ISONEC 7498-1 : 1994(8) 83.22 The protocols for application-management reside within the Application Layer, and are handled by application-management-application-entities. 83.3 Systems-management 83.3.1 _Systems-management relates to the management of OSI resources and their status across all layers of the OSE Reference Model. The following list is typical of activities which fall into this category but it is not exhaustive: 2) activation/deactivation management which includes: 1) activation, maintenance, and termination of OSI resources distributed in open systems, including physical media for OSI 2) some program loading functions; 3) establishmentimaintenance/ release of connections between management entities; and 4) open systems parameter initialization/modification; ') monitoring which includes: 1) reporting status or status changes; and 2) reporting statistics; and ©) error control which includes: 1) error detection and some of the diagnostic functions; and 2) reconfiguration and restart 83.3.2 The protocols for systems-management reside in the application-layer, and are handled by systems. ‘management-application-entitie, 834 Layer-management 83.4.1 There are two aspects of layer-management. One of these is concerned with layer activities such as activation and error control. This aspect is implemented by the layer protocol to which it applies 834.2 The other aspect of layer-management is a subset of systems-management, The protocols for these activities reside within the Application Layer and are handled by systems-management-application-enttes. 8.4 Principles for positioning management functions Several principles are important in positioning management functions in the Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection. They include the following: 8) both centralization and decentralization of management functions are allowed. Thus. the OSI Reference Model does not dictate any particular fashion or degree of centralization of such functions. This principle calls fora structure in which each open system is allowed to include any (subset of) systems-management functions and each subsystem is allowed to include any (subset of) layer-management functions; \) if itis necessary, connections between management entities are established when an open system which has been operating in isolation from other open systems, becomes part of the OSIE, 9 Compliance and Consistency with this reference model 9.1 Definitions 9.1.1 consistency: A “referencing” ITU-T Recommendation | International Standard is said to be consistent with a “tefetenced” ITU-T Recommendation | International Standard if it does not alter their meanings. 9.1.2 compliance: A “ applicable requirements of sferencing” ITU-T Recommendation | International Standard is said to comply with the “referenced” ITU-T Recommendation | International Standard if the following are tre: 8) the “referenced” ITU-T Recommendation | International Standard specifies requirements (using the verb “shall”) which are applicable to the type of ITU-T Recommendation | International Standard of which the “referencing” ITU-T Recommendation | International Standard is an instance: 5) Other principles ae for furter study. 54 ITU-T Rec. X.200 (1994 E)