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Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Part5
Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Part5
and Optimization
Part V: GSM
Jyri Hmlinen,
Communications and Networking Department,
TKK, 18.1.2008
GSM Briefly
General
GSM Spectrum
Spectrum example
Call switching; MSC control calls between BSS and other networks
(PSTN, PLMN)
200kHz
4.615ms
8
Signaling channels
DCCH
(dedicated ctrl ch)
BCCH
(broadcast ch)
Full rate
Half rate
CCCH
(common ctrl ch)
DL
DL
TCH/F
TCH/H
FCCH
SCH
PCH
AGCH
UL
RACH
fast
slow
SACCH
9
SDCCH FACCH
Channel structure
BCCH
10
Channel structure
11
12
Frequency reuse
13
Frequency reuse
Cluster size
same frequency
in every cell
12
15
18
21
safe planning
(BCCH layer)
14
TRX
A time slot that carries user traffic is also called as Traffic Channel
(TCH).
This channel consumes one time slot (slot #0), and is operated by one
TRX in each cell.
In physical BCCH there are at least FCCH and SCH + basic system
related information
15
MS transmission power
BS transmission power
16
Example
Assume that
Problems
Solution
(TCH)
Solution
TCH TRXs: 7x8 speech channels for full rate and 7x16 for half rate
BCCH-TRX: 7 speech channels for full rate and 14 speech channels
for half rate
In total there will be 63 speech channels for full rate and 126 for half
rate.
20
Cell categories
21
Indoor coverage
23
FH diversity gain
FH diversity gain
Channel power response is good
Frequency 1
0
The interference can be severe for certain frequencies and may lead
to information loss.
26
FH Strategies
Cyclic FH
In cyclic hopping, all interfering cells use the same hopping sequence,
and a channel will be affected by the same interferers all the time. No
interference diversity is obtained with cyclic hopping.
Random FH
27
FH Strategies
There are two strategies for using the frequency band for
the TCH and BCCH carriers
In common band strategy both TCH and BCCH carriers use
the entire band, and a TCH can receive interference from
both TCH and BCCH carriers.
In dedicated band strategy the frequency band is split into
two parts, one for the TCH frequencies and one for the
BCCH frequencies. In this strategy a TCH carrier can only
be interfered by another TCH. FH is not performed at the
TRXs that operate the BCCH.
Simulations have shown that dedicated spectrum bands
give less interference than common band strategy which
suffered from severe disturbance in the downlink. It is easier
to put extra TCH-TRX in an existing cell when dedicated
bands are used since the BCCH frequency plan does not
have to be changed.
28
29
FCA vs DCA
33
Background information
34
MS transmission power
BS transmission power
35
Feeder/cable
loss = 4 dB
33 dBm
- 104 dBm
RX Sensitivity
-104 dB
TX Power
33 dBm (2W)
Antenna gain is a design issue, usually
16-18dBi when 3 sectors (cells) in site.
RX sensitivity is also design issue but
physics and costs put limits to it.
Neither interference nor shadow fading
is taken into account here
36
RX Sensitivity
- 102 dBm
Recall: Combiner is a device that
combines feeds from several TRXs so
that they could be sent out through a
single antenna
37
Cell range
38
39
40
Downlink unit
Uplink
unit
Uplink
unit
10
-1
10
-2
Q(x)
10
-3
10
-4
10
42
-5
10
0.5
1.5
2
x
2.5
3.5
Okumura-Hata model
has been used
43
Example exercise
Standardization
Related documents are not easy reading but they contain latest
technical ideas.
Companies like Nokia, NSN, Ericsson, Motorola, Samsung, Huawei
and many others propose competing solutions (about which they have
patent applications) in standardization documents (called contributes).
Once standard release is ready companies negotiate on their share of
so-called essential patents (patents related to standardized
solutions).
The shares of patents give guidelines for cross-licensing between
companies. Licensing contracts define how much manufacturer pay or
receive fees when using the standardized technology in its products.
Some companies (those who are not doing standardization
research/are not successful in it) may need to pay tens or even
hundreds of millions of euros per year in order to have a right to use
certain technologies in products they make.
46
Standardization documents
47