0.27
97.99
0.67
0.10
0.18
Tr
0.02
8
0.08
0.02
Tr
0.02
0.14
Tr
0.01
0.18
98.70
0.67
0.03
0.03
Tr
Tr
9
0.34
0.12
0.17
0.06
0.14
0.03
0.01
0.25
97.55
0.77
0.14
0.12
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.12
0.06
Tr
0.12 0.12 0.08
10
0.46
0.13
0.08
0.03
0.32
0.06
0.01
0.37
96.89
0.83
0.13
0.06
Tr
0.01
0.01
0.48
Tr
Tr
0.13
11
0.22
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.12
0.01
0.01
0.22
98.33
0.61
0.06
0.08
0.01
Tr
0.01
0.13
12
0.07
0.02
Tr
0.03
0.10
0.01
Tr
0.19
98.32
0.63
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.01
Tr
0.07
0.05
0.11 0.42
1
SiO2
Al2O3
Na2O
CaO
Cr2O3
CuO
MgO
MnO
Fe3O4
NiO
ZnO
P2O5
SO3
V2O5
Mo3O4
TiO2
PbO2
As2O3
C
3.95 0.10
Tr
Tr
Tr
2.32 0.29 0.23 0.14 0.08

7.86 0.02 Tr 1.05 0.01
79.67 95.48 98.65 97.10 97.71

3.00 2.21 0.66 0.59 1.12
6
0.13
Tr
0.02
Tr
0.16
Tr
0.02
0.28
97.5
0.79
0.09
Tr
0.01
7
0.68
0.10
0.06
0.12
0.13
Tr
0.12
0.32
97.39
0.84
0.11
0.09
Tr
0.01
9
0.09
0.06
0.07
0.05
0.11
0.01
0.02
0.28
98.06
0.81
0.10
0.06
0.05
Tr
0.01
0.02
Tr
Tr
0.14 0.15 0.18 0.10
- 111 -
8
0.02
Tr
0.01
0.02
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.22
98.63
0.70
0.03
0.03
Tr
Tr
10
0.10
0.02
0.04
0.04
Tr
Tr
0.02
0.26
98.25
0.72
Tr
0.06
Tr
Tr
Tr
0.26
Tr
Tr
0.23
11
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.10
0.01
0.01
0.23
98.10
0.60
0.08
0.06
0.11
0.01
0.02
0.15
0.04
Tr
0.23
12
Al2O3
0.44 0.16 0.25 0.34
Cr2O3
CuO
0.52 0.34 0.28 0.31

0.08 0.02 0.06 0.04
Fe3O4
90.61 95.24 94.91 94.75
NiO
3.80 1.80 2.03 2.23

4.55 2.44 2.47 2.33
10
11
12
Al2O3 0.36 0.17 0.16 0.24

Cr2O3 0.46 0.32 0.30 0.22
CuO 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.03
Fe3O4 92.17 94.41 94.84 95.99
NiO
2.02 1.84 2.02 1.57

4.83 3.20 2.64 1.95
- 112 -
10
11
12
Table 3-2-10 Steam generator sludge compositions of Ulchin unit 1 (wt %).
1
SiO2
10
11
0.23 0.15 N/D N/D N/D 1.21 0.04 0.06 0.004 0.01 0.02
Al2O3 0.68 0.31 0.02 0.16 0.13 0.21 0.09 0.04 0.034 0.03 0.17
Na2O 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.33 0.29 0.3 0.008 0.09 0.01
CaO
N/D N/D 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.003 0.03 0.06
Cr2O3 0.25 0.16 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.27 0.26 0.16 0.093 0.10 0.89
CuO
0.07 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.007 0.02 0.24
MgO 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.13 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.002 0.01 0.04
MnO 1.32 1.02 0.70 0.75 1.08 0.40 0.31 0.32 0.101 0.26 0.87
Fe3O4 94.80 95.59 96.70 92.8 94.5 96.61 97.93 98.32 99.46 98.45 96.32
NiO
1.24 1.38 N/D 0.88 0.94 0.61 0.76 0.58 0.166 0.46 1.03
ZnO
1.14 0.82 N/D N/D N/D 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.037 0.09 0.34
P2O5
N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
SO3
N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
V2O5
Mo3O4
TiO2
PbO2
0.08 0.42 0.02
As2O3
C
- 113 -
12
1
SiO2
10
11
0.47 N/D 0.24 0.31 0.49 1.12 0.08 1.83 0.08 0.35 0.01
Al2O3 0.47 0.23 0.14 0.09 0.41 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.18 0.12
Na2O 0.08 0.37 0.27 0.21 0.38 0.31 0.30 0.04 0.02 0.22 2.16
CaO
0.05 0.02 0.01 0.17 0.23 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.03 0.03 0.02
Cr2O3 0.19 0.27 0.22 0.17 0.23 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.05
CuO 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.19
MgO 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
MnO 0.76 0.63 0.49 0.54 0.49 0.36 0.36 0.28 0.30 0.46 0.24
Fe3O4 95.46 94.8 96.27 94.88 94.86 96.96 97.70 96.27 98.36 96.24 96.66
NiO
0.90 0.66 0.46 0.39 0.67 0.67 0.85 0.71 0.56 0.65 0.28
ZnO
1.37 0.74 0.45 0.47 1.18 0.28 0.24 0.18 0.15 0.56 0.23
P2O5
N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D 0.03
SO3
N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D 0.01
V2O5
Mo3O4
TiO2
PbO2
0.05 0.35 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
As2O3
C
- 114 -
12
SiO2
0.78
Al2O3
Na2O
0.15
0.02
CaO
0.04
Cr2O3
0.33
CuO
MgO
0.04
0.02
MnO
0.55
Fe3O4
94.17
NiO
1.93
ZnO
0.43
P2O5
SO3
0.09
V2O5
Mo3O4
0.02
TiO2
0.42
PbO2
As2O3
C
1.01
- 115 -
10
11
12
SiO2
0.99
Al2O3
Na2O
0.23 0.20
0.05 0.06
CaO
0.13 0.04
Cr2O3
0.51 0.39
CuO
MgO
0.07 0.28
0.03 0.02
MnO
1.05 1.32
Fe3O4
90.03 93.67
NiO
3.61 1.25
ZnO
0.97 0.59
P2O5
SO3
V2O5
Mo3O4
TiO2
0.12
0.05 0.07
-
0.02
0.03
0.51 0.53
PbO2
As2O3
C
1.73 0.42
- 116 -
10
11
12
Table 3-2-14 Steam generator sludge compositions of Wolsong unit 1 (wt %).
86
SiO2
89
90
91
92
94
95
96
98
99
00
0.11 0.53 0.31 0.37 0.25 0.30 0.355 0.45 0.56 0.48 0.30
Al2O3 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.09 0.20 0.25 0.573 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.24
Na2O 0.01
CaO
Tr
0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.13 0.10 0.05 0.04
0.03 1.87 4.13 2.03 0.60 0.84 0.571 0.18 0.11 0.14 0.05
Cr2O3 1.01 0.43 0.46 0.24 0.34 0.54 0.675 0.47 0.54 0.60 0.83
CuO
0.27 0.66 0.99 0.53 0.60 0.72 0.54 0.28
0.4
0.67 0.34
MgO 0.16 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.49 0.28 0.19 0.08 0.13 0.21
MnO 0.87 1.19 1.68 0.78 0.94 1.13 0.59 0.71 0.51 0.62 1.06
Fe3O4 96.35 92.9 89.74 94.09 95.34 90.05 94.39 94.84 94.62 93.92 94.71
NiO
0.28 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.37 1.65 0.685 0.58 0.46 0.44 0.60
ZnO
0.71 1.31 1.63 1.20 1.21 1.27 0.691 0.68 0.49 0.65 0.96
P2O5
Tr
Tr
SO3
Tr
0.1
Tr
Tr
Tr
2.20 0.117 0.26 0.15 0.18
0.06 0.08 0.05 0.17 0.002 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.05
V2O5
Mo3O4
0.011 0.02 0.01 Tr 0.02

0.022 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05
TiO2
0.101 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.09
PbO2
0.104 0.09
As2O3
C
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
0.07
0.91 0.52 0.34 1.296 0.74 1.64 1.80 0.24
- 117 -
01
Table 3-2-15 Steam generator sludge compositions of Wolsong unit 2 (wt %).
98
SiO2
99
2000
3.73 1.09 5.63
Al2O3 0.63 0.58 0.49

Na2O 0.09 0.05 0.01
CaO
0.31 0.20 0.25
Cr2O3 0.56 0.66 0.55

CuO
0.63 0.64 0.30
MgO 0.18 0.12 0.18

MnO 0.76 0.74 0.83
Fe3O4 72.94 93.92 86.18
NiO
ZnO
0.36 0.35 0.29

3.56 2.78 2.07
P2O5
1.19 0.79 0.67
SO3
0.07 0.06 0.07
V2O5 Tr
Tr 0.01
Mo3O4 0.04 0.02 0.02
TiO2
PbO2
0.48 0.60 0.42

Tr
Tr
0.05
As2O3 Tr
Tr
C
1.60 1.03 1.98
- 118 -
Table 3-2-16. Material property of Alloy 600 MA for CERT test.
Chem
icalcom
position(w
t%
)
M
echenicalproperties
Table 3-2-17. Chemical composition of modified reverse U-bend specimen.
Materials
Chemical composition (wt%)

C
Si
Mn
Cr
Ni
600MA
0.02
0.1
0.2
0.001 15.2
74.4
600TT
0.025 0.15 0.21 0.001 0.001 15.1
74.9
Co
Mo
0.02
600HTMA 0.027 0.09 0.21 0.006 0.001 16.26 73.84 0.005

690TT(a)
0.02 0.36 0.31 0.01 0.001 30.0
690TT(b) 0.017 0.21 0.29 0.006 0.001 29.4

800H
0.06 0.58 1.17
0.001 19.6
59.6
Ti
Cu
Al
Nb
Fe
0.1
9.0
0.32 0.011 0.21
9.08
0.32 0.016 0.15
9.07 0.004 0.006
0.013 0.33 0.01 0.023
9.26 0.001 0.033
59.4 0.011 0.01 0.29 0.01 0.041 0.01 10.2 0.004 0.024
30.5
0.07
0.5
0.41
46.9
Table 3-2-18. Mechanical properties of modified reverse U-bend specimen.
Material
Heat No. UTS(MPa) YS(MPa)
Elongation Grain Size

(%)
(ASTM No.)
Alloy 600 MA
Mitsubish
512033
648
296
41
Alloy 600 TT
Valinox
NX8524
709
291
38
6.7
Alloy 600
HTMA
Valinox
NX9869
647
266
45.6
Alloy 690
TT(a)
Sandvik
753175
722
334
49
6.07
Alloy 690
TT(b)
Sandvik
767161
710
318
46
Alloy 800H
Shinsho
V30884
524
234
57
- 119 -
Table 3-2-19. Electrochemical and Stress Corrosion Cracking test conditions of Sulfur
species.
Material
Alloy
600 MA
600 HTMA
600 TT
690 TT
800 MA
S species
(M)
Potential
(V)
0.01
-0.2oc
1.2
O2
Temp.
()
Specimen
300
10mmx12mm
flat
340
RUB
deaerated
0.01,
0.1
corrosion
Table 3-2-20. Stress Corrosion Cracking of the Alloys in Na2SO4 solutions at

340.
T
()
Na2SO4
(M)
O2/Applied
potential
0.01
deaerated,
corrosion
potential
340
0.1
Material
Specimen
600 MA
600 TT
690 TT
800 MA
600 MA
600 HTMA
600 TT
690 TT
800 MA
- 120 -
m-RUB
SCC/Duration
IG
NC
NC
NC
2160
6000
6000
6000
h
h
h
h
(2/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
IG
NC
NC
NC
NC
1440
4800
4800
4800
4800
h
h
h
h
h
(2/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
Table 3-2-21.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of the Alloys in Na2S4O6 solutions at

340.
T
()
340
Table 3-2-22.
Na2S4O6
(M)
0.01
O2/Applied
potential
deaerated,
corrosion
potential
Material
600
600
690
800
MA
TT
TT
MA
Specimen
m-RUB
SCC/Duration
IG
IG
NC
IG
240 h (2/2)
240 h (2/2)
6000 h (0/2)
3120 h (1/2)
3600 h (2/2)
Stress Corrosion Cracking of the Alloys in Na2S2O3 solutions at

340.
T
()
Na2S2O3
(M)
O2/Applied
potential
Material
Specimen
600 MA
0.01
deaerated,
corrosion
potential
340
0.1
SCC/Duration
IG
600 TT
690 TT
800 MA
3600
4560
NC 6000
NC 6000
NC 6000
h
h
h
h
h
(1/2)
(2/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
h
h
h
h
h
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
m-RUB
600 MA
600 HTMA
600 TT
690 TT
800 MA
- 121 -
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
Table 3-2-23.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of the Alloys in NaHS solutions at

340.
T
()
340
Na2SO4
(M)
0.01
O2/Applied
potential
Material
deaerated,
corrosion
potential
600 MA
600 HTMA
600 TT
690 TT
800 MA
Specimen
m-RUB
SCC/Duration
IG
NC
NC
NC
NC
960
2880
2880
2880
2880
h
h
h
h
h
Table 3-2-24. Quality specification of Degussa P25 TiO2 powder.

Surface area (m2/g)
5015
SiO2 (%)
< 0.2
Drying loss (%)
< 1.5
Al2O3 (%)
< 0.3
Ignition loss (%)
< 2
Fe2O3 (%)
< 0.01
pH-value
3~4
TiO2 (%)
> 99.5
Effective particle size ()
0.06 ~ 0.2
HCl (%)
< 0.3
- 122 -
(2/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
Table 3-3-1.
Chemical composition of the test specimens.
Mat Specification
.
(ASTM)
Mn
Si
A106 Gr. B
0.3
0.29~1.06
0.048
0.058
0.1
(Commercial)
(0.15)
(0.64)
A336 P11
0.15
0.3~0.6
(1Cr-Mo)
(0.1)
(0.36)
A335 P22
0.15
0.3~0.6
(2Cr-1Mo)
(0.09)
(0.49)
Chemical Composition (Wt %)
(0.003) (0.014)
0.03
0.03
(0.19)
Cr
0.03
(0.012) (0.008)
Mo
Fe
Balance
(0.06)
(0.03)
0.5~1.0
(0.009) (0.009)
0.03
Ni
(0.01)
1.0~1.5 0.44~0.65 Balance.
(0.56)
(1.06)
0.5
(0.48)
1.9~2.6 0.87~1.13 Balance.
(0.21)
(2.03)
(0.97)
* Pipe: ID , SCH 80 (~3.3 mm in wall thickness)

** Values in parentheses are the actual composition of product
Table 3-3-2.
The constant values of WL (Regressed weight loss (/)) = A x

pH + B for linear curve fitting.
WL (Regressed weight loss (/))
Material
= A x
pH 8.09.5
pH + B
pH 9.510
CS 9m/s
-1,190
11,770
1,265
-11,793
CS 4m/s
-1,013
9,973
838
-7,785
P11 4m/s
-473
4,732
670
-6,242
P22 4m/s
-455
4,446
525
-4,924
- 123 -
Table 3-3-3.
Molecular characteristics of five pH controlling agents obtained from
HyperChem (Professional Ver. - Rel 6.02) software.

pH agent
Ammonia
Charge_N(e)
Morpholine
-0.396
Charge_O(e)
ETA
MPA
-0.328
-0.339
-0.295
-0.328
-0.274
-0.274
Pyrrolidine
-0.827
Surface area approximately(A2)
114.680
190.910
213.540
207.780
116.790
Surface area grid(A2)
127.850
212.390
271.670
248.600
234.200
Volume(A3)
135.990
277.700
384.010
344.490
320.850
Hydration energy(kcal/mol)
-18.330
-9.940
-2.450
0.170
2.520
Log P
-0.980
-1.060
-0.730
-0.550
0.120
0.150
0.087
0.186
0.282
1.318
Refractivity(A3)
2.400
16.210
25.830
23.770
22.230
Polarizability
2.120
6.430
10.100
9.330
8.690
Mass(amu)
-17.030
-61.080
-89.140
-87.120
-71.120
Density(amu/A3)
0.125
0.220
0.232
0.253
0.222
Table 3-3-4.
Composition of turbine steels.
Turbine
Steel
YS
(Mpa)
UTS
(Mpa)
Elong.
(%)
Si
Mn
Ni
Cr
Mo
ASTM
A 470
675
785
16
0.2
4
0.0
6
0.3
0
MAX.
0.010
MAX.
0.010
3.50
1.5
0
0.3
0
0.1
1
- 124 -
Table 3-3-5.
Stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue test conditions of turbine

steels.
SCC
TEMP.
pH
H2SO 4
Acetic acid
Formic acid
CF
25C
150C
25C
150C
25C
150C
TEMP.
pH
Acetic acid
25C
150C
Test No.
3
Elong.(%)
Test No.
4
Elong.(%)
Test No.
5
sccph03
8.8
sccph02
sccph04
11.6
10.4
sccph01
ace03(3.21)
ace07(3.5)
ace08(3.62)
ace09(3.44)
9.6
10
11.2
9.8
ace02(3.95)
ace04(3.83)
ace06(4.13)
14.4
12
12.8
ace01(4.95)
ace05(4.98)
form01(3.64)
form02(3.2)
form03(3.74)
form05(3.19)
form06(3.64)
form07(3.07)
form08(3.18)
Test No.
3
tur3-12
tur3-16
14
14.4
10.4
12
12.8
8
8.8
CGR
form04(4.18)
form10(4.0)
10
- 125 -
form09(3.2)
Test No.
4
tur3-11
tur3-15
CGR
Test No.
5
tur3-13
tur3-19
Table 3-4-1.
Chemical composition and tensile properties of alloy 600 CRDM

nozzle material.
Heat
YES14614
(SMP)
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Fe
Cu
Co
0.045
0.40
0.001
0.08
15.03
75.2
8.23
0.01
0.01
Y.S
U.T.S
EL.
MA condition
259 MPa
642 MPa
43 %
950/2hrs., AC
Table 3-4-2.
Chemical composition and tensile properties of alloy 600 LTMA steam

generator tube material.
Heat
NX8688
(INCO)
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Fe
Cu
0.04
0.21
0.001
0.30
15.7
75.34
8.03
0.11
Y.S
U.T.S
EL.
MA condition
271 MPa
667 MPa
50 %
>982, 2'15"
- 126 -
Table 3-4-3. Summary of the CERT results in simulated MOC water chemistry.
Hydrogen
*
**
Partial
Dissolved
Ratio of
Strain
Maximum Average Maximum
Hydrogen Pressure
Intergranular
Crack
at
Intergranular Crack
Contents, Measured
Fracture
Growth
Failure,
Crack Depth, Growth
ccSTP/kg During
Area,
Rate,
Rate,
%
CERT,
water
%
m/sec
m/sec
psia
0.2~0.3
62.0
10.9
366
1.17E-11
3.94E-11
0.9~1.1
42.80
32.3
770
5.03E-11
1.21E-10
17
1.8~2.0
38.80
23.0
955
3.95E-11
1.64E-10
35
3.5~3.8
43.36
17.7
844
2.72E-11
1.29E-10
50
5.5~5.9
61.36
12.6
644
1.37E-11
7.11E-11
65
7.4~7.8
61.40
10.7
533
1.16E-11
5.78E-11
* Average Crack Growth Rate =

Ratio of Intergranular Fracture Area(Specimen Thickness/2)/Total Test
Time
** Maximum Crack Growth Rate =

Maximum Intergranular Crack Length/Total Test time
- 127 -
Table 3-4-4.
Summary of the CERT results in simulated EOC water chemistry.
Hydrogen
*
Dissolved Partial
Ratio of
Average
Strain
Maximum
Hydrogen Pressure
Intergranular
Crack
at
Intergranular
Contents, Measured
Fracture
Failure,
Crack Depth, Growth
ccSTP/kg During
Area,
Rate,
%
CERT,
water
%
m/sec
psia
**
Maximum
Crack
Growth
Rate,
m/sec
17
1.8~2.0
44.6
20.2
866
3.02E-11
1.29E-10
35
3.5~3.8
44.0
24.9
733
3.77E-11
1.11E-10
50
5.5~5.9
55.6
13.9
710
1.69E-11
8.67E-11
65
7.4~7.8
57.9
9.5
504
1.09E-11
5.80E-11
* Average Crack Growth Rate =

Ratio of Intergranular Fracture Area(Specimen Thickness/2)/Total Test
Time
** Maximum Crack Growth Rate =

Maximum Intergranular Crack Length/Total Test time
- 128 -
Table. 3-4-5.
Nuclear grade Amberlite ion exchange resins. (Rohm and Haas Co.,
Philadelphia, USA.)
Total
Moisture
Exchange
Ionic
Particle
Content
Capacity
Form Size (mm)
(%)
(meq./mL)
Amberlite Type
Mixture of
IRN 77L
IRN 78L
IRN
Mixture of
150L/C-L
IRN 77L
Mixed (low chloride) IRN 78L/C-L
Bed
Mixture of
Resins
IRN 218
IRN 217L
IRN 78L
IRN
Mixture of
217L/C-L
IRN 218
(low chloride) IRN 78L/C-L
IRN 150L
H
OH
+
H
OH
0.3-1.2
50-60
0.60*
0.3-1.2
50-60
0.60*
0.3-1.2
50-60
0.60*
7Li OH
+
7Li
OH
0.3-1.2
0.75* (for
50-60
cation)
* minimum column capacity value in meq./mL.
Table. 3-4-6. Characteristics of Amberlite mixed resin*.
Cation-exchange resin
Anion-exchange resin
Physical form
Uniform particle size spherical beads
Shipping weight
690 g/L
Harmonic mean size
65050 mm
Matrix
Maximum operating
temp.
Functional groups
63050 mm
Polystyrene DVB gel

60C
Sulphonic acid
+
Trimethylammonium
Ionic form as shipped
H (RN150), 7Li (RN217)
Total exchange capacity
1.9(H ), 1.75 (7Li )

equiv./L
Moisture holding
capacity
49-55% (H form)
* Information provided by the manufacturer.
- 129 -
OH-
1.2(OH ) equiv./L
-
54-60% (OH form)
Table 3-4-7.
Current research status of the Zn injection effects on PWSCC.
EPRI
Oct-02
/
Review
Positive results
K. Ishigure
Univ. of
Tokyo
1998
General
Corrosion
304 stainless steel, 523K ,

:5ppb, Gamma irradiation
50 ppb Zn
: 1/3
J. N. Esposito
Westingho
use
1991
General
Corrosion
Alloy600, 330C, 1200ppm B, 22 Zn metal release 1/3

ppm Li, 25cc/kg of H2, 50 ppb Zn

H. Kawamura
and H. Hirano
CRIEPI
1998
PWSCC Crack
growth
Alloy 600, DCB, 360C, 50ppm B,

2.2 ppm Li, 25cc H2/kg, 10ppb
zinc borate
1/10
David S.
Morton
Lockheed
Martin
Corp.
1998
PWSCC Crack
Growth
Alloy 600, CT, 22 ~ 56 MPam,

15 ~ 110 g Zn/kg, hydrogenated
water, 316C ~ 360C
Zn
1995
SCC Crack
Growth
Alloy 600, 304STS, water at 288C,

0~200ppb O2, 5~100 ppb
Zn .
Zn(+2), corrosion potential(+200,
+50, to -50mV(SHE)
SCC Crack
Growth
Alloy 600, 316SS, 288C, water,
ECP(0~0.05V(SHE): Alloy
600: no Zn(31mil/yr),
100ppb Zn(2mil/yr), 304 SS:
no Zn(59mil/yr), 100ppb
Zn(25mil/yr)
PWSCC Crack
Growth
Alloy 600, WOL
Zn
P. Andresen
GE
S.
Hettiarachchi
Valecitos
Nuclear
Center
M. G. Angell
British
Energy
H. Kawamura
and H. Hirano
CRIEPI
2000
PWSCC
Susceptibility
S.
Hettiarachchi,
T.P. Diaz
Valecitos
Nuclear
Center,
GE
1995
SCC
Susceptibility
304SS, CERT, 288C, water,

10~25 ppb Zn
IGSCC%: no Zn(54%), with

Zn(30~37%)
J. N. Esposito
Westingho
use
1991
PWSCC
Initiation
12% 600MA RUB, 330C,

1200ppm boron, 2.2 ppm lithium,
25cc/kg of H2, 50 ppb Zn
Zn :
1000 , Zn :
3000 .
M. G. Angell
British
Energy
PWSCC
Initiation
Alloy 600, RUB, Bent Beam
Zn
1995
Alloy 600, CERT, 360C, 50ppm B, 10 ppb Zn , PWSCC

(without Zn:30%, with Zn:
2.2 ppm Li, 25cc H2, 10ppb zinc
10%)
borate
- 130 -
Table 3-4-8.
List of primary water reactors applying Zn injection.
/ Reactor
Zn
Zn
zinc
5 ppb
acetate
Palisades
PWR
cycle14
Farley-1
PWR
Farley-2
PWR
Cycle 16
cycle 10(9 natural
months)
zinc
PWR
depleted
cycle12(3
zinc
month)
acetate
Farley-2
PWR
Cycle
13(10mon
ths; Dec.
1998~Oct
. 1999)
Farley-2
PWR
Cycle 14
Farley-2
Diablo
Canyon unit PWR
1
Diablo
Canyon unit PWR
2
(Siemens) PWR
Obrigheim(S
iemens)
Biblis
A(Siemens)
Biblis
PWR
B(Siemens)
cycle
9(june1998
through
january19
99)(7
months)
Cycle
9(19990301~sept.
1999)
PWSCC
20% lower
40ppb
30~40
ppb
no effect Clud?
* to short to
assess the
effect.
* increase in Zn65, Co-58, and

Co-60 coolant
* no adverse
activities. * 25%
effect.
lower than dose
rates at the end of
Cycle 12
* increase in Zn65, Co-58, and

Co-60 coolant
activities. * 23%
reduction in dose
rate compared to
Cycle 8
30~40ppb
15~35ppb
Feb.
1998~
zinc
acetate
* steadily
decreasing
Sept.
1996~
zinc
acetate
* continue to
lower shutdown
dose rates
- 131 -
*increase in Co58 and Co-60

* no effect on fuel
activity
cladding
concentrations. *
corrosion.
Nickel amount
increased.
* not
45%:deplet
possible to
ed zinc
interpret the
acetate+
30~40ppb role of zinc in
natural
mitigating
zinc
PWSCC
acetate
degradation
zinc
acetate
* negligible effect
on cladding
corrosion during
Cycle 9
Table 3-4-9.
Composition of Alloy 600 hump specimens in this study.
Alloy
600(wt%)
Ni
Cr
Fe
Mn
Cu
Si
75.1
15.4
0.3
0.01
0.2
0.001
74.8
15.5
8.4
0.2
0.02
0.1
0.2
0.001
Table 3-4-10.
Mechanical properties of Alloy 600 specimens.
Tensile
Materials
Y ield
Strength
Heat No.
(Kg/mm^ Strength
(ASTM B-167)
Elong.
(%)
Heat
Treatment
46.00
40
960C x 10min
900C x 10min
2)
B
C
Table 3-4-11.
906007
602019
66.20
72.1
29.58
37.1
Grain
Size
(ASTM
No.)
6.89
CERT Results of Alloy 600(B, Shoulder released) in Zn(ZnO) injected

deaerated water at 360.
Max.
Tim
eto Elong.at
Zn
Strainrate
IGSCC Crackgrowth
Elongation Max.Load
TestNo.
stress
Fracture fracture
(kg)
/sec)
Concentration (/sec)
Area(%
) rate(m
(%
)
(kg/mm
^2)
(hours) (m
m
)
hptest-61 noZn 2.5x10^-7 107
2.6
8.67
97
12.4
90 2.66x10^-9
hptest-66 10ppb 2.5x10^-7 133
3.25 10.83
175 22.4
81 1.85x10^-9
hptest-72 50ppb 2.5x10^-7 172
4.2
14.00
159 20.4
70 1.12x10^-9
hptest-60 noZn 5x10^-7 64
3.1
10.33
137 17.5
86 4.72x10^-9
hptest-67 10ppb 5x10^-7 88
4.3
14.33
268 34.3
67 2.76x10^-9
hptest-73 50ppb 5x10^-7 96
4.7
15.67
245 31.4
40 1.67X10^-9
- 132 -
Table 3-4-12.
CERT Results of Alloy 600(C, Shoulder released) in Zn(ZnO) injected

Test No.
hptest-64
hptest-70
hptest-74
hptest-65
hptest-69
hptest-75
Zn
Strain rate
Concentration(p
(/sec)
pb)
no Zn
2.5x10^-7
10 ppb
2.5x10^-7
50 ppb
2.5x10^-7
no Zn
5x10^-7
10 ppb
5x10^-7
50 ppb
5x10^-7
Table 3-4-13.
Time to
Fracture
(hours)
98
98
119
72
70
100
Elong.at
fracture
(mm)
2.4
2.4
2.9
3.5
3.4
4.9
Elongation
(%)
Max. Load
(kg)
8.00
8.00
9.67
11.67
11.33
16.33
100
87
114
175
141
264
Max.
stress
(kg/mm^2)
12.80
11.14
14.59
22.40
18.05
33.79
IGSCC
Area(%)
Crack growth
rate(m/sec)
89
79
74
79
66
45
3.19E-09
2.47E-09
2.68E-09
4.09E-03
3.35E-09
1.57E-09
CERT Results of Alloy 600(B, Shoulder Fixed) in Zn(Zinc Borate)

injected deaerated water at 360.
Zn
Test No. Concentration(p
pb)
hptest-24 no Zn
hptest-25 no Zn
hptest-35 10 ppb
hptest-36 10 ppb
hptest-26 no Zn
hptest-51 no Zn
hptest-37 10 ppb
hptest-50 10 ppb
Strain rate
(/sec)
2.5x10^-7
2.5x10^-7
2.5x10^-7
2.5x10^-7
5x10^-7
5x10^-7
5x10^-7
5x10^-7
Time to
Fracture
(hours)
105
105
119
111
75
70
71
72
Elong.at
Max.
Elongation Max. Load
fracture
stress
(%)
(kg)
(mm)
(kg/mm^2)
2.55
8.50
97
12.42
2.55
8.50
120
15.4
2.9
9.67
102
13.1
2.71
9.03
110
14.1
3.65
12.17
220
28.2
3.4
11.33
200
25.6
3.45
11.50
172
22.0
3.5
11.67
245
31.4
- 133 -
IGSCC
Area(%)
85
85
64
75
76
48
54
32
Crack growth
rate(m/sec)
2.016E-09
2.29E-09
1.692E-09
2.155E-09
2.816E-09
2.562E-09
1.041E-09
1.351E-09
Steam Generator
Bulk water
Crevice
B
AB
CB
Blowdown
Qb
Fig. 3-1-1
Schematic diagram for mass balance in steam generator.
- 134 -
DWG. NO. CASS-NANA-040315-1
K1
K2
K3
K4
Molar ratio index
10
0.1
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Cycle
Fig. 3-1-2
Molar ratio index profile with cycle at K site.
- 135 -
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Molar ratio index
10
0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Cycle
Fig. 3-1-3
Molar ratio index profile with cycle at Y site.
- 136 -
U1
U2
U3
U4
Molar ratio index
10
0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cycle
Fig. 3-1-4
Molar ratio index profile with cycle at U site.
- 137 -
DI-Water
CW
PI
TI
PI
Pump
Primary
Tank
BPR
HX
LI
H2/Ar
TI
TI
Pump
Crevice
vessel
TI
DI-Water
PI
CW
PIC
Heater
2ndary
Tank
LI
Heater
H2/Ar
TIC
HX
BPR
Preheater
Pump
Fig. 3-1-5
DWG . No. CASS-NANA-040316
Crevice chemistry Analysis and Simulation System.
- 138 -
O D 146m m
E lectrolytic N i
plating 316S S
O D 3/4 inch tube
13m m
S econdary
w ater
TC #2, B ulk
Therm ocouple
TC #1
TC #2
TC #3
TC #4
TC #5
40mm
E lectrode
240mm
125mm
TC #1, B ulk
C revice gap
0.15m m
N i-P lated 316S S
V essel
(N ot to scale)
P rim ary w ater
Fig. 3-1-6
Schematic of crevice vessel.
- 139 -
D W G . N o. C A SS -N AN A -0 30923
Secondary
water
Co
ms
mi
mo
Primary water
Fig. 3-1-7
Concentration model in crevice.
- 140 -
10
D W G. N O. C A SS -N A N A-0 40924
Concentration, wppm
Concentration
8
factor = 10
10
10
10
10
10
Conc., wppm
5
0.5
0.05
-1
10
10
10
10
10
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-8
Thermodynamically-limited transient.
- 141 -
10
Tube wall
DWG. NO. CASS-NANA-030922
Thermocouple
TC #1
Heat
40mm
TC #2
TC #3
TC #4
TC #5
150um
Fig. 3-1-9
Location of the thermocouples in crevice.
- 142 -
TC #1
Depth, mm
-8
TC #2
-16
TC #3
TC #4
-24
TC #5
-32
Sat. temp = 265 C

Radial gap = 0.15mm
-40
10
15
20
25
30
35
Super heat, C
Fig. 3-1-10
Liquid penetration depth with superheat.
- 143 -
40
10
11.0
[NaOH] = 40 wppm
[H2] = 0.15 wppm
Concentration factor
10
Temp. = 265 C
10.5
10.0
9.5
9.0
10
10
10
0.1
10
pH
Boiling point elevation, C
Fig. 3-1-11
Concentration factor and pH with boiling point elevation of NaOH

solution.
- 144 -
-700
40wppm NaOH
150wppb H2
ECP, vs. SHE(T), mV
-750
-800
-850
-900
-950
-1000
-1050
-1100
10
100
1000
Fig. 3-1-12
Electrochemical potential with concentration factor of NaOH solution.
- 145 -
280
Water
DWG. NO. CASS-N AN A-040824
NaOH
TC #5
Temperature, C
TC #3
275
TC #4
TC #2
270
TC #1
265
180
185
190
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-13
Temperature profile with T = 25 and feed water with 40 wppm

NaOH.
- 146 -
D WG. NO. C ASS-NAN A-040824
NaOH
275
-0.5
ECP, V(SHE(T))
280
ECP Bulk
-0.6
TC #3, Crevice
Bulk temp.
270
265
-0.7
-0.8
260
-0.9
255
-1.0
250
-0.4
Water
Temperature, C
-0.3
ECP Crevice
-1.1
245
-1.2
180
185
190
240
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-14
Electrochemical potential profile with T = 25 and feed water

with 40 wppm NaOH.
- 147 -
NaOH
TC #5
TC #4
Temperature, C
275
TC #3
270
TC #2
TC #1
265
110
115
120
125
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-15

NaOH.
- 148 -
-0.4
ECP Bu lk
NaOH
275
-0.5
270
TC #3 , Crevice
265
-0.8
Bulk temp.
260
-0.9
ECP Cre vice
-1.0
-0.7
Temperature, C
ECP, V(SHE(T))
-0.6
255
-1.1
-1.2
110
115
120
125
250
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-16

with 40 wppm NaOH.
- 149 -
800
DWG. NO. NANA-CASS-030826
Solubility (g/l)
700
600
500
400
300
0
20
40
60
80
o
Temperature, C
Fig. 3-1-17
Soubility of NH4Cl in water.
- 150 -
100
pH
50
100 150 200 250 300

o
Temperature ( C)
Fig. 3-1-18
pH of 53.5 wppm NH4Cl solution.
- 151 -
ECP (mV vs. SHE(T))
-300
-350
-400
50
100 150 200 250 300

o
Temperature ( C)
.Fig. 3-1-19
ECP of 53.5 wppm NH4Cl solution.
- 152 -
Fig. 3-1-20
pH of 5.35 wppm NH4Cl solution.
- 153 -
ECP (mV vs. SHE(T))
-300
-350
-400
-450
-500
50
100 150 200 250 300

o
Temperature ( C)
.Fig. 3-1-21
ECP of 5.35 wppm NH4Cl solution.
- 154 -
10
2.5
10
[NH3] = 1.7 wppm
10
[Cl] = 3.55 wppm
2.0
[H2] = 0.15 wppm
10
Temp. = 265C
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
25
10
10
10
10
15
20
pH
3.0
Boiling point elevation(C)
Fig. 3-1-22
Concentration factor and pH with boiling point elevation of 5.35

wppm-NH4Cl solution.
- 155 -
290
Primary inlet
Primary outlet
Crevice #5
Crevice #4
Crevice #3
Crevice #2
Crevice #1
Bulk low
Bulk high
Sat. Temp.
Temperature (C)
285
280
275
270
265
260
255
30
35
40
45
50
55
Time (hour)
Fig. 3-1-23
Temperature profile with T = 25 and feed water with 53.5

wppm NH4Cl.
- 156 -
300
Bulk
Crevice
-0.2
290
-0.3
-0.4
280
-0.5
270
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
30
Temperature(C)
Ni Electrode potential (V vs. SHE(T))
-0.1
260
35
40
45
50
55
Time (hour)
Fig. 3-1-24

with 53.5 wppm NH4Cl.
- 157 -
295
290
Temperature, C
285
NH4Cl injection
280
Sat. temp.
Primary
TC #5, Crevice
TC #4, Crevice
TC #3, Crevice
TC #2, Crevice
TC #1, Crevice
TC Bulk high
TC Bulk low
275
270
265
260
255
250
150 160 170 180 190 200

Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-25
Temperature profile with T = 25 and feed water with 5.3

wppm NH4Cl after NaOH concentration.
- 158 -
Sat. temp.
TC #3, Crevice
-0.2
270
ECP, V(SHE(T)
-0.3
265
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
275
Bulk temp.
ECP Bulk
NH4Cl injection
260
255
-0.7
250
-0.8
245
-0.9
-1.0
Temperature, C
-0.1
240
ECP Crevice, Pt
235
150 160 170 180 190 200
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-26
Electrochemical profile with T = 25 and feed water with 5.3

wppm NH4Cl after NaOH concentration.
- 159 -
300
DWG. NO. NANA-CASS-040611
Solubility (g/l)
250
200
150
100
50
0
20
40
60
80
o
Temperature ( C)
Fig. 3-1-27
Soubility of H3BO3 in water.
- 160 -
100
7
n-PH
50ppm
100ppm
1000ppm
2000ppm
pH
50
100 150 200 250 300

o
Temperature ( C)
Fig. 3-1-28
pH of boric acid solution.
- 161 -
-300
ECP (mV vs. SHE(T))
-350
-400
-450
-500
-550
-600
50
100 150 200 250 300

o
Temperature ( C)
Fig. 3-1-29
Electrochemical potential of 50 wppm B solution with temperature.
- 162 -
10
5.5
[B] = 50 wppm as H3BO3

[H2] = 0.15 wppm
5.0
Temp. = 265 C
4
4.5
4.0
10
3.5
pH
10
3.0
10
2.5
1
10
0.1
10
2.0
Boiling point elevation, C
Fig. 3-1-30
Concentration factor and pH with boiling point elevation of boric

acid solution.
- 163 -
-200
ECP (mV vs. SHE(T))
-250
-300
-350
-400
-450
-500
-550
-600
10
100
1000
Fig.
3-1-31
Electrochemical
potential
of
concentration factor.
- 164 -
50
wppm
boron
solution
with
DWG. NO. C ASS-NANA-0408 17
Water
H 3BO3
TC #5
TC #3
Temperature, C
275
TC #4
TC #2
270
265
TC #1
125
130
143144
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-32

B as H3BO3.
- 165 -
-0.2
H3BO3
270
Bulk temp.
ECP Bulk
-0.5
265
-0.6
-0.7
260
-0.8
-0.9
ECP, V(SHE(T))
-0.4
TC #3, Crevice
Temperature, C
-0.3
275
255
-1.0
-1.1
125
ECP Crevice
130
250
143 144
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-33
Electrochemical profile with T = 25 and feed water with 50

wppm B as H3BO3.
- 166 -
274
D WG. N O. C ASS-NANA- 040616
H3BO3 injection
273
TC #5
271
Temperature, C
272
270
TC #3
269
TC #4
268
267
TC #2
266
TC #1
265
264
100
150
200
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-34

B as H3BO3.
- 167 -
-0.1
H3BO3 injection
-0.2
TC #3, Crevice
270
265
-0.4
Sat. temp.
Bulk temp.
-0.5
260
ECP Bulk
-0.6
-0.7
Temperature, C
ECP, V(SHE(T))
-0.3
255
-0.8
ECP Crevice, Pt
-0.9
100
150
250
200
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-35

wppm B as H3BO3.
- 168 -
-0.4
D WG. NO. CASS-NAN A-040817
275
Sat. temp.
265
Bulk te mp.
ECP Bulk
260
-0.6
ECP Crevice
255
-0.7
120
121
122
250
123
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-36
Electrochemical potential profile during ECP measurement.
- 169 -
ECP, V(SHE(T))
-0.5
Temperature, C
270
TC #3, Crevice
Sat. temp.
Primary
TC #5, Crevice
TC #4, Crevice
TC #3, Crevice
TC #2, Crevice
TC #1, Crevice
TC Bulk high
TC Bulk low
Temperature, C
280
275
270
265
120
121
122
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-37
Temperature profile during ECP measurement.
- 170 -
123
H 3BO3
Water
TC #3
Temperature, C
275
TC #5
TC #4
TC #2
270
TC #1
265
145
150
155
160
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-38
Temperature profile with T = 25 and feed water after H3BO3

Concentration.
- 171 -
-0.2
H3BO3
TC #3, Crevice
Water
ECP Bulk
270
Bulk temp.
-0.5
265
-0.6
-0.7
260
-0.8
-0.9
ECP, V(SHE(T))
-0.4
275
Temperature, C
-0.3
DWG. NO. C ASS-NAN A-040817
255
-1.0
-1.1
ECP Crevice
145
150
155
250
160
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-39
Electrochemical profile with T = 25 and feed water after H3BO3

Concentration.
- 172 -
H 3BO3 Water
Primary water
Temperature, C
275
TC #4
270
TC #3
TC #2
TC #1
265
145
150
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-40
Temperature profile with T = 10 and feed water after H3BO3

Concentration.
- 173 -
NaOH
-0.5
H 3BO3
Water
EC P Bulk
270
-0.6
TC #3, Crevice
-0.7
265
-0.8
Bulk temp.
-0.9
260
-1.0
-1.1
ECP Crevice
ECP, V(SHE(T))
275
Temperature, C
-0.4
255
-1.2
-1.3
145
150
250
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-41

after H3BO3 concentration.
- 174 -
Temperature, C
280
NaOH H BO
3
3
TC #5
TC #4
275
TC #3
TC #2
270
TC #1
265
193
194
195
196
197
198
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-42

B as H3BO3.after NaOH concentration.
- 175 -
NaOH H BO
3
3
ECP, V(SHE(T))
-0.5
280
275
ECP Bulk
Bulk temp.
-0.6
TC #3, Crevice
270
265
-0.7
-0.8
260
-0.9
255
-1.0
250
-1.1
245
ECP Crevice
-1.2
193
194
195
196
-0.4
Temperature, C
-0.3
197
240
198
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-43

wppm B as H3BO3 after NaOH concentration.
- 176 -
NaOH
H 3BO3
TC #5
TC #4
Temperature, C
275
270
TC #3
TC #2
TC #1
265
125
130
135
140
145
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-44

B as H3BO3.after NaOH concentration
- 177 -
NaOH
H3BO3
-0.5
TC #3, Crevice
ECP Bulk
270
-0.7
265
-0.8
-0.9
Bu lk tem p.
260
-1.0
ECP Crevice
-1.1
-0.6
ECP, V(SHE(T))
275
Temperature, C
-0.4
255
-1.2
-1.3
125
130
135
140
145
250
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-45

wppm B as H3BO3 after NaOH concentration.
- 178 -
Purification
DI-Water
BPR
DO/DH/Cond.
Meter
Column 2
Column 1
LIC
CW
TIC
HX
Purge
Preheater
H2/O 2
Pump
Species
HX
Autoclave
Pump
Fig. 3-1-46
Schematic diagram of ECP measurement loop.
DWG. NO . pH-NANA-041206
450
400
E (Cu/Cu2O), mV
500
350
50
100 150 200 250 300

o
Temperature, C
Fig. 3-1-47
Potential of YSZ electrode to SHE.
- 179 -
11
8%-NaOH
o
pH at 265 C
o
pH at 270 C
10
pH
10
Weight % B as H3BO3
Fig. 3-1-48
pH of 8% NaOH solution with weight % of B.
- 180 -
-0.7
Graph No. ECP-NANA-050214
300
8%-NaOH
AgCl(KCl=0.01M)
-0.8
250
200
-0.9
150
-1.0
Platinum/AgCl
-1.1
YSZ/AgCl
100
50
0
-1.2
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-49.
Temperature, C
Electrode potential vs. SHE(T), V
Temperature
ECP profile of 8% NaOH solution.
- 181 -
300
8%-NaOH
1%-B as H 3BO 3
-0.6
AgCl(KCl=0.01M)
Temperature
-0.7
Temperature, C
-0.5
250
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
Platinum/AgCl
YSZ/AgCl
200
-1.1
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-50
ECP profile of 8% NaOH + 1% B solution.
- 182 -
-0.75
-0.80
8%-NaOH
2%-B
AgCl(KCl=0.01M)
300
250
200
-0.85
Temperature, C
-0.70
-0.90
150
-0.95
100
-1.00
-1.05
YSZ/AgCl
50
-1.10
0
-1.15
40 50 60 70 80 90 100110120
Time, hours
Fig. 3-1-51
ECP profile of 8% NaOH + 2% B solution.
- 183 -
800
K-1
K-2
K-3
K-4
700
Sludge amount, Kg
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Fig. 3-2-1
10
12
Operation cycle
14
16
18
20
Removed sludge of steam generator A at Kori unit 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Sludge amount, Kg
200
150
100
50
Fig. 3-2-2
Y-1
Y-2
Y-3
Y-4
Operation cycle
10
12
Removed sludge of steam generator A at Yonggwang unit 1, 2, 3 and 4.
- 184 -
50
U-1
U-2
U-3
U-4
Sludge amount, Kg
40
30
20
10
Fig. 3-2-3
Operation cycle
10
12
Removed sludge of steam generator A at Ulchin unit 1, 2, 3 and 4.
1.3
10O X2
73
17
3
20
Fig. 3-2-4
Dimension of the CERT Specimen.(unit : mm)
- 185 -
Fig. 3-2-5
Results of CERT tests in the condition of applied potentials.
Fig. 3-2-6 continue.
- 186 -
Fig. 3-2-7
SEM micrograph of Alloy 600 MA after SSRT in water containing

-7
1000 ppm Pb at 300, pH 10, strain rate of 2x10
-1
sec , potential of
-500 mV vs Ag/AgCl.
Fig. 3-2-8

1000 ppm Pb at 300, pH 10, strain rate of 2x10-7 sec-1, potential of
-650 mV vs Ag/AgCl.
- 187 -
Fig. 3-2-9

-7
-1
1000 ppm Pb at 300, pH 10, strain rate of 2x10 sec , potential of
-700mV vs Ag/AgCl.
Fig. 3-2-10
SEM micrograph of Alloy 600 MA after CERT test in solution of pH

10 distilled water containing 1,000 ppm Pb at 300, under applied
potential of -850 mV vs Ag/AgCl.
- 188 -
Fig. 3-2-11
SEM micrograph of Alloy 600 MA after SSRT test in solution of pH

Fig. 3-2-12

- 189 -
Fig. 3-2-13

Fig. 3-2-14

- 190 -
Alloy 600
o
pH10, 1000 ppmPb, 300 C
Deaerated condition
-7
Strain rate=2X10 /sec
PbSCC Area Rate(%)
40
30
20
pH10
pH7
10
0
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
200
Potential (mV vs. Ag/AgCl)

Fig. 3-2-15
Potential effect on %SCC area of Alloy 600MA in Pb containing

environment.
Fig. 3-2-16
Potential effect on the SCC of Alloy 600 MA in a pH 10 solution

containing 1,000 ppm Pb at 300.
- 191 -
20% Tensile Deformation
Zirconia Insulators
Fig. 3-2-17
Schematic drawing and dimensions of the modified reverse U-bend

(RUB) specimen.(Unit: mm)
80
No cracking
Some cracking
All cracking
70
Time (days)
60
2/2
1/2
50
40
0/2
4/4
2/2
2/2
1/2
1/2
30
20
10
0
600MA
600TT
600HTMA
800
690TT
Materials
Fig. 3-2-18
Results of the SCC tests with the RUB specimens in 10% NaOH
solution without any additives at 315.
- 192 -
100
No cracking
Some cracking
All cracking
90
80
0/2
0/2
1/2
Time (days)
70
60
50
40
30
2/2
20
1/2
4/4
10
0
600MA
600TT
600HTMA
800
690TT
Materials
(a)
160
140
Time (days)
120
100
10% NaOH +
1,000 ppm PbO/SiO2
o
315 C
0/2
No cracking
Some cracking
All cracking
0/2
0/2
0/2
80
60
40
4/4
20
0
600MA
600TT 600HTMA
800
690TT
Materials
(b)
Fig. 3-2-19
Results of the SCC tests with the RUB specimens in 10% NaOH
solution at 315 with (a) 1,000 ppm PbO (b) 1,000 ppm PbO+SiO2.
- 193 -
(a) Alloy 600MA
(b) Alloy 600HTMA
(c) Alloy 600TT
Fig. 3-2-20
(d) Alloy 690TT
Crack morphology of the steam generator tube materials tested in

10% NaOH solution at 315.
- 194 -
(a) Alloy 600MA
(b) Alloy 600HTMA
(c) Alloy 600TT
(d) Alloy 690TT
(e) Alloy 800
Fig. 3-2-21
Crack morphology of the steam generator tube materials tested in 10%

NaOH solution containing 1,000 ppm Pb at 315.
- 195 -
(a)Alloy 690TT
(b)Alloy 800
Fig. 3-2-22
SEM micrographs of SCC tests with RUB specimens in solution of

10% NaOH, 315 with 1,000 ppm PbO.
- 196 -
0.8
Potential, V(Ag/AgCl)
0.6
0.4
600 MA
690 TT
800 MA
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
2
1E-2
Current density, A/cm
(a)
0.8
Potential, V(Ag/AgCl)
0.6
0.4
600 MA
690 TT
800 MA
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
2
1E-2
Current density, A/cm
(b)
Fig. 3-2-23
Polarization curves of Alloy 600 MA, Alloy 690 TT, and Alloy 800
MA in deaerated (a) 0.01 M and (b) 0.1 M Na2SO4 solutions at
300.
- 197 -
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3-2-24
SEM micrographs of Alloy 600 MA in deaerated 0.01 M (a)

Na2SO4 and (b) Na2S2O3 solutions at 340.
- 198 -
55
10
10
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
edge
50
middle
edge
4-M4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.05
Fig. 3-2-25
10
45
( : mm)
Schematic drawing of specimen with different crevice gaps.
KAERI
P25
Volume (%)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.01
0.1
10
Particle Diameter (m)
Fig. 3-2-26
Particle diameter distribution of TiO2 powder from the LS particle size

analyzer test.
- 199 -
No cracking
Some cracking
All cracking
0/2
2/2
1/2
2/2
1/2
2/2
Time (days)
Time (days)
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2/2
1/2
600MA
600TT
600HTMA
800
690TT
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
No cracking
Some cracking
All cracking
0/2
0/2
1/2
2/2
1/2
4/4
1/4
600MA
600TT
Materials
600HTMA
800
690TT
Materials
(a)
(b)
120
100
No cracking
Some cracking
All cracking
110
100
80
90
No cracking
Some cracking
All cracking
10%NaOH+
TiO2(anatase;1g/l)
o
315 C
70
60
50
40
2/2
1/2
2/2
2/2
1/2
0/2
1/2
1/2
Time (days)
Time (days)
80
30
60
40
2/2
2/2
2/2
0/2
600MA
600TT
600HTMA
800
20
20
10
0
600MA
600TT
600HTMA
800
Materials
Materials
(c)
Fig. 3-2-27
(d)
Results of SCC tests with RUB specimens in condition of 10%

NaOH solution at 315 with (a) TiO2(P25) 1 g/L (b) CeB6 1 g/L
(c) TyzorLA 1 g/L (d) TiO2 anatase form 1 g/L.
- 200 -
(a) Alloy 600 MA
(c) Alloy 600 TT
Fig. 3-2-28
(b) Alloy 600 HTMA
(d) Alloy 800
Crack morphology of steam generator tube materials tested in a 10%

NaOH solution at 315 with TiO2(P25) 1 g/L.
- 201 -
(a) Alloy 800(30 days)
(b) Alloy 600 MA(40 days)
(c) Alloy 600 HTMA(40 days)
(e) Alloy 600 TT(40 days)
(d) Alloy 600 TT(40 days)
(f) Alloy 690 TT(40 days)
Fig. 3-2-29 Specimen surface photograph tested in 10% NaOH, at 315.
- 202 -
(a) Alloy 600 MA(50 days)
(b) Alloy 600 HTMA(50 days)
(c) Alloy 600 HTMA(50 days)
(e) Alloy 800(60 days)
Fig. 3-2-30
(d) Alloy 600 TT(60 days)
(f) Alloy 600 TT(90 days)
Specimen surface photograph tested in 10% NaOH with 1 g/L

TiO2(P25), at 315.
- 203 -
(a) Alloy 800(10 days)
(c) Alloy 800(30 days)
(e) Alloy 600 MA(60 days)
Fig. 3-2-31
(d) Alloy 800(30 days)
(d) Alloy 600 MA(50 days)
(f) Alloy 600 HTMA(70 days)
Specimen surface photograph tested in 10% NaOH with 1 g/L CeB6,

at 315.
- 204 -
80
(b)
Edge : 0.05mm
70
100
RUB specimen
90
80
60
C
O
Cr
Fe
Ni
Zn
50
40
Atomic concetration (%)
(a)
30
20
10
B
C
O
Fe
Ni
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-2
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
-2
80
(d)
Edge : 0.2mm
10
12
14
16
Edge : 0.5mm
70
60
80
70
C
O
Cr
Fe
Ni
Zn
50
40
30
(c)
Sputter Time(min)
Sputter Time(min)
20
10
60
C
O
Cr
Fe
Ni
Zn
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
-10
-2
10
12
14
16
18
-2
Sputter Time(min)
Fig. 3-2-32
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Sputter Time(min)
AES depth profiles of the elements in the film formed on Alloy 600
with addition of CeB6 (a)(c)(d) on the edge of specimen(fig. 3-2-30)
tested in 1% NaOH solution at 150, and (b) on the surface of
mRUB tested in 10% NaOH solution at 315.
- 205 -
80
80
(b)
Middle t=0.05mm
70
60
C
O
Cr
Fe
Ni
Zn
50
40
70
(a)
30
20
10
Closed
60
C
O
Cr
Fe
Ni
Zn
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
-2
10
12
14
10
Sputter Time(min)
Sputter Time(min)
80
(d)
Middle t=0.2mm
70
80
Middle t=0.5mm
70
60
C
O
Cr
Fe
Ni
Zn
50
40
(c)
30
20
10
0
60
C
O
Cr
Fe
Ni
Zn
50
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Sputter Time(min)
Fig. 3-2-33
-2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Sputter Time(min)
with addition of CeB6 on the middle of specimen(fig. 3-2-30) tested
in 1 % NaOH solution at 150.
- 206 -
0
0
1
0
9
0
8
w/o TiO2 (3days)

- Base metal -
0
7
0
6
Ti
O
Cr
Fe
Ni
0
5
0
4
0
3
%
c
i
m
o
t
A
Ni
0
2
Cr
0
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
5
3
0
0s
0d
3n
o
0c
0e
5S
2
,
e
0m
0i
0T
2
g
n
i
0r
0e
5t
1t
u
p
Ti
0S
0
0
1
0
0
5
0
0
Fe
(a)
0
0
1
0
9
0
8
with TiO2 (14days)

- Open state -
0
7
0
6
0
5
Ti
O
Cr
Fe
Ni
0
4
0
3
%
c
i
m
o
t
A
Ni
Ti
0
2
Cr
0
1
0
0
0
6
0
0s
5d
n
o
c
0e
0S
0,
4e
m
i
0T
0g
0n
3i
r
e
t
t
0u
0
0p
2S
0
0
0
1
0
0
Fe
(b)
Fig. 3-2-34
in 1% NaOH solution at 150 (a) without any additives and (b)
with 2 g/L TiO2.
- 207 -
Plotted by KWS Jan 27, 2005
Relative Weight in Sludge Chemically Cleaned
0.4
Metallic ion
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Fe Cu Ni Zn Cr Al Ti Sn Ba Li B Cd Co Na
Ionic Element
Fig. 3-3-140
Estimation of metallic ions in rinse wastes after chemical cleaning,

showing magnetite-rich sludge in a domestic nuclear power plant(K).
- 208 -
0.7
Hard Sludge
Soft Sludge
0.6
Reletive Weight
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Copper
Iron oxide
Nickel oxide Other Trace
Chemical Composition
Fig. 3-3-141
Chemical composition ratio of hard and soft sludge in a domestic

nuclear power plant(K).
- 209 -
Power Increase after ETA Application, MWe
mainly due to fouling reduction

6
Y-1
Y-2
Diablo Canyon
Nuclear Power Plant
Fig. 3-3-142
Power increase after ETA application mainly due to fouling

reduction at domestic and oversea nuclear power plants.
- 210 -
Ammonia
ETA 1.5 ppm
ETA 1.8 ppm
ETA 2.0 ppm
Fe Concentration, ppb
SG
HP
HTR DRAIN
LP
COP
Secondary System Local Area
Fig. 3-3-143
Iron concentration reduction at the local areas of secondary system

due to the amount of ETA at a domestic nuclear power plant(K).
- 211 -
Plotted by KWS Feb 14, 2005
Acetate
Glycolate
Formate
Total
30
Concentration, ppb
25
20
15
10
S/G
M/S
F/W
C/D
H/D
Local System
Fig. 3-3-144
The measured concentrations of organic acids generated by ETA

decomposition in some local areas of the secondary system at a
domestic nuclear power plant(K).
- 212 -
Chem.
Tank
Sample Specimen
in Straight Pipe
Makeup
Tank
Pressurizer
Pre-Heater
DAS
Main Heater
Safety
Control
System
Back-Pressure R
pH
DO
Chem.
Analyzer
Main Pump
Cooler
Mixed
Bed
Recharging Pump
Fig. 3-3-145
Charging Pump
Schematic diagram of an Erosion-Corrosion Test Loop.
- 213 -
Water c irculation line
O r if ic e D ia .
6 mm
O r if ic e D ia.
4 mm
S p e cim en b und le
20 m m
Or if ice
Fig. 3-3-146
P ic k out hole
Ring -ty p ed
s p ec im e n
T eflon s up p or t
O -r ing
s u p p or t
Schematic diagram of the Erosion-Corrosion Test Specimen.
- 214 -
Tested
Origin
Fig. 3-3-147
SEM micrographs of the carbon steel(CS) after 500 hours at pH

9.0 under the flow velocity of 4 m/sec(A), and the original
one(B).
- 215 -
pH
8.5
pH
9.5
Fig. 3-3-148
Fe2p XPS spectrum in Fe3O4 formed on the carbon steel(CS)

after 500 hours at pH 8.5 and 9.5 under the flow velocity of 4
m/sec.
- 216 -
pH 8.5
pH 9.5
Fig. 3-3-149
XRD patterns of the carbon steel at pH 8.50(A) and 9.50(B) at

130 under the flow velocity of 4 m/sec.
- 217 -
Specific Weight Loss (
g/cm 2)
Plotted by KWS 2004-12-05
at 20.4 mm from the orifiece

CS (9 m/sec)
CS (4 m/sec)
2000
1500
1000
500
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
pH at 25 C
Fig. 3-3-150
Weight loss of the carbon steel after 500 hours at 20.4 from the
orifice, dependent under the flow velocities of 4 and 9 m/sec.
- 218 -
CS (9 m/sec)
P11(4 m/sec)
Specific Weight Loss (g/cm )
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
CS (4 m/sec)
P22(4 m/sec)
pH 8.0
pH 9.0
pH 9.5
pH 10.0
6.8
13.6
20.4
27.2
Distance from the Orifice, mm

Fig. 3-3-151
Weight loss of the specimens of carbon steel(CS) and

low-alloy steels(P11 and P22) at pH 8.0, 9.0, 9.5 and 10.0,
dependent on the materials at 130 after 500 hours, versus
the distance of the orifice.
- 219 -
Specific Weight Loss, g/cm
CS (9m/sec)
P11 (4m/sec)
CS (4m/sec)
P22 (4m/sec)
1500
1000
500
6.8
13.6
20.4
27.2
Distance from the Orifice, mm
Fig. 3-3-152
Regressed curves of the weight loss of CS, P11 and P22 after 500
hours at pH 9.0 and 130, dependent on the orifice distance.
- 220 -
din
Fig. 3-3-153
dout
Turbulent pipe with separation(complex velocity field with reverse

flow).
- 221 -
Fig. 3-3-154
Cr2p XPS spectrum in Cr2O3 formed on the carbon steel and the
low-alloy steels(P11 and P22) after 500 hours at pH 9.75 under the
flow velocity of 4 m/sec.
- 222 -
CS
P11
P22
Fig. 3-3-155
X-ray diffraction patterns of the carbon steel(A), P11(B) and P22(C)

after 500 hours at pH 9.75 and 130 under the flow velocity of 4
m/sec.
- 223 -
CS (20.4mm)
P11 (20.4mm)
P22 (20.4mm)
1600
1200
800
400
0
CS (27.2mm)
P11 (27.2mm)
P22 (27.2mm)
1600
1200
800
400
0
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
pH at 25 C
Fig. 3-3-156
Weight loss of the specimens of CS, P11 and P22 after 500 hours at
20.4 and 27.2 from the orifice and 130, dependent on the
material.
- 224 -
Specific Weight Loss (g/cm2)
Specific weight loss calculated by regression

2000
CS (9 m/sec)
CS (4 m/sec)
P11 (4 m/sec)
P22 (4 m/sec)
1500
1000
500
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
pH at 25 C (mol/l)
Fig. 3-3-157
Regressed curves of the weight loss of CS, P11 and P22 at 20.4
from the orifice at 130, dependent on the material.
- 225 -
Specific Weight Loss ( g/cm 2)
at 20.4 mm from the orifiece
10
CS (9 m/sec)
CS (4 m/sec)
P11 (4 m/sec)
P22 (4 m/sec)
10
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
pH at 25 C
Fig. 3-3-158
Weight loss of the specimens of carbon steel(CS) and low-alloy steels

(P11: 1Cr-Mo, P22: 2Cr-1Mo) at 20.4 from the orifice,
dependent on the pH and material at 130 after 500 hours.
- 226 -
-6
10
2+
Fe
FeOH
-
HFeO2
Conc. of Soluble Iron Species (mol/l)
Fe(OH)2aq
2-
FeO2
H2FeO3
Fesolubletotal
-7
10
-8
10
-9
10
-10
10
10
11
pH at 130 C
Fig. 3-3-159
Contributions of the individual soluble iron species to the total

magnetite solubility in an aqueous solution, calculated at 130,
dependent on pH.
- 227 -
Iron Concentration dissolved (ppb)
Soluble iron concentration

3
10
10
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
pH at 25 C
Fig. 3-3-160
Dissolved iron concentration in the aqueous solution of the test loop at

pH 810 after 500 hour-testing.
- 228 -
Specific Weight Loss( /)
1200
900
CS(4m/s)
P11
P22
Orifice dis tance 20.4mm
600
300
0
10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
11.0
pH value at 25
Fig. 3-3-161
Weight loss of the specimens of carbon steel and low-alloy steel at

20.4 from the orifice under the flow velocity of 4 m/sec in the
pH range of 1011 controlled with LiOH at 130 during 500
hours, particularly, dependent on the material composition.
- 229 -
Fig. 3-3-162
Weight loss of the specimens of carbon steel and low-alloy steel at

20.4 from the orifice under the flow velocities of 4 m/sec and 9
m/sec in the pH range of 1011 controlled with LiOH at 130
during 500 hours, particularly, dependent on pH at 25.
- 230 -
Fig. 3-3-163
Weight loss of the specimens of carbon steel and low-alloy steel

the pH range of 1011 controlled with LiOH at 130 during
500 hours, particularly, dependent on pH at 25 and the
material.
- 231 -
Fig. 3-3-164
Final concentration of the soluble iron species dissolved in the

aqueous solution of the test loop at the pH range of 1011
controlled with LiOH at 130 during 500 hours, particularly.
- 232 -
Fig. 3-3-165
The base strengths(Kb) of seven chemical species

thermodynamically calculated with the concentration of 10 ppm.
- 233 -
Fig. 3-3-166
Relative volatilities(RV) of ammonia, morpholine, ETA, MPA and

pyrrolidine thermodynamically calculated with the concentration of
10 ppm.
- 234 -
Fig. 3-3-167
The distribution coefficients(Kd) of ammonia, morpholine, ETA,

MPA
and
pyrrolidine
thermodynamically
concentration of 10 ppm.
- 235 -
calculated
with
the
1.0
Relative Decomposition
0.8
0.6
Morpholine
ETA
MPA
o
at 286 C
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
Time (day)
Fig. 3-3-168
Decomposition rates of morpholine, ETA and MPA at 286,

plotted from the data in Reference[3-3-2].
- 236 -
1.0
Relative Decomposition
0.8
Morpholine
ETA
MPA
o
at 140~280 C
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Time (day)
Fig. 3-3-169
Decomposition rates of morpholine, ETA

temperature
range
of
140280,
Reference[3-3-2].
- 237 -
plotted
and
from
MPA in the
the
data
in
H 2N-(CH 2-CH 2) 2-O

(Morpholine)
H 2O
HO-CH 2-CH 2-NH-CH 2-CH 2-OH
(HO-CH 2-CH 2)-O-(CH 2-CH 2-NH 2)
(Diethanolamine)
(2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol)
HO-CH 2-CH 2-OH
HO-CH 2-CH 2-NH 2

+
(Ethanolamine)
(Ethylene glycol)
CH 3-NH 2
NH 3
+
(Ammonia)
CH 3-CH 2-NH 2
+
HO-CH 2-CH 2-OH

+
(Methylamine)
(Ethylamine)
(Ethylene glycol)
H 2O
O2
CH 3-CH 2-OH
HO-CH 2-COOH
(Ethanol)
(Glycolic acid)
O2
O2
H 3C-COOH
HOOC-COOH
(Acetic acid)
(Oxalic acid)
CO2
(Carbon dioxide)
Fig. 3-3-170
HCOOH
(Formic acid)
Decomposition of morpholine proposed in Reference[3-3-2].
- 238 -
Plotted by KWS Mar 13 2005
9.0
at pH25 C 9.0
Ammonia
ETA
MPA
Morpholine
Pyrrolidine
LiOH
Hydrazine
o
8.7
At-temperature pH calculated
8.4
8.1
7.8
7.5
7.2
6.9
6.6
6.3
6.0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Temperature, C
Fig. 3-3-171
At-temperature pHs of the pH controlling agents when the pH at 2

5 is 9.0.
- 239 -
6.861
at pH25 C 9.0
o
6.860
6.858
pH130 C calculated
6.859
6.857
6.856
6.855
Ammonia
ETA
MPA Morpholine
Pyrrolidine LiOH
Hydrazine
pH Controlling Agent
Fig. 3-3-172
pHs at 130 of the pH controlling agents when the pH at 25 is

9.0.
- 240 -
Re-plotted by KWSung 2005-3-12
Experimental at 9 m/s
Calculated at 9 m/s
2
I = 0.55 x (pKb / Density) + 465.5
Experimental at 4 m/s
Calculated at 4 m/s
2
I = 0.40 x (pKb / Density) + 438.0
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Ammonia Morpholine
ETA
MPA
Pyrrolidine
Fig. 3-3-173
Experimental specific weight loss of the carbon steel specimen at

pH130 of 6.78 controlled with five pH-controlling agents in
de-oxygenated aqueous solution under flow velocity of 4 and 9
m/sec at 130, including the regressively calculated specific weight
loss.
- 241 -
Concentration of Iron (ppb)
800
600
400
200
0
Ammonia
Morpholine
ETA
MPA
Pyrrolidine
Fig. 3-3-174
Final concentration of the soluble iron species dissolved in the

aqueous solution of the test loop at the pH130 of 6.78 controlled
with five pH controlling agents at 130 during 500 hours,
particularly.
- 242 -
1.0
Relative Fouling Rate
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
ETA Morph Pyrr MPA 4AB KOH DMA E-D OpMx
Fig. 3-3-175
Relative(to an arbitrary and historical fouling rate database) tube

bundle fouling rate of magnetite particles for various water treatment
chemicals. ETA = ethanolamine; Morph = morpholine; Pyrr =
pyrrolidine; MPA = methoxypropylamine; 4AB = 4 aminobutanol;
DMA= dimethylamine; Opt. Mix = optimized mixture of alternative
amines(currently
proprietary
reference[3-3-3].
- 243 -
information),
replotted
from
BPR
Cooler
Pressurizer
Magnetically
Driven
Autoclave
Sam pling
Port
DO-m eter
Damper
Rew ar Pum p
PreHeater
Fig. 3-3-176
Specimens
Schematic diagram of High Temperature Magnetically Driven

Autoclave System used.
- 244 -
Specimen
Blade
Blade
Orifice
Fig. 3-3-177
Photograph
of
Erosion-Corrosion
Temperature Autoclave System.
- 245 -
Test
Ring-Typed
Loop,
Teflon Support
including
High
Fig. 3-3-178
Photograph of the rotating blade and the specimen bundle in High

Temperature Autoclave System.
- 246 -
Plotted by KWS Feb 15, 2005
2000
Carbon Steel
o
at pH 9.0 and 250 C
Experimental
Average
Specific Weight Loss, g/cm
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
250
0
50
100
Hydrazine Concentration, ppb
Fig. 3-3-179
Hydrazine concentration dependency on FAC of carbon steel(A106

Gr. B) after 500 hour tests at 250 in de-oxygenated solution(DO
< 2 ppb) of pH25 9.0 with ammonia.
- 247 -
Cooling Water Inlet
N2(g) in
Cooling Water Outlet

Connection
line
Water Bath
Drain
(including heating and regrigerant w ith
recirculation motor)
Fig. 3-3-180
Schematic diagram of a doping apparatus.
- 248 -
CS
Spectrum
S1
Max.
Min.
All results
O
Cr
Fe
Cu
16.57
0.28 60.78
1.68
16.57
0.28 60.78
1.68
16.57
0.28 60.78
1.68
in Weight Percent
Pt
Total
20.69
100
20.69
20.69
SS
Spectrum O
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ni
Cu
Pt
Total
S1
8.29 12.73
1.09 50.66
5.46
3.5 18.27
100
Max.
8.29 12.73
1.09 50.66
5.46
3.5 18.27
Min.
8.29 12.73
1.09 50.66
5.46
3.5 18.27
All results in Weight Percent
600
Spectrum O
Si
Ti
Cr
Fe
Ni
Pt
Total
S1
4.27
0.35
0.37
18.1 30.33 21.75 24.84
100
Max.
4.27
0.35
0.37
18.1 30.33 21.75 24.84
Min.
4.27
0.35
0.37
18.1 30.33 21.75 24.84
All results in Weight Percent
Fig. 3-3-181
XPS-EDX(x 5000) of a platinum cluster(a white point in the yellow

circle) doped on the surface of each specimen of carbon steel, stainless
steel and alloy 600 TT after 24 hour-water bathing at 80.
- 249 -
Fig. 3-3-182
Schematic showing typical locations and orientations of cracks in

various U. S. low-pressure rotor disks.
- 250 -
Fig. 3-3-183
Example of turbine components failures in local plants.
- 251 -
Fig. 3-3-184
CERT apparatus for SCC tests.
- 252 -
Fig. 3-3-185
Geometry of CERT test specimen.
- 253 -
900
-7
3.5NiCrMoV Steel, 1x10 /sec, in deaerated water(acetic acid added)
800
700
Stress[, MPa]
600
500
400
pure water
pH4.95
pH4.13
pH3.95
pH3.83
pH3.5
pH3.21
pH3.62
pH3.44
300
200
100
0
10
12
14
16
18
Strain[I/I0, %]
Fig. 3-3-186
Effects of pH(acetic acid) on Stress-strain curves of turbine steels

tested in water at 150.
- 254 -
Fig. 3-3-187
Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the failure morphology of turbine steels

- 255 -
Fig. 3-3-188
Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the morphology of fracture surfaces of

turbine steels tested in water at 150.
- 256 -
Fig. 3-3-189
Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the SCC ratio in fracture surfaces of

turbine steels tested in deaerated water at 150.
- 257 -
20
Elongation
DoseResp fit of Data1_elongation
Strain (%)
15
10
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
pH
Fig. 3-3-190
Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the elongation of turbine steels tested in

- 258 -
60
RA
50
RA (%)
40
30
20
10
0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
pH
Fig. 3-3-191
Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the reduction in area(%) of turbine steels

tested in deaerated water at 150.
- 259 -
Fig. 3-3-192
Cracking morphologies as a function of solution pH in

deaerated water at 150(pH control: acetic acid).
- 260 -
0.8
SCC ratio
0.7
0.6
ASCC/Atotal
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
10000
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
Concentration of acetic acid (ppm)

Fig. 3-3-193
Reduction in area(%) of turbine steels tested in deaerated water at

150 as a function of acetic acid concentration(ppm, pH control:
acetic acid).
- 261 -
900
800
700
Stress[, MPa]
600
500
400
pH2.8
pH3.08
pH3.41
pH3.58
300
200
100
0
10
12
14
16
18
Strain[I/I0, %]
Fig. 3-3-194
Effects of pH(formic acid) on Stress-strain curves of turbine steels

- 262 -
Fig. 3-3-195
Stress corrosion crack growth behavior of turbine steels tested in

deaerated
water
at
150(pH
control:
intergranular, pH 3.08: transgranular).
- 263 -
formic
acid,
pH
3.41:
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
pH5.06
pH3.98
pH3.25
pH3.01
0.8
E(V)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1E-10
1E-8
1E-6
1E-4
0.01
log I (A/cm )
Fig. 3-3-196
Effects of pH(acetic acid) on the polarization curves of turbine steels

- 264 -
1.6
1.4
150 C, Ag/AgCl
deaerated water
(formic acid solution)
scan rate: 0.25mV/s
IR=None
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
E(V)
0.4
pH 3.07
pH 3.19
pH 3.64
pH 4.18
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
-10
10
-9
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
log I (A/cm )
Fig. 3-3-197
Effects of pH(formic acid) on the polarization curves of turbine steels

- 265 -
10
Fig. 3-3-198
(a) SCC Initiation from the Corrosion Pits and (b) SCC growth from
the place of fracture of surface oxide(Turbine Steels tested in
deaerated water at 150, pH=4.13, pH control: acetic acid).
- 266 -
Fig. 3-3-199
Effects of pH on the corrosion fatigue crack growth length of

turbine steels in deaerated water at 150. (pH control: acetic acid)
- 267 -
-2
Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth Rate(mm/cycle)
10
Turbine Steel
in deaerated water at 25C
tur3-13 (pH=5)
tur3-11 (pH=4)
tur3-12 (pH=3)
tur3-10 (no acetic acid)
R=0.2, 0.1Hz
-3
10
-4
10
20
40
60
80 100
1/2
K(MPam )
Fig. 3-3-200
Effects of acetic acid on the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate of

turbine steels in deaerated water at 25. (pH control: acetic acid)
- 268 -
-2
Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth Rate(mm/cycle)
10
Turbine Steels in deaerated water

tur3-11 pH4(25C)
tur3-16 pH3(150C)
tur3-15 pH4(150C)
tur3-19 pH5(150C)
R=0.2, 0.1Hz
-3
10
-4
10
20
40
60
80 100
1/2
K(MPam )
Fig. 3-3-201
Effects of pH on the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate of turbine

steels in deaerated water at 150. (pH control: acetic acid)
- 269 -
Fig. 3-3-202
Effects of pH on the fracture surface morphologies of turbine steels.

(corrosion fatigue tested in deaerated water at
acetic acid)
- 270 -
150, pH control:
Fig. 3-4-1
Microstructure of alloy 600 CRDM nozzle material.
Unit:mm
20
R2
7.0
25
11.5
70
93
Fig. 3-4-2
11.5
2.0
Dimension of tensile specimen for constant extension rate test.
- 271 -
Fig. 3-4-3
Microstructure of alloy 600LTMA steam generator tube material.
- 272 -
deg. C
300
320
340
380
120
65cc(STP)/kg H2O(2Li/1200B)
16
H2 Partial Pressure, psia
360
110
14
100
90
12
10
50cc(STP)/kg H2O, Calculated
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
2
0
550
kPa
18
10
600
650
700
0
750
Temperature, deg. F
Fig. 3-4-4
Changes of hydrogen partial pressure with temperature in simulated

MOC and EOC water chemistry.
- 273 -
Test Time, days

0
80
100
-8
120
800
700
65ccH2/kg H2O
50ccH2/kg H2O
60
2
60
CRDM600, 330 C, 6.67x10 /sec, 2Li/1200B(MOC), pH@300 C~6.85
70
Stress, kg/mm
40
600
35ccH2/kg H2O
17ccH2/kg H2O
50
500
8ccH2/kg H2O
2ccH2/kg H2O
40
400
30
300
20
200
10
100
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MPa
80
20
0
0.7
Strain
Fig. 3-4-5
Stress-strain curves from CERT in simulated MOC water chemistry at

330 with various dissolved hydrogen contents.
- 274 -
2cc
8cc
17cc
35cc
50cc
65cc
Fig. 3-4-6
Fractographs and IGSCC area of CERT specimens in simulated MOC

water chemistry.
- 275 -
Test Time, days

80
20
40
o
70
60
80
100
-8
120
800
CRDM600, 330 C, 6.67x10 /sec, 2Li/500B(EOC), pH@300 C~7.25
700
17ccH2/kg H2O
35ccH2/kg H2O
60
600
50
500
65ccH2/kg H2O
40
400
30
300
20
200
10
100
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MPa
Stress, kg/mm
50ccH2/kg H2O
0
0.7
Strain
Fig. 3-4-7
Stress-strain curves from CERT in simulated EOC water chemistry at

330 with various dissolved hydrogen contents.
- 276 -
17cc
35cc
50cc
65cc
Fig. 3-4-8
Fractographs and IGSCC area of CERT specimens in simulated EOC

water chemistry.
- 277 -
Review Data on WF675, 325 C, Cassagne et al

o
Review Data on HB400, 325 C, Cassagne et al
o
o
CERT Results, 2Li/1200B(pH@300 C~6.85), 330 C
o
o
CERT Results, 2Li/500B (pH@300 C~7.25), 330 C
Crack Growth Rate, m/sec
1E-9
Maximum
1E-10
Average
1E-11
Operation Guideline
10
100
Hydrogen Contents, ccSTP/kg.H2O
Fig. 3-4-9
Dependence of crack growth rate on hydrogen contents in simulated

MOC and BOC water chemistry around the operation temperature.
- 278 -
Fig. 3-4-10
Summary plot of CER data, on a scc/kg hydrogen basis[4-3-9].
- 279 -
Fig. 3-4-11
Effects of hydrogen concentration and temperature on Ni/NiO phase

stability and peak crack growth rate for PWSCC in Alloy 600[4-3-1].
- 280 -
100000
Cracked in all specimens
Cracked in some specimens
Not cracked
2Li/1200B, 35ccH2
o
Test Time, Hrs
330 C, 3000psig
10000
(4/5)
(1/5)
(1/5)
(1/5)
(1/5)
(1/5)
(0/5)
(1/1)
(5/5)
(4/5)
(1/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(0/2)
(0/5)
(0/2)
(0/5)
(0/1)
(0/5)
1000
Fig. 3-4-12
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(0/2)
(2/2)
NX8688-9% NX8688-15% NX8688-20% 302019-9%
302019-20%
Summary of crack initiation test using modified RUB specimens.
- 281 -
Fig. 3-4-13
Morphology of crack in modified RUB specimens after 3,000 hours

exposure to simulated primary water with the hydrogen concentration
of 35 ccSTP/kg-water.
- 282 -
Fig. 3-4-14
Morphology of crack in modified RUB specimens after 3,000 hours

exposure to simulated primary water with the hydrogen concentration
of 50 ccSTP/kg-water.
- 283 -
Fig. 3-4-15
Effect of hydrogen concentration on time to PWSCC crack initiation

at 330[3-4-1].
Fig. 3-4-16
Chemical and Volume Control System in PWR.
- 284 -
Fig. 3-4-17
Break through curves for different temperature in the adsorption of

Zn on Amberlite IRN150 and IRN217 from aqueous Zn(CH3CO2)2
solution(Inlet concentration: 1000 ppm Zn, Bed volume: 19 mL).
Fig. 3-4-18
Break through curves for different flow rate in the adsorption of Zn

on
Amberlite
IRN150
and
IRN217
from aqueous Zn(CH3CO2)2
solution (Inlet concentration: 1000 ppm Zn, Bed volume: 19 mL).
- 285 -
Fig. 3-4-19
Adsorption rate of Zn on Amberlite IRN150 and IRN217 from

aqueous Zn(CH3CO2)2 solution(Initial concentration: 100 ppm Zn,
Solution volume: 1.5 L, Resin amount: 5 g).
Time to reach break point(years)
10
Mixed IX resin volume:850L
Letdown flow rate: 510L/min.
Break-through capacity:
0.3 Eq./L
0.5 Eq./L
0.7 Eq./L
20
40
60
80
100
Zinc concentration in coolant (ppb.)
Fig. 3-4-20
Time to reach break-point vs. coolant zinc concentration.
- 286 -
Fig. 3-4-21
CERT apparatus and Loop system for PWSCCtests.
- 287 -
Fig. 3-4-22
Geometry of Hump specimen.
- 288 -
180
hp61_C no ZnO
hp66_C 10 ppb ZnO
Hp72_B 50 ppb ZnO
160
140
Load(kg)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Displacement(mm)
300
280
260
240
hp60_C no Zn
hp67_C 10 ppb ZnO
hp73_B 50 ppb ZnO
Load(kg)
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
b) Strain rate: 5x10-7/sec
-20
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Displacement(mm)
Fig. 3-4-23
Stress-strain curves of Alloy 600(B, shoulder released) tested in ZnO

injected water at 360C.
- 289 -
Fig. 3-4-24
Effect of Zn concentration on the fracture surface morphologies of

Alloy 600(B, shoulder released) tested in ZnO injected water at
360C(strain rate:2.5x10
-7
/sec).
- 290 -
100
PWSCC Area(%)
90%
PWSCC Area of Alloy 600

in zn injected water at 360C
81%
80
70%
60
0 ppb
10ppb
50ppb
Zn Concentraion( ZnO)
SCC Crack Growth Rate(um/sec)
3.5x10
-3
3.0x10
-3
2.5x10
-3
2.0x10
-3
1.5x10
-3
1.0x10
-3
5.0x10
-4
SCC Crack Growth Rate of Alloy 600

in zn injected water at 360C
-3
2.66x10 m/sec(100%)
-3
1.85x10 m/sec(69.5%)
-3
1.12x10 m/sec(42.1%)
0.0
0ppb
10ppb
50ppb
ZnO concentration(ppb)
Fig. 3-4-25
PWSCC area ratio(%) and crack growth rate of Alloy 600(B, shoulder
-7
released) in ZnO injected water at 360C(strain rate: 2.5x10
- 291 -
/sec).
Fig. 3-4-26

Alloy 600(B, shoulder released) tested in ZnO injected water at
360C(strain rate: 5x10
-7
/sec).
- 292 -
Fig. 3-4-27
PWSCC area ratio(%) and crack growth rate of Alloy 600(B, shoulder
released) in ZnO injected water at 360C(strain rate: 5x10-7 /sec).
- 293 -
hp64_C no Zn
hp70_B 10 ppb Zn
hp74_B 50 ppb Zn
Load(Kg)
100
50
0
0
Displacement(mm)
200
hp65 no Zn
hp69 10 ppb Zn
hp72 50 ppb Zn
Load(kg)
150
100
50
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Displacement(mm)
Fig. 3-4-28
Stress-strain curves of Alloy 600(C, shoulder released) tested in ZnO

injected water at 360C.
- 294 -
Fig. 3-4-29

Alloy 600(C, shoulder released) tested in ZnO injected water at
360C(strain rate: 2.5x10
-7
/sec).
- 295 -
Fig. 3-4-30

Alloy 600(C, shoulder released) tested in ZnO injected water at
360C(strain rate: 5x10-7 /sec).
- 296 -
160
-7
Alloy 600, Hump, in dearated water, 2.5x10 /sec

1.
hptest24_C: no Zn
hptest25_C: no Zn
2.
hptest35_C: 10 ppb Zn
3.
4.
5.
140
120
Load(Kg)
100
80
60
40
20
2
1
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3
3.0
3.5
Deformation(mm)
hptest51_C no Zn,
hptest26_C no Zn
hptest37_C 10 ppb Zn,
hptest50_C 10 ppb Zn
250
Load(kg)
200
150
100
50
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Displacement(mm)
Fig. 3-4-31
Stress-strain curves of Alloy 600(B, shoulder fixed) tested in Zinc

borate injected deaerated water at 360C.
- 297 -
Fig. 3-4-32

Alloy 600(B, shoulder fixed) tested in Zinc borate injected water at
-7
360C(strain rate: 2.5x10
/sec).
- 298 -
Fig. 3-4-33

Alloy 600(B, shoulder fixed) tested in Zinc borate injected water at
360C(strain rate: 5x10
-7
/sec).
- 299 -
Fig. 3-4-34
Initiation and crack growth in hump sepecimens during CERT tests.
- 300 -
a)
b)
Fig. 3-4-35
Residual stress distribution after bending to hump type specimen.
(x: longitudinal, y: lateral).
- 301 -
Fig. 3-4-36
Longitudinal (x) and lateral (y) stress distribution when the hump
specimen is pulled by 2 mm(7% elongation) in longitudinal direction.
- 302 -
a)
path4
path3
path2
path1
1 20
Longitudianl stress (MPa )
1 00
p a th
p a th
p a th
p a th
80
1
2
3
4
60
40
20
0
-20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
L o ca tio n
120
path
path
path
path
100
Lateral stress (MPa )
80
1
2
3
4
60
40
20
0
-20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Loction
Fig. 3-4-37
Variation of longitudinal (y) and lateral (x) stress when the hump
specimen is pulled by 2 mm(7% elongation) in longitudinal direction.
- 303 -
-6
hptest56_C: 360C, 1x10 /sec, 50 ppb Zn, 53%

-7
hptest57_C: 330C, 5x10 /sec, 50 ppb Zn, 1.6%
-7
hpest58_C: 330C, 2.5x10 /sec, 50 ppb Zn, 2.1%
300
250
Load(kg)
200
150
100
50
0
0
Displacement(mm)
Fig. 3-4-38
Shape of stress-strain curve in 3 different conditions.
- 304 -
Fig. 3-4-39
Fracture surfaces showing different cracking behavior for the similar

shape of stress-strain curve during hump tests.
- 305 -
400
350
300
Effect of Strain Rate

CERT Tests: Alloy 600 hump specimens
in deaerated pure water at 360C(no Zn)
-6
hptest59_C: strain rate=1x10 /sec, 55% SCC
-7
hptest60_C: strain rate=5x10 /sec, 79% SCC
-7
hptest61_C: strain rate=2.5x10 /sec, 84% SCC
Load(kg)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
Displacement(mm)
Fig. 3-4-40
Effects of strain rates on the stress-strain curves of Alloy 600 tested in

deaerated water at 360C.
- 306 -
Fig. 3-4-41
Effects of strain rates on the SCC ratio in fracture surface of Alloy

600 tested in deaerated water at 360C.
- 307 -
Effect of Cold Work

-7
Alloy600 Hump, 360C Water, 5x10 /sec
hptest54_C: cold work2(released shoulder), 50 ppb Zn
hptest55_C: cold work1(fixed shoulder), 50 ppb Zn
300
250
Load(kg)
200
150
100
50
0
0
Displacement(mm)
Fig. 3-4-42
Effects of cold work on the stress-strain curves of Alloy 600 tested

-7
in deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb Zn, strain rate: 5x10
- 308 -
/sec).
Fig. 3-4-43
Effects of cold work on the SCC ratio in fracture surface of Alloy

600 tested in deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb Zn, strain rate:
-7
5x10
/sec).
- 309 -
300
Temperature Effect
-7
CERT Tests: strain rate=5x10 /sec
Alloy 600 hump specimens
250
hptest54_C, 360C,50 ppb Zn, SCC(72%)

hptest57_C, 330C, 50 ppb Zn, SCC(1.2%)
Load(kg)
200
150
100
50
0
0
Displacement(mm)
Fig. 3-4-44
Effects of temperature on the stress-strain curves of Alloy 600 tested

-7
in deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb Zn, strain rate: 5x10
- 310 -
/sec).
Fig. 3-4-45
Effects of temperature on the SCC ratio in fracture surface of Alloy

-7
600 tested in deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb Zn, strain rate: 5x10
/sec).
- 311 -
Fig. 3-4-46
Effect of zinc injection(ZnO) on the surface oxide structure of Alloy

600 formed in zinc injected deaerated water at 360C. (strain rate:
5x10-7 /sec).
- 312 -
Fig. 3-4-47
Effect of zinc injection(ZnO) on the surface oxide structure of Alloy

600 formed in zinc injected deaerated water at 360C. (strain rate:
-7
2.5x10
/sec).
- 313 -
Fig. 3-4-48
Magnified microstructure of surface oxide on Alloy 600 tested in

deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb ZnO dissolved, 172 hrs).
- 314 -
Fig. 3-4-49
Preperation of TEM specimens by FIB(Focused Ion Beam) and

Observation of oxide layers of Alloy 600 tested in deaerated water
at 360C(50 ppb ZnO dissolved, 172 hrs).
- 315 -
Fig. 3-4-50
TEM EDS analysis for Zn implementation in oxide layer of Alloy 600

tested in deaerated water at 360C(50 ppb ZnO dissolved, 172 hrs).
- 316 -
Fig. 3-4-51
Zn implementation in oxide of Alloy 600 tested in deaerated water at

360C(10 ppb Zn dissolved).
- 317 -
Atomic Concentration(% of Oxygen)
70
sputter rate= 220 A/min in SiO2
60
hptest-6: no Zn, air saturated water

hptest-25: no Zn, deaerated water
hptest-36: 10ppb Zn, deaerated water
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Abitrary Length
Fig. 3-4-52
Effects of Zn injection on the thickness of surface oxide of Alloy 600

in water at 360C.
- 318 -
50
- 319 -
- 320 -
4
1. 2
IGA/ODSCC
, sludge (Crevice)
.
.

.
.

, 2 PID
(Graphic User Interface) .
(superheat)
. super heat(
T) .
mechanism model
.
290, 110 bar 3/4
, 4 L/hr
. 5%
,
. Thermocouple
water-filled Ag/AgCl Platinum
bulk .
2 NaOH 40 ppm, 4 l/hr, 40 mm,
0.15 mm, super heat(T) 20 2000 .

, NaOH 2 (NH4Cl)
.
- 321 -

.
. ECP ,
, , , ,
ECP .
Ag/AgCl Platinum Nickel
port .
.
ECP ECP
.
2. 2 /

.
PbSCC .
PbSCC
PbSCC . PbSCC
.
2
. , , .
,
.

SCC
.
3. Sludge
2 sludge ,
- 322 -
FAC , , , pH pH
.

FAC . 2004
,

.
2Cr-1Mo FAC
1Cr-Mo
. 2
, , 2
2Cr-1Mo
.
FAC pH 8.09.5 pH
. pH 9.510.0
, FAC pH
. FAC
pH FAC pH .
FAC
.
.
FAC
.
2 pH ETA
pH
. FAC
ETA
20 1 MPA pH
.
2
sludge .
2 ETA
- 323 -

.

.
4. 1 /

PWSCC
.

EPRI
.

,
.
Zn (Alloy 600) Zn
.

.
- 324 -
- 325 -
- 326 -
5
1. 2

.

.
, ECP .

.
2.
2 /

2 SCC
, PbSCC pH

PbSCC PbSCC .
PbSCC
.
,
.

.
SCC ,
.
SCC
- 327 -
3. Sludge
2 sludge
FAC . FAC FAC

.

-
- . 2Cr-1Mo

sludge . pH 9.510.0
FAC pH
FAC pH
. FAC
FAC
. pH ETA

MPA pH sludge
.
.

.
-
2 sludge
.
- 328 -
4. 1 /

PWSCC 600
CRDM nozzle
,
.

.
Zn (Alloy 600)
. 1 Zn
. Zn

.
- 329 -
- 330 -
- 331 -
- 332 -
2-1-1.
PWR Molar Ratio Control Application Guidelines, Volume 1:Summary",

EPRI TR-104811-V1, January (1995)
2-1-2.
A. J. Baum and N. J. Curlee, " An experimental and analytical investigation

of dryout chemical concentration in confined geometries", ASME Technical
Paper 80-C2/NE-6 (1980).
2-1-3.
Y. Kozawa and S. Aoki, "Alternate drying and rewetting of heat transfer

surface in tubesheet crevice", ASME Technical Paper 82-JPGC-NE-6 (1982).
2-1-4.
J. L. Campan and C. E. Shoemaker, "Sodium hideout studies in steam

generator crevices", Proceedings of the 3rd Int. Symp. on environmental
degradation of materials in nuclear power systems-water reactors", Traverse
city, The Metallurgical Society, pp. 199-207 (1988).
2-1-5.
J. B. Lumsden, et al., "Hideout in prototypic tube/tube support plate heated

crevices", Proceedings of the 8th Int. Symp. on environmental degradation of
materials in nuclear power systems-water reactors", Newport Beach, August,
ANS, p.545 ( 1999).
2-1-6.
H. Takamatsu et al., "Monitoring on corrosion behavior of steam generator

tubings", Proceedings of JAIF International conference on water chemistry in
nuclear power plants-operational experience and new technologies for
management, Tokyo, p.752-756 (1991).
2-1-7.
P. J. Millett and J. M. Fenton, "A modeling study of parameters controlling

local concentration processes in pressurized water reactor steam generators",
Nuclear Technology, vol.108, p.256-265 (1994).
2-2-1.
A.
K.
Agrawal,
J.P.N.Paine,
Proceedings;
4th
Int'l
Symposium
on
Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems-Water

Reactors-Aug. 6-10, 1989. Jekyll Island, Georgia, p7-1, NACE, Houston,
USA, (1990).
2-2-2.
" 2 - ",
, (1990).
2-2-3.
R.W. Staehle and J.A. Gorman, "Quantitative Assessment of Submodes of
- 333 -
Stress Corrosion Cracking on the Secondary Side of Steam Generator Tubing

in Pressurized Water Reactors: Part 1", Corrosion Vol. 59, No. 11, p931
(2003).
2-2-4.
R.W. Staehle and J.A. Gorman, ibid. : Part 2, Corrosion Vol. 60, No. 1, p5
(2004).
2-2-5.
R.W. Staehle and J.A. Gorman, ibid. : Part 3, Corrosion Vol. 60, No. 2, p115
(2004)
2-2-6.
, , KAERI/RR-2214/2001.
2-2-7.
J.M. Sarver, B.P. Miglin, "A Parametric Study of the Lead-Induced Stress
Corrosion Cracking of Alloy 690", EPRI TR-112775, (1999).
2-2-8.
B.P. Miglin and J.M. Sarver, "Investigation of Lead as a Cause of Stress

Corrosion Cracking at Support Plate Intersection", EPRI NP-7367-S, (1991)
2-2-9.
K.M. Kim, U.C. Kim, E.H. Lee and S.S. Hwang, "Stress Corrosion Cracking
of the Tubing Materials for Nuclear Steam Generators in an Environment
Containing Lead", Symp. on Water Chemistry and Corrosion in Nuclear
Power Plans in Asia, Tenjin, Japan, Nov. 11-12, p181-185 (2003)
2-2-10.
R. Bandy, R. Roberge and R. C. Newman, "Low temperature stress corrosion

of inconel 600 under two different conditions of sensitization", Corrosion
Science, Vol. 23, No. 9, p995 (1983).
2-2-11.
A. K. Agrawal, W. N. Stiegelmeyer and W. E. Berry: EPRI NP-4504LD

EPRI, USA (1986).
2-2-12.
R. Bandy, R. Roberge and R. C. Newman, "Low temperature stress corrosion

of sensitized inconel 600 in tetrathionate and thiosulfate solutions", Corrosion
Science, Vol. 23, No. 10, p391 (1983).
2-2-13.
T. Sakai, S. Okabayashi, K. Aoki, K. Matsumoto, F. Nakayasu and Y. Kishi:

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- 342 -
- 343 -
- 344 -
A.
Magnetically driven autoclave

Magnetically driven autoclave

:
U i
=0
x k
(1)

Uk
U i
U i
1 P
=+
(v
- ui uk )
x k
x i
x k
x k
(2)
k - k
:
Uk
k
xk
Uk
xk
P= t
vt
k
xk
[(
xk
[( v + ) xk ] +
v+
(3)
vt
u j
u i
+
x i
x j
C 1 = 1.44,
) xk ] + P + G -
k
u j
,
x i
C 2 = 1.92,
( C 1 (P+G)- C 2 )
k
G = g i
t T
,
Pr x i
C = 0.09,
(4)
t = C
k = 1.0,
k2
= 1.3,
Magnetically driven autoclave blade 1500 rpm 2500 rpm,

250, Table A-1 .
- 345 -
(U k ) =
(
)+S
x k
x k
x k
(5)
, , S
.
= 1 ,
= U i ,
= T , = k
. S .
(FVM : Finite Volume Method)
(5) :
p (A i - S p ) = (A i i ) + S c
i
(6)
FLUENT (6)
. FLUENT , , ,
GAMBIT, Solver FLUENT
. FLUENT (fully implicit scheme)
Code ,
(non-staggered grid) ,
power-law, 2 , QUICK
. k - RSM(Reynolds
Stress Model) RNG(Renormalization Group)
.
SIMPLE
SMMPLEC
power-law scheme SIMPLE algorithm .

10 - 5
:
R=
nodestP [ A E E + A W W + A N N + A S S + S C - A P P ]
10 - 5
nodestP ( A P P )
- 346 -
(7)
Magnetically driven autoclave blade

2500, 1500 rpm (3.973 MPa), 150,
60 bar .
Fig. A-1 Magnetically driven autoclave 8
blade 0, 90, 180, 270 support
. autoclave
support
. Fig. A-2 3
, blade
, blade support
80 .
Fig. A-3 2500 rpm,
support () , blade
support . Fig.
A-4 blade
(support) .
Fig. A-5 1500 rpm 2500 rpm
, 19 m/sec 11.3 m/sec . Table
A-2 blade , blade support
blade support () .
1500rpm , blade
blade support
.
- 347 -
Table A-32.
Physical properties of distilled water under the pressure.
Pressure
Property
3.973 MPa
(Sat. pressure)
6 MPa
15 MPa
799.2
801.5414
811.7274
0.000109834
0.0001064154
0.0001089487
Density (/)
Viscosity (/ms)
Table A-33.
Velocity Distribution according to the conditions.
Fluid Velocity
Region rotating
with the blade
Rotating Speed
(Press.)
Average value
Region between of the whole
the blade and region between
the blade and
the support
the support
(m/sec)
(m/sec)
(m/sec)
2500 rpm (3.973 MPa)
14.53
12.49
12.95
1500 rpm (3.973 MPa)
8.76
8.53
8.64
2500 rpm (15
MPa)
14.6
14.4
14.56
2500 rpm (6.0
MPa)
14.6
14.6
14.78
- 348 -
Cy lRd =
1.25 mm
Bld = 5.00 mm
Bld = 10.00 mm
Sf t =
Cy l =
Cyl =
15.00 mm
68.55 mm
71.05 m m Bld =
71.05 mm
Bld = 142.10 m m
Spt = 148.10 m m
Spt = 168.10 mm
Vsl = 208.10 mm
Vsl = 248.10 mm
Rotating Shaft
Bonding
25 mm
Water Out
Cylinder
200 mm
Blade
150 mm
Support
Vessel
25 mm
Only for fixing
Water In
Fig. A-266 Schematic diagram of the Magnetically-Driven Autoclave system.
- 349 -
Fig. A-267 Calculation lattice.
Fig. A-268 Velocity distribution(2500 rpm).
- 350 -
Fig. A-269 Pressure distribution(2500 rpm).
Fig. A-270 Velocity distribution(1500 rpm).
- 351 -
- 352 -
INIS
KAERI/RR-2518/2004
/

()
, , , , , ,
(),
, ()
351p.
( ), (
( ), (
), __
2005. 4
29.7 Cm.
(15-20)

, .
,

1
. ,
,
1 2
.
. , 2
, , 2
, , Sludge , , 1
.
, , , ,
(10)
Pb , , ,
Zn,
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Performing Org.
Report No.
KAERI/RR-2518/2004
Title / Subtitle
Project Manager
and Department
Researcher and
Department
Publication
Place
Page
Note
Open
Taejeon
351p.
Sponsoring Org.
Report No.
SHEET
Standard Report No.
INIS Subject Code
Corrosion Evaluation and Corrosion Control of Steam Generators
U.C. Kim (Nuclear Materials Technology Development Team)

K.W. Sung, J.W. Na, M.S. Choi, Y.H. Lee W.Y. Maeng,
K.M. Kim, D.H. Lee
(Nuclear Materials Technology Development Team),
K.R. Kim, S.W. Paek
(Nuclear Chemical Engineering Research Team)
Korea Atomic Energy Publication
Publisher
2005. 4
Date
Research Institute
Ill. & Tab.
Yes( ), No ( )
Size
29.7 Cm.
Open( ), Closed( )
Restricted(
),
___Class
Report Type
Research Report
Classified
Document
Contract No.
Sponsoring Org.
Abstract (15-20 Lines)
Steam generators show the most frequent degradation problems due to a corrosion
at a high temperature among the major components of nuclear power plants in
Korea. This kind of degradation will continue and get worse, as these plants are
operated for a longer period of time. These steam generators can not be used for
their designed lifetime by the present technology, due to the initiation and
propagation of various kinds of corrosion. The primary goal of this project is to
operate these plants for their designed lifetime without losing their integrity, by
developing active mitigating technologies depending on the forms and causes of the
degradation for each specific plant.
The final objectives to achieve this goal are to provide a supplementary data base
to evaluate the high temperature corrosion of steam generators by a change of the
water chemistry and operating conditions, to develop mitigating technologies by an
improvement of the water chemistry, operating conditions and by applying corrosion
inhibitors, and to modify the water chemistry guidelines.
Following works were performed during the present phase. 1)Development of the
technologies to evaluate the chemistry conditions in the secondary side crevices of
steam generators, 2) Data production on the stress corrosion cracking of steam
generators by the water chemistry conditions and additive chemicals in the
secondary system, 3)Development of the technologies to reduce the formation of
sludge on the steam generators 4) Data production on the stress corrosion cracking
of steam generators by the water chemistry conditions and additive chemicals in
the primary system.
Subject Keywords
crevice chemistry, stress corrosion cracking(SCC) of steam
(About 10 words)
generators, corrosion inhibitor, erosion corrosion of piping,
SCC in S environment, SCC in hydrogen environment, Zn
injection, alternative amine
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.

Corrosion

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KAERI/RR-2518/2004

Development of Technologies for Improving

in S environment, SCC in hydrogen environment, Zn injection,

IRN150 0.5 mEq/mL .

PWSCC 600 CRDM

. Objective and Importance of Project

. Scope and Contents of Project

conditions in the secondary side crevices of steam generators.

showed a qualitative agreement with the calculated results. Discrepancy in the

2. Stress corrosion cracking of steam generators by the

concentration. The SCC tests were conducted using m-RUB specimens at 34

increase the SCC susceptibility of the SG tubing materials.

3. Technology to reduce the formation of sludge on steam

characteristics and pH on the FAC of piping material. An experiment was

4. Stress corrosion cracking of steam generators by the

capacity is rated at about 0.5 mEq/mL based on the Amberlite

from the fixed-bed adsorption experiments of an aqueous zinc solution. At this

. Proposal for an Application

2. Stress corrosion cracking of steam generators by the

3. Technology to reduce the formation of sludge on steam

4. Stress corrosion cracking of steam generators by the

Chapter 3. Contents and results of the project 27

Chapter 4. Achievement of project objectives 319

3. Technology to reduce the formation of sludge on steam generators 322

Chapter 5. Plans for application of results 325

Chapter 6. References 331

Tube degradation of nuclear steam generators in Korea. 107

Steam generator sludge compositions of Kori unit 1. 108

Steam generator sludge compositions of Kori unit 2. 108

Steam generator sludge compositions of Kori unit 3. 109

Steam generator sludge compositions of Kori unit 4. 110

Steam generator sludge compositions of Yonggwang unit 1 111

Steam generator sludge compositions of Yonggwang unit 2 111

Steam generator sludge compositions of Yonggwang unit 3 112

Steam generator sludge compositions of Yonggwang unit 4 112

Table 3-2-10 Steam generator sludge compositions of Ulchin unit 1. 113

Chemical Composition of the test specimens. 123

Table 3-3-2 The constant values of WL (Regressed weight loss(/)) = A

Molecular characteristics of five pH controlling agents obtained

from HyperChem (Professional Ver.-Rel 6.02) software. 124

Composition of turbine steels. 124

Stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue test conditions

Chemical composition and tensile properties of alloy 600 CRDM

Chemical composition and tensile properties of alloy 600 LTMA

Summary of the CERT results in simulated MOC water

Summary of the CERT results in simulated EOC water

Nuclear grade Amberlite

Current research status of the Zn injection effects on PWSCC.

ion exchange resins. 129

mixed resin* 129

List of primary water reactors applying Zn injection. 131

Composition of Alloy 600 hump specimens in this study. 132

Table 3-4-10 Mechanical properties of Alloy 600 specimens. 132

Physical properties of distilled water under the pressure. 348

Velocity Distribution according to the conditions. 348

Fig. 2-1-3 Model boiler at Ohi unit 1 from H. Takamatsu.[2-1-6]

Fig. 2-3-1 World-wide experience of the flow accelerated corrosion damage

Fig. 3-1-14 Electrochemical potential profile with T = 25 and feed water

wppm B as H3BO3. 166

sec , potential of -500 mV vs Ag/AgCl. 187

sec , potential of -650 mV vs Ag/AgCl. 187

sec , potential of -700 mV vs Ag/AgCl. 188

Fig. 3-2-16 Potential effect on the SCC of Alloy 600 MA in a pH 10 solution