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the
Road Traffic Act, 1991 2A
(1) a person is to be regarded as
driving dangerously if, (and, subject
to subsection (2) below, only if) (a)
the way he drives falls far below what

1096

 - .

would be expected of a competent

and careful driver, and (b) it would
be obvious to a competent and careful
driver that driving in that way would be
dangerous.
(2) A person is also to be regarded as
driving dangerously for the purposes
of sections 1 and 2 above if it would
be obvious to a competent and careful
driver that driving the vehicle in its
current state would be dangerous.
(3) In sub-sections (1) and (2) above
dangerous refers to danger either
of injury to any person or of serious
damage to property; and in determining
for the purposes of those sub-sections
what would be expected of, or obvious
to, a competent and careful driver in
a particular case, regard shall be had
not only to the circumstances of which
he could be expected to be aware but
also to any circumstances shown to
have been within the knowledge of the
accused.
(4) In determining for the
purposes of sub-section (2) above the
state of a vehicle, regard may be had
to anything attached to or carried on or
in it and to the manner in which it is
attached or carried

driving dangerously

.
thoughtless
deliberately put at risk the persons or
properties of others
sentencing policy
. Crown Prosecution
Service
speed, which is highly
inappropriate for the prevailing road
or traffic conditions or similar, in
circumstances where the driver was
avoidably and dangerously distracted
by that
.

D pressed
the accelerator accidently in mistake
for the brake was unaware of the
defect in the vehicle, or that he thought
the load was secure far below the
standard of driving of a competent
and careful driver that it constitutes
dangerous driving If no competent

1097

 , ,

and careful driver would have done

such a thing


Competent and careful driver
absolute
the tendency of a
car to swerve to the right when braked
hard
aware

competent and careful driver
tendency
obvious

objective


Subjective

.
careless and inconsiderate driving
,

careless and
inconsiderate driving
negligence without due care
and attention, or without reasonable
consideration for other persons using
the road or place, due care and

attention, or without reasonable

consideration
The Road Safety Act, 2006
3ZA (2)
A person is to be regarded as driving
without due care and attention if (and
only if) the way he drives falls below
what would be expected of a competent
and careful driver. (3) In determining
for the purposes of sub-section (2)
above what would be expected of
a careful and competent driver in a
particular case, regard shall be had not
only to the circumstances of which
he could be expected to be aware but
also to any circumstances shown to
have been within the knowledge of
the accused

Dangerous driving
recklessness\
negligence

. Dangerous driving
objective careless and
inconsiderate driving
Lord Hewart CJ an objective
standard, impersonal and universal,
fixed in relation to the safety of other
users of the highway. It is in no way

1098

 - .

related to the degree of proficiency

or degree of experience attained by
the individual driver (mcCrone v
Riding, 1938)
Lord Diplock Lawrence 1981
an absolute offence, in the
sense in which that term is commonly
used to denote an offence for which the
only mens rea needed is simply that
the prohibited physical act (actus reus)
done by the accused was directed by
a mind that was conscious of what his
body was doing, it being unnecessary to
show that his mind was also conscious
of the possible consequences of his
doing it
negligence careless driving
( dangerous driving )
The
general basis on which persons are
punished for offences of negligence
is that they could have done better,
whereas people may be punished for
offences of absolute liability even
though they have taken all reasonable
care
. Overtaking on the inside;
driving inappropriately close to another
vehicle; inadvertently driving through
a red light; emerging from a side road

into the path of another vehicle; tuning

a car radio; using a hand-held mobile
phone or other hand-held electronic
equipment when the driver was
avoidably distracted by that use; and
selecting and lighting a cigarette or
similar when the driver was avoidably
distracted by that use careless
driving Crown Prosecution
Service
.
(with
intent to kill or do grievous bodily
harm), manslaughter, causing
death by dangerous driving, causing
death by careless driving, causing death
by careless driving while intoxicated,
causing death while driving unlawfully
Aggravated Vehicle-Taking Act 1992


.
gross negligence
manslaughter
a risk of serious
injury risk of death from the
manner of the driving

or to cause fright and death results
hit-and-run cases

1099

 , ,

where the death did not arise from

the manner of the defendants driving
but the subsequent failure to comply
with the duty to stop unders 170 of the
Road Traffic Act, 1988 following an
accident



manslaughter
Crown Prosecution Service

. causing
death by dangerous driving


. 2B causing
death by careless driving


to fill the perceived gap created
when an offender was found not
guilty of causing death by dangerous
driving because his driving had not
fallen far enough below the standard
of the competent driver. This offence
brings sharply into focus the question
of whether punishment ought to be
based on the fault of the actor or the
consequences resulting. Note that the

distinction between this offence and that

in s 2A is that there is no need to prove
that it was obvious to a competent and
careful driver that driving would create
a risk of harm to person or property




. 3A causing
death by careless or inconsiderate
driving when under the influence of
drink or drugs



. When no fatality is
involved, the sentence for these offences
are relatively low, but a death will have
a dramatic effect on the gravity of the
offence

causation causation

. The Road Safety Act, 2006
causing death while driving
unlawfully


These are stark examples

1100

 - .

of constructive liability offences where

the punishment is for consequences
(death) unrelated to the manner of the
driving or any fault involved in driving.
All that needs to be proved is that the
defendant was driving when he did
not have a valid licence or insurance
or had been disqualified from driving,
and was involved in a fatal collision.
Even if Ds driving was flawless and
the collision was solely the fault of
another, or even if V was solely at fault
in running out in front of D, D will be
convicted of the statutory homicide
offence. For example, in Williams
2010, the Recorder directed the jury on
the basis that the Crown did not have to
prove there was any fault in the manner
of Ws driving. The CA held that for
an offence under s 3ZB fault was not
required

causation

strict liability

.
Crown
Prosecution Service (CPS)

Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Bad

Driving 5.22 The fact that

a defendant genuinely believed that in
the circumstances his or her driving
was not dangerous is irrelevant
5.41 Driving that may simply fall
below the standard to be expected of a
competent and careful driver in certain
conditions may fall far below the
required standard in other conditions
and become dangerous. For example,
there may be evidence of poor visibility,
adverse weather conditions or difficult
geography, such as a blind corner

. Driving Serious
Offences The Sentencing
Guidelines Council recommends that
prolonged, persistent and deliberate bad
driving and consumption of substantial
amounts of drugs or alcohol should put
offenders into the most serious category
of causing death by dangerous driving
and be given jail terms of at least seven
years. A combination of these features
of dangerous driving particularly if
accompanied by aggravating factors,
failing to stop or a very bad driving
record - should attract sentences
towards the maximum of 14 years.
. The Council recommends

1101

 , ,

that where death follows careless

driving, a custodial sentence of up to
3 years is likely, with higher sentences
where there is a combination of
aggravating factors. However, where
the driving involved momentary
inattention and there were no
aggravating factors, an offender should
be given a community sentence, which
could include a curfew requirement.
. Where death results from an
offence involving driving unlicensed,
disqualified or uninsured, the maximum
sentence possible is two years.
Justice minister, Crispin Blunt,
said The Government believe that it is
vital to ensure that the criminal law is
fully effective in addressing dangerous
driving and its all too often appalling
consequences.
. For the vast majority of other
dangerous driving cases, the maximum
penalty of two years imprisonment
provides the court with sufficient
and proportionate powers to punish
offenders. The Government do not
agree with those who consider that the
maximum penalty for dangerous driving
should be raised at large. However, we
are aware of the strong feelings about

sentencing for dangerous driving cases

that cause very severe injuries.
.
,





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1102

 - .

murder; manslaughter;
causing death by dangerous driving;
causing death by careless or
inconsiderate driving; causing death
by careless and inconsiderate driving
when under the influence of drink or
drugs
()
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competent and careful

,
,


competent and careful

causing death by dangerous driving
because his driving had not fallen
far enough below the standard of the
competent driver

no need to prove that it was
obvious to a competent and careful
driver that driving would create a risk of
harm to person or property causing
death by careless driving
the Road Traffic Act,

1105

 , ,

1991 2B


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fracture dislocation
incised wound at parietal region
4x1x1cm, pelvis, right femur type
of injury grievous incised wound

1106

 - .

.

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1107

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1108

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Probably
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left carotid artery and laceration of left
lung

1109

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(Probably hyporolemic
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and laceration of left lung.)
,

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1115

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Condified

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ex-post facto law
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1116

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1117

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1118

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1119

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1120

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1121

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ex-post
facto law
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1123

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1124

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1125

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1126

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1127

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1128

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1129

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1130

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1131

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1132

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1133

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1136

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Morphology






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1137

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1138

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1139

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1140

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(Chain of conduct)



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1141

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1142

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1143

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1144

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1145

 , ,

Intra cranial haemorrhage
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1146

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1147

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1148

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1150

 - .

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1152

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1153

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1154

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1155

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1156

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1157

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1158

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1159

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1160

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1161

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1162

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1163

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1164

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1165

 , ,

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1166

 - .. .

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.AAA JKKV
660000725 . JI16/F MJ-2/06A
101935 Jailing Brand
8-Dec
2010 , ( )
1167

 , ,

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1168

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1169

 , ,

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:

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. , Jailing
Brand
8-Dec 2010

1170

 - .. .

,










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.
Jailing Brand

,








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1171

 , ,

..




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:
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1172

/ :

,
, Post Mortem
Report







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 - . ,

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1173

 , ,

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1174

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1175

 , ,

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, Unified
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Post Mortem Report


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1176

 - . ,

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Unified Command

1178

 - . ,

,
Post
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,
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1179

 , ,

, Post Mortem
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1180

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1181

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1182

 - .

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1183

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(Narcotics)
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1184

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1185

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1186

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1187

 , ,

--------------------


---------------------------

-----------------------

.

&

1188