70 Mangsir

lg0f{o g+= ()#(
;jf{R] r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
cfb]z ldlt M @)^(.*.@*.%
l/6 g+= )^*WF)))&
d'2f M pTk]i| f0f k/dfb]z;d]t .

lgj] b s M lhNnf k] G b] x L, l;4fy{ g u/
gu/kflnsf, j8f g+= & df cjl:yt lgw{g
pTyfg a}s
+ ln=, s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf tkm{af6
tyf cfkm\gf] xsdf ;d]t P]= a}s
+ sf dxfk|aGws
k|sfz/fh zdf{
la4
ljkIfL M d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L, >d cbfnt,
sf7df8f};
+ d]t
;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo, sfo{ks

| l[ t,
To;leq cfa4 hgzlQm / pgLxsf]
;]jf ;'/Iff;d]tsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/
gagfO{ k| l ti7fg zAbsf] ;txL
JofVofsf e/df ;a} ;+:yfxnfO{ Pp6}
b[ l i6sf] 0 fn] x] l /g' Gofof] l rt /
Jojxfl/s;d]t x'g g;Sg] .
>d P]gn] >ldssf] xs, lxt, ;'/Iff,
;]jf, zt{, ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k|lqmof /
;+oGq;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t}
Joj:yf cGo P]g jf sfg"gf/f ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf To:tf sfg"gf/f ;+:yflkt
k|lti7fg jf ;+:yf jf kmd{ jf sDkgLdf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf >d P]g
963
cfslif{t x'g] egL To:tf] k|lti7fg,

;+:yf jf kmd{ ;+:yflkt ug]{ sfg"gnfO{
cy{xLg / cf}lrToxLg t'Nofpg] u/L
sfg"gsf] JofVof ul/g' x'bF g} . To:tf
;+:yfxsf] xsdf >d P]g xf]Og, ToxL
sfg"g cfslif{t x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfxsf] xsdf
lgodgsf/L lgsfosf kdf g]kfn
/fi6 a}s
+ /xg], To:tf ;+:yfn] agfPsf]
ljlgod;d]t g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ af6 :jLs[t
u/fpg' kg];
{ d]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x' F b f To:tf ;+ : yfsf] xsdf >d
P]gcg';f/ >d sfof{noxn] lgodg
ug{ ldNg] cj:yf b]lvg gcfpg] .
h'g sfg"gcg';f/sf] sf/jfxL ePsf]
xf], To;df cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ sfo{ljlw
klg :jefjtM ;f]xL sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f
u/]adf]lhd g} x'G5 / ;f]pk/sf] pkrf/
klg ;f]xL sfg"gn] tf]sc
] g';f/ g} vf]Hg'
kg]{ .
;DalGwt sfg" g n] ;hfosf] dfq
Joj:yf u/L To;pk/ k' g /fj] b g
;'Gg];DaGwL Joj:yf gu/]sf] cj:yf
eP :jefjtM k|rlnt sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f]
cGo k|lqmofsf] cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ afWotf
l;h{gf x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
cfkm" cfa4 ;+:yfsf] ljlgodfjnLdf
g} ;hfopk/ k' g /fj] b g ;' G g]
clwsf/L;d] t lglZrt\ ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
cg'z/0f ug'{ ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf]
st{Jo aGb5 . ;+:yfsf] ljlgodfjnLdf
/x]sf] :ki6 sfg"gL k|fjwfgnfO{ Psflt/
g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), d\l;/
@)&),
k~5fP/ cGo P]g sfg"gcGtu{tsf]

pkrf/sf] vf]hL ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} . o;sf]
cltl/Qm cfkm" sfo{/t\ /x]sf] cj:yf;Dd
;f]xL ljlgodcGtu{tsf] ;]jf, zt{ /
;'ljwfsf] pkef]u ug]{ t/ cfkm"nfO{
sf/jfxL ePkl5 eg] pQm sfg"gn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|lqmof eGbf aflx/af6
pkrf/ vf]lhg'nfO{ sfg"g cg'sn
" dfGg
g;lsg] .
s'g} klg sfg"g ab/ 3f]lift gx'bF f;Dd
j}w sfg"gsf kdf /xG5 . To:tf] j}w
sfg"gnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt cj:yf;Dd
cg'z/0f ug]{ / cfkm\gf]kl| ts"n lg0f{o
ePkl5 To;nfO{ k"0f{tM OGsf/ ug]{
k|jl[ QnfO{ ;]jf sfg"g -Service Law_
;DaGwL l;4fGtn] klg :jLsf/ gug]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
s'g} klg sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] cfkm" cfa4
;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L ljlgoddf lglZrt\
ul/Pcg'k g} ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] bfjL
ug{ ;lsg] / cfkm\gf] cfr/0f /
ljefuLo sf/jfxL;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]
xsdf klg ;f]xL ljlgodsf k|fawfg
cfslif{ t x' g ] x' F b f To:tf] j} w
sfg"gcGtu{t ul/Psf] sf/jfxLpk/sf]
pkrf/ klg To;}cGtu{t vf]lhg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!^_
cfkm"n] Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf]
ljifodf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt;dIf d'2f k'uL
;jf]R{ r Goflos lgsfon] lglZrt\ dfu{
bz{g x'g] u/L l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf tL l;4fGtxsf]
kfngf / cg'z/0f ul/g' ;a} Goflos
lgsfosf] st{Jo x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!(_
964
lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo

ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ / kjgs'df/ cf]emf,
clwjQmfx s]z/d0fL cof{n, ljj]s
l3ld/], bLks l3ld/] / k"0f{rGb| bfxfn
ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6 M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
dbgaxfb'/ wfdL, ljfg clwjQmfo
/fhg clwsf/L / /fdxl/ lqkf7L
cjnlDat ghL/ M
g]sfk @)%^, c ^, lg=g+=^&#!
;Da4 sfg"g M >d P]g, @)$*, ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
cfb]z
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_
cGtu{t o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'bF f o;
cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 hl6n sfg"gL
k|Zgsf] lgk0f u/L Pp6f lglZrt l;4fGt
:yflkt u/L Psktf sfod ug'{ kg]{ egL
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
# sf] pklgod -!_-3_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df
k]z ug'{ egL ePsf] cfb]zadf]lhd o;
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/
/x]sf] 5 M
lgj]bs a}s
+ tTsfnLg ljsf; a}s
+ P]g,
@)%@ xfn k| r lnt a} + s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# tyf sDkgL P]g,
@)%# -xfnsf] sDkgL P]g, @)^#_ adf]lhd
g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ af6 :jLs[lt k|fKt u/L ljkGg
ju{sf dlxnfxnfO{ ;d"xdf cfa4 ub}{ shf{
k|jfxsf] dfWodaf6 pBdzLntf a9fpg]
p2]Zon] :yflkt ;+:yf xf] . a}s
+ n] cfkm\gf] sfo{
;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx a}s
+
tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
()#(lgw{g pTyfg a}+s ln=s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]t lj= >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}+;d]t
(! n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;~rfns

;ldltaf6 lgdf{0f eO{ g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ af6
:jLs[ l t lnO{ bkmf (!-@_-u_ adf] l hd
sd{ r f/LxnfO{ nfu" x' g ] u/L sd{ r f/L
ljlgodfjnL, @)^! nfu" /x]sf] / ;f]xL
ljlgodfjnLadf]lhd kbk"lt{, ljefuLo sf/jfxL
/ ;hfo;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
ljkIfL k] | d k| ; fb l3ld/] a} + s sf]
ljlgodfjnLcGtu{t o; a}s
+ sf] ;xfos:t/df
lgo'lQm eO{ sfo{/t\\ /x]sf]df lghn] pQm
ljlgodfjnLdf tf]lsPsf] Joj:yfljk/Lt v/fa
cfr/0f cfly{s clgoldttf / ckrng u/L
a}s
+ sf] ljQLo cg'zf;g e u/L a}s
+ nfO{ xflg
gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] x'bF f sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL,
@)^! sf] ljlgod **-!_-v_ adf]lhdsf]
s;"/df clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{ocg';f/
lghnfO{ o; a}s
+ sf] ;]jfaf6 a/vf:t ug]{ u/L
ldlt @)^$.%.@^ df lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . ;f]
lg0f{opk/ lghn] >d cbfnt;dIf k'g/fj]bg
u/]sf]df pQm cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.#.@& df
km};nf x'bF f a}s
+ Joj:yfkgsf] ldlt @)^$.%.@^
sf] ;f] lg0f{o ab/ u/L lgh ljkIfL k]d
| k|;fb
l3ld/]nfO{ o; a}s
+ sf] ;]jfdf k"jj{ t\kdf axfn
u/L ;a} ;]jf ;'ljwf;d]t e/fO{ kfpg] 7x/
ePsf] /x]5 . >d cbfntsf] pQm km};nfdf
d"ntM >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf %# sf] sfg"gL
k|lqmofcg'k a}+s Joj:yfkgaf6 sf/jfxL
gePsf] eGg] cfwf/ u|x0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
cGtu{ t ;~rflnt o; a} + s sf] sd{ r f/L
ljlgodfjnL ;f]xL P]gsf] clVtof/LcGtu{t /fi6
a}s
+ sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ hf/L ePsf], o:tf] 5'}
P]gf/f lgoldt / ;~rflnt a}s
+ nfO{ >d P]g,
@)$* n] kl/efiff u/]sf] k|lti7fgcGtu{t kg]{
u/L >d cbfntn] unt JofVof u/L nfUb}
gnfUg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg ;dfO{ km};nf u/]sf]

5 . a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
ljz]if k|sl[ tsf] P]g ePsf]df ;f]xL P]gcGtu{t
ag]sf] ljlgodfjnLsf] k|lqmof ckgfO{ ljkIfL
k]d
| k|;fb l3ld/]pk/ ePsf] sf/jfxLnfO{ >d
P]g, @)$* cGtu{t sfo{ljlwcg'k gePsf]
eGg] unt JofVof u/L ePsf] >d cbfntsf]
km};nf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ / clwsf/If]q laxLg;d]t
5.
a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL, @)^!
adf]lhd ul/Psf] sf/jfxLdf lrQ ga'em]df
ljlgod (& adf] l hd k' g /fj] b g ;' G g]
clwsf/L;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf
ljBdfg 5 . t/ ljkIfL k]d
| k|;fb l3ld/]n]
;f]cg'k k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/L;dIf
k'g/fj]bg gu/L Dofb g3fO{ k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df
lghsf] k'g/fj]bg b/kL7 eP/ /x]sf] 5 . Pp6f
ljlwjt\ k|lqmofaf6 lghsf] k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
cj:yf JotLt ePkl5 lghn] >d P]g, @)$*
sf] ;xf/f lnO{ >d cbfnt;dIf bf]>f] k'g/fj]bg
u/]sf] b]lvgfn] To;/L k/]sf] bf]xf]/f] k'g/fj]bgdf
sf/jfxL u/L >d cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{
5 . a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnLcg'k ePsf
sfdsf/jfxLpk/ >d P]gcGtu{t >d cbfntn]
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg ldNb}g .
ljgo /]UdL lj4 >d cbfnt ePsf]
@)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)&$ sf] pTk]i| f0fo'Qm
k/dfb]z d'2fdf;d]t a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf
>d P]g, @)$* geO{ jfl0fHo a}s
+ P]g, @)#!
nfu" x'g] egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 .
jfl0fHo a}s
+ P]g, @)#! sf] 7fpFdf nfu" ePsf]
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
cGtu{ t ag] s f] o; a} + s sf] sd{ r f/L
ljlgodfjnLcGtu{t ePsf] sf/jfxLpk/ >d
P]g nfu" x'G5 eGg' pQm l;4fGtk|lts"n x'G5 .
965

&), d\l;/
@)&),
ctM ljkIfL >d cbfntn] ljz]if

k|sl[ tsf] P]g nfu" ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ cgb]vf
u/L a}s
+ sf] xsdf nfu" x'g g;Sg] >d P]g,
@)$* sf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] eGg] unt JofVof
u/L ljkIfL k]d
| k|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ o; a}s
+ sf]
;]jfdf axfn ug]{ u/L u/]sf] pQm ldlt
@)^%.#.@& sf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'bF f ;f] j]/Ltsf]
km};nf pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L kfpFm .
;fy} o; l/6 lgj]bgsf] 6'f] gnfu];Dd ;f]
km};nf sfof{Gjog gug'{ egL ljkIfL >d
cbfntsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L
u/L kfpmF eGg] @)^%.$.@& sf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ sf/0f
eP v'nfO{ lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' . ;fy} a}s
+ tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgn] cjsfz
lbPsf] ;DaGwdf >d cbfntnfO{ k'g/fj]bg
;'Gg] clwsf/If]q gePsf] eGg] sfg"gL k|Zgsf]
ljjfb x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f
gnfu];Dd >d cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.#.@&
sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/Psf] 5 eGg]
@)^%.$.@* sf] cfb]z .
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.#.@& df
ePsf] km};nf >d sfg"g tyf Gofosf dfGo
l;4fGtcg'k ePsf] / To;af6 lgj]bssf]
;+ j } w flgs Pj+ sfg" g L xs xgg\ ePsf]
cj:yf;d]t gx'bF f l/6 vf/]h u/L kfpFm eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] >d cbfntsf tkm{af6 k]z x'g
cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
dnfO{ a}+ssf] ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ubf{
clwsf/k|fKt JolQmn] :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg], ;f]xL
JolQmn] ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] lg0f{o ug'k{ g]d
{ f dnfO{
s]zjs'df/ kf}8n
] , k|sfz/fh zdf{ / ef]h/fh
966
a:ofn;d]tn] :ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf], ef]h/fh

a:ofnn] l6Kk0fL k]z u/]sf], k|sfz/fh zdf{n]
k]z u/]sf] l;kmfl/zdf sfo{sf/L cWoIf xl/x/b]j
kGtf/f avf{:tLsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] / k|sfz/fh
zdf{n] dnfO{ avf{:tLsf] kq lbPsf] x'bF f dpk/
ePsf] sf/jfxL q'l6k"0f{ eGg] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs
a}s
+ sDkgL P]g, @)%# adf]lhd u7g eO{
ljsf; a}s
+ P]g, @)%@ adf]lhd a}l+ s ;]jf
ug]{ cg'dlt k|fKt sDkgL xf] . o:tf sDkgLdf
sfo{/t\\ sd{rf/Lpk/ ePsf] sf/jfxLpk/ >d
P]g, @)$* adf]lhd >d cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg
;'Gg] Joj:yf 5 . >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @
-v_ sf] kl/efiffcGtu{t l/6 lgj]bs a}s
+ :jtM
kb{5 . a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g,
@)^# cGtu{tsf] a}s
+ sf sd{rf/Lpk/ ePsf]
sf/jfxLdf >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUb}g
eGg] lgj]bg bfjL ;dk{0fsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt
5 . lsgeg] dpk/ @)^$.%.@^ df ePsf]
avf{:tLsf] lg0f{opk/ d}n] @)^$.&.!( df >d
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df ljkIfL lgj]bsn]
@)^$.!!.@& df ;f]sf] lnlvt k|ltjfb ug'e{ Psf]
5 . ;f] lnlvt k|ltjfbdf Joj:yfkgsf] lg0f{o
oyfjt\ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] lhsL/ u/L >d
cbfntdf d} n ] lbPsf] k' g /fj] b gpk/
clwsf/If]qsf] ljifodf s'g} cfklQ hgfpg'
ePsf] 5}g .
lgw{g pTyfg a}s
+ df d @)%^.#.! df
lgo'lQm eO{ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] / ;f] ;dodf >d
P]gadf]lhd g} sf/jfxL x'g] cj:yf /x]sf]
lyof] . ljkIfL a}s
+ ljsf; a}s
+ P]g, @)%@
cGtu{t :yflkt ePsf] / ;f] P]gnfO{ a}s
+ tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL cWofb]z, @)^) n] vf/]h
u/]sf], ;f] cWofb]zsf] bkmf (# sf] pkbkmf
-$_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -v_ n]
tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ dfGotf
lbPsf] 5 . a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g,
@)^# ldlt @)^#.&.!( b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] .
dnfO{ sf/jfxL ul/Psf] ljlgodfjnL @)^@.@.!!
df :jLs[t eO{ nfu" ePsf] xf] . kl5 cfPsf]
P]gcGtu{tsf] ;f] ljlgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf d]/f]
xsdf nfu" ug{ gldNg] x'bF f tTsfn k|rlnt
sfg"gL k|fjwfgcg'k >d cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nf ab/ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf g/x]sf] x'bF f cfwf/xLg
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h u/L kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL k]d
| k|;fb l3ld/]sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj] b s a} + s n] a} + s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (! n] lbPsf]
clwsf/cGtu{t kg]{ sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL,
@)^! agfO{ nfu" u/L /x]sf] / ;f] ljlgodfjnLsf]
ljlgod **-!_-v_ df a}s
+ sf] ;DklQ lxgfldgf
/ gf]S;fgL ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t
ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;fy} ljlgod (&
df sd{rf/Lpk/ ePsf] sf/jfxLpk/ k'g/fj]bg
;'Gg] clwsf/L;d]tsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . o;/L a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL
P]g, @)^# cGtu{t ;~rflnt x'g] a}s
+ n] ;f]
P]gf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] clVtof/LcGtu{t cfkm\gf]
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] u/L 5'} ljlgodfjnL
lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf] l:yltdf s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{
a}s
+ sf] ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L Joj:yfkgn] lg0f{o
u/]pk/ >d P]g, @)$* adf]lhd >d cbfntn]
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg ldNg] gldNg] eGg] ;DaGwdf
h6Ln sfg"gL k|Zg v8f ePsf] 5 .
o; ;DaGwdf lgj]bs kIfaf6 a}+s
(@ sf] Joj:yf p4[t ub}{ a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/L
ljlgodfjnL ;f] a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf nfu"
x'g] ljz]if sfg"g ePsf]n] >d P]g cfslif{t
gx'g] eGg] lhsL/ klg lnOPsf] 5 . pQm P]gsf]
bkmf (@ df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] eGg]

zLif{scGtu{t o; P]g / o; P]gcGtu{t
hf/L ul/Psf lgod, ljlgod cfb]z jf
lgb]z
{ gdf n]lvPsf s'/fdf o;} P]g / cfb]z
jf lgb]z
{ gadf]lhd / cGo s'/fdf k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd x'g5
] eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . pQm Joj:yfcGtu{t bkmf (!-@_
adf]lhd s'g} a}s
+ jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] sd{rf/Lsf]
;DaGwdf agfPsf] ljlgodfjnLnufot ;f]
P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf g]kfn
;/sf/ jf lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] kdf /xg]
g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6 hf/L ul/Psf lgod,
ljlgod, cfb]z jf lgb]z
{ gx kg]{ / To:tf
lgod ljlgod, cfb]z jf lgb]z
{ gxdf pNn]v
ePsf ljifoxdf ;f]xL lgod, cfb]z jf
lgb]z
{ gsf] s'/f nfu" x'g] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 .
>d P]g, @)$* tyf a}s
+ tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# ljwflosff/f lgld{t
sfg"g ePsf / tL b'a} P]gsf] Joj:yf cf
cfkm\gf] If]qsf] ljifodf nfu" x'g] ljz]if k|sl[ t
Pj+ dxTjsf Joj:yfx b]lvG5g\ . a}s
+ tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (@
sf] Joj:yfn] k| T ofof] l ht ljwflosL
clwsf/cGtu{t hf/L ePsf lgod, ljlgod,
cfb]z jf lgb]z
{ gxnfO{ ;d]l6/x]sf] cj:yfdf
;f]cGtu{t a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L
ljlgodfjnL klg kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfpF5 .
o; l:yltdf lgj]bs a}s
+ n] P]gsf] bkmf (!-@_
cGtu{t kg]{ ljifodf lgdf{0f u/]sf] sd{rf/L
ljlgodfjnLn] pQm bkmf (@ f/f g} dfGotf
k|fKt ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;f]xL ljlgodfjnL
cGtu{t a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] s'g}
sd{rf/LnfO{ u/]sf] sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf
ljlgodfjnLn] Joj:yf u/]adf]lhd dfq pkrf/
vf]Hg'kg]{ xf] jf >d P]g, @)$* sf] Joj:yf
967

&), d\l;/
@)&),
cGtu{t >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg]

xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf] o; h6Ln sfg"gL
k|Zgsf] lgk0f o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6
eO{ o; ;DaGwdf Pp6f lglZrt l;4fGt :yflkt
u/L Psktf sfod ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvPsf]
5 . t;y{ k|:t't ljjfbdf ;lGglxt o; h6Ln
sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lgk0fsf nflu ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # -!_-3_ adf]lhd
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug'{
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^*.!).!* sf] km};nf .
lgodadf]lhd Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;'gj' fO{sf l;nl;nfdf
lgj]bstkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo >L
ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ / >L kjgs'df/ cf]emf,
clwjQmfx >L s]z/d0fL cof{n, >L ljj]s
l3ld/], >L bLks l3ld/] / >L k"0f{rGb| bfxfnn]
a}s
+ sf sd{rf/L k]d
| k|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ a}s
+ sf]
;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/L ePsf] sf/jfxLpk/
a}+ssf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL, @)^! sf]
ljlgod (& adf]lhd cWoIf;dIf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] :ki6 Joj:yf /x]sf], lgj]bs a}s
+ >d
P]gf/f Jolj:yt x'g] k|sl[ tsf] ;+:yf geO{ a}s
+
tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]gcGtu{t ;~rfng
x'g] ;+:yfsf kdf /x]sf], To;/L a}s
+ sf] xsdf
ljz]if k|sl[ tsf] P]g nfu" /x]sf] / ;f] P]gcGtu{tsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL;d]t
:jLs[ t eO{ nfu" ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]
ljlgodfjnLadf]lhd ePsf] sf/jfxLdf lrQ
ga'em\g] kIfn] ;f]xL ljlgodfjnLn] lgwf{/0f
u/]adf]lhd pkrf/ vf]Hg'kg]{df >d P]gsf
cfwf/df >d cbfnt;dIf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]
x'bF f k|f/lDeskd} clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 ePsf]
5 . To;/L >d cbfnt;dIf k'g/fj]bg g}
gnfUg] cj:yfdf >d cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgkq
968
u|x0f u/L km};nf u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] x'bF f ;f]

km};nf pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ x'g'kb{5
eGg];d]tsf] ax; ug'e
{ of] .
To;}u/L ljkIfL >d cbfntsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L dbgaxfb'/
wfdLn] >d P]gn] Basic Standard lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
/ lgj]bs a}s
+ k|lti7fgsf] kl/efiffleq ;d]l6g]
;+:yf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df a}s
+ sf sd{rf/L sfdbf/sf]
xsdf >d P]g cfslif{t gx'g] eGg ldNb}g .
>d ljjfbsf ljifodf a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g ;fdfGo sfg"g xf] eg] >d
P]g ljz]if P]g xf] . t;y{ >d cbfntsf]
km};nfnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] x'bF g} egL ax;
ug'{ eof] . csf{ ljkIfL k]d
| k|;fb l3ld/]sf]
tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmfo >L /fhg clwsf/L
/ >L /fdxl/ lqkf7Ln] >ldssf] xs lxtsf
nflu ag]sf] >d P]g >ldssf] xsdf nfu"
gx'g] egL cy{af]w ug{ ldNb}g . k|]dk|;fb
l3ld/]nfO{ a}s
+ sf cWoIfsf] lg0f{on] g} ;]jfaf6
avf{:t ul/Psf] cj:yfdf k'gM cWoIf;dIf
k'g/fj]bg ug's
{ f] s'g} cy{ klg b]lvFbg} . To;/L
lg0f{o ug]{ / k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ Pp6}
clwsf/Ldf k|bfg ug]{ vfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
cfkm}d
+ f q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] x'bF f >d P]gcGtu{t
Gofosf] dfu ug'{ cGoyf gx'g] ePsfn] >d
cbfntaf6 clwsf/ If]q u|x0f u/L ePsf] km};nf
sfg"gcg'k g} 5, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
x'gk' b{5 eGg];d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
@= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf a}s
+ sf tkm{af6
d"ntM >d P]gsf] kl/R5]b * cGtu{t lbPsf]
cfb]zpk/ pQm P]gsf] bkmf ^)-u_ cg';f/
>d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] :ki6 sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf]df a}+sn] a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (! sf] pkbkmf
-@_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd a}s
+ sf sd{rf/LnfO{
nfu" x'g] u/L sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL, @)^!

agfO{ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] ljlgodfjnLnfO{
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf (@
n];d]t sfg"gL cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 / g]kfn
/fi6 a}s
+ af6 ;d]t :jLs[t ;f] ljlgodfjnL
adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfo{nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg]
cj:yf 5}g . ;f]xL ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod
**-!_-v_ adf]lhd ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf ljlgod (& adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg
clwsf/L;d]t lglZrt\ ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L
a}s
+ sf] ljlgodfjnLn] :ki6kdf sf/jfxL /
;f]pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg];d]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f]xL ljlgodadf]lhdsf] ;]jf, zt{
/ ;'ljwfsf] pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf ljkIfL k|d] k|;fb
l3ld/]nfO{ a}s
+ sf] ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf]df
lghn] ljlgodadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg gu/L >d
P]gsf] bkmf ^)-u_ cg';f/ egL ;f]em} >d
cbfnt;dIf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf / ;f] k'g/fj]bg
u|x0f u/L lgh ljkIfLnfO{ a}s
+ sf] ;]jfdf k'gj{xfnL
ug]{ u/L >d cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf] 5 .
To;/L >d P]g cfslif{t g} gx'g] cj:yfdf
>d cbfntn] If]qflwsf/laxLg k'g/fj]bg u|x0f
u/L km};nf u/]sf] x'bF f >d cbfntsf] ;f] sfo{
k|rlnt sfg"g, :yflkt Goflos dfGotf tyf
;jf] { R r cbfntf/f k| l tkflbt Goflos
l;4fGtx;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf]n] pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb] z f/f pQm km} ; nf ab/ u/L kfpmF
eGg];d]tsf] lhsL/ lnOPsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't
d'2fsf] ;du| tYonfO{ x]bf{ lgw{g pTyfg a}s
+
lnld6]8sf ;xfos sd{rf/L k|d] k|;fb l3ld/]nfO{
pQm a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL, @)^! sf]
ljlgod **-!_-v_ adf]lhd a}+ssf] ldlt
@)^$.%.@^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t
ul/Psf] / ;f] lg0f{opk/ lgh k|d] k|;fb l3ld/]n]
>d P]gadf]lhd >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
u/]sf] / ;f] cbfntaf6 >d P]g, @)$* sf]

bkmf %# ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ a}s
+ sf] pQm
lg0f{o ab/ x'g] / k'g/fj]bs cfkm\gf] kbdf
k'gj{xfnL x'g] 7xofO{ ldlt @)^%.#.@& df
km};nf u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f] km};nf
ab/sf nflu a} + s sf tkm{ a f6 l/6
If]qflwsf/cGtu{t o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] lgj]bgsf /f]xdf o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;af6 a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf]
s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ u/]sf] sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf
ljlgodfjnLn] Joj:yf u/]adf]lhd dfq pkrf/
vf] H g' k g] { xf] jf >d P] g , @)$* sf]
Joj:yfcGtu{t >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{
;lsg] xf] eGg] k|Zg p7fO{ k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf
k]z ug'{ egL ePsf] cfb]zcg'k k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] 5 .
plNnlvt ;Gbe{df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf k|ydtM
b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lgk0f u/L lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o x'gk' g]{ cj:yf
b]lvg cfof] .
!= >d P]g, @)$* n] u/]sf] cfr/0f /
;hfo;DaGwL Joj:yf lglZrt\ k|sl[ tsf
k| l ti7fgdf sfo{ / t\ \ sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxsf xsdf cfslif{t x'g] xf]
jf h'g;'s} k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\\ sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxsf xsdf cfslif{t x'g] s]
xf] <
@= a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] a}s
+ tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (!
n] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] clwsf/cGtu{t
th' { d f ul/Psf] ljlgodfjnLsf]
Joj:yfcg'k cfkm\gf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{
u/]sf] sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf ;f]xL
ljlgodcg';f/sf] pkrf/ vf]Hg' kg]{
969

&), d\l;/
@)&),
xf] jf >d P]g, @)$* sf] Joj:yf

cGtu{t >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{
;lsg] xf] <
#= lgw{ g pTyfg a} + s sf] sd{ r f/L
ljlgodfjnL, @)^! cGtu{t ;]jfaf6
avf{ : t ul/Psf JolQmn] ;f]
ljlgodfjnLdf k' g /fj] b g;DaGwL
Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} ;f]cGtu{t pkrf/
gvf]hL >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ^)
-u_ adf]lhd >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
u/]sf]df >d cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg ;'gL
u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"gcg'k 5 jf 5}g <
#= ca, >d P]g, @)$* n] u/]sf]
cfr/0f / ;hfo;DaGwL Joj:yf lglZrt\
k| s [ l tsf k| l ti7fgdf sfo{ / t\ \ sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxsf xsdf cfslif{t x'g] xf] jf h'g;'s}
k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\\ sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf
xsdf cfslif{t x'g] s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] k|:tfjgfnufotsf
k|fjwfgxnfO{ ;d]t cWoog ul/g' ;fGble{s
x'g cfpF5 . >d P]g, @)$* sf] k|:tfjgfaf6
ljleGg If]qsf k|lti7fgxdf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/
tyf sd{rf/Lxsf] xs, lxt, ;'ljwf / ;'/Iffsf]
Joj:yf u/L >d ;DaGwdf ;dof]lrt Joj:yf
ug{ pQm P]g lgdf{0f ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 eg]
bkmf @ cGtu{t v08 -v_ df k|lti7fg zAbsf]
kl/efiff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/
k|lti7fg eGgfn] s'g} pBf]u, Joj;fo jf ;]jf
;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
:yflkt bzhgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L sfdbf/ jf
sd{rf/L sfo{/t\\ /x]sf] s'g} sf/vfgf, sDkgL,
;+u7g, ;+:yf, kmd{ jf ltgsf] ;d"xnfO{ ;Demg'
kb{5 . o; afx]s P]gsf] kl/R5]b @ df /f]huf/L
/ ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf ug's
{ f ;fy}
kbsf] auL{s/0f u/L To;sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt
970
>d sfof{nonfO{ lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf;d]t ul/Psf]

5 . To;} u /L ljz] i f k| l ti7fgsf kdf
lrofaufg, lgdf{0f Joj;fo, oftfoft Joj;fo,
xf]6n
] , 6fen, 6l] s, P8e]Gr/, ofkm\l6, hn,
;kmf/L cflb Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ k|lti7fgnfO{
;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfOG5 . P]gsf] kl/R5]b * df
cfr/0f / ;hfo;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
h;cGtu{t ;hfosf] k|sf/ pNn]v ub}{ s]
s:tf] sfo{ u/]df v/fa cfr/0f x'g] eGg]
ljj/0fsf ;fy} To:tf] v/fa cfr/0f u/]df x'g]
;hfo, ;hfo ubf{ s f] sfo{ l jlw /
k'g/fj]bg;d]tsf] Joj:yf P]gdf ul/Psf]
kfOG5 .
$= To; cltl/Qm >d;DaGwL ljleGg
;ldlt, >d clws[t, sf/vfgf lg/LIfs / >d
ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k|lqmof / ;+oGq;d]tsf af/]df
P]gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|lti7fg v8f ug{,
agfpg jf eO/x]sf] k|lti7fgnfO{ a9fpg k/]df
Joj:yfksn] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] ljj/0f v'nfO{
>d sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf
P]gdf /x]sf] 5 . k|To]s k|lti7fgn] cfkm\gf]
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ ;DaGwdf
agfPsf] ljlgodsf] k| l t ;DalGwt >d
sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf klg P]gsf]
bkmf *& df ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;/L k|lti7fgsf
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffnufot
pgLxsf] cfr/0f;d]tsf ;DaGwdf >d P]gn]
Joj:yf u/]sf] / v/fa cfr/0f ug]{ sfdbf/
sd{ r f/LnfO{ ;hfo ubf{ clgjfo{ kdf
cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ sfo{ljlw klg P]gn] tf]lslbPsf]
kfOG5 .
%= >d P] g df /x] s f plNnlvt
k|fjwfgx / ;+oGqxnfO{ uxgkdf cWoog
ug]{ xf] eg] To;af6 >d P]gn] ;d]6g\ ] If]qsf
af/]df :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . k|lti7fg lgdf{0f ubf{
jf lj:tf/ ubf{;d]t >d sfof{nodf ljj/0f

k]z ug'{ kg]{ / sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{
;DaGwdf k|lti7fgf/f agfOPsf] ljlgod;d]t
>d sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yfn] klg
k|lti7fg zAbnfO{ ;Lldt t'NofPsf] 5 . olb
sDkgL, ;+ u 7g, ;+ : yf, kmd{ jf ltgsf]
;d"xcGtu{t kg]{ ;a} ;+:yfnfO{ k|lti7fgcGtu{t
dfGg] xf] eg] s'g} klg ;+:yf To;af6 aflx/
kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFbg} . olb sDkgL P]gcGtu{t
jf cGo ljz]if P]gcGtu{t ;+:yflkt ;a} vfnsf
;+:yfx >d P]gsf] bfo/fleq /x]sf] dfGg] xf]
eg] To:tf ;+:yfxn] cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsf]
hfgsf/L >d sfof{nodf lbPsf] cj:yf 5 of
5}g To:tf ;+:yfxnfO{ pgLxsf] ljlgod
>d sfof{nodf k]z ug'k{ g]{ afWotf /x]sf] egL
;a} ;+:yfxnfO{ cjut u/fOPsf] 5 of 5}g
k]z ug'k{ g]{ elgPsf] ljj/0f jf ljlgod k]z
u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf >d sfof{noxn]
cg' u dg u/] s f 5g\ of 5} g g\ To;/L
clgjfo{kdf >d sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kg]{
ljj/0f jf ljlgod ga'emfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df
s'g} ;+:yfnfO{ >d sfof{noaf6 sf/jfxL ul/Psf]
cj:yf 5 of 5} g eGg] h:tf k| Z gx
:jfefljskdf p7\g ;S5g\ . t/ Jojxf/df
x]bf{ oL ;a} k|Zgxsf] pQ/ ;sf/fTds
cfpFbg} . h;sf] ;f]emf] cy{ x'G5 ;a} k|sl[ tsf
k|lti7fgx >d P]gsf] bfo/fleq kb}g{ g\ .
sDkgL P]g jf cGo ljz]if P]gcGtu{t ;+:yflkt
k|lti7fgxsf cfcfkm\g} p2]Zo /x]sf x'g
;S5g\, To:tf k|lti7fgsf] sfo{ k|sl[ t klg
km/skm/s x'g ;S5, To;leq cfa4 hgzlQmn]
;Dkfbg ug'k{ g]{ sfo{ klg km/skm/s x'g ;S5,
pgLxsf] sfo{jftfj/0f / ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff
;DaGwdf cg'udg ug]{ jf lgodg ug]{
lgsfox klg km/s km/s x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n]
;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo, sfo{ks

| l[ t, To;leq
cfa4 hgzlQm / pgLxsf] ;]jf ;'/Iff;d]tsf
ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ gagfO{ k|lti7fg zAbsf]
;txL JofVofsf e/df ;a} ;+:yfxnfO{ Pp6}
b[li6sf]0fn] x]l/g' Gofof]lrt / Jojxfl/s;d]t
x'g ;Sb}g . >d P]gn] >ldssf] xs, lxt,
;'/Iff, ;]jf, zt{, ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k|lqmof /
;+oGq;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} Joj:yf
cGo P]g jf sfg"gf/f ul/Psf] cj:yfdf To:tf
sfg"gf/f ;+:yflkt k|lti7fg jf ;+:yf jf kmd{
jf sDkgLdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf
>d P]g cfslif{t x'g] egL To:tf] k|lti7fg,
;+:yf jf kmd{ ;+:yflkt ug]{ sfg"gnfO{ cy{xLg
/ cf}lrToxLg t'Nofpg] u/L sfg"gsf] JofVof
ul/g' x'bF g} . To:tf ;+:yfxsf] xsdf >d
P]g xf]Og, ToxL sfg"g cfslif{t x'G5 .
^= >d P]g afx]ssf cGo P]gcGtu{t
;+:yflkt k|lti7fgxdf >d P]g cfslif{t x'g]
xf] jf cGo P]g, To;cGtu{tsf] lgod jf
ljlgodsf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf
o;cl3 klg o; cbfnt;dIf k|Zgx p7]sf]
kfOG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ls/0fs'df/ >]i7;d]t
lj4 ;~rfns ;ldlt, g] k fn a} + s
lnld6]8;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg -g]sfk @)%^,
c+s ^, lg=g+= ^&#!, k[i7 $)#_ df 6]8 o'lgog
P]g, @)$* / jfl0fHo a}s
+ P]g, @)#!cGtu{t
ag]sf lgodx aflemPsf] ca:yfdf s'g sfg"g
nfu" x'g] eGg] k|Zg p7]sf]df jfl0fHo a}s
+ P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf %@ n] pQm P]g / ;f]cGtu{t
ag] s f lgodxdf n] l vPsf] s' / fdf
;f]xLadf]lhd / cdf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
x'g] egL u/]sf] Joj:yf;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
jfl0fHo a}s
+ P]gsf] bkmf %@ cGtu{t ag]sf]
g]kfn a}s
+ sd{rf/L lgodfjnL g} nfu" x'g]
egL o; cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 l;4fGt
971

&), d\l;/
@)&),
sfod ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfn c/a a}s

+
lnld6]8sf Joj:yfkssf tkm{af6 ljgo /]UdL
lj4 >d cbfnt;d]t ePsf] csf]{ l/6 lgj]bg
-@)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)&$, km};nf ldltM
@)%(.@.@!_ df a}s
+ sf] sfdbf/ / sd{rf/Lsf]
;DaGwdf jfl0fHo P]g, @)#! adf]lhd ag]sf]
g]kfn c/a a}s
+ lnld6]8sf] sd{rf/L lgodfjnL
tyf sfo{ljlw lgb]l{ zsf, @)$% -xfn sd{rf/L
lgodfjnL, @)%&_ g} nfu" x'g,] >d P]g, @)$*
cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] egL >d cbfntn]
k' g /fj] b g u| x 0f u/L u/] s f] km} ; nf
clwsf/If]qlaxLg /x]sf] egL km};nf ePsf]
5 . To;}u/L dxfnIdL kmfOgfG; lnld6]8;d]t
lj4 >d cbfnt ePsf] csf]{ l/6 lgj]bg
-@)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @&^#, km};nf ldltM
@)^!.!@.%_ df klg lgj]bs sDkgL ljQ sDkgL
P]g, @)$@ cg';f/ ul7t Pj+ ;~rflnt ePsf]
eGg] cfwf/df pQm sDkgLn] agfPsf] sd{rf/L
ljlgodfjnL, @)%& cg';f/ ePsf] sf/jfxL
lj4 ;f]xL ljlgodfjnLcGtu{tsf] pkrf/ vf]Hg'
kg]{ lgisif{df k'uL lgj]bs sDkgLsf] xsdf
>d P]g nfUg g;Sg]df >d cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg
u|x0f u/L u/]sf] km};nfdf If]qflwsf/sf] q'6L
ljBdfg /x]sf] egL km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L ;]G6 h]leo;{ :s"nsf tkm{af6 P]=sf
k|wfgfWofks af]lgkm]; l6Uuf P;=h]= lj4
>d cbfnt;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg -l/6 g+=M
)^&WO)&)(, km};nf ldltM @)^(.$.#)_
df klg o:t} k|Zg p7]sf]df z}lIfs ;+:yfsf]
kdf /x]sf] ljBfnosf] u7g, ;~rfng /
lgodg;d]tsf] sfd sf/jfxL lzIff P]g, @)@*
/ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( adf]lhd x'g]
eGg];d]tsf] cfwf/ u|x0f ub}{ ;DalGwt
ljBfnosf] sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodcg';f/ sf/jfxL
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] x L lgod cg' ; f/sf]
972
pkrf/sf] vf]hL ug'k{ g]d

{ f >d P]g, @)$* df
ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ >d cbfntdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgnfO{ If]qflwsf/laxLgsf] ;+1f
lbOPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
&= o;/L o; cbfntaf6 ePsf k"j{
km};nfxaf6;d]t ljleGg ljifout P]gcGtu{t
;+:yflkt sDkgL, ;+:yf, kmd{ jf k|lti7fgxsf
xsdf To:tf P]gcGtu{tsf lgod, ljlgodf/f
tf]lsPsf ;]jf, zt{, ;'ljwf / cg'udg, lgodg
Pj+ d"Nof\sg;d]tsf ;+oGqx g} k|efjL x'g]
/ ;a} vfnsf k|lti7fgxdf >d P]g, @)$*
nfu" gx'g] egL l;4fGt sfod ePsf] kfOG5 .
plNnlvt cfwf/df klg >d P]g, @)$* n]
u/]sf] cfr/0f / ;hfo;DaGwL Joj:yf lglZrt\
k| s [ l tsf k| l ti7fgdf sfo{ / t\ sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxsf xsdf dfq cfslif{t x'G5,
h' g ;' s } k| l ti7fgdf sfo{ / t\ sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxsf xsdf pQm Joj:yf cfslif{t
x'bF g} eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 .
*= ca, a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] a}s
+
(! n] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] clwsf/cGtu{t th'd
{ f
ul/Psf] ljlgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfcg'k cfkm\gf]
s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ u/]sf] sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf
;f]xL ljlgodcg';f/sf] pkrf/ vf]Hg' kg]{ xf]
jf >d P]g, @)$* sf] Joj:yfcGtu{t >d
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg] xf] eGg] k|Zgdf
k|jz
] u/f}+ . o;cl3 ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f;d]taf6
h' g ;' s } k| l ti7fgdf sfo{ / t\ sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxsf xsdf >d P]g, @)$* cfslif{t
x'g] ge} ;f] k|lti7fg ;+:yflkt ug]{ P]g /
;f]cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod, ljlgoddf /x]sf]
Joj:yf g} cfslif{t x'g] eGg] lgisif{df of]
Ohnf; k'us
] f] 5 . plNnlvt ;Gbe{df k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t'sf] ;fk]Iftfdf x]bf{
l/6 lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] a}s

+ , a}s
+ tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]gcGtu{t ;+:yflkt ePsf], ;f]xL
P]gsf] bkmf (! n] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/cGtu{t
/xL a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL, @)^! th'd{ f
ul/Psf] / ;f] ljlgodfjnLsf] kl/R5]b & df
ljefuLo sf/jfxL;DaGwL :ki6 Joj:yf /xL
ljlgod ** df ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] jf avf{:t
ug];
{ DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf], ;f]xL cfwf/df
a}s
+ sf ;xfos sd{rf/L k|d
] k|;fb l3ld/]nfO{
;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]
lg0f{opk/ a}s
+ sf cWoIf;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbg
;lsg] k|fjwfg ljlgod (& df /x]sf]df ;f]
k|fjwfgcGtu{t pkrf/ gvf]hL l;w} >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ^) cg';f/ >d cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] x'bF f >d cbfntnfO{ To;/L
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ g} g/x]sf]n] >d
cbfntsf] km};nf ab/efuL /x]sf] egL lhsL/
lnPsf] kfOG5 .
(= lgj]bs lgw{g pTyfg a}s
+ sDkgL
P]g, @)%# adf]lhd n3' ljQ sDkgLsf kdf
btf{ ePsf] / a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL
P]g, @)^# cg'k a}l+ s Joj;fo ub}{ cfPsf]
;+:yf xf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . pQm
P]gcGtu{t :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfng x'g] a}s
+ tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] sfd sf/f]af/ ;'Jojl:ytkn]
;~rfng ug{ / P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{
Ohfht k|fKt ;+:yfn] ljlgod agfpg ;Sg]
u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf (! cGtu{t ;f];DaGwL
clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL
bkmf (! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] b]xfo -s_ b]lv
-5_ ;Dd ljleGg ljifoxdf To:tf] ljlgod
agfpg ;lsg] eGg] Joj:yf ub}{ b]xfo -u_ df
Ohfht k|fKt ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm,
a9'jf, ;jf avf{:tL, tnj, eQf, pkbfg,
lgj[Qe/0f, ljbf, cfr/0f, cg'zf;g;d]t ;]jfsf
973
zt{ / u7gaf/]df ;d]t To:tf] ljlgod agfpg

kfpg] u/L clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
!)= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6
lgj] b s a} + s nufotsf a} + s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfxn] cfkm\gf] sfd sf/jfxL ;'rf kdf
;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm,
;jf, a9'jf, avf{:tL Pj+ cg'zf;gfTds
sf/jfxLnufot ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g;Fu
;DalGwt ljifoxnfO{ :jo+n] 5'} ljlgod
th'd
{ f u/L lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg] /
To:tf] ljlgod /fi6 a}s
+ n] :jLs[lt k|bfg u/]kl5
nfu" x'g ;Sg] b]lvg cfpF5 . h;sf cfwf/df
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf]
bkmf (! df ;+:yfn] ljlgod agfpg ;Sg]
u/L k|bfg ul/Psf] clVtof/LcGtu{t g} lgw{g
pTyfg a}s
+ n] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgsf
nflu plNnlvt ljifoj:t';d]t ;dfj]z u/L
sd{rf/L ljlgod agfPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5
. a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf
(@ n] pQm P]gcGtu{t hf/L ePsf lgod,
ljlgod, cfb]z jf lgb]z
{ gdf n]lvPsf s'/fdf
;f] x Ladf] l hd / cGo s' / fdf k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] egL :ki6 Joj:yf u/]af6
lgw{g pTyfg a}s
+ af6 hf/L ePsf] ljlgoddf
n]lvPsf s'/fdf ;f]xL ljlgod k|efjL x'g] eGg]df
klg ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .
!!= a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfxsf] xsdf
lgodgsf/L lgsfosf kdf g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+
/xg], To:tf ;+:yfn] agfPsf] ljlgod;d]t
g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ af6 :jLs[t u/fpg' kg];
{ d]tsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'bF f To:tf ;+:yfsf] xsdf
>d P]gcg';f/ >d sfof{noxn] lgodg
ug{ ldNg] cj:yf b]lvg cfpFb}g . P]gsf]
clVtof/LcGtu{t sd{rf/Lxsf] cfr/0f
lglZrt\ ul/Psf] / ;f] cfwf/df ljefuLo

&), d\l;/
@)&),
sf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/L;d]t tf]sL To:tf

clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] sf/jfxLpk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'G' g]
clwsf/L klg tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf >d P]gdf
plNnlvt cfr/0f / ;hfo;DaGwL s'/fx
To:tf ;+ : yfn] cg' z /0f ub} { g g\ . h' g
sfg"gcg';f/sf] sf/jfxL ePsf] xf], To;df
cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ sfo{ljlw klg :jefjtM ;f]xL
sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd g} x'G5 / ;f]pk/sf]
pkrf/ klg ;f]xL sfg"gn] tf]sc
] g';f/ g} vf]Hg'
kg]{ x'G5 . of] ;fdfGo / :jfefljs k|lqmof g}
xf] . olb ;DalGwt sfg"gn] ;hfosf] dfq
Joj:yf u/L To;pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg];DaGwL
Joj:yf gu/]sf] cj:yf eP :jefjtM k|rlnt
sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] cGo k|lqmofsf] cjnDag ug'k{ g]{
afWotf l;h{gf x'g hfGYof], h;nfO{ a}s
+ tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf (@ n] klg
:ki6 u/]s} 5 .
!@= k|:t't ljjfbdf l/6 lgj]bs a}s
+ sf]
sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL, @)^! a}s
+ tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (!-@_-u_
adf]lhdsf] clVtof/LcGtu{t g} th'd
{ f e} nfu"
ul/Psf] x'bF f ;f] ljlgodfjnL lgj]bs a}s
+ df
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] 5'}
k|sl[ tsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf kdf /x]sf] / a}s
+
tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]gf/f g} 5'} x}l;ot
/ dfGotf k|bfg ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;f]xL
ljlgodfjnLsf] k|lqmof ckgfO{ ljkIfL dWo]sf
k]d
| k|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ a}s
+ sf] ;]jfaf6 avf{:t
ul/Psf]df To:tf] avf{:tLsf] lg0f{opk/ lrQ
ga'em] ;f]xL ljlgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd
dfq} ;Da4 a}+s kbflwsf/L;dIf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg]df ;f]sf] ljk/Lt >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf ^) sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{t >d cbfnt;dIf
k'g/fj]bg ul/Psf] eGg] s'/f k|df0f:jk k|fKt
ePsf] >d cbfnt sf7df8f}s
+ f] ldl;naf6
974
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . cfkm" cfa4 ;+:yfsf]

ljlgodfjnLdf g} ;hfopk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg]
clwsf/L;d]t lglZrt\ ul/Psf] cj:yfdf To:tf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cg'z/0f ug'{ ;DalGwt
sd{ r f/Lsf] st{ J o aGb5 . ;+ : yfsf]
ljlgodfjnLdf /x]sf] :ki6 sfg"gL k|fjwfgnfO{
Psflt/ k~5fP/ cGo P]g sfg"gcGtu{tsf]
pkrf/sf] vf]hL ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} . o;sf] cltl/Qm
cfkm" sfo{ / t\ /x] s f] cj:yf;Dd ;f] x L
ljlgodcGtu{tsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwfsf] pkef]u
ug]{ t/ cfkm"nfO{ sf/jfxL ePkl5 eg] pQm
sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|lqmof eGbf aflx/af6
pkrf/ vf]lhg'nfO{ sfg"g cg'sn
" dfGg ;lsFbg}
. s'g} klg sfg"g ab/ 3f]lift gx'bF f;Dd j}w
sfg"gsf kdf /xG5 . To:tf] j}w sfg"gnfO{
Pp6f lglZrt cj:yf;Dd cg'z/0f ug]{ /
cfkm\gf]kl| ts"n lg0f{o ePkl5 To;nfO{ k"0f{tM
OGsf/ ug]{ k|jl[ QnfO{ ;]jf sfg"g -Service Law_
;DaGwL l;4fGtn] klg :jLsf/ ub}g{ . t;y{
+ tyf ljQLo
k|:t't ljjfbsf ;Gbe{df klg a}s
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# / ;f]cGtu{t th'd
{ f
ul/Psf] lgod tyf ljlgoddf Joj:yf
ul/Pcg'k ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] s'g}
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ u/]sf] ljefuLo
sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf ;f]xL ljlgodcg';f/sf]
pkrf/sf] vf]hL ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
!#= k|:t't ljjfbdf lgw{g pTyfg a}s
+ n]
sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod **-!_ -v_
cg';f/ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf k|]dk|;fb
l3ld/]n] ;f] sf/jfxLpk/ >d cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg u/L >d cbfntaf6 ;]jfdf k'ga{xfnL
ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o If]qflwsf/laxLg /x]sf]
eGg] k|Zg klg p7fOPsf] x'bF f lgj]bs lgw{g
pTyfg a}s
cg';f/ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf JolQmn] ;f]
ljlgodfjnLdf k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL Joj:yf x'bF fx'bF }

;f]cGtu{t pkrf/ gvf]hL >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf ^)-u_ adf]lhd >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
ug]{ / >d cbfntn] To:tf] k'g/fj]bg u|x0f
u/L lg0f{o ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] eGg] k|Zgsf]
klg lgk0f ul/g' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
!$= ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ oL
lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf] af/]sf]
kqdf :ki6kdf a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL,
@)^! -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] ljlgod **-!_-v_
adf]lhd a}s
+ sf] ;DklQ lxgfldgf, xflg gf]S;fgL
u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] a}s
+ sf] ldlt @)^$.%.@^ sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd a}s
+ sf] ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf]
egL dxfk|aGwsaf6 x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
pQm kqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] ljlgod ** n]
;]jfaf6 x6fpg] jf avf{:t ug];
{ DaGwL Joj:yf
u/]sf] / To;/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] jf avf{:t ug]{
u/L ePsf] lg0f{opk/ ljlgod (& df k'g/fj]bg
;' G g] clwsf/L tf] l sPsf] kfOG5 . >d
cbfnt;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ ljkIfL k|d
] k|;fb
l3ld/] lgw{g pTyfg a}s
+ sf] ;xfos sd{rf/L
/x]sf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . ;]jfaf6 avf{:t
ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{opk/ ;xfos sd{rf/Ln]
To:tf] lg0f{o ePsf] #% lbgleq a}+ssf
cWoIf;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf
ljlgod (&-!_-v_ df ul/Psf] 5 . o;cl3
ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 ;a} vfnsf k|lti7fgsf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf >d P]g cfslif{t gx'g] /
cfkm" cfa4 ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L ljlgodn] u/]sf]
Joj:yfsf xsdf ;f]xL ljlgod cfslif{t x'g]
eGg] lgisif{df of] Ohnf; k'lu;s]sf] kl/k|I] odf
lgh k|d
] k|;fb l3ld/]n] lgh sfo{/t\ ;+:yfsf]
ljlgoddf tf]lsPcg';f/ g} pkrf/sf] dfu
ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf klg ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .
!%= ax;sf l;nl;nfdf lghtkm{af6

pkl:yt x'ge
' Psf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ljlgoddf cWoIf;dIf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] / lghnfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o
klg cWoIf :jo+n] g} u/]sf] x'bF f To;/L lg0f{o
ug]{ / ;f] lg0f{opk/sf] k'g/fj]bg Ps} JolQmn]
;'Gg] cj:yf /x]af6 To:tf] lg0f{odf lgikIftfsf]
cefj /xg] ePsfn] >d cbfnt;dIf k'g/fj]bg
ul/Psf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . t/
lghsf tkm{ a f6 >d cbfntdf k/] s f]
k'g/fj]bgdf eg] To:tf] lhsL/ lnOPsf] b]lvFbg} ,
g t sfg"gn] :ki6 clVtof/L glbFbf;Dd s;}n]
k'g/fj]bg bfo/ u/]s} e/df Goflos lgsfosf]
clwsf/If]q pTklQ g} x'g ;S5 .
!^= o;sf cltl/Qm a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/L
ljlgoddf /x]sf] To:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}tL
lbO{ ab/ 3f]lift gu/fpFbf;Dd To;nfO{ j}w
sfg"gsf kdf lng'kg]{ x'bF f lgh k|d
] k|;fb
l3ld/]tkm{af6 lnOPsf] lhsL/sf] sfg"gL cfwf/
klg b]lvFbg} . s'g} klg sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln]
cfkm" cfa4 ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L ljlgoddf lglZrt\
ul/Pcg'k g} ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] bfjL ug{ ;lsg]
/ cfkm\gf] cfr/0f / ljefuLo sf/jfxL;DaGwL
Joj:yfsf] xsdf klg ;f]xL ljlgodsf k|fawfg
cfslif{t x'g] x'bF f To:tf] j}w sfg"gcGtu{t
ul/Psf] sf/jfxLpk/sf] pkrf/ klg
To;}cGtu{t vf]lhg' kg]{ x'G5 . olb ;DalGwt
sfg"gn] pkrf/sf] :ki6 Joj:yf gu/]sf] cj:yf
eP dfq cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhdsf] pkrf/
vf]Hg ;lsg] x'G5 . sfg"gn] g} k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg]
clwsf/L lglZrt\ u/]sf] kfOPsf] x'bF f To:tf
clwsf/L;dIf k'g/fj]bg gu/L l;w} >d
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ul/Psf] b]lvPaf6 To;/L
sfg"gn] g} clVtof/ k|bfg gu/]sf] lgsfo;dIf
ul/Psf] ofrgfn] s'g} cy{ /fVb}g g t To:tf
975

&), d\l;/
@)&),
lgsfon] u/]sf] lg0f{on] g} sfg"gL dfGotf

kfpg] x'G5 . t;y{ ljkIfLdWo]sf k|d
] k|;fb
l3ld/]n] >d P]gsf] bkmf ^) sf] v08 -u_
cg';f/ >d cbfntdf u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg u|x0f
u/L >d cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf If]qflwsf/laxLg
b]lvg cfof] .
!&= ca, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf
xf] O g eGg] clGtd k| Z gdf ljrf/ ubf{
ljkIfLdWo]sf k|d
] k|;fb l3ld/] sfo{/t\ /x]sf]
lgw{g pTyfg a}+sn] g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf]
:jLs[lt;d]t k|fKt u/L a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (! n] lbPsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ nfu"
x'g] u/L ljlgod agfO{ nfu" u/]sf] eGg] s'/f
ljlgodsf] lz/ Joxf]/faf6 b]lvG5 . lgh
k|d
] k|;fb l3ld/] ;f]xL ljlgodnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L
a}s
+ sf] ;xfos:t/sf] sd{rf/Lsf kdf sfo{/t\
/x] s f] / To;cGtu{ t sf ;] j f ;' l jwfsf]
pkef]u;d]t u/]sf] eGg] tYodf klg ljjfbsf]
cj:yf 5} g . To;/L ;DalGwt P] g sf]
clVtof/LcGtu{t th'd
{ f ePsf] / ;DalGwt
lgofds lgsfoaf6 cg'df]bg;d]t ePsf]
ljlgodnfO{ j}w sfg"gsf kdf u|x0f ug'k{ g]{
x'g cfpF5 . To:tf] j}w sfg"g cyf{t\ lgw{g
pTyfg a}s
sf] ljlgod **-!_-v_ cg';f/ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t
ul/Psf lgh k|d
] k|;fb l3ld/]sf] xsdf ;f]xL
ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod (&-!_-v_ cg';f/
k'g/fj]bg u/L pkrf/ dfu ug'k{ g]{ :ki6 sfg"gL
af6f] /x]sf]df lghn] >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
^) sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{t >d cbfntdf
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgnfO{ sfg"gcg's"nsf] dfGg
;lsg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . ;fy} >d cbfntn]
cfkm";dIf k'g/fj]bg g} gnfUg] cj:yfsf
976
JolQmsf] k'g/fj]bg u|x0f u/L u/]sf] km};nf

klg :jtM If]qflwsf/laxLg b]lvg cfof] .
!*= t;y{ dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/df lgw{g
pTyfg a}+ssf ;xfos sd{rf/L k|]dk|;fb
l3ld/]nfO{ ;f] a}s
+ sf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL,
@)^! sf] ljlgod **-!_-v_ adf]lhd ;]jfaf6
avf{:t ug]{ u/L ePsf] sf/jfxLpk/ k'g/fj]bg
u|x0f u/L lgh k|d
] k|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ ;]jfdf
k'ga{xfnL ug]{ u/]sf] >d cbfnt sf7df8f}s
+ f]
ldlt @)^%.#.@& sf] km};nfdf clwsf/
If]qfTds q'l6 ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvFbf pQm km};nf
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ .
!(= ;fy} >d cbfntn] cfkm";dIf
k'g/fj]bg g} gnfUg] cj:yfsf JolQmsf]
k'g/fj]bg u|x0f u/L km};nf u/]sf] cj:yf
b]lvPsf] kl/k|I] odf pQm cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/sf]
ljifodf klg s]xL ljj]rgf ul/g'kg]{ cj:yf
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o; cbfntn] o;cl3 klg
ls/0fs'df/ >]i7;d]t lj4 ;~rfns ;ldlt,
g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg
-g]sfk @)%^, c+s ^, lg=g+= ^&#!, k[i7 $)#_,
g]kfn c/a a}+s lnld6]8sf Joj:yfkssf
tkm{af6 ljgo /]UdL lj4 >d cbfnt;d]t
ePsf] csf]{ l/6 lgj]bg -@)%* ;fnsf] l/6
g+= #)&$_, dxfnIdL kmfOgfG; lnld6]8;d]t
lj4 >d cbfnt ePsf] csf]{ l/6 lgj]bg
-@)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @&^#_ / ;]G6 h]leo;{
:s"nsf tkm{af6 P]=sf k|wfgfWofks af]lgkm];
l6Uuf P;=h]= lj4 >d cbfnt;d]t ePsf]
l/6 lgj]bg -l/6 g+=)^&WO)&)(_ ;d]tdf
>d cbfntn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]qsf] Vofn
gu/L clwsf/If]qlaxLg km};nf u/]sf] egL
k6sk6s l/6 hf/L ePsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;f]
cbfntaf6 uDeL/tfk"j{s u|x0f ul/Psf]
kfOPg . cfkm"n] Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf]
()$);+hos'df/ ;fx lj= ;efd'v ;'jf;rGb| g]Djf;d]t
ljifodf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt;dIf d'2f k'uL ;jf]R{ r

Goflos lgsfon] lglZrt\ dfu{ bz{g x'g] u/L
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf tL
l;4fGtxsf] kfngf / cg'z/0f ul/g' ;a}
Goflos lgsfosf] st{Jo aGb5 . >d cbfntsf]
clwsf/sf] ;|ft] eg]sf] >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf ^) g} xf] . h;df o; kl/R5]bcGtu{t
lbPsf] s'g} ;hfo jf cfb]zpk/ lrQ ga'em\g]
kIfn] To:tf] ;hfo jf cfb]zsf] ;"rgf kfPsf]
ldltn] k}t+ L; lbgleq b]xfoadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
ug{ ;Sg]5 egL v08 -u_ n] Joj:yfks jf
cGo clwsf/L jf sfof{non] u/]sf] ;hfo /
cfb]zpk/ ;DalGwt >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;/L >d P]gsf]
kl/R5]b * df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcGtu{t ul/Psf]
;hfo jf cfb]zpk/ dfq >d cbfntdf
k' g /fj] b g nfUg] d f cGo P] g , lgod,
ljlgodcGtu{t ul/Psf ;hfo jf lg0f{opk/
;f]xL P]g, lgod, ljlgodn] g} k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL
Joj:yf ul//x] s f] cj:yfdf;d] t To:tf]
k|fjwfgcGtu{t pkrf/ gvf]hL l;w} >d
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{;d]t To:tf] k'g/fj]bg
u|x0f u/L Gofo lgk0f ub}{ cfPsf] cj:yf
b]lvof] . To;/L ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k6sk6s
ePsf lg0f{onfO{;d]t a]jf:tf u/L cfkm\gf]
If]qflwsf/aflx/sf] ljifodf k|j]z ug]{ >d
cbfntsf] k|jl[ QnfO{ of] Ohnf;n] uDeL/tfk"js
{
lnPsf] 5 . ctM o; cbfntaf6 k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf /f]xdf / o;cl3sf cGo l/6
lgj]bgsf /f]xdf cleJoQm ln\;d]tnfO{
dWogh/ u/L cfkm\gf] clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u
ug{ >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}+sf] Wofgfsif{0f
u/fOPsf] 5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ n odfkm{ t >d
cbfntnfO{ lbO{ k|:t't lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut

sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;Djt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf
&
lg0f{o g+= ()$)
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
;=sf=d'=k|=GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).#.@^.$
l/6 lgj]bg g+= )^*WO)^%@
ljifoM pTk]i| f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z
lgj]bs M dw]zL hg clwsf/ kmf]/d, g]kfn
-nf]stflGqs_ sf] ;+:yfks s]Gb|Lo
;b:o tyf wg'iff If]q g+= $ af6
lgjf{ l rt ;+ l jwfg;ef ;b:o
;+hos'df/ ;fx
lj4
ljkIfL M ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
;DdfggLo ;efd'v >L ;'jf;rGb|
g]Djf\;d]t
977
ljlwsf] zf;g (Rule of law) df s'g}

klg sfo{ sfg"gn] lgb]z
{ g u/]cg'k

&), d\l;/
@)&),
jf sfg"gadf]lhd dfq x'G5 . To;df

klg s;}nfO{ s'g} sfo{ u/]afkt cfly{s
b08 jf cfly{s bfloj axg u/fpg]
lg0f{o ul/G5 eg] To:tf] lg0f{o sfg"gn]
Joj:yf u/]sf] eGbf aflx/ uO{ x'g
;Sb}g . sfg"gL Joj:yfeGbf aflx/
uO{ s;}nfO{ cfly{s b08 lbg] sfo{nfO{
ljz]ifflwsf/leq k5{ eGg gldNg] .
s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf]
JolQm jf lgsfon] ;+ l jwfg jf
;f] a df] l hd ag] s f sfg" g af6
ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt ub{5 . ;+ljwfg jf
cGo k|rlnt sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf]
ljz]ifflwsf/ ljlw;Ddt\ eO{ ;f]adf]lhd
eP u/]sf sfo{n] dfq j}wflgstf k|fKt
ub{5 . ljz]ifflwsf/sf] gfddf sfg"gn]
clwsf/ g} glbPsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z
x'g uPdf To:tf] cfb]z sfg"gk|lts"n
eO{ To;n] j}wflgs dfGotf kfpg
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmfo ;'gLn
/+hg l;+x / bLk]Gb| emf
ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6 M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
/]jtL/fh lqkf7L
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^#, ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL,
@)^%
cfb]z
;=sf=d'=k|=Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ M
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@
/ wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntsf]
978
clwsf/If]q leqsf] eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't

l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/
5 M
d l/6 lgj]bs dw]zL hgclwsf/
kmf]/d, g]kfnsf] pDd]bj\ f/ eO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rgdf wg'iff If]q g+= $ af6 ljhoL eO{
;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] kdf xfn;Dd axfn
/x]sf] 5' . @)^^ ;fndf dw]zL hgclwsf/
kmf]/d -nf]stflGqs_ gfds 5'} /fhgLlts bnn]
dfGotf kfO{ d dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/dsf]
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o x'gs
' f ;fy} ;f]xL kf6L{sf] tkm{af6
;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] kdf ;+ljwfg;ef tyf
Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ub}{cfPsf]
5' . cfk"m hgk|ltlglw ePsfn] hgtfsf]
hgu'gf;f]nfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef tyf Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf cWoIf tyf ;DdfggLo ;efd'v Pj+
dfggLo ;b:o tyf ;ef;bxnfO{
/fhgLltskdf hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;/sf/sf]
Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf cWoIf
tyf ;DdfggLo ;efd'v >L ;'jf;rGb|
g]Djf;Fu af]Ng af/Daf/ ;do dfu u/]sf]df
;DalGwt bnsf] ;r]tsdfkm{t cfpg' eof]
eg] dfq} af]Ng kfpg'xG' 5 xf]Og eg] af]Ng
kfpg'xG' g eg]/ af]Ng lbg'ePsf] 5}g . d}n]
k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] bnsf] ;r]tsn] dnfO{ slxn]
klg af]Ng] Joj:yf ldnfpg' ePg .
o;kflnsf] hf8f] ofdsf] z'jft;Fu}
dw]zdf afSnf] x':;', s'lx/f], lr;f] zLtnx/Ln]
ubf{ u/La j[4j[4f afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGgvfn]
/f]u nfUg'sf ;fy} s/La %) hgfsf] d[To'
eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] ldlt @)^*.(.& ut]sf] a}7sdf
;DdfggLo ;efd'vHo";uF ;do lnO{ af]NgnfO{
cg'dlt dfu]sf] lyPF . pQm lbgsf] a}7sdf
h'g;'s} kf6L{sf] h'g;'s} ;ef;bn] af]Ng kfpg]
Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . ljleGg dfggLo

;b:oxn] cfkm\gf] s'/f /fv]kl5 d}n] klg
t/fO{ s f] ;d:ofsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf]
Wofgfsif{0f u/fpgsf] nflu k6sk6s xft
p7fO{ af]Ng ;do dfu]sf]df ;DdfgLo ;efd'vn]
;do glbO{ pQm lbgsf] a}7s :ylut ePsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] . Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
bzf}F clwj]zg a}7s ;+Vof *@ ldlt @)^*.(.&
df klg af]Ng glbPkl5 PSsf;L p7]sf] l/;
yfDg g;sL sfa'aflx/sf] l:ylt l;h{gf eO{
d]/f] dfgl;s c;Gt'ng x'g uO{ daf6 b'Oj{ 6f
8]lnu]6\; dfOs Iflt x'g uof] . To;kl5
;DdfggLo ;efd' v Ho" s f] cfb] z df d
;+ljwfg;ef aflx/ uPsf] lyPF .
;+ljwfg;efsf] ;"rgfkq $ ldlt
@)^*.(.& ut]sf] ;"rgfdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf
dfggLo ;b:o >L ;+ h os' d f/ ;fxn]
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] cdof{lbt,
cg'zf;g e x'g] / a}7sleq Wj+;fTds k|jl[ Q
b]vfPsf] x'bF f lghnfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL,
@)^% sf] lgod $^ adf]lhd cfhsf] ldltb]lv
!) lbg;Ddsf] nflu lgnDag u/L k|fljlwsaf6
Ifltsf] oyfy{ d"Nofg u/fO{ ;f] /sd lghn]
kfpg] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
;Da4 ;+;bLo bnnfO{ lbg] eGg] ;DdfggLo
;efd'vHo"sf] cfb]zfg';f/sf] ;"rgf kf6L{df
6fF l ;Psf] 5 . ;fy} Joj:yflksf ;+ ; b
;lrjfnosf] r=g++ !& ldlt @)^*.(.* sf]
kqfg' ; f/ pQm ;" r gf;d] t ;+ n Ug u/L
;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod $^
adf]lhd ldlt @)^*.(.& b]lv !) lbg;Ddsf]
nflu lgnDag u/L k|fljlwsaf6 Ifltsf]
d"Nofg u/fO{ ;f]sf] Ifltk"lt{ d]/f] kfl/>ldsaf6
ug]{ eGg] hfgsf/L u/fOof] .
d hgk| l tlglw ePsf] x} l ;otn]

hgtfsf] ;d:of ;DdfgLt ;+ l jwfg;ef
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;DdfggLo ;efd'v tyf
dfggLo ;ef;bHo"xnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' /
;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg' d]/f] st{Jo 7fg]/
ljut Psjif{bl] v af]Ngsf] nflu ;do dfu
u/]sf]df af]Ng lbOPsf] 5}g . o;af6 g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_ !@-#_
/ !@-#_-s_ ;d]taf6 k|Tofe"t xssf] xgg\
ePsf] 5 . ;fy} dnfO{ lgnDag ug{ / d]/f]
kfl/>ldsaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] sfg"gL cfwf/
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf
x]bf{ s'g} ;b:on] ;ef ejgdf zflGt ;'Joj:yf
tyf cg'zf;g e u/]df jf ug{ nfu]df jf
;+ljwfg;efsf] k|lti7fdf wSsf nfUg] lsl;dn]
;ef ejgleq Wj+;fTds k|jl[ Q b]vfPdf jf
an k|of]u u/]df jf ug{ nfu]df cWoIfn] lghnfO{
an k|of]u u/L ;ef ejgaf6 lgisfzg ug{
dof{bfkfnsnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 . o;/L
lgnDag ubf{ ;b:onfO{ cWoIfn] a9Ldf !)
lbg;Ddsf] nflu lgnDag ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg]
Joj:yf eP klg pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod $^
df slxF klg cfly{s Ifltk"lt{ ;ef;baf6 e/fpg]
Joj:yf 5}g . o;/L lgodfjnLdf pNn]v
gePsf] Joj:yfcg' ; f/ dnfO{ ;kmfOsf]
df}sf;d]t glbO{ d]/f] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf x'g]
u/L ul/Psf] :j]R5frf/L lg0f{o sfg"g;\ut
5}g . ;+ljwfg;efdf o;cl3 ePsf o:tf
k|sl[ tsf 36gfdf s'g} klg dfggLo ;ef;bnfO{
s'g} klg sf/jfxL ul/Psf] 5}g t/ dnfO{ sf/jfxL
ug'{ ;ljwfgk|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xsk|lts"n 5 .
;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% sf]
lgod !$^ cg';f/ cfr/0f cg'udg ;ldlt
/xg]5 eGg] Joj:yfcg'k xfn;Dd To:tf]
979

&), d\l;/
@)&),
;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5}g . s'g} ;b:on] lgod

!$% sf] pklgod ! df plNnlvt cfrf/
;+lxtfsf] pNn\3gsf ;DaGwdf s'g} ;ldlt
u7g g} gu/L :j]R5frf/L lx;fan] ul/Psf]
sf/jfxL lgod;\ut 5}g . t;y{, Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] bzf}+ clwj]zg a}7s ;+Vof *@ ;"rgf
g+= $ cg';f/sf] sf/jfxL ddfly ubf{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-s_,
wf/f !#-!_ ;+ljwfg ;ef lgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] lgod #$-s_, $^, !$^, !$&-v_
;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{
;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod !$,
!% ljk/Lt ePsfn] pQm ldlt @)^*.(.& sf]
lg0f{o pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L dnfO{
;ef;bsf] x} l ;otdf hgtfsf] tkm{ a f6
;+ l jwfg;ef tyf Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bdf
;efd'v;Fu ;do dfu]kl5 af]Ng lbg lbnfpg
x'g egL / d]/f] kfl/>ldsaf6 s'g} klg /sd
u}/sfg"gL tl/sfn] sf gug{, gu/fpg' x'g
egL ljkIfLsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
u/L kfpFm . ;fy} ljkIfLxsf] pk/f]Qm lg0f{o
tTsfn sfof{Gjog ePaf6 d lgj]bsnfO{
cfly{s Pj+ dfgl;skdf ck"/0fLo Iflt x'g
;Sg] k|jn ;Defjgf ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d
cfb]z;d]t hf/L u/L kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
;+hos'df/ ;fxsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ eP af6fsf Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ;"rgf k7fO{
lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ . cGtl/d cfb]zsf]
dfu u/] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL,
980
@)^% sf] lgod $^ df Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ;Sg]

Joj:yf ePsf] gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd lgj]bsnfO{
Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnon] n]vs
] f] r=g++
&! ldlt @)^*.(.* df plNnlvt
kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] eGg]
sfo{jfxL cl3 ga9fpg' egL ljkIfLsf gfpFdf
$!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf]
5 . ;f]sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^*.!).!# sf] cfb]z .
lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg lhsL/ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f %^ ljk/Lt
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt
Goflos lgk0fsf] dfkb08 ljBdfg gePsf]
cbfntaf6 Gofoof]Uo x'g g;Sg] ljifo ePsf]n]
k|:t't l/6 btf{of]Uo g} g/x]sf] lgj]bg ub{5' .
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ldlt @)^*.(.& sf]
a}7sdf ljkIfL dfggLo ;b:on] k|bz{g u/]sf]
cfklQhgs Pj+ Wj+;fTds Jojxf/ / To;pk/
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;DdfggLo ;efd'vn]
n] lbPsf] ljz]if clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ug'{ ePsf]
cg'zf;gsf] sf/jfxLsf] ljifonfO{ clgoldt
/ c;+jw} flgs eGg] lhsL/ lnO{ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f %^-@_ df
Joj:yflksf ;+;bnfO{ cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s sfd
sf/jfxL lgoldt ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg]5 /
s'g} sf/jfxL lgoldt jf clgoldt 5 jf 5}g
egL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bnfO{
dfq x'g5
] . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf
k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . ;+ljwfgn] :ki6kdf ;dsIfL csf]
Psnf}6L clwsf/sf] kdf :yflkt u/]sf] /

cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qsf] :ki6 ;Ldf nufPsf]
ljifodf l/6 bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of lgj]bsnfO{ 5}g
/ of] ljifonfO{ Goflos k'g/fnf]sgsf] ljifosf]
kdf u| x 0f ug] { clwsf/If] q ;DdfgLt
cbfntnfO{ klg /x]sf] 5}g . o;/L ;DdfgLt
cbfntdf btf{ of]Uo g} g/x]sf] ljifodf lgj]bg
u|x0f u/L Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;efd'v lj4
sf/0f b]vfpm cfb]z hf/L ug]{ ;DdfgLt
cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^*.!).!# df ePsf] cfb]z g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] :ki6k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . of]
k|Zg Goflos lgk0fsf] ljifo gx'g] egL
;+ljwfgn] g} lgk0f ul/;s]sf] ljifo xf] .
hxfF;Dd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd
6'f] gnfu];Dd lgj]bsnfO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;b
;lrjfnon] n]vs
] f] r=g+= &! ldlt @)^*.(.*
sf] kqdf plNnlvt kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L
Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] sfo{jfxL cl3 ga9fpg' egL
$!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf]
cj:yf 5 . To; ;DaGwdf x]bf{ k|:t't lgj]bgsf]
xsdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug]{ cj:yf g}
ljBdfg 5}g . lgj]bssf] cg'zf;gxLg,
cfklQhgs / Wj+;fTds Jojxf/ lj4
adf]lhd ;efd'vaf6 ldlt @)^*.(.& df ePsf]
cfb] z sf] sfof{ G jog Joj:yflksf ;+ ; b
;lrjfnon] ldlt @)^*.(.@! df g} ul/;s]sf]
cj:yf xf] . lghsf] Wj+;fTds Jojxf/af6 Iflt
x'g k'us
] f a}7s sIfsf] 8]lnu]6;
\ dfOssf]
jf:tljs Ifltsf] k| f ljlwsn] u/] s f]
d"Nofgafktsf] () xhf/;d]t ;Def/sf
nflu lghsf] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L ldlt
@)^*.(.@! df g} /fhZj bflvnf eO{ ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5 . o;/L @)^*, kf}if @! ut] g} k"0f{

sfof{Gjog eO{ g} ;s]sf] ljifodf @)^*, df3
!@ df bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;DdfgLt
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.!).!# df
kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg]
sfo{jfxL cl3 ga9fpg' egL hf/L ul/Psf]
cGtl/d cfb]z ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ k|lts"n eO{ lg/y{s
;fljt ePsf] Joxf]/f lgj]bg ub{5' .
ljkIfL lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^*.(.& sf]
a}7sdf l/;sf] cfj]udf cfO{ cfkm"n] b'Oj{ 6f
8]lnu]6;
\ dfO{s Iflt u/]sf] tYo lgj]bgsf]
k|s/0f g+= $ df :jLsf/ g} ug'{ ePsf] cj:yf
5 . of] sfo{ dfggLo ;b:oaf6 ePsf] ;fdfGo
cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] pNn\3g dfq geO{ kbLo
dof{bfljk/Lt cfklQhgs, Wj+;fTds / /fli6o
;DklQsf] ef}lts Iflt k'ofpg];Ddsf] cgk]lIft
sfo{ xf] . ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% sf]
lgod $^ n] ;+ljwfg;ef ejgdf ;'Joj:yf
sfod /fVg ;+ljwfg;efsf cWoIfnfO{ ljz]if
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] lgod !^# n]
;+ljwfg;efsf] xftfleq ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg]
;DaGwdf cWoIfnfO{ k"0f{ clwsf/ x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . hgtfsf] s/af6 ;+slnt /sdaf6
Joj:yf ul/Psf] /fli6o ;DklQ hgtfsf] s/af6
;+slnt /fli6o /fhZjaf6 g} kfl/>lds lng]
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmaf6 Iflt /
xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofOG5 eg] To:tf] JolQmsf]
kfl/>ldsaf6 g} sf u/L xflg gf]S;fgL k'us
] f]
To:tf] /fli6o ;DklQsf] Ifltk"lt{ u/fpg'
dgfl;a, ljj]sk/s / :jfefljs sfo{ xf] .
;+ l jwfg;efsf cWoIfdf cGtlg{ x Lt of]
clwsf/nfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] xsb}of lgj]bsdf
5}g . o;nfO{ klg cGoyf lng] xf] eg] /fHosf
dxjk"0f{ csf k|d'vsf] lhDdfsf] /fli6o
981

&), d\l;/
@)&),
;DklQ ;+/If0f ug{ g;sL ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloj

g} /x]sf] JolQmaf6 Iflt k'ofpg] sfo{n] k|>o
kfO{ cg'zf;gxLg / hglxt lj/f]wL sfo{nfO{
klg :jLsf/ ug'k{ g]{ lj8Dagfk"0f{ cj:yf l;h{gf
x'g k'Ug] :jtM :ki6 5 . ctM ;+ljwfg;efsf]
;b:o h:tf] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf]
JolQmaf6 ;+ljwfg;ef ejgdf /x]sf] /fli6o
;DklQsf] Iflt k'ofpg] sfo{lj4 ;+ljwfg /
sfg" g adf] l hd ;efd' v df cGtlg{ x Lt
clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ePsf] sfd sf/jfxL
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cfGtl/s sfo{ljlw;DaGwL
ljifo eO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/
cGtu{t kg]{ ePsf]n] Gofoof]Uo ljifo x'g} g;Sg]
Joxf]/f ;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf ljgd|tfk"js
{
lgj]bg ug{ rfxG5' eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;efd'v
;'jf;rGb| g]Djf\sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bstkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfo >L ;'gLn /+hg
l;+x / >L bLk]Gb| emfn] lgj]bs ;+hos'df/
;fx ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;b:osf]
kdf hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw ePsf]n]
hgtfsf ;d:ofaf/] ;DdfggLo ;efd'v tyf
dfggLo ;ef;bHo"xnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' /
;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg' lgj]bssf] st{Jo
g} xf] . ;+ljwfg;ef tyf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
;ef;b ePsf] x' F b f ;+ ; bdf hgtfsf
;d:ofxsf ;DaGwdf cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoQm
ug'{ ;+ljwfgk|bQ clwsf/ klg xf] . lgj]bsn]
;+;bdf k6sk6s af]Ng vf]Hbf af]Ng glbPsf]
/ ldlt @)^*.(.& ut]sf] a}7sdf af]Ng ;do
dfu ubf{ klg ;DdfggLo ;efd'vHo"n] af]Ng
glbO{ a}7s g} :ylut ug'{ ePsf] x'bF f lgj]bs
982
tTsfn cfj]udf cfO{ lghaf6 b'Oj{ 6f dfOs

Iflt x'g uPsf] xf] . o;} ljifonfO{ lnO{ ldlt
@)^*.(.& sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;"rgfkq $
cg';f/ lgj]bsaf6 Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf
cdof{lbt, cg'zf;g e x'g], a}7sleq
Wj+;fTds k|j[lQ b]vfPsf] egL lghnfO{
adf]lhd ;"rgf k|sflzt ePs} ldltb]lv !)
lbg;Ddsf] nflu lgnDag u/L k|fljlwsaf6
Ifltsf] d"Nofg u/fO{ ;f] /sd lgj]bsn] kfpg]
kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;Da4
;+;bLo bnnfO{ lbg] eGg];d]tsf] ;"rgf
k|sflzt ul/of] . pQm lgod $^ df cWoIfn]
ljz]if clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ;b:onfO{ a9Ldf
!) lbg;Ddsf] nflu lgnDag ug{;Sg] Joj:yf
eP tfklg pQm lgoddf ;ef;baf6 cfly{s
Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5}g . lgod
sfg"gdf g} gePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
:j]R5frf/Lkdf cfly{s b08 ul/Psf] lg0f{o
ab/efuL 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] lgod !$^ df cfr/0f cg'udg ;ldltsf]
Joj:yf 5 . lgod !$& -s_ df ;ldltsf]
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] / !$& -v_
df cfr/0fsf ;DaGwdf p7]sf k|Zgsf] cfjZos
hfgsf/L lng] Joj:yf 5 . t/, pQm ;ldlt g}
u7g gu/L :j]R5frf/L lx;fan] ul/Psf] sf/jfxL
lgod;\ut 5}g . t;y{, ;efd'vsf] ldlt
@)^*.(.& sf] lg0f{o pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/
u/L lgj]bsaf6 s'g} klg /sd u}/sfg"gL
t/Lsfn] sf gug{' gu/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf] ax;;d]t
;'lgof] .
@= ljkIfL ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yflksf
;+ ; b;d] t sf] tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh lqkf7Ln] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] ljifo ;+ljwfg;ef

Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] k"0f{ ljz]ifflwsf/sf] ljifo
ePsf]n] ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 lgk0f x'g]
ljifo xf]Og . ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] ;d]t sfo{ ug]{ ;+ljwfg;efleqsf]
sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lgoldt ug]{ clwsf/
k"0f{kdf ;f] ;efnfO{ 5 . l/6 lgj]bsn]
lgj]bgdf st} klg cfkm"af6 ;+ljwfg;efleq
tf]8kmf]8 gePsf] jf pQm ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf]
Iflt caf6 ePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvFbg} . a lghn] @)^*, k'if * ut] k|sflzt
gofF klqsfdf lbPsf] k|ltlqmofdf tf]8kmf]8
ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ ub}{ cfkm"nfO{ pQm sfo{sf
nflu Unflg gePsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . lghaf6 tf]8kmf]8 ePsf] s'/f lglj{jfb
ePkl5 ;f]sf] pQ/bfoL lghafx]s cGo JolQm
x'g] eGg] s'/f x'bF g} . hglgjf{lrt jf hgk|ltlglw
ePs} cfwf/df lghnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{sf] kl/0ffd
ef]Ug gkg]{ u/L s'g} ;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gL
k| f jwfgn] pGd' l Qm lbF b } g . ;+ l jwfg;ef
Joj:yflksf ;+;bnfO{ cfkm\gf] sf/jfxL lgoldt
ug{;Sg] k"0f{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ ;+;bLo k|rng
tyf ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ul/df
sfod ug's
{ f] ;fy} ;fj{ef}d hgtfk|lt ;Ddfg
JoQm ub{5 . ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] lgod $^ n] ;+ljwfg;ef ejgdf ;'Joj:yf
sfod /fVg ;+ljwfg;efsf cWoIfnfO{ ljz]if
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] lgod !^# n]
;+ljwfg;efsf] xftfleq ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg]
;DaGwdf cWoIfnfO{ k"0f{ clwsf/ x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf cWoIfdf cGtlg{xLt
of] clwsf/nfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] xsb}of lgj]bsdf
5}g . ctM ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o h:tf]
;fj{ h lgs kb wf/0f u/] s f] JolQmaf6
;+ljwfg;ef ejgdf /x]sf] /fli6o ;DklQsf]
Iflt k' ofpg] sfo{ lj4 ;+ l jwfg /

sfg" g adf] l hd ;efd' v df cGtlg{ l xt
clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ePsf] sfd sf/jfxL
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cfGtl/s sfo{ljlw;DaGwL
ljifo eO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/
cGtu{t kg]{ ePsf]n] Gofoof]Uo ljifo x'g g;Sg]
x'bF f k|:t't l/6 vf/]h u/L kfpFm egL ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
#= plNnlvt ax; ;'gL lgj]bs Pj+
ljkIfLtkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt ax; gf]6;d]t
cWoog u/L lg0f{o ;'gfpgsf] nflu cfhsf]
tf/]v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgDg
k|Zgxsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] M
-!_ lgj]bsnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efJoj:yflksf
;+;bdf !) lbg;Ddsf] nflu lgnDag
u/L a}7s sIfdf ePsf] Ifltsf] /sd
lgj]bssf] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf ug]{ u/L
;efd' v af6 ePsf] lg0f{ o
;+ljwfg;efJoj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
ljz]ifflwsf/sf] ljifo xf] jf o;
cbfntaf6 Goflos lg/f]k0f x'g ;Sg]
xf] <
-@_ lgj]bsnfO{ lgnDag Pj+ Ifltsf] /sd
lghsf] kl/>ldsaf6 sf ug]{ u/L
;efd'vaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt
5 jf 5}g <
-#_ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'k{ g]]{ xf] jf xf]Og <
$= ;j{ky| d klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;"rgfkq
$ ldlt @)^*.(.& sf] ;"rgf Pj+ lgj]bsnfO{
Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnosf] r= g+= &!
ldlt @)^*.(.* sf] kqfg';f/ ;+ljwfg;ef
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o lgj]bsn] ldlt
983

&), d\l;/
@)&),
@)^*.(.& ut]sf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7s

:ylut x'gf;fy a}7s sIfdf 8]lnu]6;
\ dfOs
km'6fPsf] egL ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] lgod $^ adf]lhd !) lbg;Ddsf] nflu
lgnDag u/L k|fljlwsaf6 Ifltsf] d"Nofg
u/fO{ ;f] /sd lgj]bsn] kfpg] kfl/>ldsaf6
sf ug]{ u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt ;+;bLo
bnnfO{ lbg] eGg] ;DdfggLo ;efd'vsf] cfb]z
q'l6k"0f{ ePsf] bfjL ub}{ pQm cfb]z ab/ u/L
Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf af]Ng ;do lbg lbnfpg
Pj+ kfl/>ldsaf6 s'g} /sd sf gug{ gu/fpg
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/Lsf] dfu u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ljkIfL Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;efd'vsf] tkm{af6
k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf dfggLo ;b:o l/6 lgj]bsaf6 cfkm\gf]
kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt Wj+;fTds sfo{ u/L a}7s
sIfsf] ;DklQsf] ef}lts Iflt k'ofpg];Ddsf]
cgk]lIft sfo{ ePsf]n] ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL,
@)^% sf] lgod $^ / lgod !^# cg';f/
;+ljwfg;efsf cWoIfnfO{ ePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L !) lbg lgnDag Pj+ Ifltsf] /sd lghn]
kfpg] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf ug]{ cfb]z ePsf]
xf] . pQm cfb]z Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cfGtl/s
sfo{ljlw;DaGwL ljifo eO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
ljz]ifflwsf/cGtu{t kg]{ ePsf]n] Gofoof]Uo
ljifo gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpFm
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
%= k| : t' t ljjfbdf l/6 lgj] b s
Joj:yflksf ;+;b;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o
ePsf] / ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
ldlt @)^*.(.& sf] a}7sdf lgj]bsaf6 b'Oj{ 6f
8]lnu]6;
\ dfOs Iflt x'g uPsf] tYodf ljjfb
b]lvGg . lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf Joj:yflksf
;+;bdf k6sk6s af]Ng rfx]sf] / ldlt
@)^*.(.& sf] a}7sdf klg af]Ng gkfPsf]n]
984
PSsf;L p7]sf] l/; yfDg g;sL sfa'aflx/sf]

l:ylt l;h{gf eO{ dfgl;s c;Gt'ng x'g uO{
b'Oj{ 6f 8]lnu]6;
\ dfOs Iflt x'g uPsf] tYonfO{
:jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yflksf
;+;bdf ldlt @)^*.(.& sf] a}7sdf x'g uPsf]
plNnlvt 36gfsf ;DaGwdf ;efd'v;dIf
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lxaf6
k|ltj]bg k]z eO{ ;efd'vaf6, Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf dfggLo ;b:o >L ;+hos'df/ ;fxn]
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] cdof{lbt,
cg'zf;g e x'g] / a}7sleq Wj+;fTds k|jl[ Q
b]vfPsf] x'bF f lghnfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL,
@)^% sf] lgod $^ adf]lhd cfhsf] ldltb]lv
!) lbg;Ddsf] nflu lgnDag u/L k|fljlwsaf6
Ifltsf] oyfy{ d"Nofg u/fO{ ;f] /sd lghn]
kfpg] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L ;f] s f]
hfgsf/L;d]t ;Da4 ;+;bLo bnnfO{ lbg] /
cfb]z ;"rgfkqdf k|sfzg ug]{ eGg] ldlt
@)^*.(.& df lg0f{o eO{ ;"rgf k|sflzt x'gs
' f
;fy} lgj]bsnfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . ljkIfLtkm{af6 pQm lg0f{o ;+ljwfg;ef
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] eO{
Goflos lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo gx'g] lhsL/ lnPsf]
x'bF f ;f];DaGwL ;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf
x]g{' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .
^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f %^-@_ df Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] k|To]s
a}7snfO{ cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s sfd sf/jfxL
lgoldt ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg] 5 / s'g} sfd
sf/jfxL lgoldt jf clgoldt 5 jf 5}g egL
lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt a}7snfO{ dfq
x'g5
] . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg
p7fOg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o:t}
wf/f %^ sf cGo pkwf/fxdf Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] ljleGg ljz]ifflwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/L
wf/f %^ pkwf/f -*_ df o; ;+ljwfgdf

pNn]v ul/Pb]lv afx]s ljz]ifflwsf/;DaGwL
cGo s'/fx sfg"gf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd
x'g5
] g\ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
&= ;+;bLo ljz]ifflwsf/sf ;DaGwdf
cGo b]zxsf] ;+jw} flgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf
/ ;+;bLo cEof;;d]tnfO{ x]bf{ a]nfotsf]
;+;bnfO{ zlQmzfnL dflgG5 . tyflk j]nfotsf]
;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ sfg"gaf6 g} lgwf{l/t
ePsf] dflgG5 . a]nfotsf] ;+;bf/f ;g @)!@
sf] clk|ndf kfl/t "Parliamentary Privilege"
sf] bkmf !* df "Parliamentary privilege is part
of the law, rather than something that puts MPs
or peers above the law." eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
kfO{G5 . ef/tsf] lbNnL ljZjljBfnosf k|fk] m];/

d+unrGb| h}gf/f lnlvt !(&% df k|sflzt
"The Constitution of India" gfdsf] k':tssf] k[i7
g+= !(* df, "In Ingland the privileges of
parliament flow from the law of land; and neither
House has power to create any new privilege
which is not recognized by the common law and
precedent. It has no justify its right to a privilege
on the authority of the common law and
precedent." eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . sdg
n / cbfntL ghL/xn] dfGotf lbPsf] eGbf

a9L zlQm tyf ljz]ifflwsf/ a]nfotsf] ;+;bn]
k|of]u gug]{ ;+;bLo cEof; ePsf] kfOG5 .
*= ;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf ;DaGwdf
ef/tsf] ;+ljwfg, !($( sf] wf/f !)% df
Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . ef/tsf] ;+ljwfg, !($(
sf] wf/f !)% sf] pkwf/f # df, "In other
respects, the powers, privileges and immunities
of each House of Parliament, and of the
members and the committees of each House,
shall be such as may from time to time be defined
by Parliament by law..." cyf{t\
;+;bsf] k|To]s
;bg, o;sf ;b:o / ;ldltxsf] clwsf/,
pGd'lQm / ;'ljwfx ;do;dodf ;+;baf6
lgld{t sfg"gf/f lgwf{l/t x'G5g\ eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L a]nfotsf] ;+;bLo cEof;,
ef/tsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf Pj+ g]kfnsf]
;+jw} flgs Joj:yf x]bf{ ;+;bLo ljz]ifflwsf/
sfg"gL Joj:yfeGbf aflx/ geP/ ;+;bnfO{
sfg"gaf6 g} k|fKt x'g] clwsf/ dflgG5 .
(= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f %^-@_ df ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] k|To]s a}7snfO{ cfkm\gf]
cfGtl/s sfd sf/jfxL lgoldt ug]{ clwsf/
/x]sf] 5 . of] clwsf/ d"ne"tkdf ;+;bsf]
k| T o] s a} 7 ssf] sfo{ ;~rfng;DaGwL
sfo{ljlwut k|lqmof Pj+ ;f] k|lqmofcg'k ePsf
sfd sf/jfxL;Fu ;DalGwt /xg] x'G5 .
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] k|To]s a}7snfO{ cfkm\gf]
cfGtl/s sfd sf/jfxL lgoldt ug] {
ljz]ifflwsf/ ePsf]df ljjfb 5}g . s;}nfO{
;hfo ug]{ ljifo sfo{ljlwut k|lqmof;Fu
;DalGwt geO{ ;f/e"t sfg"g;Fu ;DalGwt
x'G5 . ;hfo ubf{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd
cf/f]lkt s;"/sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos 5fglag
u/L ;'gj' fO{sf] df}sf;d]t k|bfg u/L sfg"gn]
tf]sa] df]lhddfq ;hfo ul/G5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f %^-*_ df o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Pb]lv
afx]s ljz]ifflwsf/;DaGwL s'/fx sfg"gf/f
lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd x'g5
] g\ eGg] Joj:yf
ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg;ef
lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod $^ df ;'Joj:yf
sfod /fVg] cWoIfsf] clwsf/cGtu{t pklgod
-!_ df o; kl/R5]bd
\ f o;cl3 h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} ;b:on] ;ef ejgdf
zflGt, ;'Joj:yf tyf cg'zf;g e u/]df jf
985

&), d\l;/
@)&),
ug{ nfu]df jf ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|lti7fdf wSsf

nfUg] lsl;dn] ;ef ejgleq Wj+;fTds k|jl[ Q
b]vfPdf jf an k|of]u u/]df jf ug{ nfu]df
cWoIfn] lghnfO{ an k|of]u u/L ;ef ejgaf6
tTsfn lgisfzg ug{ dof{bfkfnsnfO{ cfb]z
lbg ;Sg]5 . o;/L lgisflzt ;b:onfO{
cWoIfn] a9Ldf bz lbg;Ddsf] nflu lgnDag
ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOG5 . ;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df
lgj]bsnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efdf !) lbg;Ddsf] nflu
lgnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ l jwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf]
ljz]ifflwsf/;DaGwL ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfafx]s
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf ;DaGwdf
cGo sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOGg . k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ljjfb / ;efd'vsf]
cfb] z af6 lgj] b snfO{ ul/Psf] cfly{ s
b08;DaGwL ljifo ;+ l jwfgdf Joj:yf
ePcg'k ljz]ifflwsf/leq kg]{ gb]lvPsf], cGo
P]g jf lgoddf klg k|:t't ljjfb / ;hfo
ljz]ifflwsf/leq kg]{ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
gb]lvFbf k|:t't ljjfb ;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/
leqsf] geO{ o; cbfntaf6 Goflos lg/f]k0f
x'g ;Sg] b]lvof] .
!)= bf] ; | f ] lgk0f ug' { k g] { k| Z g
lgj]bsnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efJoj:yflksf ;+;bdf
!) lbg;Ddsf] nflu lgnDag u/L 8]lnu]6;
\
dfOsdf ePsf] Ifltsf] /sd lgj]bsn] kfpg]
kfl/>ldsaf6 sf ug]{ egL ;+ljwfg;efsf
;efd'vaf6 ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt\ 5 jf
5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf hgtfsf ;/f]sf/ / rf;f]sf
ljifodf ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{ 0 fsf] nflu
;+ l jwfg;efJoj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf] ldlt
@)^(.(.& ut]sf] a}7sdf ;d]t af]Ng gkfPsfn]
986
PSsf;L p7]sf] l/; yfDg g;sL cfkm"af6

8]lnu]6;
\ dfOs Iflt x'g uPsf] tYo :jLsf/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsaf6 b'Oj{ 6f 8]lnu]6;
\
dfOs Iflt x'g uPsf] sf/0f sd{rf/Laf6
k| l tj] b g lnO{ ;efd' v af6 lgj] b snfO{
;+ l jwfg;efJoj:yflksf ;+ ; bdf !)
lbg;Ddsf] nflu lgnDag Pj+ dfOsdf ePsf]
Ifltsf] /sd lgj]bsn] kfpg] kfl/>ldsaf6
sf ug]]{ cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;efd'vaf6
pQm cfb]z ubf{ ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] lgod $^ nfO{ sfg"gL cfwf/ lnPsf]
kfOG5 . pQm lgod $^ -!_ df ePsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfg;efdf ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg]
;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:onfO{ ;ef
ejgaf6 lgisf;g ug's
{ f ;fy} a9Ldf !)
lbg;Ddsf nflu lgnDag ug{ ; Sg] u/L
;efd'vnfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOof] . oL
lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfg;efdf an k|of]u u/L b'Oj{ 6f
8]lnu]6;
\ dfOsdf Iflt k'ofPsf] tYo k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] / pQm sfo{
df jl0f{t sfo{leqs} b]lvg cfof] . lgj]bsaf6
ePsf] sfo{ ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] lgod $^ sf] k|lts"n b]lvFbf ;efd'vn]
n] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ;+ljwfg;ef
ejgaf6 tTsfn lgisf;g u/L bz lbg;Ddsf]
nflu lgnDag u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt g}
b]lvof] .
!!= ca lgj]bsaf6 dfOsdf x'g uPsf]
Ifltsf] d"Nofg u/L lgj]bssf] kfl/>ldsaf6
sf ug]{ egL ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt eP
geP ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ljkIfLtkm{sf] lnlvt
hjfkmdf pQm /sd c;"nLsf] lg0f{osf] sfg"gL
cfwf/;d]t ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% sf]
lgod $^ g} pNn]v u/]sf] kfOof] . t/, pQm

lgod $^ df Ifltsf] /sd c;"nL jf ;b:onfO{
cfly{s bfloj axg u/fpg] ;DaGwdf s'g}
sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvGg . ljlwsf] zf;g
(Rule of law) df s'g} klg sfo{ sfg"gn] lgb]z
{ g
u/]cg'k jf sfg"gadf]lhd dfq x'G5 . To;df
klg s;}nfO{ s'g} sfo{ u/]afkt cfly{s b08
jf cfly{s bfloj axg u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/G5
eg] To:tf] lg0f{o sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] eGbf
aflx/ uO{ x'g ;Sb}g . sfg"gL Joj:yf eGbf
aflx/ uO{ s;}nfO{ cfly{s b08 lbg] sfo{nfO{
ljz]ifflwsf/leq k5{ eGg gldNg] x'G5 .
lgj]bsnfO{ cfly{s bfloTj axg u/fpg] sfg"gL
Joj:Yff g} gePsf] lgod pNn] v u/L
ljz]ifclwsf/cGtu{t lg0f{o ul/Psf] eGg]
ljkIfLtkm{sf] egfO{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQm jf lgsfon]
;+ljwfg jf ;f]adf]lhd ag]sf sfg"gaf6
ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt ub{5 . ;+ljwfg jf cGo
k|rlnt sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ljz]ifflwsf/
ljlw;Ddt\ eO{ ;f]adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfo{n]
dfq j}wflgstf k|fKt ub{5 . ljz]ifflwsf/sf]
gfddf sfg"gn] clwsf/ g} glbPsf] lg0f{o jf
cfb]z x'g uPdf To:tf] cfb]z sfg"gk|lts"n
eO{ To;n] j}wflgs dfGotf kfpg ;Sb}g .
dfly k|Zg g+= ! df ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd
lgj]bspk/ ul/Psf] lg0f{o ;+ljwfg;efsf]
ljz]ifflwsf/leq gkg]{ / ;+ljwfg;efdf
;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg;ef
lgodfjnL, @)^% n] cfly{s bflojsf] kdf
/sd c;"nL ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;efd'vnfO{ ljz]if
clwsf/ k|bfg gu/]sf] / ;efd'vn] ;b:oaf6
a}7s sIfdf x'g uPsf] ef}lts Ifltsf] lgdf{0f
ug{ ;b:onfO{ cfly{s bfloj axg u/fpg
lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] cGo sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefjdf
lgj]bssf] kfl/>ldsaf6 Ifltsf] /sd c;"n

pk/ ug]{ u/L ;+ljwfg;efJoj:yflksf
;+ ; bsf ;efd' v af6 ePsf] lg0f{ o
sfg"gk|lts"nsf] b]lvof] .
!@= t];f| ] tyf clGtd k|Zg lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ xf] xf]Og
eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ dfly k|Zg g+= @
sf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] ljj]rgfcg';f/ lgj]bsn]
;+ljwfg;efdf an k|of]u u/L b'Oj{ 6f 8]lnu]6;
\
dfOsdf Iflt k'ofPsf] tYo k|:t't l/6
lgj] b gdf :jLsf/ u/] s f] / pQm sfo{
df jl0f{t sfo{leqsf] eO{ pQm lgod $^ sf]
k| l ts" n b] l vF b f ;efd' v n] ;+ l jwfg;ef
lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod $^ n] k|bfg
u/]sf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ;+ljwfg;ef
ejgaf6 tTsfn lgisfzg u/L bz lbg;Ddsf]
nflu lgnDag u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt\ ePsfn]
;f]xb;Dd lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul//xg' k/]g . ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL,
@)^% n] cfly{s bflojsf] kdf lgj]bssf]
kfl/>ldsaf6 /sd c;"nL ug{;Sg] u/L
;efd'vnfO{ ljz]if clwsf/ k|bfg gu/]sf] /
;efd'vn] ;b:oaf6 a}7s sIfdf x'g uPsf]
ef}lts Ifltsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;b:onfO{ cfly{s
bfloj axg u/fpg lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] cGo
sfg" g L Joj:yfsf] cefjdf lgj] b ssf]
kfl/>ldsaf6 8]lnu]6;
\ dfOsdf ePsf] Ifltsf]
/sd c;"npk/ ug]{ u/L ;+ljwfg;ef
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;efd'vaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o
sfg"gk|lts"nsf] b]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dddf ljkIfL
Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf ;efd' v af6 ldlt
@)^*.(.& df ePsf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zaf6
ab/ x'g] 7x5{ .
987

&), d\l;/
@)&),
!#= lgj]bsaf6 8]lnu]6;

\ dfOsdf
ePsf] Ifltsf] /sd k|fljlwsaf6 d"Nofg u/fO{
lgj] b ssf] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf ug] {
lg0f{oadf]lhd Iflt x'g k'us
] f a}7s sIfsf]
8]lnu]6;
\ dfOssf] jf:tljs Ifltsf] k|fljlwsn]
u/]sf] d"Nofgafktsf] () xhf/ dd{t
;Def/sf nflu lghsf] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf
u/L ldlt @)^*.(.@! df /fhZj bflvnf eO{
;s]sf] egL ljkIfLtkm{sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't lgj]bgdf o;
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.!).!# df
kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/L Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg]
sfo{jfxL cl3 ga9fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L e} /x]sf] eP klg cfb]z hf/L x'gk' j" { g}
() xhf/ lgj]bssf] kfl/>ldsaf6 sf u/fO{
lgj]bsdfly cfly{s bfloTj axg u/fOPsf]
b]lvFbf pQm /sd (),))). lgj]bs
;+hos'df/ zfxnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' egL ljkIfL
Joj:yflksf ;+ ; b ;lrjfnosf gfddf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnonfO{
lbg" . k|:t't l/6sf] bfo/Ltkm{sf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;Djt\ @)&) ;fn c;f/ @^ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M lzjk|;fb vgfn
&
988
lg0f{o g+= ()$!

' m Ohnf;
;=sf=d'=k|=GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).%.#!.@
l/6 g+= )^&WO!)^$
d'2fM pTk]i| f0f, k/dfb]z .
lgj]bs M If]qLo KnfG6 Sjf/f]lG6g sfof{no,
jL/u~hdf s[lif ;]jf afnL ;+/If0f ;d"xsf]
/f=k=t[= >]0fLdf sfo{/t\ hLt]Gb| ofbj
lj4
ljkIfL M nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
cgfdgu/, sf7df8f};d]t
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] nx/df
n]lvFbd
} f ;a} z}lIfs pkflwsf] :t/ /
dfGotf ;fdfg x'g] cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
sfg"gn] clVtof/L lbPsf] lgsfon]
u/]sf] lg0f{o k"jf{ux| L, sk6k"0f{ / ljlw
k|lqmofk|lts"n /x]sf] egL o; cbfntdf
r'gf}tL lbOPsf] cj:yfdf dfq ;f]
lg0f{osf] Goflos k/LIf0f x'g ;Sb5 .
cGoyf clwsf/k| f Kt lgsfosf]
ljlw;Ddt\ k|lqmofaf6 ;DkGg ePsf]
lg0f{osf xsdf cfz+sf ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] pkNnf] Ohnf;sf]
ghL/ ;jf]R{ r cbfnts} pkNnf] eGbf
sd GofofwLz ;+nUg Ohnf;sf nflu
()$!hLt]Gb| ofbj lj=

nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no cgfdgu/;d]t
lj=nf]
/ ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] ghL/ dftxftsf

cbfnt;d]tsf Goflos tyf cw{Goflos
lgsfonufot ;a}sf nflu GofofwLz
lgld{t sfg"gsf kdf afWosf/L x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ s} cfwf/df Pd=P:;L=
OlG6df]nf]hL cWoog u/L pQL0f{ x'G5 /
;f]nfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfoxn] :gftsf]Q/
dfGb5g\ eg] Tof] cltl/Qm z}lIfs pkflw
xf] . ;]jf k|jz
] ubf{ aL= P:;L= -Pu|L=_
sf] pkflw b]vfO{ ;]jf k|jz
] u/]sfx
dWo] s;}n] Pd=P:;L= -Pu|L_ sf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] eP cltl/Qm z}lIfs
pkflw dflgg], t/ s;}n] Pd=P:;L=
OlG6df]nf]hL u/]sf] eP gdflgg] egL
cy{ ug'{ ts{;u+ t gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!*_
;]jf k|jz
] ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] pkflweGbf
dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] pkflw k|fKt
e} ;f] pkflw pQm ;]jf ;d"x jf
pk;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] cltl/Qm
pkflw ePsf] :ki6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
sfo{Ifdtf d"Nofgf/f ul/g] a9'jfdf
lgj] b sn] k| f Kt u/] s f] pkflwnfO{
cltl/Qm pkflwsf] c k|bfg u/L a9'jf
ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!(_
lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
>L xl/k|;fb pk]t| L, ljfg clwjQmfx
>L ;tL;s'df/ emf / >L c0f 1afnL
ljkIfLtkm{ a f6 M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
>L /]jtL/fh lqkf7L, ljfg clwjQmf >L
dft[sfk|;fb lg/f}nf
cjnlDat ghL/ M g]sfk @)^& c %

lg=g+=*#^# k[i7 ^((, g]sfk @)^# c
^ lg=g+=&&!) k[i7 &@), g]sfk @)%^
c @ lg=g+= ^^^# k[i7 *!
;Da4 sfg"g M g]kfn s[lif ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x
tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodfjnL,
@)%) sf] lgod & ;Fu ;DalGwt cg';r
" L
# sf] bxfo -r_ %
cfb]z
Gof=k|sfz j:tL M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd o;
cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ cGtu{t bfo/
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] tYo / 7x/ o;
k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bs g]kfn s[lif ;]jf afnL ;+/If0f
;d"xsf] /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf] kbdf ldlt
@)%!.!@.!# df lgo' l Qm kfO{ ljleGg
sfof{noxdf sfo{/t\ /lxcfPsf] 5' . o;}aLrdf
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ldlt @)^^.^.@& sf]
uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt a9'jf ;"rgf g+=$@)^&
)^* sf] lj1fkgadf]lhd g]kfn s[lif ;]jf
afnL ;+/If0f ;d"xsf] /f=k= ltLo >]0fLsf] kb
;+Vof Ps / kl5 yk ul/Psf] Ps kb u/L
hDdf kb ;+Vof b'Od{ f sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgsf
cfwf/df a9'jff/f k"lt{ ug]{ egL ;"rgf k|sflzt
ul/Psf] d f d lgj] b sn] klg ;DefJo
pDd]bj\ f/sf] x}l;otn] a9'jfsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd
e/L a9'jf;DaGwL l;kmfl/z ;"rLdf cfkm\gf]
gfd;d]t ;dfj]z x'g] cfzfsf ;fy k|tLIff/t\
/x]sf] lyPF .
o;} qmddf a9' j f ;ldltsf]
;lrjfnof/f ldlt @)^&.!!.@^ sf]
uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt a9'jf ;"rLdf d]/f] gfd
l;kmfl/z gu/L cGo JolQmxsf] gfd a9'jfsf]
989

&), d\l;/
@)&),
nflu l;kmfl/z u/]sf]df ;f] a9'jf l;kmfl/zdf

d]/f] lrQ ga'em]sf]n] d}n] "National Chung Hsing
University Taiwan" sf] "College of Agriculture
and Natural Resources" af6 h'nfO{ %, @)!)
df xfl;n u/]sf] Pd=P:;L OlG6df]nf]hL (M.Sc
Entomology) ljifosf] z}lIfs pkflw cfkm" sfo{/t\
/x]sf] ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] tyf lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnon] ;DalGwt ljifodf df:6/
l8u|L;/x ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f u/L k|yd >]0fL
sfod ul/lbPsf]n] ;f] z}lIfs pkflwafkt
cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] c k|bfg u/L d]/f]
gfd a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z u/L kfpFm egL
nf]s;]jf cfof]u;dIf ph"/L u/]sf]df ;f] ph"/Lsf]
;DaGwdf cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^*.!.!( df
lg0f{o x'bF f, g]kfn s[lif ;]jf -u7g ;d"x tyf
>]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx, @)%! df
g]kfn s[lif ;]jf afnL ;+/If0f ;d"xsf] /f=k=
t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfdf
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 aL=P:;L=-Pu|L=_
jf KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hL jf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L=
jf ;f] ;/x pNn]v ePsf] / lghn] k|fKt u/]sf]
Pd= P:;L= OlG6df]nf]hL ljifosf] z}lIfs pkflw
;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs
of]Uotf ePsf] b]lvFbf a9'jf ;ldltn] ;f] z}lIfs
pkflwnfO{ Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf dfgL c
u0fgf u/L a9'jf l;kmfl/z u/]sf] ldn]s}
b]lvPsf]n] ph"/stf{sf] lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] eO{
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] lg0f{o
ePsf] s'/f ;f] cfof]usf] lg0f{osf] gSsn dfu
ubf{ ldlt @)^*.!.@! df gSsn k|fKt eO{
yfxf hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf]n] cGofodf k/L
Goflos pkrf/sf] lgldQ ;DdfgLt cbfntdf
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf] 5' .
d}n] k|fKt u/]sf] pQm pkflw tfOjfgsf]
"National Chung Hsing University" cGtu{t
990
"Collage of Agriculture and Natural Resources"
af6 xfl;n u/]sf] pkflw xf] . cyf{t\ pQm

pkflw ljz'4 lj1fg (Pure Science) tkm{sf]
pkflw geO{ s[lif lj1fg (Agriculture Faculty)
tkm{sf] pkflw xf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb
5}g . d}n] aL=P:;L=-Pu|L_ sf] pkflw xfl;n
ubf{ cWoog u/]sf ljifox dWo]sf] OlG6df]nf]hL
ljifo;d]t cWoog u/]sf] s'/f d}n] xfl;n
u/]sf] aL=P:;L -Pu|L_ sf] 6fG;lqmK6af6 k|i6
b]lvG5 .
aL= P:;L= -Pu|L=_ cWoog ubf{ s[lif;Fu
;DalGwt h] h'g ljifox cWoog ul/G5g\
ltg} ljifox dWo] s'g} ljifodf :gftsf]Q/
txsf] cWoog ul/g] x'gfn] d}n] aL=P:;L=
-Pu|L=_ df cWoog u/]sf] s[lif;DaGwL ljifox
dWo] OlG6df]nf]hL ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw
xfl;n u/]sf] x'F . ;f] pkflw s[lif ljifocGtu{ts}
:gftsf]Q/ pkflw xf] eGg] s'/f ;f] z}lIfs
pkflwsf] k|df0fkqn] g} atfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
pQm z}lIfs pkflwnfO{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] ldlt @)^&.$.#! df
;DalGwt ljifodf df:6;{ l8u|L ;/x egL
;dsIftf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cj:yf 5 eg]
lg=;]=lg= sf] lgod !@& adf]lhdsf] ;Da4tf
lgwf{/0f ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^&.(.@) sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ d}n] xfl;n u/]sf] pQm z}lIfs
pkflwnfO{ g]kfn s[lif ;]jf afnL ;+/If0f ;d"x;Fu
;Dj4tf lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;lrj :jod\
;Da4tf ;ldltdf a;L lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yfdf
lghsf];d]t k|ltlglwTj ePsf] a9'jf ;ldltn]
;f] a fkt c glbg] lg0f{ o ug' { cfkm} + d f
lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ 5 .
;Da4tf ;ldltn] ldlt @)^&.(.@)
df g} ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] /

lj=nf]
a9'jf ;ldltn] a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{

ldlt @)^&.!!.@% sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ldlt
@)^&.!!.@^ df a9'jfsf] glthf k|sfzg u/]sf]
cj:yfdf a9'jf ;ldltn] ;Da4tf ;ldltsf]
pQm lg0f{oaf/] hfgsf/L lnO{ lg=;]=P]gsf] bkmf
@$3 -*_ / lg=;]=lg=sf] lgod !@& adf]lhd
;f] z}lIfs pkflwsf] c k|bfg ug'k{ g]{ sfg"gL
st{Joaf6 ljrlnt ePsf] k|i6 b]lvG5 .
aL= P:;L=-Pu|L_ ul/;s]kl5 s[lif
dxfljBfno (Agriculture College) af6}
Pd=P:;L= u/]sf] x'gfn] ;f] pkflw Pd= P:;L=
-Pu|L_ ;/xs} pkflw xf] . cWoogsf] k|dv
'
ljifo OlG6df]nf]hL ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq Pd=P:;L=
OlG6df]nf]hL elgPsf] xf] . ;f] s'/f "National
Chung Hsing University Taiwan" sf] ^ d] @)!!
tyf "Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science
(IAAS) Department of Entomology, Rampur,
Chitwan" sf] ldlt @)^*.!.@^ sf] kqaf6;d]t
k'li6 ePsf] 5 . ljz'4 lj1fgtkm{sf] Pd=P:;L=

OlG6df]nf]hLdf OlG6df]nf]hLsf cfwf/e"t (Basic)
s'/fx dfq cWoog u/fOg] x'gfn] To:tf]
pkflwnfO{ /f=k=t[= >]0fLsf] kbdf ;]jf k|jz
] sf]
of]Uotfsf] kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] cyf{t\ aL=P:;L=
-Pu|L_ sf] j}slNks pkflwsf] kdf /flvPsf]
kfOG5 . t/, aL=P:;L -Pu|L_ kl5 cWoog u/L
d}n] xfl;n u/]sf] pQm pkflwcGtu{t cWoog
u/fOg] OlG6df]nf]hL ljifosf] cWoog u/fpFbf
OlG6df]nf]hLsf] pkNnf] (Advanced) s'/f cWofkg
u/fOg] x'gfn] k|:t't ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ubf{ ;f]
s'g :t/sf] z}lIfs pkflw (Degree) xf] eGg]
s'/f ulx/fOsf ;fy a'em\g' h/L x'g cfpF5 .
ljkIfLxsf] pQm sfd sf/jfxL /
lg0f{oaf6 dnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@
-#_ -r_, !# -!_ / !(-!_ f/f k|bQ df}lns
xs tyf dfly plNnlvt lghfdtL ;]jf P]g /
lg=;]=lg= f/f k|bQ sfg"gL xsxsf];d]t

xgg\ ePsf]n] tL xsx k|rng u/fpg cGo
j}slNks Pj+ k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf
gePsf]n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ / !)&
-@_ adf]lhd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ ;DdfgLt
cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt ePsf] 5' .
d} n ] xfl;n u/] s f Pd=P:;L=Og
OlG6df]nf]hL z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ ;]jf k|jz
] sf]
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]UotfeGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs
of]Uotfsf] dfGotf glbg] u/L ePsf] a9'jf
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^&.!!.@% sf] lg0f{o ;f]
a9'jf ;ldltsf] lg0f{onfO{ g} ;b/ ug]{ u/L
cfof]uaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^*.!.!( sf] lg0f{o
Pj+ ;f] lg0f{oadf]lhd ljkIfLxnfO{ a9'jf
lgo' l Qm lbg] lg0f{ o , a9' j f lgo' l Qm kq,
kb:yfkgf kqnufot dnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{
u/L ljkIfLxaf6 o; ;DaGwdf u/] ePsf
ofjt\ sfd sf/jfxL / lg0f{oxnfO{ pTk]i| f0fsf]
cfb]zn] ab/ u/L lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf]
Pd=P:;L Og OlG6df]nf]hLsf] z}lIfs pkflwnfO{
dflyNnf] pkflwafktsf] kfpg' kg]{ c k|bfg
u/L lgj]bsnfO{ cGo pDd]bj\ f/x ;/x h]i7tf
sfod ug]{ u/L lg=;]=lg= sf] lgod *$
adf]lhd a9'jf lgo'lQm lbO{ lgodfg';f/ kfpg]
tna eQf / ;'ljwf;d]t k|bfg ug'{ eGg]
k/dfb]znufot cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]z
hf/L u/L k"0f{ Gofo kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg kq .
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf], cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g}
sf/0f eP of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf
Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{
egL ;"rgf lbg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
g]kfn s[lif ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf
>]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx, @)%! n]
g]kfn s[lif ;]jf, afnL ;+/If0f ;d"x, /f=k=t[tLo
991

&), d\l;/
@)&),
>]0fLsf] nflu Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf, dfGotf

k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 aL=P:;L -Pu|L_ jf Knf06
Kofyf]nf]hL jf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L jf ;f]
;/x eGg] tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs hLt]Gb|
ofbjn] cfkm\gf] b/vf:t kmfO{n ;fy Pd= P:;L=
OlG6df]nf]hLsf] z}lIfs pkflwsf] 5fofFkl| t k]z
ug'{ ePsf]df ;f] z}lIfs pkflw pQm ;]jf
;d"xsf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf;/x b]lvPsf]n]
lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] pQm pkflwnfO{ ;]jf k|jz
] sf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf ;/xsf]
c k|bfg u/L sfo{Ifdtf d"Nofg ubf{ lgh
a9'jf l;kmfl/z ;"rLleq kg{ g;Sg' ePsf]
xf] . a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zpk/ lgh ofbjn]
nf]s;]jf cfof]udf ph"/L u/]sf]df cfof]usf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z oyfjt\
sfod ePsf]n] a9'jf lgo'lQmsf] nflu cfjZos
sf/jfxL cl3 a9fOPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hof]Uo 5 eGg] a9'jf ;ldlt, ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
>]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx, @)%! df
g]kfn s[lif ;]jf, afnL ;+/If0f ;d"x, /f=k=t[tLo
>]0fLsf] nflu Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfdf dfGotf
k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 la=P:;L -Pu|L_ jf KnfG6
Kofyf]nf]hL jf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L jf ;f]
;/x ePsf] / lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] Pd= P:;L=
OlG6df]nf]hL ljifosf] z}lIfs pkflw ;]jf k|jz
] sf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfdfq
ePsf] b]lvFbf ;f] z}lIfs pkflwnfO{ Go"gtd\
z}lIfs of]Uotf dfgL c u0fgf u/L a9'jf
l;kmfl/z u/]sf] sfg"g;Ddt\ x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h u/L kfpFm eGg] nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsn] o; dGqfnonfO{ lsg
ljkIfL agfpg' ePsf] xf] / o; dGqfnosf] s]
992
s'g sfo{n] lghnfO{ cGofo k/]sf] xf] eGg]

:ki6 kfg'{ ePsf] 5}g . l/6 lgj]bsn] xfl;n
u/]sf] OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L sf] z}lIfs
pkflwnfO{ lq=lj=n] dfi6/ l8u|L;/x egL
;dsIftf lgwf{/0f u/L lbPsf] / lgh l/6
lgj]bs s[lif ljifodf :gfts u/L ;]jf k|jz
]
u/]sf]n] lghn] xfl;n u/]sf] :gftsf]Q/ txsf]
pkflwnfO{ dflyNnf] of] U otf dfgL o;
dGqfnoaf6 lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
sf] lgod !@& adf]lhd ;f] z}lIfs pkflwnfO{
g]kfn s[lif ;]jfcGtu{t afnL ;+/If0f ;d"x;Fu
;Dj4tf k|bfg ul/lbPs} 5 . o;y{ l/6 lgj]bsn]
lagfsf/0f / cfwf/df o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg' ePsf] b]lvPsfn] o; dGqfnonfO{
ljkIfL agfPsf] xb;Dd pQm l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hof]Uo x'g uPsf] 5 . g]kfn s[lif ;]jf
-u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_
lgodx, @)%! n] g]kfn s[lif ;]jf, afnL
;+/If0f ;d"x, /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu Go"gtd\
z}lIfs of]Uotf dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
aL=P:;L -Pu|L_ jf KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hL jf
OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L jf ;f] ;/x pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] cy{ aL=P:;L -Pu|L_ gu/]sfsf]
xsdf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L -Kof]/ ;fO{G;_
jf ;f] ;/x u/]sf] eP ;f] cj:yfdf To:tf]
dfi6/ l8u|LnfO{ klg ;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu tf]lsPsf]
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . t/,
aL=P:;L=-Pu|L_ u/]sfsf] xsdf OlG6df]nf]hLdf
u/]sf] Pd= P:;L= nfO{ cltl/Qm pkflw dfGg'kg]{
x'G5 eGg] s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
;j{ky| d o; dGqfnosf] s] s'g sfd
sf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfLsf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/
xgg\ ePsf] xf], l/6 lgj]bgdf :ki6 bfjL lng
;s]sf] gb]lvFbf lagfcfwf/ / sf/0f o;

lj=nf]
dGqfnonfO{;d]t ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf]

l/6 vf/]hof]Uo 5 . Pd=P:;L= OlG6df]nf]hL
pkflwafkt dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotfafktsf]
c glbPsf] ljifodf, ;f] pkflw pQm kbsf]
Go" g td\ z} l Ifs of] U otfsf] kdf ;] j f
;d"x;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf eO/x]sf]df
pQm pkflwafkt dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf]
c lbg ldNg] gb]lvPsf]n] a9'jf ;ldlt tyf
nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o ab/of]Uo
gePsf] x' F b f l/6 vf/] h of] U o 5 . o;
dGqfnoaf6 ljkIfLsf] ;+jw} flgs tyf sfg"gL
xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'Ug] u/L s'g} sfd
sf/jfxL gePsf] gu/]sf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/] h u/L kfpF m eGg] ;fdfGo k| z f;g
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
d lnlvt hjfkmjfnfn] P;=Pn=;L=df
k|yd >]0fL, cfO{=P:;L= ltLo >]0fL, a9'jfsf]
nflu cfjZos Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf aL=P:;L=
-Pu|L_ k|yd >]0fL / dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
Pd=P:;L= -Pu|L_ k|yd >]0fLsf] c xfl;n u/L
pQL0f{ u/]sf] 5' . cfkm\gf] cWoogsf] ljifo;Fu
;DalGwt g]kfn s[lif ;]jf afnL ;+/If0fsf]
;d" x sf] afnL ;+ / If0f clws[ t kbdf
k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ePsf] x'F . g]kfn
s[lif ;]jfsf] /f=k= ltLo >]0fLdf a9'jf ;ldltn]
a9'jfsf ;DefJo pDd]bj\ f/xsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] a9'jf of]Uotfqmd
lgwf{/0f ubf{ d lnlvt hjfkmjfnf of]Uotfqmd
;+Vof @ df sfod /x]sf] lyPF . ;f] a9'jf
l;kmfl/zdf lrQ ga'emfO{ ljkIfLn] nf]s;]jf
cfof]u;dIf ph"/L u/]sf]df cfof]uaf6 ;fljs
lg0f{o g} oyfjt\ sfod x'g] lg0f{o ePadf]lhd
ldlt @)^*.!.@! sf] g] k fn ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ a9'jf ePsf] ;f] kbdf lgo'lQm
kfO{ kb tyf lhDd]jf/Ldf /xL xfn;Dd sfo{/t\

5' .
l/6 lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
dgf]gLt u/L cWoog ug{ k7fPsf] egL n]lvPsf]
Joxf]/f ;To xf]Og . ljkIfL :jo+n] ljZjljBfno
tyf cWoogsf] ljifo;d]t 5gf}6 u/L tnaL
labf dfu ug'{ ePsf] x'bF f labf :jLs[t;Dd
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ePsf] xf] . ljkIfL :jo+n]
5gf}6 u/L pRr lzIff cWoog u/]sf] ;f] ljifo
cyf{t\ Pd=P:;L= OlG6df]nf]hL ;]jf k|jz
] sf]
nflu Go"gtd\ of]Uotf xf], cltl/Qm z}lIfs
of]Uotf xf]Og .
>]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx @)%) sf]
lgod & sf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf !!
adf]lhdsf] cg';r
" L # cg';f/ ;]jf k|jz
] sf
nflu rflxg] Go"gtd\ of]Uotf;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]
b]xfo -r_%= df /fhkqf\lst t[tLo >]0fLsf]
kbsf nflu Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf -dfGotf
k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 aL= P:;L= -Pu|L_ jf
KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hL jf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd= P:;L
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ egL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
h;af6 ljkIfLn] xfl;n u/]sf] Pd=P:;L=
OlG6df]nf]hLsf] l8u|L s]jn ;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu
Go"gtd\ l8u|L xf] eGg] k|i6 5 . ;]jf k|jz
] sf
nflu lgwf{l/t Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf dflyNnf]
txdf a9'jfsf nflu jf~5gLo of]Uotf sbflk
x'g ;Sb}g, ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
5.
ljkIfLn] bfjL u/]adf]lhd d08n
;/af6 n]vfO{ lnPsf] kq tyf "National Chung
Hsing University" af6 n]vfO{ lnPsf] kq pxfFsf]
lghL ;DaGw / ;Dks{sf pTklQ x'g\ . tL
olQs} k|df0fdf u|fXo x'Fb}gg\ . tfklg tL
kqxn];d]t lghn] xfl;n u/]sf] l8u|L
993

&), d\l;/
@)&),
Pd=P:;L= OlG6df]nf]hL g} xf] eGg] yk k'li6

u/]sf] 5 . ljkIfLn] g} cfkm\gf] JolQmut kx'r
F df
n]vfO{ NofPsf tL kqnfO{ u|x0f u/L x]bf{ klg
ljkIfLn] tfOjfgaf6 ;]jf k|jz
] sf nflu rflxg]
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf Pd= P:;L= OlG6df]nf]hL
g} xfl;n u/]sf] ljkIfL :jo+n] k|i6 kf/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ljkIfLn] bfjL u/]sf] ;Da4tf jf
;dsIftf;DaGwL lg0f{on] klg ljkIfLn] xfl;n
u/]sf] pkflwnfO{ Pd=P:;L= OlG6df]nf]hL dfg]sf]
5 . ;f] l8u|L ;]jf k|jz
] sf nflu tf]lsPsf]
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf g} ePsf], ;f] Pd=P:;L=
OlG6df]nf]hL Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf xf]Og ;]jf
k|jz
] sf nflu rflxg] l8u|LeGbf dflyNnf] l8u|L
xf] egL ljkIfLn] ph"/afh"/ u/L ab/ jfltn
gu/fO{ :jLsf/ u/L a;]sf] / g]kfn s[lif ;]jf
-u7g ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_
lgodx, @)%) sf] lgod & cg';r
" L # n]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf ;f]
cg';r
" L # sf] b]xfo -r_ %= n] k|i6 u/]sf]
5 . ljkIfLsf] l8u|L dflyNnf] l8u|L g} dflgP
klg pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kl/k]I| fdf aL=P:;L
-Pu|L_ ;/xsf] ;f] ;]jf k|jz
] sf] Go"gtd\ of]Uotf
ePsf]n] nf]s;]jf cfof]u;d]tn] ;f]xL cfwf/df
d"Nofg u/]sf] / d}n] klg cGoyf ph"/afh"/
ug}{ gkg]{ ePsf] xf] .
s[lif ;]jf lgodx, @)%) sf] lgod
& adf]lhd cg';r
" L # sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
aL= P:;L -Pu|L_ jf KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hL jf
OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L=nfO{ Ps} :t/df /fv]sf]
k|i6 5 . Pd=P:;L= x'gl] jlQs} OlG6df]nf]hL
ljifosf] /x]5 eg] dflyNnf] pkflw x'g} ;Sb}g
s]jn ;]jf k|jz
] sf nflu cfjZos tNnf] /
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf x'g hfG5 . To;}n]
;f]xL -r_^ df ltLo >]0fLdf ;]jf k|jz
] sf
nflu ;a} ljifodf Ps tx dflysf] pkflw
994
rflxg] clgjfo{ Joj:yf u/]sf] x'bF f ljkIfLn]

;f]xL OlG6df]nf]hLdf ljBfjfl/lw xfl;n ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 jf lghn] aL= P:;L -Pu|L_ u/L ;]jf k|jz
]
u/]sf] x'bF f ca Pd= P:;L= -Pu|L_ sf] pkflw
xfl;n ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf sfg"gn] u/]sf] 5 .
plNnlvt sfg"gn] g} ;f] k|i6;Fu Pd=P:;L Og
Ol06df]nf]hLnfO{ ;]jf k|jz
] sf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs
of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]Vbfb]Vb} ToxL l8u|L
xfl;n u/L k]z ug]{ / Go"gtd\ of]UotfnfO{
cltl/Qm pkflw dfGg' kb{5 eGg] ljkIfLsf]
egfO{af6 lghnfO{ sfg"g ldr]/ a9'jf lbg'kb{5
eGg] b]lvG5 . sfg"g;Ddt\ cfwf/df nf]s;]jf
cfof]u tyf a9'jf ;ldltaf6 eP u/]sf] lg0f{o
tyf sfdsf/jfxLn] ljkIfLsf] s'g} xs xgg\
gePsf] x'bF f em"f tyf ab\lgotk"0f{ l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h u/L kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL
xf]dgfy nD;fnsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
d lnlvt hjfkm k| : t' t stf{
gf/fo0fs'df/ >]i7n] P;=Pn=;L= df k|yd >]0fL
cfO{=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ k|yd >]0fL a9'jfsf] nflu
Go"gtd\ cfjZos of]Uotf aL=P:;L=-Pu|L=_ k|yd
>]0fL / dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf Pd=P:;L=
-Pu|L=_ k|yd ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] pRr c xfl;n
u/L pQL0f{ u/]sf] 5' . cfkm\gf] cWoogsf] ljifo;Fu
;DalGwt nf]s;]jf cfof]uf/f lnOPsf] g]kfn
s[lif afnL ;+/If0f ;d"xsf] afnL ;+/If0f clws[t
kbdf k|lt:kwf{Tdskn] k/LIffdf pQL0f{ eO{
@)%$ ;fnb]lv lgo'lQm kfO{ cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L
k"/f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' .
ldlt @)^&.^.@& sf] nf] s ;] j f
cfof]uf/f uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfdf l/Qm
s[lif ;]jf, afnL ;+/If0f ;d"xsf] /f=k= ltLo
kb ;+ V of b' O { ldlt @)^& ;fn c;f/
d;fGt;Dddf sfo{Ifdtf / of]Uotf k'u]sf
;DefJo pDd] b \ j f/af6 b/vf:t cfJxfg

lj=nf]
ePcg';f/ cfkm"n] of]Uo 7fgL pQm pDd]bj\ f/sf]

kmf/fd e/] k l5 a9' j f ;ldltn] a9' j fsf]
sfo{Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df of]Uotfqmd
lgwf{ / 0f ubf{ d lnlvt hjfkmjfnfnfO{
of]Uotfqmd ;+Vof ! df sfod u/L To;pk/
s;}n] bfjL ug]{ jf ab/ ug]{ u/fpg]tkm{ k|of;
ePg / d]/f] of]Uotfqmd ;+Vof ! df g} clGtd
kn] sfod ePsf] lyof] . kl5 ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno a9' j f ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnoaf6
@)^&.!!.@^ df k|sflzt ;"rgfdf nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] a9'jf ;"rgfadf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @)-$_ / bkmf @$-r_ sf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu k|sflzt ;"rgfdf g]kfn s[lif
;]jf afnL ;+/If0f ;d"xsf] afnL ;+/If0f clws[t
-k|f=_ /f=k= ltLo >]0fLdf of]Uotfqmd ;+Vof !
df g} d lnlvt hjfkmjfnfsf] gfd k|sflzt
ePsf] xf] . xfn pQm a9'jf ePsf] kbdf
lgo'lQm kfO{ cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L st{Jo ;DemL
xfn pQm kbdf sfo{/t\ 5' .
ljkIfLn], "National Chung Hsing
University Taiwan" af6 xfl;n u/]sf] Pd=P:;L=
Og OlG6df]nf]hL pkflw ;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf xf], cltl/Qm of]Uotf
xf]Og . g]kfn s[lif ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx, @)%! df g]kfn
s[lif ;]jf afnL ;+/If0f ;d"xsf] /f=k= t[tLo
>]0fLsf] nflu Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfdf dfGotf
k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 aL=P:;L=-Pu|L=_ jf KnfG6
Kofyf]nf]hL jf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L= jf ;f]
;/xsf] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . h;sf] cy{ lghn]
k|fKt u/]sf] Pd= P:;L Og OlG6df]nf]hL ljifosf]
z}lIfs pkflw ;]jf k|jz
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfdfq ePsf] k'li6
ub{5 .
d tyf d]/f] sf/0faf6 ljkIfLsf] s'g}

xs xgg\ ePsf] 5}g, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg /
k|rlnt sfg"g, k|fs[lts Gofo / ;dGofosf]
l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t d}n] sfg"g;Ddt\ 9n] a9'jf
lgo'lQm kfO{ sfo{ef/ ;DxfnL cfPsf] s'/fdf
s'g} b'O{ dt 5}g . ljkIfLn] c:jfefljs /
sfg"g k|lts"ntfsf] dfu bfjL k|:t't u/L
cgfjZos d'2f dfldnf u/L b'Mv x}/fgL lbg]
lgotn] dfq u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 .
ljkIfLn] g]kfn s[lif ;]jf afnL ;+/If0f
;d"xsf] jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f clws[t -k|f_ /f=k=
ltLo >]0fLdf of]Uotf qmd ;+Vof ! df d
lnlvt hjfkmjfnfsf] gfd k|sflzt eO{ ;f]
a9'jf l;kmfl/zdf lrQ ga'emL nf]s;]jf
cfof]u;dIf ph"/L btf{ u/]sf]df cfof]uaf6
a9'jfs} lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/L ldlt @)^*.!.@!
sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ a9'jf ePsf]
;f] kbdf lgo'lQm kfO{ kbLo lhDd]jf/Ldf /xL
xfn;Dd sfo{/t\ 5' . plNnlvt k|rlnt
sfg"gsf] Joj:yf / of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
pTs[i6 csf ;fy d]/f] a9'jf ePsf] xf] .
ljkIfLn] cfkm\gf] a9'jf x'gsf] nflu cfjZos
z}lIfs of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] Vofn} gu/L lghn]
k|fKt u/]sf] Pd=P:;L Og OlG6df]nf]hL ljifosf]
z}lIfs pkflwsf] ;]jf k|jz
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf]n] ;f]xLcg';f/
c u0fgf u/L ljkIfLsf] a9'jf x'g g;s]sf]
:jfefljs / Gofo;Ddt\ ePsf]n] nf]s;]jf cfof]u
/ a9'jf ;ldltaf6 ePsf] lg0f{oaf6 ljkIfLsf]
s'g} xsdf cf3ft gePsf] x'bF f pQm em"f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h u/L kfpmF eGg]
gf/fo0fs'df/ >]i7sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{af6
995

&), d\l;/
@)&),
pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb

pk]t| L, ljfg clwjQmfx >L ;tLzs'df/ emf
/ >L c0f 1afnL ljkIfL nf] s ;] j f
cfof] u ;d] t sf tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh lqkf7L, ljkIfL
xf]dgfy nD;fnsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L dft[sfk|;fb lg/f}nfn] ax;
ug'e
{ of] . ;fy} pxfFxn] cfcfkm\gf kIfaf6
ax;gf]6;d]t k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
@= lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt sfg"g
Joj;foLxn] l/6 lgj]bsn] aL=P:;L -Pu|L=_
sf] z}lIfs pkflwsf] cfwf/df ;]jf k|jz
] u/L
;]jf k|jz
] kZrft\ ;f] pkflweGbf dflyNnf] s[lif
lj1fgsf] pkflw xfl;n u/]sf] xf] . g]kfn s[lif
;]jf afnL ;+/If0f ;d"xsf] /f=k= t[tLo >]0fLsf]
;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu tf]lsPsf] aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_
sf] Pp6f of]Uotf xf] eg] aL= P:;L= -Pu|L=_ sf]
of]Uotf gePsf JolQmsf] xsdf To;sf]
ljsNkdf ljz'4 lj1fgsf] OlG6df]nf]hL ljifodf
Pd=P:;L u/]sf] klg ;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu of]Uo
elgPsf] xf] . OlG6df]nf]hL ljifodf Pd=P:;L=
eGgfn] ;f] pkflw ljz'4 lj1fgsf] pkflwnfO{
hgfpF5 eg] aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ sf] pkflw s[lif
lj1fgcGtu{tsf] pkflw ePsfn] oL b'O{ pkflw
;f/e"tkd} km/s 5g\ . ;]jf k|jz
] sf nflu
cfjZos oL b'O{ pkflw km/s ePsfn] g}
lgoddf ;f]xLadf]lhd Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .
aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ eGbf dflyNnf] pkflwdf
OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L= x'g] / ljz'4 lj1fg
ljifodf klg OlG6df]nf]hL x'g] eP klg s[lif
lj1fgcGtu{tsf] OlG6df]nf]hLdf lj:t[tkdf
cWoog x'g,] t/ ljz'4 lj1fgcGtu{t cfwf/e"t
ljifox dfq cWoog x'g] x'G5 . Pd=P:;L=
-Pu|L=_ sf] OlG6df]nf]hL ljifo eg]sf] ljz'4
lj1fgsf] Pd= P:;L= OlG6df]nf]hLeGbf dflysf]
996
ljifo xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . lgj]bsn]

xfl;n u/]sf] z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ lq=lj= n]
;dsIftf lgwf{ / 0f ubf{ klg ljz' 4
lj1fgcGtu{ t sf] pkflw gdfgL s[ l if
lj1fgcGtu{tsf] :gftsf]Q/ txsf] pkflw
dfg]sf] 5 .
#= l/6 lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf] pkflw
aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ eGbf dflysf] pkflw ePsf]df
;f] pkflwnfO{ ;]jf k|jz
] sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfdf
eGbf dflysf] of]Uotfsf] dfGotf glbg] u/L
ePsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{onfO{
;b/ ug]{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{
ePsfn] pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L lgj]bsn]
k|fKt u/]sf] z}lIfs pkflwafkt kfpg'kg]{ c
k|bfg u/L a9'jf lgo'lQm lbg' egL k/dfb]z;d]t
hf/L x'gk' 5{ eGg];d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
$= ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]u;d]t tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfn] g]kfn s[lif
;]jfsf] /f=k= t[tLo >]0fLdf ;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu
aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ jf Knf06 Kofyf]nf]hL jf
OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L= jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
u/]sf] lgodsf] Joj:yf ePsfn] :jfefljs
kdf OlG6dfnf]hLdf Pd=P:;L= u/]sf] l/6
lgj]bssf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;]jf k|jz
] s} of]Uotf
xf] . ;]jf k|jz
] sf nflu sfg"gn] ljleGg z}lIfs
of]Uotf tf]ss
] f]df To;/L tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\
of]Uotf cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotf x'g ;Qm}g .
sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf oyfl:yltdf /x];Dd
lgj]bssf] pkflw cltl/Qm pkflw x'g ;Qm}g .
lgj] b sn] k| f Kt u/] s f] Pd=P:;L Og
Ol06df]nf]hLsf] z}lIfs pkflw Go"gtd\ z}lIfs
of]Uotfsf] kdf /xg' pko'Qm xf] jf xf]Og
eGg] s'/f af}l4s 5nkmnsf] ljifo aGg ;Sg]
eP klg g]kfn s[lif ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf
>]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodx, @)%) sf]

lj=nf]
lgod & cg';r

" L # sf] b]xfo -r_% sf] Joj:yf
sfod /x];Dd lgj]bssf] z]}lIfs pkflw
cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotf dfGg ;lsFbg} . sfg"gsf]
pQm Joj:yfdf s'g} lsl;dsf] c:ki6tf jf
lljwf gePsf]n] sfg"g g} :ki6 /x]sf] cj:yfdf
JofVofsf] cfjZostf klg 5}g . lgj]bsn]
xfl;n u/]sf] pkflw ;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu cfjZos
Go"gtd\ of]Uotf ePsfn] cltl/Qm of]Uotf gdfgL
a9'jf ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf]
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ ePsfn]
l/6 vf/]h x'gk' 5{ eGg];d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
%= ljkIfL xf]dgfy nD;fntkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfn] s[lif ;]jfsf] /f=k=
t[tLo >]0fLdf ;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu cfjZos
of]Uotfdf aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ jf Knf06 Kofyf]nf]hL
jf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L= u/]sf] eGg] lgoddf
:ki6 Joj:yf 5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf Pd=P:;L= OlG6df]nf]hL ePsfn]
;f] pkflw aL=P:;L=-Pu|L=_ jf KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hLdf
Pd= P:;L= ;/x dfq xf] . lgoddf k|i6kdf
Pd=P:;L= OlG6df]nf]hLnfO{ ;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu
cfjZos Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf eGg] Joj:yf
ePsfn] lgj] b ssf] pkflw cltl/Qm x' g }
;Qm}g . g]kfn s[lif ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]
lgod & cg';r
" L # sf] b]xfo -r_% df k|of]u
ePsf aL=P:;L=-Pu|L=_ jf KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hLdf
Pd= P:;L= jf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd= P:;L= eGg]
;a} zAbx ;hftLo zAb x'g\ . sfg"gsf]
;hftLo zAbsf] JofVof ubf{ To:tf]
;hftLodWo] s'g} zAbnfO{ cnu u/L k[ys
:t/ sfod ug{ sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL "Ejusdem
Generis" sf] l;4fGtn] ldNb}g . l/6 lgj]bsn]
k|fKt u/]sf] pkflw ;]jf k|jz
] sf] dfq ePsfn]
a9'jf k|of]hgsf] nflu Pd=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ jf
ljBfjfl/lw ug}{k5{ . o; cj:yfdf l/6

lgj]bsnfO{ cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] c
k|bfg gug]{ u/]sf] a9'jf ;ldlt / nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 gePsfn]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg];d]t ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
^= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf]lsPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bssf] lgj]bg, ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt
hjfkm tyf k]z b'a} kIfsf] ax; Pjd\ ax;
gf]6;d]tnfO{ cWoog ul/of] . lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ l/6 lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf] OlG6df]nf]hLsf]
Pd=P:;L z}lIfs pkflw cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotf
xf] jf ;]jf k|jz
] sf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf xf]
eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}n
{ ub}{ ;f] pkflwnfO{ cltl/Qm
z}lIfs pkflwafktsf] c k|bfg u/L a9'jf
l;kmfl/z ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf]
xf]Og eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] .
&= o; ;DaGwdf nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6
k|fKt ePsf] a9'jf ph"/L;DaGwL kmfon cWoog
ubf{ g]kfn s[lif ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgoddf g]kfn s[lif ;]jf,
afnL ;+/If0f ;d"x, /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 aL=P:;L -Pu|L=_ jf KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hL
jf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L= jf ;f] ;/xsf]
pNn]v ePsf] / lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf] Pd=P:;L=
Og OlG6df]nf]hL ljifosf] z}lIfs pkflw ;]jf
k|jz
] sf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf
ePsf] b]lvFbf a9'jf ;ldltn] ;f] z}lIfs
pkflwnfO{ Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf dfgL c
u0fgf u/L a9'jf l;kmfl/z u/]sf] ldn]sf] b]lvof]
egL @)^*.!.!( df lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
*= g]kfn s[lif ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf
>]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodfjnL, @)%)
997

&), d\l;/
@)&),
lgod & ;Fu ;DalGwt cg';r

" L # sf] b]xfo
-r_ % df ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ /fhkqf\lst
t[tLo >]0fLsf] ;]jf k|jz
] ubf{ cfjZos kg]{
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfdf dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ jf KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hL
jf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd= P:;L jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgodfjnLsf]
pQm Joj:yfsf] cWoog ubf{ s[lif ;]jfsf] /f=k=
t[tLo >]0fLsf] kbdf ;]jf k|jz
] ubf{ lgDg
z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf
elgPsf] b]lvG5M
-s_ aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ jf
-v_ KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hL ljifodf Pd= P:;L= jf
-u_ OlG6df]nf]hL ljifodf Pd=P:;L= u/]sf] jf
-3_ ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ePsf] .
(= pQm lgoddf ePsf] Joj:yfn] s[lif
;]jfsf] /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf] kbsf] nflu cfjZos
z}lIfs of]Uotfdf aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ jf Pd=P:;L=
-OlG6df]nf]hL_ jf Pd= P:;L= -KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hL_
nfO{ ;dfgkdf ;]jf k|jz
] sf cfwf/ dfg]sf]
5.
!)= o; ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bsn] ldlt
@)%!.!@.!# df ;]jf k|jz
] ubf{ g]kfn s[lif
;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_
lgodfjnL, @)%) lgod & ;Fu ;DalGwt
cg';r
" L # sf] b]xfo -r_ % df Joj:yf ePsf]
cfjZos Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]UotfdWo] aL= P:;L
-Pu|L=_ sf] z}lIfs pkflwsf cfwf/df ;]jf k|jz
]
u/]sf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . lgj]bsn] ;]jf
k|jz
] ubf{ b]vfPsf] z}lIfs pkflw :gfts;/xsf]
pkflw xf] eGg] s'/fdf klg ljjfb 5}g . l/6
lgj]bsn] s[lif ;]jfsf] /f=k= t[tLo >]0fLdf ;]jf
k|jz
] u/]kZrft\ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"j{ :jLs[ltdf
tfOjfgsf] g]zgn r'uF l;+u ljZjljBfnosf]
sn]h ckm Plu|sNr/ P08 g]r/' n l/;f];;
{] af6
998
Pd=P:;L=-OlG6df]nf]hL_ sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;g\

@)!) -@)^& ;fn_ df k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
l/6 lgj]bsn] pQm z}lIfs pkflw k|fKt u/]sf]
eGg] s'/fdf klg s'g} ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvFbg} .
lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf] pQm pkflwnfO{ lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnosf] ldlt @)^&.$.#! sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ ;DalGwt ljifodf df:6;{ l8u|L
;/xsf] ;dsIf dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf] eGg]
klg ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 . pQm z}lIfs
pkflwnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
sf] lgod !@& adf]lhdsf] ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f
;ldltaf6 @)^&.(.@) df ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f
ubf{ g]kfn s[lif ;]jf afnL ;+/If0f ;d"x;Fu
;Da4 ePsf] egL lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ u/]sfsf] xsdf OlG6df]nf]hLdf
u/]sf] Pd= P:;LnfO{ cltl/Qm pkflw dfGg'kg]{
x'G5 eGg] s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnon] o;}
d'2fdf o; cbfntdf k]z u/]sf] lnlvt
hjfkmdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
!!= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog
ubf{ g]kfn s[lif ;]jfsf] /f=k= t[tLo >]0fLsf]
kbsf] nflu cfjZos aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ d'Vo
z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] aL=P:;L=
-Pu|L=_ sf] pkflw gx'gs
] f nflu cGo :gftsf]Q/
pkflwsf cfwf/ ;]jf k|jz
] sf nflu dfq ;dfg
:t/df /flvPsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . pQm z}lIfs
of]Uotf gePsf cyf{t\ aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ sf]
z}lIfs pkflw gePsf pDd]b\jf/sf] xsdf
To;sf] ljsNksf kdf z'4 lj1fgsf] KnfG6
Kofyf]nf]hL jf OlG6df]nf]hLdf Pd=P:;L= pQL0f{
ePsf pDd]bj\ f/ klg pQm kbdf cfj]bg ug{
of]Uo x'g ;Sg] Joj:yfnfO{ oL ;a} pkflw
;dfg:t/sf x'g\ eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . aL=P:;L=
-Pu|L=_ sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf gx'gs
] f nflu Pd=
P:;L OlG6df]nf]hL jf KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hLnfO{

lj=nf]
klg ;]jf k|jz

] sf nflu b/vf:t lbg ;'ljwf
lbOPsf];Dd cy{df u|x0f ug'k{ b{5 . Go"gtd\
z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] nx/df n]lvFbd
} f ;a} z}lIfs
pkflwsf] :t/ / dfGotf ;fdfg x'g] cy{ ug{
ldNb}g .
!@= s'g z}lIfs pkflwsf] :t/ s] s:tf]
eGg] s'/f lgSof]n
{ ug]{ sfg"gL clVtof/L k|fKt
lgsfo lqe'jg ljZjljBfno xf] . ljZjljBfnon]
;DalGwt z}lIfs pkflwsf] kf7\oqmd;d]tsf
sfuhft x]/L ;f] pkflwsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f
ub{5 . sfg"gn] clVtof/L lbPsf] lgsfon]
u/] s f] lg0f{ o k" j f{ u | x L, sk6k" 0 f{ / ljlw
k|lqmofk|lts"n /x]sf] egL o; cbfntdf r'gf}tL
lbOPsf] cj:yfdf dfq ;f] lg0f{osf] Goflos
k/LIf0f x'g ;Sb5 . cGoyf clwsf/k|fKt
lgsfosf] ljlw;Ddt\ k|lqmofaf6 ;DkGg ePsf]
lg0f{osf xsdf cfz+sf ul/g ldNb}g .
!#= k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bsn] xfl;n
u/]sf] OlG6df]nf]hLsf] Pd=P:;L= pkflwnfO{
:gftf]sQ/ ;/x dfgL lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon]
@)^&.$.#! df ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 /
;f] pkflwnfO{ ;Da4tf klg clVtof/ k|fKt
lgsfon] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . s[lif If]qsf :gfts
/ :gftsf]Q/ pkflw ;dfg x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
;/f]sf/jfnf s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno aL=P:;L
-Pu|L_ kl5 sf] Pd=P:;L= -OlG6df]nf]hL_ cltl/Qm
z}lIfs pkflw xf] egL :jLsf/]sf] ljifo klg
TolQs} ljrf/0fLo 5 . pQm pkflw cWogfy{
lgj]bsnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g} @)^%.#.#! df
dgf]gLt u/]sf] / cWoog cjlwe/ k"/f tna
kfpg] u/L cWoog labf :jLs[t u/]sf] kIfnfO{
klg cgb]vf ug{ ldNb}g .
!$= ;dfg sfg"gL k|Zg / ;fb[Zo
tYosf] cfwf/df ePsf] JofVofo'Qm ghL/
lgM;Gb]x kl5Nnf] d'2fsf] nflu cg's/0fLo
x'G5 . k"jl{ g0f{osf] a9'jf eGg] Pp6f k|sl[ t

ldNb}df kl5Nnf] d'2fsf nflu Tof] cjnDagsf/L
ghL/ aGg ;Sb}g . ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] pkNnf]
Ohnf;sf] ghL/ ;jf]R{ r cbfnts} pkNnf]
eGbf sd GofofwLz ;+nUg Ohnf;sf nflu /
;jf] { R r cbfntsf] ghL/ dftxftsf
cbfnt;d]tsf Goflos tyf cw{Goflos
lgsfonufot ;a}sf nflu GofofwLz lgld{t
sfg"gsf kdf afWosf/L x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fdf
ljjfb ul//xg' kb}g{ . ;dfg :t/sf Ohnf;n]
klg ;dfg sfg"gL k|Zg / k|; /x]sf] ghL/k|lt
c;xdlt /fvL pkNnf] Ohnf;df k7fpg ;Sg]
l;4fGtdf klg c;xdlt k|s6 ul/Fbg} . t/,
k|To]s lg0f{o ghL/ x'g ;Sb}gg\ eg] k|To]s
ghL/ a]d]n tYo, lj;+ut sfg"gL k|Zg /
cldNbf] lg0f{ofwf/ ePdf kl5Nnf] d'2fsf nflu
cg's/0fof]Uo gx'g] j:t'l:yltdf klg s'g} ;+zo
/flv/xg' kb}g{ . o; ;Gbe{df ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxn] ax; gf]6df s]xL ghL/xsf]
pNn]vg ug'e
{ Psf] 5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]u;d]t
;/sf/L lgsfosf] k|ltlglwTj ug'x{ g' ] ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmfn] ax;gf]6df pNn]v ug'{ ePsf]
;'ldqf xf8fsf] g]sfk @)^&, ebf}, lg=g+= *#^#,
k[i7 ^(( sf] sfg"g g} :ki6 ePsf]df JofVofsf]
u'~hfo; g/xg] eGg] ghL/ k|:t't d'2fdf
;fGble{s 5}g . sfg"gsf] c:ki6tfsf] JofVofs}
nflu lgj]bs cbfnt k|jz
] u/]sf] l:ylt 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod
!@# sf] c:yfoL ;]jf a9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu
c lbFbf dfq k|of]u x'g] jf ;d'Rrf ;]jf
cjlws} k|of]hgsf nflu u0fgf x'g] eGg] sfg"gL
k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df k|ltkflbt ghL/n] o; d'2fsf
nflu cjnDagsf/L ghL/sf] :jk u|x0f
ub}g{ . o;}u/L pxfFn] k|:t't ug'e
{ Psf] /]0f'
clwsf/Lsf] g]sfk @)^#, c;f]h, lg=g+= &&!),
999

&), d\l;/
@)&),
k[i7 &@) sf] ghL/ s[lif cy{zf:qdf Pd=P=

:gftsf]Q/sf cfwf/df ;]jf k|jz
] ug]{ JolQmn]
kl5af6 s[lif cy{zf:qd} Pd=P:;L / u|fdL0f
ljsf;df Pd=P:;L= u/]sf]nfO{ ;dfg:t/
cyf{t\ b'Oj{ 6f Master Degree nfO{ g} Pp6fnfO{
Go"gtd\ / csf]n
{ fO{ ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] l8u|L
dfGg Gofo / ljj]s;Ddt gx'g] eGg] ghL/n]
klg k|:t't ljjfbsf] tYo;Fu 6f9fsf] ;DaGw
klg /fVb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf ;]jf k|jz
] ubf{
lgj]bs;Fu :gftssf] pkflw 5, kl5af6 sfd
nufpg] lgsfos} :jLs[ltn] k|fKt z}lIfs pkflw
:gftsf]Q/sf] 5 .
!%= o;} u/L ljkIfL xf]dgfynD;fnsf
tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmfn] cfkm\gf] ax; gf]6df
/]0f' clwsf/Lsf] ghL/sf cltl/Qm cGo tLg
ghL/sf] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/g' kg]{
lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] k|:t't ug'e
{ Psf]
g]qaxfb'/ e08f/L -)^^WO&&*, lg0f{o ldlt
-lg=ld_ @)^&.(.@) sf] s[lif ;]jfsf nflu
;dfhzf:q h:tf ljifosf :gftsf] Q /
pkflwnfO{ klxn] ;]jf k|jz
] eGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf dflgPsf]df kl5af6 ;f] pkflwnfO{
;Da4tf lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] c:jLsf/ ub}{
k"jl{ g0f{o pN6fpg ;Sg] eGb} ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f
;ldlt h:tf] lgsfon] cfkm"n] Ps k6s unt
jf q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ ;RofpFb}
kl5 ;xL lg0f{o ug{ s'g} sfg"gL afwf /x]sf]
5}g eGg] s'/f dflgPsf] ghL/sf] o; d'2fdf
k|f;lstf g} :yfkgf x'g ;Sb}g . o;}u/L
pxfFn] ax; gf]6df Olt ug'{ ePsf] d'/nLw/
ld> -)^^ WO ))(#_ lg0f{ o ldlt
@)^^.*.@# sf] ghL/ klg afnL ;+/If0fdf
:gftsf]Q/ (Master of Environment Protection)
sf] pkflwnfO{ klxn] ;Da4tf lbPsf]df kl5af6
glbg] egL u/]sf] ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f ;ldltn]
u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ o; cbfntn], ;Da4tf

lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;Rofpg
kfpF5 jf kfpFbg} eGg] k|ZgnfO{ ljjfbsf]
ljifo dfgL ;f] kfpg] egL ul/Psf] JofVof /
k|:t't d'2fsf] ljjfbsf] k|Zg;Fu k/f]Ifkdf
;d]t ;fdLKotf :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt
5}g . pxfFn] ax; gf]6df g} k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]
csf]{ g]=sf=k= @)%^, h]7, lg=g+= ^^^# k[i7
*! sf] zDe'k;
| fb bfxfnsf] ghL/ b'O{ cnu
;]jf;DaGwL lgod cyf{t\ lzIff lgodx,
@)%) / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf
k[ys Joj:yfsf ;Gbe{df k|Zg p7L, ;DalGwt
;]jf;DaGwL P]g lgodn] :ki6 u/]sf] afx]ssf]
c ljifosf] klg ;'ljwf kfpg'kg]{ eGg ldNb}g
eGg] ghL/sf] k|; / k[ys tYon] k|ToyL{nfO{
s'g} kmfObf k'Ug ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g .
!^= d"ntM s'g} ghL/sf] k|of]usf
;Gbe{df pQm d'2fdf lg0f{o ul/g'kg]{ k|Zg s]
lyof] / To;df s'g sfg"gsf] s:tf] JofVof
eof] eGg] s'/fsf] g} ;j{ky| d lgSof]n
{ ul/g'kg]{
x'G5 . lg0f{odf k|;jz af]lnPsf s'/f g t
ghL/ x'G5g\, g t tL cg's/0fLo g} x'G5g\ .
k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bsn] :gfts pkflw b]vfP/
;]jf k|jz
] u/]sf] !^ jif{kl5 sfd nufpg]
;/sf/L lgsfos} :jLs[ l t / cg' d ltn]
:gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n u/]sf], Tof] pkflwnfO{
;DalGwt clVtof/L k| f Kt b' O { sfg" g L
lgsfoxn] :gftsf]Q/ xf] / ;]jf;Fu ;Da4 xf]
eg] s f] l:ylt 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm
lgj]bs;d]tnfO{ sfd nufpg] ;DalGwt
lgsfon] g} lgj]bssf] ;f] pkflwnfO{ pkNnf]
z}lIfs pkflw dflgg'k5{ eg]sf] l:ylt 5 .
!&= ca l/6 lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf]
Pd=P:;L= -OlG6df]nf]hL_ sf] pkflw ljz'4 lj1fg
xf] jf ;f] pkflw s[lif lj1fgcGtu{tsf] pkflw
1000

lj=nf]
xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf klg ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ eO{ ;f]tkm{

cWoog ubf{ l/6 lgj]bsn] tfOjfgsf], "National
Chung Hsing University" af6 Pd=P:;L= pQL0f{
u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] ljZjljBfnosf] "College of
Agriculture and National Resources" af6 l/6
lgj]bs Pd=P:;Lsf] pkflw xfl;n u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] ljZjljBfnoaf6 l/6 lgj]bsn]
k|fKt u/]sf] :gftsf]Q/ pkflw s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt
/x]sf] / pQm pkflwdf cWofkg x'g] ljifox
Plu|sNr/ / Plu|sNr/n OlG6df]nf]hL df
k|of]uof]Uo ePsf] eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]
lgod !@& adf]lhdsf] ;dsIf lgwf{/0f ;ldltn]
klg lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf] z}lIfs pkflw s[lif
;]jf afnL ;+/If0f ;d"x;Fu ;Da4tf ePsf]
elgPsf] ;Gbe{df l/6 lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf]
pkflw ljz'4 lj1fgtkm{sf] Pd=P:;L= Og
Ol06df]nf]hLsf] geO{ s[lif lj1fgcGtu{tsf]
Pd=P:;L= Og OlG6]df]nf]hLsf] ljifo /x]sf]
dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
!*= l/6 lgj]bsn] aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_
sf] cfwf/df ;]jf k|jz
] u/]sfn] ;]jf k|jz
] kZrft\
ca aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_ s} cfwf/df Pd=P:;L=
OlG6df]nf]hL cWoog u/L pQL0f{ x'G5 / ;f]nfO{
;DalGwt lgsfoxn] :gftsf]Q/ dfGb5g\ eg]
Tof] cltl/Qm z}lIfs pkflw xf] . ;]jf k|jz
] ubf{
aL= P:;L= -Pu|L=_ sf] pkflw b]vfO{ ;]jf k|jz
]
u/]sfx dWo] s;}n] Pd=P:;L= -Pu|L_ sf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] eP cltl/Qm z}lIfs
pkflw dflgg], t/ s;}n] Pd=P:;L= OlG6df]nf]hL
u/]sf] eP gdflgg] egL cy{ ug'{ ts{;u+ t
x'bF g} . hals oL b'j} z}lIfs of]Uotf :gftsf]Q/
pkflw x'g\ . ;dfg kl/j]zdf ;dfg :t/sf
z}lIfs pkflw Pp6f :gfts ;/x / csf]{
:gftsf]Q/ ;/xsf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} .
;]jf k|jz
] sf nflu ;'ljwf lbOg' Pp6f s'/f xf]
eg] a9'jfsf nflu d"Nofg ul/g' csf]{ s'/f
xf] .
!(= l/6 lgj]bsn] aL=P:;L= -Pu|L=_
sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df ;]jf k|jz
] u/L
;f]eGbf dflysf] s[lif lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt
Pd=P:;L= Og OlG6df]nf]hLsf] z}lIfs pkflw
xfl;n u/]sf] b]lvPsfn] lghn] k|fKt u/]sf]
pQm z}lIfs pkflw ;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu cfjZos
Go"gtd\ of]Uotf geO{ ;f]eGbf dflysf] cltl/Qm
z}lIfs pkflw ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$3-!_-v_ df sfo{
Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df a9'jf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] c
lbFbf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} kbdf ;]jf k|jz
]
ug{ cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf /
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]UotfeGbf dflysf] ;]jf ;d"x
jf pk;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] Ps cltl/Qm
z}lIfs pkflwafkt cltl/Qm c k|bfg ug'k{ g]{
:ki6 Joj:yf 5 . ;]jf k|jz
] ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf]
pkflweGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] pkflw
k|fKt e} ;f] pkflw pQm ;]jf ;d"x jf
pk;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] cltl/Qm pkflw
ePsf] :ki6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf sfo{Ifdtf
d"Nofgf/f ul/g] a9'jfdf lgj]bsn] k|fKt
u/]sf] pkflwnfO{ cltl/Qm pkflwsf] c k|bfg
u/L a9'jf ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] gug]{ u/L ePsf] a9'jf
;ldltsf] @)^&.!!.@% sf] lg0f{o / ;f]xL
lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ldlt
@)^*.!.!( sf] lg0f{o ;f] xb;Dd q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg
cfof] .
@)= t;y{ , plNnlvt cfwf/ /
sf/0faf6 l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ lghsf] Pd=P:;L OlG6df]nf]hL_ sf] z}lIfs pkflwnfO{ ;]jf k|jz
]
ubf{sf] Go"gtd\ pkflweGbf dflyNnf] cltl/Qm
1001

&), d\l;/
@)&),
z}lIfs pkflwsf kdf dfGotf glbO{ ;f]afktsf]

cltl/Qm c glbg] u/L ul/Psf] ;f] xb;Dd
a9'jf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] lg0f{o;d]t q'l6k"0f{ ePsfn] pTk]i| f0fsf]
cfb]zn] ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca l/6 lgj]bsn]
k|fKt u/]sf] cltl/Qm z}lIfs pkflwnfO{ klg
a9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf @$ 3-!_ sf] b]xfo -v_ adf]lhd
c k|bfg u/L lgodfg';f/ a9'jf l;kmfl/z
ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'G5 . of] cfb]zn] a9'jf
ab/ ePsf] ljkIfL sd{rf/L ;DaGwdf lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod *(v=
adf]lhd a9'jf ldnfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf :ki6
sfg"gL Joj:yf e} /x]sf] ;Gbe{df o; l/6
lgj]bgdf To;tkm{ yk s]xL af]ln/xg' k/]g .
of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk;lxt dxfGofoflwjQmf
sfof{nodfkm{t ljkIfLxnfO{ cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO lbg" .
lg0f{o g+= ()$@

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb| axfb'/ sfsL{
km};nf ldlt M @)&).#.#.@
@)^(CR)!*@
d'2f M xftxltof/ v/vhfgf .
k'g/fj]bsjfbL M k|x/L lg/LIfs OGb|axfb'/
yfkfsf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/
lj4
k|ToyL{k|ltjfbL M Onfd lhNnf, uh'/d'vL
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & xfn sf7df8f}+ lhNnf,
skg uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # a:g] k|lj0f ld>
uf8Ldf ;jf/ eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf

cleof] u kqdf plNnlvt cj} w
pQm cfb]zdf ;xdt 5' .
xftxltof/x a/fdb ePsf] tYonfO{
sf=d'=k|=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
:jLsf/ u/]sf] eP klg cbfntdf aofg
ubf{ ;f] uf8Ldf cfkm"nfO{ cj}w xltof/
Olt ;Djt\ @)&) ;fn ebf} #! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
/x]sf] eGg] yfxf gePsf] egL pNn]v
Ohnf; clws[t M ljZjgfy e/fO{
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / lghnfO{ ;f] uf8Ldf
cj}w xftxltof/ /x]sf] eGg] s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L lyof] egL cGo k|ltjfbLxn]
;d]t eGg g;s]sf] l:yltdf cj}w
&
xftxltof/ /fv]sf] uf8Ldf r9]sf]
sf/0fn] dfq lghn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf]
eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
z' txdf km};nf ug]M{
k|=lh=c= >L xl//fh kGt
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, gjnk/f;L
1002
()$@g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=

lj=k|k|lj0f ld>
k'g/fj]bg txdf km};nf ug]M{

df=Gof=>L O{Zj/k|;fb vltj8f
df=Gof= >L gLtf uf}td bLlIft
k' g /fj] b sjfbLsftkm{ a f6 M ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f kf}8n
]
k|ToyL{k|ltjfbLsftkm{af6 M
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M xftxltof/ v/vhfgf P]g, @)!(
km};nf
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ M Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;
k|sf/ 5M
lhNnf gjnk/f;L b'lDsaf; uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= ! l:yt k"j{ b'lDsjf; ahf/, klZrd
Hofld/] vf]nf, pQ/ afa'/fd k'/Lsf] 3/ tyf
xf]6n, blIf0f jgk|;fb u'sf] v]t olt
rf/lsNnfleqsf] dx]Gb| /fhdfu{sf] blIf0ftkm{
lsgf/fdf k"jt{ km{af6 klZrdtkm{ hfFb} u/]sf]
lbks l3ld/] , k| l j0f ld>, lbks nfdf,
6]saxfb'/ >]i7, ljlkg e/fO{, cf]dsf/ ljqmd
s'jF / ;jf/ /x]sf] af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] kh]/f]
uf8LnfO{ /f]sL vfgtnf;L ubf{ v'8F f yfg !,
v's/' L yfg #, ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq yfg
!, ;jf/L btf{ k|df0f kq yfg !, Automatic
Pistol n]lvPsf] k]:tf]n gfn !, P]=sf] uf]nL
/fp08 # / Dofulhg yfg ! a/fdb ePsf] xf]
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] vfgtnf;L Pj+ a/fdbL
d'rN' sf .
ldlt @)^&.!!.! ut] ljxfg !)M#)
ah] lhNnf gjnk/f;L b'lDsaf; uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= ! l:yt dx]Gb| /fhdfu{df ;jf/L ;fwg;d]t
cfb]zfg';f/ r]shfFr ug{] qmddf k"jt{ km{af6

klZrdtkm{ cfO{/x]sf] af=* r= !&&# g+= sf]
kh]/f] uf8Lsf] vfgtnf;L ubf{ v'8F f yfg !,
v's/' L yfg #, ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq yfg
!, ;jf/L btf{ k|df0f kq yfg !, Automatic
Pistol n]lvPsf] k]:tf]n gfn !, P]= sf] uf]nL
/fp08 # / Dofulhg yfg ! a/fdb ePsf], ;f]
kh]/f] uf8Ldf ;jf/ e} cfPsf lbks l3ld/],
6]saxfb'/ >]i7, lbks nfdf, k|lj0f ld>,
cf]dsf/ ljqmd s'jF /, ljlkg e/fO{;d]tnfO{
kqmfp u/L vfgtnf;L a/fdbL d'rN' sf;d]t
v8f u/L a/fdbL d'rN' sfdf pNn]v ul/Psf
bzLsf ;fdfg;lxt cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu
bflvnf u/]sf] 5' eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|x/L
lg/LIfs OGb|axfb'/ yfkfsf] k|x/L k|ltj]bg .
d]/f] klxnfb]lv lrghfg ePsf k|lj0f
ld>n] d}n] lrg]sf] /fhg >]i7 eGg] /fhs'df/
/fhj+zL df8]sf] 8fO{e/ x'gx' G' 5, pxfFn] cfkm"
sfd ug{] df8]n] ef/taf6 cj}w ;'g lnO{ cfpF5,
xfdLxn] df8]sf] ;'g n'6g\ k' 5{, ;'g cj}w
ePsf]n] p;n] k|x/Ldf l/kf]6{ klg ub{g} , o;cl3
# k6s;Dd !! SjLG6n ;'g NofO{ ;s]sf] 5,
km]l/ klg ;'g Nofpg]jfnf 5 egL atfPsf
5g\ eg]sf]n] d}n] x'G5 egL ;xdlt lbPF .
dnufot cGo lrg]sf ;fyLx lbks nfdf,
6]saxfb'/ >]i7, ljlkg e/fO{, cf]dsf/ ljqmd
s'jF /;d]t eO{ df8]sf] ;'g n'6g\ sf] nflu tof/
eof}+ . ;f]xL qmddf d]/f] / k|lj0f ld>sf] /fhs'df/
/fhj+zL;Fu @ k6s e]6 eof] . lghn] ;'g
n'6g\ ] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu cfjZos
kg{] k]:tf]n gfn !, Dofulhg yfg ! / uf]nL
/fp08 # /S;f}naf6 = %),))). df lsgL
sf7df8f}+ l:yt cfkm\gf] 3/df NofO{ n'sfO{
/fv] . a;'Gwf/faf6 = @^)). df Pp6f v'8F f,
b'O{j6f v's'/L lsg] . Pp6f v's'/L d}n]
1003

&), d\l;/
@)&),
dgsfdgfaf6 lsg]/ NofPsf] lyPF . /fhs'df/

/fhj+zLn] ldlt @)^&.!!.! ut] df8]n] ef/taf6
%) lsnf] ;'g lnO{ cfpg] k|fu] f| d 5, d df8];uF
e}/xjf hfFb5
} ,' uf8Ldf ;'g nf]8 u/L ;s]kl5
tkfO+x{ nfO{ uf8Lsf] gDa/ / /+u kmf]gdf atfO{
lbG5', tkfO+x{ bfpGg] psfnf]df uf8L /f]Sg]
Ozf/f ug'x{ f]nf, d uf8L ;fO{8af6 /f]lslbG5',
To;kl5 tkfO+x{ n] df8]nfO{ xltof/ v'8F f, v's/' L
b]vfO{ t;f{O ;'g n'6g\ x' f]nf / dnfO{ klg s'6kL6
u/L 3fO{t] agfO{ lbg'xf]nf eg]sf]n] d}n] ;f]xL
of]hgfcg';f/ af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] kh]/f]
uf8L ef8fdf lnO{ ldlt @)^&.!!.! ut] d]/f]
;fyLx lbks nfdf, 6]saxfb'/ >]i7, k|lj0f
ld>, cf] d sf/ ljqmd s' F j / / ljlkg
e/fO{;d]tnfO{ ;fydf lnO{ d}n] 3/df /fv]sf]
v'8F f yfg !, v's/' L yfg #, k]:tf]n gfn !,
uf]nL /fp08 # / DofuhLg yfg ! af=* r=
!&&# g+= sf] kh]/f]df nf]8 u/L ;'g n'6g\
bfpGg] psfnf]df cfpFbf lhNnf gjnk/f;L,
b'lDsaf; uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! l:yt dx]Gb|
/fhdfu{df l8p6Ldf /x]sf k|x/Lxn] xfdL r9]sf]
kh]/f] uf8L /f]sL vfgtnf;L ubf{ xfdLxn]
lnO{ cfPsf] k]:tf]n gfn !, Dofulhg yfg !,
uf]nL /fp08 #, v'8F f yfg !, v's/' L yfg #
;d]t km]nf kf/L xfdL 5 hgfnfO{ kqmfp u/L
lnO{ cfPsf] xf] . a/fdb ul/Psf] xftxltof/
b]vfpFbf x]/]F lrg]F . pQm xltof/x xfdL
;a}hgfn] af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] kh]/f]df ;'g
n'6g\ sf] nflu lnO{ cfPsf xltof/ x'g\ . a/fdbL
d'rN' sfdf u/]sf] ;xL5fk d]/f] xf] eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL lbks l3ld/]n] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
d Onfddf B.A. First Year df cWoog
ubf{ emfkf ;'f a:g] /fhg eGg] /fhs'df/
/fhj+zL;Fu d]/f] lrgfhfgL lyof] . kl5 d
sf7df8f}+ k9\g cfpFbf lgh;Fu crfgs e]6

eO{ s'/fsfgLsf] qmddf /fhs'df/ /fhj+zLn]
cfkm" df8]sf] lghL sf/sf] 8fOe/sf] kdf
sfo{/t\ /x]sf] atfPsf lyP . kl5 kmf]gdf
/fhs'df/;Fu s'/fsfgL x'bF f lghn] cfkm" sfd
ug{] df8]n] ef/taf6 cj}w ;'g NofO{ sf/f]jf/
u5{g,\ Ps k6sdf 36Ldf klg %) lsnf] ;'g
NofpF5g\, ;'g lngsf] nflu df8] cfkm}+ cfpF5
ls t df8]sf] 5f]/f cfpF5, xfdLxn] pQm ;'g
n'6g\ k' 5{ eg]sf]n] d klg nf]e nfnrfdf k/]/
;f] s'/fdf ;xdt ePF . pQm sfd ug{sf] nflu
d}n] lrg]sf lbks l3ld/]nfO{ ;f] s'/f ;'gfpFbf
lbks l3ld/] klg ;'g n'6g\ ] of]hgfdf ;xdt
ePkl5 /fhs'df/ /fhj+zL;Fu kmf]gdf s'/f u/fO{
e]6 u/fO{ lbPsf] lyPF . /fhs'df/n] ;'g n'6g\ sf]
nflu %^ hgf dflg; / k]:tf]nsf] cfjZostf
k5{ egL cfkm" ef/t uPsf] cj:yfdf k]:tf]n
lnO{ cfpF5' eg]sf lyP . lghn] k]:tf]n NofPkl5
lbks l3ld/]n] /S;f}naf6 k]:tf]n uf]nL;d]t
lsgL NofP / v'8F f, v's/' L;d]t lsgL /fv] .
;'g n'6g\ sf] nflu lbks nfdf, 6]saxfb'/ >]i7,
cf]dsf/ ljqmd s'jF /, ljlkg e/fO{;uF s'/f
u/L /fv]sf lyP . ldlt @)^&.!!.! ut] d
dfF8;
] uF sf/df cfpF5,' lx8\ge' Gbf klxnf tkfO{n
+ fO{
uf8L gDa/ / /+u kmf]gdf elglbG5', ! ut]
bfpGg] psfnf]df cfO{ a:g', d}n] xfFsL NofPsf]
uf8LnfO{ xft lbP/ /f]Sg nufpg', d}n] uf8L
/f]sL lbG5', To;kl5 ;fx' / dnfO{;d]t s'6kL6
u/L ;'g vf];L xfNg'xf]nf, n'l6Psf] ;'g xfdL
;a}hgfn] a/fa/ afF8f}nf egL /fhs'df/
/fhj+zLn] dnfO{ / lbks l3ld/]nfO{ eg]kl5
lbks l3ld/]n] @)^&.!!.! ut] kh]/f] uf8L
ef8fdf lnP . kl5 lbks nfdf;d]t lbks
l3ld/]sf] 3/df uO{ lghn] cfkm\gf] 3/df /fv]sf]
k]:tf]n gfn !, ;f]sf] uf]nL /fp08 #, Dofulhg
1004
()$@g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=

lj=k|k|lj0f ld>
yfg !, v'8F f yfg !, v's/' L yfg # ;d]t xfdL

r9L uPsf] af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] kh]/f]
uf8Ldf /fvL df8]sf] ;'g n'6\gsf] nflu
sf7df8f}a+ f6 gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] bfpGg]bj] L
psfnf]df cfpFbf lhNnf gjnk/f;L, b'lDsaf;
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! l:yt dx]Gb| /fhdfu{df
k|x/Lxn] xfdL r9L cfPsf] kh]/f] uf8Lsf]
r]shfFr ubf{ xltof/x km]nf kf/]sf]n] xfdL
;a}hgfnfO{ kqmfp u/L lnO{ cfPsf] xf] . a/fdb
ul/Psf] xftxltof/x b]vfpFbf x]/F] lrg]F .
pQm xltof/x xfdLxn] lbks l3ld/]sf]
3/af6 af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] kh]/f] uf8Ldf
lnO{ cfPsf] xltof/ xf], a/fdbL d'rN' sfdf
u/]sf] ;xL5fk d}n] u/]sf] xf], ;gfvt u/L
lbPF . d;Fu xftxltof/ /fVg kfpg], Ps
:yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf lnO{ hfg kfpg] cg'dlt
kq 5}g eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL k|lj0f
ld>n] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg
sfuh .
d]/f] klxnfb]lv lrgfhfgL ePsf lbks
l3ld/] / k|lj0f ld>;d]tn] d;Fu klxnf g}
;Nnfx u/]adf]lhd df8]n] lnO{ cfpg] cj}w
%) lsnf] ;'g vf]:gsf] nflu ldlt @)^&.!!.!
ut] lbks l3ld/]n] ef8fdf lnPsf] af=* r=
!&&# g+= sf] kh]/f] hLkdf d, lbks l3ld/],
k|lj0f ld>, 6]saxfb'/ >]i7, cf]dsf/ ljqmd
s'jF /, ljlkg e/fO{, sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, lji0f'
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * l:yt lbks l3ld/]sf]
3/df uO{ lbks l3ld/]sf] 3/df klxnfb]lv g}
/fv]sf] k]:tf]n gfn !, ;f]sf] uf]nL /fp08 #,
Dofulhg yfg !, v'8F f yfg !, v's/' L yfg #
;d]t ;f]xL kh]/f] uf8Ldf n'sfO{ xfdL ;a}hgf
;f]xL kh]/f] hLkdf ;jf/ eO{ e}/xjftkm{af6
/fhs'df/ /fhj+zLn] cfkm\gf] ;fx'sf] ;fydf
sf/df lnO{ cfPsf] cj}w ;'g vf]:gsf] nflu
bfpGg] b]jLsf] psfnf]tkm{ hfFb} u/]sf] cj:yfdf

lhNnf gjnk/f;L b'lDsjf; uf=lj=;=j8f g+=!
l:yt dx] G b| /fhdfu{ d f l8p6Ldf /x] s f
k|x/Lxn] xfdL r9L cfPsf] kh]/f] hLknfO{
/f]sL vfgtnf;L ubf{ xfdLn] pQm kh]/f]df
NofPsf] k]:tf]n gfn !, P]= sf] uf]nL /fp08 #,
Dofulhg yfg !, v'8F f yfg !, v's/' L yfg !
;d]t a/fdb ePsf]n] k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/L lnO{
cfPsf] xf] . b]vfO{Psf] xftxltof/ tyf uf]nLx
xfdLxn] lbks l3ld/]sf] 3/af6 lnO{ cfPsf
xf}+ . a/fdbL d'rN' sfdf u/]sf] ;xL5fk d]/f] xf],
d}n] xftxltof/ /fVg kfpg], Ps :yfgaf6
csf{] :yfgdf nfg kfpg] cg'dlt kq k|fKt
u/]sf] 5}g eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL lbks
nfdfn] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg
sfuh .
d]/f] klxnfb]lv lrgfhfgL ePsf lbks
l3ld/] / k|lj0f ld>;d]tn] d;Fu klxnf g}
;Nnfx u/]adf]lhd df8]n] lnO{ cfpg] cj}w
%) lsnf] ;'g vf]:gsf] nflu ldlt @)^&.!!.!
ut] lbks l3ld/]n] ef8fdf lnPsf] af= * r=
!&&# g+= sf] kh]/f] hLkdf d, lbks l3ld/],
k|lj0f ld>, 6]saxfb'/ >]i7, cf]dsf/ ljqmd
s'jF /, ljlkg e/fO{, lbks l3ld/] sf7df8f}+
lhNnf, lji0f' uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * l:yt lbks
l3ld/]sf] 3/df uO{ lghn] cfkm\gf] 3/df /fv]sf]
k]:tf]n gfn !, ;f]sf] uf]nL /fp08 #, DofUhLg
yfg !, v'8F f yfg !, v's/' L yfg #;d]t ;f]xL
kh]/f] uf8Ldf n'sfO{ xfdL ;a}hgf ;f]xL kh]/f]
uf8Ldf ;jf/ eO{ e}/xjftkm{af6 bfpGg] b]jLsf]
psfnf]tkm{ hfFb} u/]sf] cj:yfdf lhNnf
gjnk/f;L, b'lDsaf; uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ! l:yt
dx] G b| /fhdfu{ d f l8p6Ldf /x] s f k| x /L
sd{rf/Lxn] xfdL r9L cfPsf] kh]/f] hLknfO{
/f]sL vfgtnf;L ubf{ xfdLn] pQm kh]/f]df
1005

&), d\l;/
@)&),
/fvL NofPsf] k]:tf]n gfn !, P]= sf] uf]nL

/fp08 #, Dofulhg yfg !, v'F8f yfg !,
v's/' L yfg #;d]t a/fdb ePsf]n] k|x/Ln]
kqmfp u/L lnO{ cfPsf x'g\ . b]vfOPsf] xltof/
tyf uf]nLx xfdLxn] lbks l3ld/]sf] 3/af6
lnO{ cfPsf] xftxltof/x x'g\ . a/fdbL
d'r'Nsfdf u/]sf] ;xL5fk d]/f] xf] . d}n]
xftxltof/ /fVg kfpg], Ps :yfgaf6 csf{]
:yfgdf nfg kfpg] cg'dtL kq k|fKt u/]sf]
5}g eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL 6]saxfb'/
>]i7n] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf]
aofg .
lbks l3ld/] ; F u d] / f] klxnfb] l v
lrghfg lyof], pxfFn] d]/f] lrgfhfgL ePsf
Pshgf df8]sf] 8fOe/ /fhs'df/ /fhj+zLn]
eg]cg';f/ lghsf] ;fx'n] ef/taf6 cj}w ;'g
lnO{ cfpF5g\, @# k6s !! SjLG6n ;'g
lnO{ cfO{ ;s]sf 5g\, km]l/ %) lsnf] ;'g lnO{
cfpg]jfnf 5g\, xfdLxn] %) lsnf] ;'g n'6L
a/fa/ af8\g' k5{ eg]sf 5g\ tkfO+{ klg ;'g
n'6g\ hfg'k5{ eg]sfn] dgdf nfnrf l;h{gf
eO{ d klg lbks l3ld/]nfO{ cfkm" klg pQm
sfo{df ;xefuL x'g ;xdlt lbPF . To;kl5
lbks l3ld/]n] ;'g n'6g\ sf] nflu cfjZos
kg{] xftxltof/ d}n] 3/df ;+sng u/L /fv]sf]
5', df8]n] ;'g NofPsf] s'/f /fhs'df/ /fhj+zLn]
xfdLnfO{ va/ u5{g,\ ;f]xLcg';f/ ;'g n'6g\
hfg] eg]sf lyP . df8]sf] 8fOe/n] va/
u/]cg';f/ ldlt @)^&.!!.! ut] gjnk/f;L
lhNnfsf] bfpGg] b]jLsf] psfnf]df df8]sf] ;'g
n'6g\ ] to eO{ lbks l3ld/]n] af= * k= !&&#
g+= sf] kh]/f] uf8L ef8fdf lnO{ cfP . uf8Ldf
d, lbks nfdf, k|lj0f ld>, 6]saxfb'/ >]i7 /
cf]dsf/ laqmd s'jF / lbks l3ld/]sf] 3/df
uO{ lghn] 3/df /fv]sf] k]:tf]n gfn !, ;f]sf]
uf]nL /fp08 #, Dofulhg yfg !, vF8' f yfg !,

v's/L yfg # ;d]t ;f] uf8Ldf /fvL xfdL r9L
uPsf] cj:yfdf cGbfhL !)M#) ah]sf] ;dodf
lhNnf gjnk/f;L, b'lDsaf; uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
! l:yt dx]Gb| /fhdfu{df l8p6Ldf /x]sf k|x/Ln]
xfdL r9L cfPsf] kh]/f] uf8LnfO{ /f]sL
vfgtnf;L lnFbf xfdLn] pQm kh]/f] uf8Ldf
lnO{ cfPsf] k]:tf]n gfn !, ;f]sf] uf]nL /fp08
#, Dofulhg yfg !, v'8F f !, v's/' L yfg #
;d]t a/fdb ePsf]n] ;a} hgfnfO{ k|x/Ln]
kqmfp u/L lnO{ cfPsf] xf] . b]vfOPsf]
xftxltof/x xfdL sf7df8f}a+ f6 ;'g n'6g\
lnO{ cfPsf] af= * r= !&&# g++ sf] kh]/f]
hLkaf6 a/fdb ePsf] xf], a/fdbL d'rN' sfsf]
;xL5fk d]/f] xf], d;Fu xftxltof/ /fVg kfpg],
Ps :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf xltof/ lnO{ hfg
kfpg] cg'dlt kq 5}g, eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k| l tjfbL ljlkg e/fO{ n ] clwsf/k| f Kt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
d]/f] klxnfb]lv lrghfg ePsf lbks
l3ld/]n] dnfO{ e]6L Pshgf df8]n] ef/taf6
cj}w tl/sfn] ;'g NofpF5g\, pQm s'/f 8fOe/
/fhg eGg] /fhs'df/ /fhj+zLn] dnfO{ atfPsf
5g\, df8]n] ef/taf6 lgs6 eljiodf %)
lsnf] cj}w ;'g lnO{ cfpFb5
} g\ ;f] ;'g Nofpg]
a]nfdf /fhs'df/n] xfdLxnfO{ vj/ u5{g,\
xfdL ;a}hgf ldnL pQm ;'g n'6g\ k' 5{, xfdL
;a}hgfn] a/fa/ afF8f+n
} f, xfdL;Fu} lbks nfdf,
lalkg e/fO{, 6]saxfb'/ >]i7, k|lj0f ld>
klg hfG5g\ eg]sf]n] d]/f] dgdf nfnr l;h{gf
eO{ d}n] klg pQm sfo{ ug{sf] nflu ;xdlt
lbPsf] lyPF . kl5 /fhs'df/ /fhj+zLn] lbks
l3ld/]nfO{ kmf]g u/L ldlt @)^&.!!.! ut] df8]n]
ef/taf6 %) lsnf] ;'g lnO{ cfpb} 5g\, xfdLn]
bfpGg]sf] psfnf]df 8fOe/ / df8]nfO{ ;fdfGo
1006
()$@g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=

lj=k|k|lj0f ld>
s'6kL6 u/L ;'g vf]:g'k5{ eg]adf]lhd lbks

l3ld/]n] ;'g n'6\g hfg] cGo ;fyLxnfO{
va/ u/L cfkm" af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] kh]/f]
hLk lnO{ cfP . pQm kh]/f] hLkdf d, lbks
nfdf, k|la0f ld>, ljlkg e/fO{, 6]saxfb'/
>]i7;d]t lbks l3ld/]sf] 3/df uO{ lghn]
klxnfb]lv g} cfkm\gf] 3/df ;+sng u/L /fv]sf]
k]:tf]n gfn !, ;f]sf] uf]nL /fp08 #, Dofulhg
yfg !, v'8F f yfg !, v's/' L yfg # ;d]t kh]/f]
hLkdf nf]8 u/L n'sfO{ ;f]xL kh]/f] hLkdf
r9L df8]sf] ;'g n'6g\ sf] nflu hfFb} ubf{sf]
cj:yfdf k|x/Lxn] xfdL r9]sf] kh]/f] uf8L
/f]sL vfgtnf;L lnFbf pQm kh]/f] uf8Ldf /fv]sf]
xftxltof/ a/fdb ePsf] xf] . a/fdbL
d'rN' sfsf] ;xL5fk d]/f] xf], d;Fu xltof/ /fVg
kfpg], Ps :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf xltof/
lnO{ hfg kfpg] cg'dlt kq 5}g eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL cf]dsf/ laqmd s'Fj/n]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg
sfuh .
ldlt @)^&.!!.! ut] !)M#) ah]sf]
;dodf d lhNnf gjnk/f;L, b'lDsaf;
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! l:yt dx]Gb| /fhdfu{df
lyPF . ;f]xL ;dodf k"jt{ km{af6 klZrdtkm{ uO{
/x]sf] af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] kh]/f] hLknfO{
l8p6Ldf /x]sf k|x/Lxn] /f]sL pQm hLksf]
vfgtnf;L lnFbf v'8F f yfg !, v's/' L yfg #,
;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq yfg !, ;jf/L btf{
k|df0f kq !, Automatic Pistol n]lvPsf] k]:tf]n
gfn !, ;f]sf] uf]nL /fp08 #, Dofulhg yfg !
;d]t a/fdb ePsf]n] a/fdbL d'rN' sf;d]t
v8f u/L pQm hLkdf r9L cfPsf lbks
l3ld/], lbks nfdf, 6]saxfb'/ >]i7, ljlkg
e/fO{ , cf] d sf/ ljqmd s' F j /, k| l j0f
ld>;d]tnfO{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/L lnO{ uPsf
x'g\ . kqmfpdf k/]sf JolQmxn] pQm xftxltof/

uf]nL uf s] s'g k|of]hgsf] nflu lnO{ cfPsf
lyP, ;f] ;DaGwdf yfxf ePg eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] gf/fo0f kf}8n
] ;d]t hgf # n] n]vfO{
lbPsf] j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sf .
a/fdbL d'r'Nsf, k|=lg= OGb|axfb'/
yfkfsf] k|ltj]bg, lbks l3ld/];d]t hgf ^
sf] aofg, j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sf / a/fdb k]:tf]n,
Dofulhg, uf]nL, v'8F f, v's/' L;d]tsf k|df0fsf
cfwf/df k|ltjfbL lbks l3ld/];d]tsf] cfk;L
;/;Nnfx of]hgf / ldn]dtf]df @)^&.!!.!
ut]sf lbg gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] bfpGg] kxf8df
;'g n'6g\ ] p2]Zon] Ohfhtlagf a/fdb xltof/
v/vhfgf, v'8F f, v's/' L af= * r= !&&# g+=
sf] kh]/f] uf8Ldf /fvL cfkm"x ;f]xL uf8Ldf
a;L sf7df8f}b+ l] v Nofpg] sfo{ u/]sf]n] k|ltjfbL
lbks l3ld/];d]t hgf ^ n] xft xltof/
v/vhfgf P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf #-@_, $-@_, %
-!_ sf] alv{nfk sfo{ u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf
@)-@_ sf] b]xfo -s_ -v_ -u_ tyf bkmf @)
-#_ sf] b]xfo -s_ / -v_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf]n] lgh
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @)-@_ /
bkmf @)-#_ adf]lhd ;hfo u/L a/fdbL
d'rN' sfdf pNn]lvt xltof/ cf];f/ k;f/ ug{
k|of]u ePsf] af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] kh]/f]
uf8L, k]:tf]n, uf]nL Dofulhg;d]t P]= P]gsf]
bkmf !^ adf]lhd hkmt u/L kfpmF eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u kq .
ldlt @)^&.!!.! ut] d;d] t sf
k|ltjfbLx sf7df8f}b+ l] v af= * r= !&&# g+=
sf] uf8Ldf cfpFb} ubf{ gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf]
b'lDsaf; l:yt /fhdfu{df k|x/Ln] xfdL cfPsf]
uf8L vfgtnf;L ubf{ a/fdbL d'r'Nsfdf
pNn]lvt ;fdfg a/fdb ePsf] xf] . pQm
;fdfg lbks l3ld/]n] sxfFaf6 NofP yfxf
1007

&), d\l;/
@)&),
5}g . d}n] ;f] ;fdfg NofPsf] xf]Og, k|x/Ldf

ePsf] sfuh gb]vfO{ g;'gfO{ ;xL5fk u/fOPsf]
xf] . d}n] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] 5}g . d;Fu
xftxltof/ lnO{ lx8\g kfpg] Ohfht kq 5}g
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL k|lj0f ld>n] z'
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, gjnk/f;Ldf u/]sf]
aofg .
lbks l3ld/]n] a'6jntkm{ 3'Dg hfpF
eg]sf]n] af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] uf8Ldf
d;d]tsf k|ltjfbLx cfpFb} ubf{ lhNnf
gjnk/f;L, b'lDsaf;l:yt /fhdfu{df k|x/Ln]
uf8L /f]sL uf8L r]shfFr ubf{ k]:tf]n uf]nL;d]t
km]nf kf/L k|x/Ln] a/fdb u/]sf x'g\ . cj}w
xltof/ uf8Ldf lyof] eGg] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf
lyPg . k|x/Ldf ePsf] sfuh k9L afrL g;'gfO{
u/fO{Psf] xf] . d}n] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] 5}g
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL cf]dsf/ ljqmd
s' F j /n] z' lhNnf k| z f;g sfof{ n o,
gjnk/f;Ldf u/]sf] aofg .
d;d]tsf k|ltjfbLx sf7df8f}+b]lv
af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] uf8Ldf a'6jn;d]tsf
:yfgdf 3'Dg egL cfO{ /x]sf avt lhNnf
gjnk/f;L, b'lDsaf;l:yt /fhdfu{df k|x/Ln]
uf8L vfgtnf;L ubf{ uf8Ldf k]:tf]n uf]nL
Dofulhg;d]t a/fdb ePsf] xf], d}n] NofPsf]
xf]Og, dnfO{ uf8Ldf cj}w xltof/ /x]sf] s'/f
yfxf lyPg, k|x/Ldf u/fO{Psf] sfuh k9L afrL
g;'gfO{ u/fOPsf] xf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
ljlkg e/fO{n] z'
' lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,
ldlt @)^&.!!.! ut] sf lbg d;d]tsf
k|ltjfbLx a'6jn 3'Dg hfg af= * r= !&&#
g+= sf] uf8Ldf cfpFb} ubf{ lhNnf gjnk/f;L,
b'lDsaf;df k|x/Ln] uf8L /f]sL vfgtnf;L ubf{
uf8Ldf ePsf] k]:tf]n;d]tsf ;fdfg a/fdb
u/]sf x'g\ . pQm ;fdfg d}n] cfTd/Iffsf] nflu

lnO{ lxF8s
] f] xf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
lbks l3ld/n] z' lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,
@)^&.!!.! ut]sf lbg d;d]tsf
k|ltjfbLx af= * r= !&&# g+=+ sf] uf8Ldf
cfpFb} ubf{ lhNnf gjnk/f;L, b'lDsaf;l:yt
/fhdfu{df k|x/Ln] uf8Lsf] vfgtnf;L ubf{
k]:tf]n;d]tsf ;fdfg a/fdb ePsf] xf] pQm
;fdfg d]/f] xf]Og lbks l3ld/]n] sxfFaf6 NofP
yfxf 5}g eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL lbks nfdfn]
z' lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, gjnk/f;Ldf
u/]sf] aofg .
@)^&.!!.! ut]sf lbg d;d]tsf
k|ltjfbLx af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] uf8Ldf
cfpFb} ubf{ lhNnf gjnk/f;L, b'lDsaf;l:yt
/fhdfu{df k|x/Ln] uf8Lsf] vfgtnf;L ubf{
k]:tf]n;d]tsf ;fdfg a/fdb ePsf] xf] . pQm
;fdfg d]/f] xf]Og . lbks l3ld/]n] sxfFaf6
NofP yfxf 5}g eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
6]saxfb'/ >]i7n] z' lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,
ls6fgL k|ltj]bg, a/fdbL d'r'Nsf
;d]tsf cfwf/df k|ltjfbL lbks l3ld/];d]t
hgf ^ n] xftxltof/ v/vhfgf P]g, @)!(
sf] bkmf #-@_, $-@_ / %-!_ sf] alv{nfk x'g]
u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @)-@_ sf] b]xfo -s_,
-v_, -u_ / @)-#_ sf] b]xfo -s_ / -v_ sf]
s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n] k|ltjfbL k|lj0f
ld> / lbks l3ld/]nfO{ hgxL ## aif{ s}b /
k|ltjfbLx 6]saxfb'/ >]i7, lbks nfdf, ljlkg
e/fO{ / cf]dsf/ ljqmd s'jF /nfO{ hgxL =
*),))). h/Ljfgf x'g] / a/fdb ePsf] af=
* r= !&&# sf] uf8L k]:tf]n, v's/' L, uf]nL,
Dofulhg hkmt x'g] 7x5{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
1008
()$@g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=

lj=k|k|lj0f ld>
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, gjnk/f;Lsf] ldlt

@)^*.@.!* sf] km};nf .
k]:tf]n daf6 a/fdb ePsf] xf]Og .
;xk|ltjfbL lbks l3ld/]n] d}n] cfTd/Iffsf]
nflu /fv]sf] egL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no;dIf
aofg u/]sf] kfO{G5 . dafx]s c s;}sf]
;+nUgtf 5}g egL lghn] aofg u/L /x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . df}sfdf ePsf] aofg Joxf]/f dnfO{
g;'gfO{ ;xL5fk;Dd u/fPsf x'g\ . cf/f]lkt
s;"/ d}n] u/]sf] xf]Og . k|ltj]bsn] ;d]t askq
ubf{ d]/f] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] egL n]vfpg ;s]sf]
5}gg\ eg] lbks nfdf;d]tnfO{ h/Ljfgf ug{] /
dnfO{ s}b ug{] u/L ePsf] z' km};nf cfkm}d
+ f
la/f]wfefifk"0f{ 5 . d}n] cf/f]lkt s;"/ gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;hfo x'g] u/L ePsf] z' km};nf
c=j+= !*$s, !*% g+= tyf k|df0f P]g, @)#!
sf] ljk/Lt x'bF f ab/ u/L cleof]u bfjLaf6
;kmfO kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL k|lj0f
ld>sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jndf kg{ cfPsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
k|ltjfbL k|lj0f ld>sf] ;fyaf6 xltof/
a/fdb gePsf] / lghn] cf/f]lkt s;"/df
OGsf/ /xL aofg u/]sf] l:yltdf lghnfO{
cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ug{] u/]sf] lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no, gjnk/f;Lsf] lg0f{o km/s
kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf nflu d'ns
' L P]g,
cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] dxnsf] @)@ g+= tyf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod
$& adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no,
a'6jnnfO{ k]zLsf] hfgsf/L u/fO{ lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnsf]
ldlt @)^*.*.!$ sf] cfb]z .
;jf/L wgL xl/s[i0f w]sn
] fO{ a'em]sf]
gb]lvFbf lghnfO{ c=a+= !#( adf]lhd a'emL
k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnsf]

ldlt @)^*.!!.#) sf] cfb]z .
af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] hfkfgL kh]/f]
uf8L d]/f] gfpFdf btf{ 5 . pQm uf8L laqmL ug{
P;=cf/=P;= c6f] ;le{;sf ;ld/ a'9fnfO{
lhDdf lbPsf]df lbks l3ld/]n] lrQ a'em]
lsGg] gq ljjfx sfo{qmddf 6fon u/L b}lgs
= %))). ef8f lbg] u/L nu]sf /x]5g\ .
lgh ;Dks{df gcfPkl5 d}n] xg'dfg 9f]sfdf
uf8L x/fPsf] egL lgj]bg lbPsf] lyPF . kl5
xftxltof/ d'2fdf k/]sf] yfxf kfO{ lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no, gjnk/f;Ldf ;f] uf8L lkmtf{ kfpg
lgj]bg lbPsf]df kl5 va/ u/f}n
+ f egL hfgsf/L
lbPsf / dnfO{ ga'emL hkmt ug{] egL lg0f{o
u/]pk/ ;jf{R] r cbfntdf pTk|i] f0fsf] l/6 lgj]bg
lbPsf] 5', d}n] s'g} s;"/ u/]sf] 5}g, uf8L
lkmtf{ kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ;jf/L wgL xl/s[i0f
w]s]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jndf u/]sf]
aofg .
a/fdb e} cfPsf] ! yfg k]:tf]n oL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL k|lj0f ld>sf] ;fyaf6
a/fdb ePsf] b]lvPg . ;f] k]:tf]n k|lj0f
ld>n] s;}af6 v/Lb u/]sf] jf s;}nfO{ laqmL
u/]sf] jf cfkm\gf] ;fydf /fv]sf] jf rnfPsf]
jf cf];f/k;f/ cflb s]xL u/]sf] b]lvg] s'g}
tYo v'Ng cfPsf] kfO{Pg . s]jn k|ltjfbL
lbks l3ld/]sf] ;fydf k]:tf]n /x]sf] / lgh
lbks l3ld/]n] rnfO{ NofPsf] uf8Ldf ;Fu}
cfPsf];Ddsf] sf/0faf6 k|ltjfbL k|lj0f ld>nfO{
cj}w xftxltof/;DaGwL s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug'{
Gofof]lrt b]lvPg . ctM ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbL k|lj0f ld>n] cf/f]lkt
xftxltof/ v/vhfgf P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf @)
adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;"/ u/]sf] egL cleof]hg
kIfn] k|df0faf6 k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf]
1009

&), d\l;/
@)&),
x'bF f s]jn z\sfs} e/df bf]ifL 7x/ ug'{ d'gfl;a

gePsf]n] lghnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ u/]sf] z'
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, gjnk/f;Lsf] ldlt
@)^*.@.!* sf] km};nf s]xL plN6 eO{ k|ltjfbL
k|lj0f ld>n] cf/f]lkt s;"/sf] cleof]u bfjLaf6
;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
a'6jnsf] ldlt @)^(.!.#! sf] km};nf .
;' g n' 6 \ g ] of] h gf agfO{ cj} w
xftxltof/;lxt af=* r= !&&# g+= sf] uf8Ldf
r9L k|ltjfbLx lxF8s
] f cj:yfdf ;f] uf8Laf6
cj}w xltof/ a/fdb ePsf], k|ltjfbL k|lj0f
ld>n] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf cf/f]lkt
s;"/df ;fljt eO{ aofg u/]sf], xftxltof/
v/vhfgf P]g, @)!( n] xftxltof/ lnO{ lx8\g]
sfo{nfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] ;d]tsf l:yltdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/L ePsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ;f] km};nf plN6 u/L cleof]u
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sftkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf]
ldl;n cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs jfbLtkm{sf ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8n
] n] k|ltjfbL
k|lj0f ld>;d]tsf] ;Nnfxdf ;'g n'6g\ ] p2]Zon]
af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] kh]/f] uf8Ldf cj}w
xltof/ /fvL cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf kqmfp k/]sf
/ lgh k|ltjfbL cf/f]lkt s;"/df clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf ;flat ePsf] ;d]tsf sf/0fn]
lgh;d]t cj}w xftxltof/ cf];f/ k;f/ ug{]
sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] x'bF f lghnfO{ ;kmfO lbg]
7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, a'6jnsf] km};nf
gldn]sf] x'bF f c=a+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd k|ToyL{
lemsfpg] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' 5{ egL ug'e
{ Psf]
ax;;d]t ;'lgof] .
@= ca, c=a+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd k|ToyL{

lemsfpg' kg{] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] kh]/f] uf8Ldf
;jf/ eO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf k]:tf]n yfg !, uf]nL
/fpG8 # / Dofulhg;d]t a/fdb ePsf]n] ;f]
uf8Ldf ofqf ug{] k|ltjfbLx lbks l3ld/],
k|lj0f ld>, lbks nfdf, 6]saxfb'/ >]i7, ljlkg
e/fO{ / cf]d ljqmd s'jF /;d]tn] xftxltof/
v/vhfgf P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf @)-#_ sf]
v08 -s_ / -v_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf x'bF f lghxnfO{
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @)-@_ / @) -#_ adf]lhdsf]
;hfo dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]u kq bfo/ ePsf]
b]lvG5 . z' lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,
gjnk/f;Ln] k|ltjfbLxnfO{ xftxltof/
v/vhfgf P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf @)-@_ sf]
v08 -s_, -v_ / -u_ tyf bkmf @)-#_ sf]
v08 -s_ / -v_ sf] s;"/df ;f]xL bkmfadf]lhd
k|ltjfbL lbks l3ld/] / k|lj0f ld>nfO{ hgxL
# jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] / cGo k|ltjfbLx
6]saxfb'/ >]i7, lbks nfdf, ljlkg e/fO{ /
cf]dsf/ ljqmd s'jF /nfO{ hgxL = *),))).
sf b/n] h/Ljfgf x'g] 7xofO{ km};nf u/]pk/
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf k|lj0f ld>n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
a'6jndf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
a'6jnn] k|ltjfbL k|lj0f ld>nfO{ ;kmfO lbg]
7xofO{ km} ; nf u/] p k/ jfbL g] k fn
;/sf/sf]tkm{af6 k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]
kfOof] .
#= k| l tjfbLn] clwsf/k| f Kt
clwsf/L;dIf aofg ubf{ a/fdb ePsf] k]:tf]n,
uf]nL tyf Dofulhg;d]t af= * r= !&&# g+=
sf] uf8Ldf /fvL ;'g n'6g\ ] p2]Zon] lxF8s
] f]
egL aofg u/] klg cbfntdf aofg ubf{
cfkm"nfO{ pQm uf8Ldf cj}w xftxltof/ /x]sf]
s' / f yfxf gePsf] / pQm xftxltof/
1010
()$@g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=

lj=k|k|lj0f ld>
k|ltjfbLxdWo]s} lbks l3ld/]sf] ePsf] eGg]

Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] kfO{G5 . cGo k|ltjfbLxn]
cbfntdf aofg ubf{ oL k|ltjfbL k|lj0f
ld>nfO{ a/fdb ePsf] af= * r= !&&# sf]
uf8Ldf cj}w xftxltof/ /x]sf] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
/x] s f] lyof] eGg] s' / f v' n fpg ;s] s f]
b]lvFbg} . cem k|ltjfbLdWo]sf lbks l3ld/]n]
cbfntdf aofg ubf{ cfkm"n] pQm xltof/
cfTd/Iffsf nflu lnP/ lxF8s
] f] eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/]af6 cf/f]lkt s;"/df lghsf] dfq
;+nUgtf /x]sf] / oL k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf g/x]sf]
eGg] k'li6 u/L lbPsf 5g\ .
$= oL k|ltjfbL k|lj0f ld>n] cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L / cbfntdf ;d]t aofg ubf{ a/fdb
ePsf] af= * r= !&&# g+= sf] uf8Ldf ;jf/
eO{/x]sf] cj:yfdf cleof]u kqdf pNn]lvt
cj}w xftxltof/x a/fdb ePsf] tYonfO{
:jLsf/ u/]sf] eP klg cbfntdf aofg ubf{
;f] uf8Ldf cfkm"nfO{ cj}w xltof/ /x]sf] eGg]
yfxf gePsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf] /
lghnfO{ ;f] uf8Ldf cj}w xftxltof/ /x]sf]
eGg] s' / fsf] hfgsf/L lyof] egL cGo
k|ltjfbLxn] ;d]t eGg g;s]sf] l:yltdf
cj}w xft xltof/ /fv]sf] uf8Ldf r9]sf] sf/0fn]
dfq lghn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] eGg ldn]g .
%= xftxltof/ v/vhgf P]g, @)!(
n] cj} w kdf xftxltof/ /fVg] , To:tf]
xftxltof/ lnO{ lx+8g\ ] / laqmL ljt/0f ug{;
] d]tsf
sfo{nfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] eP klg lgh k|ltjfbL;d]t
r9]sf] uf8Ldf cj}w xftxltof/ /x]sf] s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ /x]sf] tYoo'Qm
k|df0faf6 gb]lvPsf] / pQm uf8Ldf cj}w
xftxltof/ /fVg] sfo{df lghsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf]
klg gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf lgh r9]sf] ;jf/L
;fwgaf6 cj}w xftxltof/ a/fdb ePsf]
sf/0fn] dfq lghnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug'{ sfg"g

Pj+ Gofo;\ut b]lvg cfpFbg} . jfbL kIfn]
k|ltjfbL k|lj0f ld> r9]sf] uf8Ldf cj}w
xftxltof/ /x]sf] s'/f lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ yfxf
lyof] / To:tf] cj}w xftxltof/ uf8Ldf /fVg]
sfo{df lgh k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] eGg]
s'/fsf] 7f]; / tYoo'Qm k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf]
b]lvFbg} . k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] eGg]
7f]; / tYoo'Qm k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] o:tf]
l:yltdf s]an zf / cg'dfgsf] e/df dfq
lghnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug{ ldn]g .
^= t;y{ k|ltjfbL k|lj0f ld>nfO{
xftxltof/ v/vhfgf P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf @)
sf] s;"/af6 ;kmfO lbg] 7xofO{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, a'6jnaf6 ldlt @)^(.!.#! df ePsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . jfbL
g] k fn ;/sf/sf] k' g /fj] b g lhsL/ k' U g
;Sb}g . km};nfsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Olt ;Djt\ @)&) ;fn c;f/ # ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM lszf]/ l3ld/]
1011
&

&), d\l;/
@)&),
lg0f{o g+= ()$#

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
km};nf ldlt M @)&).*.!&.@
)^(MS)))%
ljifo M ckx]ngfdf ;hfo u/L kfpFm .
;jf eO{ cfpg] ;lrjnfO{ kb axfnL

u/fpg' / l;+ r fO{ { dGqLaf6
zL3|fltzL3|kdf lghnfO{ sfdsfh
ug{ clwsf/ k| T ofof] h g ul/g' n ]
ljkIfLx cbfntaf6 x'g] cfb]zsf]
;DaGwdf klxnfb]lv g} ;ts{ /
;+jb] gzLn aGg ;s]sf] gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
cbfntk|ltsf] hgcf:yfnfO{ hf]ufO{
/fVgsf] nflu cbfntaf6 ePsf
cfb]z jf lg0f{o gdfGg] JolQm jf
lgsfonfO{ cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf
sf/jfxL ug] { s7f] / sbdnfO{
afWotfjz cbfntn] p7fpg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
Pp6} kbdf b'Oh
{ gf JolQmnfO{ sfddf
v6fpg] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yf cfkm}d
F f
k|zf;lgs kb / k|lti7f;Fu d]n gvfg]
Jojxf/ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
xl/k|;fb pk]t| L / clwjQmf z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=
ljkIfL]tkm{af6 M ;xGofoflwjQmfo dx]z zdf{
kf}8n
] , wd{/fh kf}8n
] , ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
/fdgf/fo0f lj+8f/L, clwjQmfo /d0fs'df/
>]i7 / ljZjk|sfz l;Ub]n
cjnlDat ghL/ M
@)^# sf] wf/f !!%, !!^
lgj] l bsf M sf7df8f} + lhNnf, sf7df8f} +

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !$ jfkmn 3/ e}
tTsfnLg l;+rfO{{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf
sfo{/t\ ljGb|f xf8f e/fO{
lj4
ljkIfL M k|wfgdGqL afa'/fd e/fO{, k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/af/,
sf7df8f};
+ d]t
clgjfo{ cjsfz x' g } nfu] s L
lgj] l bsfnfO{ ;;Ddfg cjsfz
x' g ;d] t glbO{ ab\ l gotk" j { s
ljkIfLxn] sf/0f / cfwf/;d]t glbO{
;jf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] / ;f] ;jf
lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ l/6 If]qdf cfPsf]
ef]lnkN6} /fli6o:t/sf kqklqsfxdf
;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] cj:yfn]
ljkIfLxn] pQm ;jfpk/ cbfntdf
d'2f bfo/ ePsf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L
g} lyPg egL cg'dfg ug{ gldNg] .
km};nf
cfkm"xn] u/]sf] ;jf lg0f{onfO{
Gof=sNof0f >]i7 M ;jf{R] r cbfnt P]g,
r'gf}tL lbO{ k/]sf]] l/6 lgj]bgdf x'g] @)$* sf] bkmf & adf]lhd o; cbfnt;dIf
k|f/lDes ;'gj' fO{;d]tsf] k|tLIff gu/L bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
l/6 k/]sf] ef]lnkN6} lgj]lbsfsf] :yfgdf Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
1012
()$#ljGb|f xf8f e/fO{ lj=

lj=k|k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t
d lgj]lbsf ldlt @)%(.^.# df a9'jf

lgo'lQm eO{ ldlt @)^$.^.@$ df ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
kbdf a9'jf eO{ xfn l;+rfO{{ dGqfnodf sfo{/t\
/xFb} cfPsf]df d eGbf slgi6 /x]sf cy{
dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] dftxtdf /x]sf] dxfn]vf
lgoGqs, /f=k= ljlzi6 >]0fL kbdf ;jf u/L
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf sfhdf v6fOPsf]
eGg] a f/] s f] l;+ r fO{ { dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^(.)%.)! sf] kq af]wfy{ kq k|fKt eO{
hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf]n] pQm ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n osf] ldlt
@)^(.)%.)! sf] lg0f{ o tyf ;f]
lg0f{oadf]lhdsf] ;f]xL ldltsf] kq tyf d
lgj]lbsfnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L ;f]sf]
cl3kl5 ljkIfLxaf6 u/] ePsf ofjt\ sfd
sf/jfxL, lg0f{o cflbnfO{ pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zn]
ab/ u/L lgj]lbsfnfO{ oyfjt\
\ kdf l;+rfO{{
dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf sfdsfh ug{ lbg'
lbnfpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfpF d f
k/dfb]znufot cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]z
hf/L u/L kfpFm eGg] ljifosf] @)^( ;fnsf]
l/6 g+= )!%* sf] l/6 lgj]bg o;} ;DdfgLt
cbfnt;dIf bfo/ u/]sL lyPF . pQm l/6
lgj]bgpk/ ldlt @)^(.%.& df ;'gj' fO{ x'bF f
o; cbfntsf Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
sf/0f b]vfpm cfb]z hf/L e}} ;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf]
b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd
lsgf/f gnfu];Dd ljkIfLsf] pQm @)^(.)%.)!
sf] lg0f{o / kq sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg',
oyfl:yltdf /fVg' tyf lgj]lbsfnfO{ xfn sfo{/t\
ePsf] l;+rfO{{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf g}
oyfjt\kdf sfdsfh ug{ lbg' eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] .
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L eO{
;f] cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug'{
u/fpg' eGg] kq;lxt cGtl/d cfb]zsf]

kmf]6f]skL ;fy} /fvL hf/L ul/Psf] Dofb ldlt
@)^(.)%.)* df dGqfnodf tfd]n ePsf] /
dGqfnosf] gfddf hf/L ul/Psf] Dofb;d]t
k|fKt ePkl5 ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]
pQm cGtl/d cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog ug'k{ g]d
{ f
ljkIfLxn] pQm cfb]znfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{
OGsf/ u/L /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
d lgj]lbsfn] pQm dGqfnosf] ;lrj
kbaf6 /dfgf lnPsf] cj:yf gx'bF f ;f] kb
ljlwjt\ l/Qm g} gx'g] / ;f] kbdf s'g} JolQmnfO{
jxfn ug{ u/fpg gldNg] x'bF fx'bF } klg Pp6}
kbdf b'Oh
{ gf JolQm jxfn /x]sf] b]vfpg] u/L
ljkIfL k|tfks'df/ kf7snfO{ ;lrj kbdf g}
xfhL/ u/fO{ /xg'n] ljkIfLxsf] ab\lgot /
;DdfgLt cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] kfngf gug]{
cf;o;d]t k|i6kdf k|s6 ePsf] 5 . d}n]
;DdfgLt cbfntdf ldlt @)^(.%.% df l/6
lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] ;dfrf/ ldlt @)^(.%.^
df k|sfzg ePsf ljleGg /fli6o b}lgs
klqsfxdf k|sflzt ePsf]n] ljkIfLxn] ;d]t
;f] s'/f yfxf kfpFbfkfpFb} ljkIfL k|tfks'df/
kf7snfO{ pQm dGqfnosf] slyt ;lrj kbdf
jxfn u/fpg] / ldlt @)^(.%.^ df g} lghnfO{
dGqLn] clwsf/ k| T ofof] h g ug' { e Paf6
ljkIfLxsf] ab\lgot k|i6 x'G5 . pQm cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L eO;s]kl5 cbfntsf] pQm
cfb]znfO{ kfngf ug{ k|tfks'df/ kf7sHo"nfO{
lnlvtkdf cg'/f]w u/]sf]df ;f] cg'/f]wnfO{
pk]Iff u/L ;lrjsf] x}l;otn] tf]s cfb]z ug]{
sfd;d]t eof] . Pp6f dGqfnodf PshgfeGbf
a9L ;lrj g/fVg] egL dlGqkl/ifb\af6 gLltut
lg0f{o ePsf]df ;f] gLltut lg0f{osf];d]t
ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ljkIfLxaf6 pQm sfd
sf/jfxL ePsf] 5 . ctM ljkIfLxn] ;DdfgLt
1013

&), d\l;/
@)&),
cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] alv{nfk x'g] u/L dnfO{

pQm dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf oyfjt\kdf
jxfn gu/fPsf] x'gfn] ljkIfLxnfO{ ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf
-!_ adf]lhd x'g] xb};Ddsf] ;hfo u/L kfpFm
eGg];d]tsf] lgj]bg .
k|:t't lgj]bg ckx]ngf d'2fsf] kdf
btf{ ug's
{ f] ;fy} ljkIfLxdWo] k|wfgdGqL tyf
d'Vo ;lrjn] cfgf] jfl/; jf k|ltlglwdfkm{t
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] & -;ft_ lbgleq /
l;+rfO{{ dGqL dx]Gb|k;
| fb ofbj / ljkIfL agfOPsf
;lrj k|tfks'df/ kf7sn] cfkm}F o; cbfntdf
pkl:yt e} lnlvthjfkm bflvn ug'x{ f]nf egL
;a} ljkIfLxsf] gfddf lgj] b gsf]
k|ltlnlk;d]t ;fy} /fvL & -;ft_ lbg] Dofb
hf/L ug"{ . ;fy} lgj]lbsf ljGb|f xf8f e/fO{nfO{
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.%.& sf] cfb]zcg';f/
l;+rfO{{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf oyfjt\kdf
sfdsfh ug{ lbO{ ;f]sf] lnlvt hfgsf/L
oyfzL3| o; cbfntnfO{ lbg' eGg];d]t ;a}
ljkIfLxnfO{ n]vL k7fpg' eGg];d]tsf] o;
cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^(.%.!* df ePsf] cfb]z .
g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{;Dkfbg_ lgodfjnL,
@)^$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_
P]g, @)^$ tyf ;f]sf] lgodfjnL, @)^%
adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrjnfO{
;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L sfg"gadf]lhd lgjf{x ug]{
u/] s f] / sfg" g adf] l hd g] k fn ;/sf/
-dlGqkl/ifb\_ n] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ k|dfl0ft tyf
;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ n]vL k7fPsf] / o;/L
d'Vo ;lrjsf] x}l;otn] sfg"gadf]lhd st{Jo
lgjf{x u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ lgj]lbsfn]
d;d]tpk/ ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] ckx]ngf u/]sf]
egL cf/f]k nufpg' ;/f;/ em"f xf] . /fhkqflt
ljlzi6 >] 0 fLsf sd{ r f/LnfO{ ;jf jf

kb:yfkgf ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf !*-@_ df Jojl:yt l;kmfl/z ;ldltn]
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfjZostf, gLltut txdf
sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{sz
' ntf / IfdtfnfO{
ljrf/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltut txsf]
sfdsf/jfxLdf ;xhtf cfpg] u/L ldlt
@)^(.)$.#@ df a;]sf] a}7sn] l;kmfl/z u/]sf]
/ l;kmfl/z g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] nflu
afWosf/L ePsf]n] ;lrj ljGb|f xf8f e/fO{nfO{
;jf u/L sfh tf]Sg] lg0f{o ePsf] xf] .
lgj]lbsf g]kfn ;/sf/ l;+rfO{{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj
kbdf sfdsfh ul//x]sf]df sfh v6fPsf]
sfof{no b]zsf] ;jf]R{ r k|zf;sLo lgsfo ePsf]
/ kbflwsf/ /flvPsf] dxfn]vf lgoGqssf]
sfof{no g]kfn ;/sf/ l;+rfO{{ dGqfno
dftxtsf] eGbf tNnf] lgsfo gePsf]n] lghsf]
xsdf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]
lgod #^-!@_ sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf
g} 5}g . dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no g]kfn
;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] lgsfo xf] . ;f]
sfof{nosf] k|dv
' lgj]lbsf sfo{/t\ /f=k= ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] ;dfg:t/sf] kb x'gn
' ] klg ;f] lgsfosf]
k|sl[ t :ki6 ub{5 .
;jfkqdf ;jfsf] sf/0f pNn]v
gx'Fb}df ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf
ul/Psf] ;jf tyf kb:yfkgf;DaGwL lg0f{osf]
j}wflgstfdf s'g} k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ s'/f
:jtM :ki6 5 . lgj]lbsfnfO{ o;cl3 klg
;f]xL ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df g]kfn
;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ n] k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 dlxnf, afnaflnsf
tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnodf ;jf x'g'
ePkl5 ldlt @)^&.)!.!) df dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoaf6
1014

/fli6o ;"rgf cfof]udf, ldlt @)^&.!).)#

df /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]uaf6 /fli6o of]hgf
cfof]usf] ;lrjfnodf, ldlt @)^*.)!.#) df
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnoaf6 g]kfn
6i6sf] sfof{nodf / ldlt @)^*.)$.!& df
g]kfn 6i6sf] sfof{noaf6 l;+rfO{{ dGqfnodf
;jf u/]sf] / o;/L ePsf ;a} ;jfdf gt
cjlw g} vf]lnPsf] lyof] g sf/0f g} pNn]v
ePsf] lyof] . tL ;jfdf lgj]lbsfn] s'g}
k|Zg p7fPsf];d]t b]lvFbg} t/ lghsf] kl5Nnf]
k6s ePsf] ;jf tyf sfhsf] ljifodf
lgj]lbsfn] cg'lrt 9n] av]8f v8f u/L g]kfn
;/sf/sf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj
kfg]{ sn'lift dg;fo /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]lbsf
ldlt @)^(.)^.@$ b]lv clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg
nfu]sf] tYodf ljjfb geP klg ;f]xL cfwf/df
lghnfO{ ul/Psf] ;jf ug]{ tyf sfhdf
v6fpg] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog /f]Sg' kg]{ s'g}
klg sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod #^-^_ df pd]/sf]
sf/0faf6 clgjfo{ cjsfz x'g Ps jif{ jf
;f]eGbf sd cjlw afFsL /x]sf] lghfdtL
sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] dfu]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s
;jf ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf 5 . ljkIfL
lgj]lbsf pd]/sf] sf/0faf6 geO{ lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !& df pNn]v
ePadf]lhdsf] % jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/L
clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg] ePsf]n] pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yf lghsf] xsdf cfslif{ t xF ' b } g
eGg];d]tsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj
lnnfdl0f kf}8n
] sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfnt;dIf
k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
d ldlt @)#(.)!.!% b]lv lghfdtL
;]jfsf] zfvf clws[t kbdf lgo'lQm kfO{ ldlt
@)^^.)$.)( b]lv ;lrj kbdf a9'jf ePkl5
pBf]u dGqfno / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf

;lrj kbdf tyf dxfn]vf lgoGqs kbdf
;d]t /xL sfd u/L ;s]sf] 5' . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ldlt @)^(.)%.)! sf] lg0f{ o n] l;+ r fO{ {
dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf ;jf e} ldlt
@)^(.)%.)^ b]lv l;+rfO{{ dGqfnodf xflh/
ePsf] x'F . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
$@-@_ adf]lhd lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;/sf/L
sfdsf ;DaGwdf cfk"meGbf dflysf] clws[tn]
lbPsf] cfb]z kfngf ug'k{ g]{ afWofTds Joj:yf
/x] s f] / g] k fn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\ s f]
lg0f{oadf]lhd ePsf] ;jf cfb]znfO{ kfngf
ug{ lghfdtL sd{ r f/Lsf] x} l ;otn] d
lnlvthjfkm k|:t'tstf{ afWo 5' . o; l:yltdf
sfg" g adf] l hd clwsf/k| f Kt clwsf/Lsf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd ePsf] ;jf lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $@-@_ adf]lhd kfngf
ug]{ sfdnfO{ cbfntsf] ckx]ngf h:tf] uDeL/
s;"/sf] kdf kl/eflift ug{ gx'g] Joxf]/f
lgj]bg ub{5' . lgj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ l;+rfO{{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf
;jf eO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] cGtl/d cfb]z
cfpg'eGbf cl3b]lv g} /dfgf kq;lxt xflh/
eO{ sfdsfh ;DxfnL ;s]kl5 ;lrj >L ljGb|f
xf8fn] lgj]bg lbg'ePsf] xf] . l;+rfO{{ dGqfnodf
ljlwjt\ /dfgf lnO{ xflh/ ePkZrft\ l;+rfO{{
dGqLHo"af6 sfg"gf/f k|bQ cfk"mdf lglxt
clVtof/L cGtu{t l;+rfO{{ dGqfnosf] sfo{ef/
;f] dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf kdf ;DxfNgsf nflu
ldlt @)^(.)%.)^ df ug'{ePsf] clwsf/
k|Tofof]hgsf cfwf/df l;+rfO{{ dGqfnosf]
sfdsf/jfxL cfgf] kbLo bfloj / st{Jo
;DemL c;n lgot / dg;fosf ;fy ;DxfNb}
cfPsf] 5' .
1015

&), d\l;/
@)&),
;lrj >L ljGb|f xf8fhLn] pxfFnfO{ g]kfn

;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^(.)%.)! sf] lg0f{on]
dxfn] v f lgoGqs kbdf kbflwsf/ /xL
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] ;lrj
kbdf sfdsfh ug]{ u/L sfhdf /flvPsf]
eGg] kq k|fKt eP tfklg l;+rfO{ dGqfnon]
xfn;Dd pxfFnfO{ /dfgf kq glbPsf] / pxfFn]
klg /dfgf glnO{ ;lrjsf] x}l;otdf xfhL/
ul//xg' ePsf], dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf x}l;otdf
;lrjsf] sfo{ s If k| o f] u ul//xg' e Psf] ,
dGqfnosf] ;lrjs} x}l;otdf dGqfnosf]
;lrjn] k|of]u ug]{ ;jf/L ;fwg, ;f]sf nflu
OGwg, e}k/L vr{nufotsf ;'ljwf pkef]u
ul//xg'ePsf], dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] sfo{sIfdf
dGqfno / dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfb]z lgb]z
{
ul//xg'ePsf], dGqfnodf cfPsf kqdf tf]s
cfb]z;d]t ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5 . ;fljssf]
sfof{noaf6 ;jf ePsf] sfof{nodf xfhL/
x'g hfg /dfgf kq ga'em];Dd pxfF xfns}
kbdf sfod /lx/xg' ePsf] 7fGg' kg]{ x'G5 .
;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ePsf] cGtl/d
cfb]zk|ltsf] pRr ;Ddfgefj;lxt o; sfo{df
pxfFnfO{ dGqfnosf s;}af6 klg afwf cj/f]w
ePsf] 5}g . d}n] ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] ckx]ngf
ug]{ s'g} klg sfdsf/jfxL u/]sf] 5}g . ljkIfLn]
nufpg'ePsf] em"f cf/f]kaf6 k'm;{b lbnfO{
kfpFm eGg];d]tsf] ljkIfL l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf
;lrj k|tfks'df/ kf7ssf tkm{af6 o;
cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k|ydtM lgj]lbsfn] dfly k|s/0f ! df
pNn]v u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf dnfO{ k|ToyL{ g}
agfpg' ePsf] 5}g / d}n] ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6
o; ;DaGwdf ePsf] s'g} cfb]z;d]t k|fKt
u/]sf] 5}g . o;/L l/6 lgj]bgdf k|ToyL{ g}
gagfPsf] / ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 k|wfgdGqL
cyf{t\ dpk/ s'g} cfb]z g} gePsf] cj:yfdf

d}n] ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] cfb]z sfof{Gjog
gu/]sf] egL ckx]ngf d'2fdf cf/f]k nufpg'
;/f;/ em"f xf] . d}n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k|wfgdGqLsf] x}l;otn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^#, g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{;Dkfbg_
lgodfjnL, @)^$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf
;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$, P]=sf] lgodfjnL, @)^%
tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd d'n'ssf]
k| w fgdGqLnfO{ ;' l DkPsf] lhDd] j f/L
sfg" g adf] l hd lgjf{ x ub} { cfPsf] /
sfg"gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ n]
u/]sf] lg0f{osf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ lgj]lbsfn] d
pk/;d]t ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] ckx]ngf u/]sf]
egL cf/f]k nufpg' ;/f;/ unt 5 . lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !*-@_ df /fhkqflt
kb:yfkgf ubf{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf]
cWoIftfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj /
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o /x]sf]
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug]5
{
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
cfwf/df plNnlvt ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^(.)$.#@ df a}7s a;L pQm a}7ssf]
l;kmfl/zadf]lhd l;+rfO{ dGqfnodf sfo{/t\
;lrj ljGb|f xf8f e/fO{nfO{ dxfn]vf lgoGqs
sfof{nodf kbflwsf/ sfod u/L k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf sfh tf]Sg
l;kmfl/z ePadf]lhd ldlt @)^(.)%.)! df
a;]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7sn] lgj]lbsfnfO{
dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf kbflwsf/ sfod
u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf
sfh tf]Sg] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] .
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]
lgod #^-!@_ cg';f/ s'g} lgsfosf] sfof{no
1016

k|dv
' eO{ sfdsfh u/L /x]sf] s'g} lghfdtL
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] sfdsfh ul//x]sf] lgsfoeGbf
tNnf] lgsfo jf sfof{nodf ;dfg >]0fLsf]
kbdf ;jf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] 5 . lgj]lbsf
g]kfn ;/sf/ l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] /f=k= ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] kbdf kbflwsf/
sfod u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nodf sfh tf]ss
] f] cj:yf x'bF f lghnfO{
v6fPsf] sfof{no, b]zsf] s]Gb|Lo k|zf;sLo
lgsfo ePsf] / kbflwsf/ /flvPsf] dxfn]vf
lgoGqssf] sfof{no l;+rfO{ dGqfno dftxtsf]
lgsfo gePsf]n] lghsf] xsdf pQm pklgod
-!@_ sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf g} 5}g .
dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] lgsfo xf] . ;f] sfof{nosf]
k|dv
' /f=k= ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;dfg:t/sf] kb
x'gn
' ] klg ;f] lgsfosf] k|sl[ t :ki6 ub{5 .
ljlzi6 >]0fL tyf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;jf ubf{ ;jfkqdf cjlw
tf]sL ;jf ug'k{ g]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g .
cjlw gk'Ub} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
;jf ug]{ ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf !*-$_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf ljlzi6
>]0fL tyf /fhkqflt k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/Lsf]
xsdf cfslif{t x'g] xf]Og . ljlzi6 >]0fLsf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;jf tyf kb:yfkgf ubf{ bkmf
!*-@_ df pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] l;kmfl/z
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z rflxg] Joj:yf /x]sf]n] ;f]
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] h'g;'s}
;dodf klg ;jf tyf kb:yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]
s'/fdf s'g} lljwf /x]sf] b]lvFbg} . gLltut
txsf] pkNnf] >]0fLdf /xg] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;jf tyf kb:yfkgf
;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] g} 5'}
k|sl[ tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f]
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf ;a} kbdf

;jf ug] { u/] s f] 5 . ljlzi6 >] 0 fLsf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;jf tyf kb:yfkgf ug{sf] nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{
clwsf/ kfPsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf !*-@_ adf]lhdsf] l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] g}
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;jf tyf
kb:yfkgfsf] ;Gbe{ d f g] k fn ;/sf/sf]
cfjZostf, gLltut txdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf]
sfo{sz
' ntf / IfdtfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L g]kfn
;/sf/sf] gLltut txsf] sfdsf/jfxLdf
;xhtf cfpg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/z
ub{ 5 . To:tf] l;kmfl/z g] k fn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] nflu afWosf/L ePsf]n] ;ldltn]
l;kmfl/z ul/;s]sf] JolQmsf] xsdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] ;jfkqdf g} ;jfsf] sf/0f
vf]ln/xg' kg]{ cf}lrTo / cfjZostf /xFbg} .
lgj]lbsfnfO{ o;cl3 klg ;f]xL ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df g] k fn ;/sf/
-dlGqkl/ifb\_ n] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{noaf6 dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh
sNof0f dGqfnodf ;jf u/]sf] To;kl5 ldlt
@)^&.)!.!) df dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh
sNof0f dGqfnoaf6 /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]udf,
ldlt @)^&.!).)# df /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]uaf6
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnodf, ldlt
@)^*.)!.#) df /fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf]
;lrjfnoaf6 g]kfn 6i6sf] sfof{no / ldlt
@)^*.)$.!& df g]kfn 6i6sf] sfof{noaf6
l;+rfO{ dGqfnodf ;jf u/]sf] / o;/L ePsf]
;a} ;jfdf cjlw tyf sf/0f g} pNn]v
ul/Psf] lyPg . tL ;jfdf lgj]lbsfn] s'g}
k|Zg p7fPsf];d]t b]lvFbg} . g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] ldlt @)^(.)%.)! sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ ul/Psf] ;jf tyf sfhdf
1017

&), d\l;/
@)&),
v6fpg] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog /f]Sg'kg]{ s'g} klg

sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^(.)%.)& df hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d
cfb]z /2 ul/kfpFm egL ldlt @)^(.)%.!# df
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 lgj]bg k]z ePsf] /
;f] lgj]bg ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf g} /x]sf] 5 .
;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.)%.)& df
hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z /2 ul/kfpFm egL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lgj]bgdfly
;'gj' fO{ eO{ Gofo lg/f]k0f x'g] cj:yf 5 .
cGtl/d cfb]z /2 ul/kfpFm egL k]z ePsf]
lgj]bgsf] ;'gj' fO{ eO{ To;pk/ x'g] cfb]zsf]
k|ltIffdf /x]s} cj:yfdf cbfntsf] ckx]ngf
u/]sf] eGg] lgj]lbsfsf] cf/f]k tYoxLg 5 .
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]znfO{ kfngf
ug{ d x/bd tTk/ 5' . d;d]tn] ;Ddflgt
cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] kfngf gu/L ckx]ngf
u/]sf] egL lgj]lbsfn] nufPsf] cf/f]k laNs'n}
lg/fwf/, skf]nslNkt / em"f x'Fbf lgj]bg
vf/]h u/L em"f cf/f]kaf6 k'm;{b kfpFm
eGg];d]tsf] tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL afa'/fd
e/fO{sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf]
lnlvthjfkm .
o;df lgj]bsn] cfkm}F cbfnt;dIf
pkl:yt e} lnlvthjfkm k|:t't u/L ;s]sf] /
lgh g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/ dGqL kbdf
/xL cfgf] lhDd]jf/L;d]t lgjf{x ug{ Jo:t
/xg' kg]{ cj:yf;d]t bzf{O{ jf/]; /fVg] cg'dtL
kfpF egL lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] b]lvFbf lghnfO{
sfg"gadf]lhd jf/]; /fvL k|:t't d'2fsf] k'kI{ f
ug{ lbg d'gfl;a g} x'g] x'gfn] sfg"gadf]lhd
jf/]; /fvL d'2fsf] k'kI{ f ug{ cg'dtL k|bfg u/L
lbPsf] 5 . lgodfg';f/ ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z .
g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt

@)^(.)%.)! sf] lg0f{on] ljkIfL lgj]bssf]
tyf lghsf :yfgdf cfpg' ePsf ;lrj
k|tfks'df/ kf7ssf] ljlw / k4ltadf]lhd g}
;jf ePsf] xf] . ;jf eO{ cfpg' ePsf
gofF ;lrj /dfgf lnO{ ldlt @)^(.)%.)^ df
o; dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg cfpg' ePsf]
xf] . o;/L lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg] u/L gofF ;lrj
cfpg' ePkl5 :jfefljskdf ljefuLo
dGqLnfO{ e]6g\ d]/f] sfo{sIfdf cfpg' ePkZrft\
d}n] dGqfnosf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] af/]df lalk|m
u/L ;f]xL lbg lghnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
u/]sf] x'F . ;f] sfo{ k|rlnt sfg"gn] dnfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/g} daf6
sfo{;Dkfbg ePsf] x'bF f of] sfo{ ljlw;Ddt\ 5
/ o;af6 ljkIfLn] pNn]v ug'{ eP h:t} s'g}
ab\lgot g/fvL sfg"g;Ddtkdf sfo{ eP
u/]sf] xf] .
ljkIfL lgj]bs :jo+n] ;f] ;jf ab/
u/L kfpg ;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf bfo/ u/]sf]
l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ljifosf ;DaGwdf
;+rf/ dfWodaf6 k|zf/0f ePsf] / ;f] s'/f
d}n;
] d]t yfxf kfpg' kg]{ lhsL/ lng' ePsf]
5 . ;jf h:tf] lgoldt k|lqmofleq kg{] sfd
sf/jfxLsf lj4 s'g JolQm l/6 lgj]bg lnP/
cbfnt;dIf hfG5 jf To;/L bfo/ ePsf] l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bss} kIfdf cfb]z
cfpF5 egL cg'dfg u/L ;/sf/L sfdsfh
/f]Sg ldNg] b]lvFbg} . ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^(.)%.)& df ePsf] cfb]z dGqfnodf
ljlwjt\kdf k|fKt x'gf;fy ;Ddfg x'g] u/L
ljkIfL ;lrj >L ljGb|f xf8fnfO{ dGqfnosf]
sfdsfh ug{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] /f]s6f]s jf
k|ltaGw nufpg] sfo{ gul/Psf] Joxf]/f ;DdfgLt
cbfnt;dIf hfgsf/L u/fpF5' . ljkIfLn]
1018

;lrjsf] x}l;otn] d;dIf lg0f{ofy{ l6Kk0fL

k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df d}n] lg0f{o
u/]sf] k|df0fsf] kdf o;} lnlvt hjfkmsf;fy
lg0f{o l6Kk0fLsf] 5fofFkl| t ;+nUg u/]sf] 5' .
d}n] ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] ckx]ngf ug]{ sfo{
u/]sf] 5}g . ljkIfL ;lrj >L ljGb|f xf8fn]
pxfFnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^(.)%.)!
sf] lg0f{on] dxfn]vf lgoGqs kbdf kbflwsf/
/xL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
;lrj kbdf sfdsfh ug]{ u/L sfhdf /flvPsf]
eGg] kq k|fKt ePtf klg l;+rfO{{ dGqfnon]
xfn;Dd pxfFnfO{ /dfgf kq glbPsf] / pxfFn]
klg /dfgf glnO{ ;lrjsf] x}l;otdf xflh/
ul//xg' ePsf], dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf x}l;otdf
;lrjsf] sfo{sIf k|of]u ul//xg' ePsf],
dGqfnosf] ;lrjs} x}l;otdf dGqfnosf]
;lrjn] k|of]u ug]{ ;jf/L ;fwg, ;f]sf nflu
OGwg, e}k/L vr{nufotsf ;'ljwf pkef]u
ul//xg' ePsf], dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] sfo{sIfdf
dGqfno / dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfb]z lgb]z
{
ul//xg' ePsf], dGqfnodf cfPsf kqdf
sfof{ n odf xflh/ x' g hfg /dfgf kq
ga'em];Dd pxfF xfns} kbdf sfod /lx/xg'
ePsf] 7fGg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zk|ltsf] pRr
;Ddfgefj;lxt o; sfo{ d f pxfF n fO{
dGqfnosf s;}af6 klg afwf cj/f]w ePsf]
5}g . ;Ddflgt cbfntk|lt d]/f] ;b}j pRr
;Ddfgefj /x]sf] / dg, jrg / sd{n;
] d]t
;DdfgLt cbfntsf] ckx]ngf x'g] sfdsf] d
sNkgf;Dd ug{ ;lSbg . d}n] ;DdfgLt
cbfntsf] ckx]ngf ug]{ s'g} klg sfd sf/jfxL
u/]sf] 5}g . ljkIfLn] nufpg' ePsf] em"f
cf/f]kaf6 km';b{ lbnfO{ kfpmF eGg];d]tsf] ljkIfL
tTsfnLg l;+rfO{{ dGqL dx]Gb|k;
| fb ofbjsf
tkm{af6 o; cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf] lnlvt

hjfkm .
lgj]bs cfkmF} cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt
e} lnlvthjfkm k|:t't u/L ;s]sf] / lghn]
pQm lgj]bgdf cbfntn] cfjZos 7fg]df k'gM
cfkm}F pkl:yt x'g] egL :ki6 pNn]v ug'{
ePsf] Pj+ lghn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/
kbdf /xL cfgf] lhDd]jf/L;d]t lgjf{x ug{
Jo:t /xg' kg]{ cj:yf;d]t x'Fbf lghnfO{
sfg"gadf]lhd jf/]; /fvL k|:t't d'2fsf] k'kI{ f
ug{ lbg d'gfl;a g} x'g] x'gfn] sfg"gadf]lhd
jf/]; /fvL d'2fsf] k'kI{ f ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg
u/L lbPsf] 5 lgodfg';f/ ug'{ eGg];d]tsf]
o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf]
cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb
pk]t| L, clwjQmf z]/axfb'/ s]=;L= n] ;DdfgLt
cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'gf;fy tL
cfb] z xnfO{ tTk/tfk" j { s kfngf u/L
k|wfgdGqLn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7s a;fP/
k|tfks'df/ kf7snfO{ lghsf] ;fljs b/aGbLdf
lkmtf{ u/L lgj]lbsfnfO{ dfq axfn /fVg' kg]{
st{Jo ePsf]df ;f] st{Jo k"/f ug{ OGsf/
u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} st{Jo l;+rfO{{ dGqL / d'Vo
;lrjsf] ePsf]df lghn] klg ;f] bfloj k"/f
gu/]sf] cj:yf 5 . l;+rfO{{ dGqL / l;+rfO{{
dGqfnodf ;lrjs} x}l;otdf jxfn /xg'ePsf
k| t fks' d f/ kf7sn] emg\ lgj] l bsfnfO{
;fljsadf]lhd sfd ug{ glbO{ cfkm"dfq sfo{/t\
/xg cg]sg sfo{x ug'e
{ Paf6 ljkIfLx
;a}hgf ;hfosf] efuL ePsf] k|i6 5 . hlt
7"nf] cf]xf]bfdf /x]sf kbflwsf/Laf6 cbfntsf]
ckx]ngf x'G5 Tolt g} Tof] uDeL/ ck/fw xf] .
1019

&), d\l;/
@)&),
cbfntsf] cfb]z kfngf u/fpg] bfloj ePsf

kbflwsf/Laf6} ckx]ngfo'Qm sfd x'g' eg]sf]
Gofokflnsfk|ltsf] pk]lIft efjdfq geP/
Goflos :jtGqtfnfO{ cfgf] k~hfdf /fVg]
p2]Zo k|s6 ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lgj]lbsf xfn
;]jfaf6 lgj[Q ePsf] sf/0fn] ljkIfLxnfO{
;hfo ug{ gldNg], gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f g} 5}g .
lgj]lbsf ;]jf lgj[Q x'g' / ljkIfLxnfO{ ckx]ngf
u/]tkm{ ;hfo ug'{ b'O{ a]Unfa]Un} ljifo x'g\ .
lgj]lbsf ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf] sf/0fn] ljkIfLxnfO{
;hfo gug]{ xf] eg] lgj]lbsf h:tf w]/} cGofodf
k/]sf JolQmxn] emg} yk cGofosf] lzsf/
aGg' kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] x'bF f ;DdfgLt
cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ ckx]ngf ug]{ ljkIfLxnfO{
xb};Ddsf] sf/jfxL x'gk' b{5 egL ax; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
To:t} ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ;xGofoflwjQmfo >L dx]z zdf{
kf}8n
] / >L wd{/fh kf}8n
] n] k|:t't ckx]ngfsf]
d'2f ldlt @)^(.)%.!$ df bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5
eg] oL lgj]lbsf ljGb|f xf8fn] @)^(.)%.!@ df
:6fkm sn]hsf] dgf]gogdf tf]s cfb]z u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . To:t} @)^(.)%.!! df g} ljGb|f xf8faf6
l6Kk0fL ;b/ ePsf] cj:yf 5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof\sg kmf/fdsf] d"Nof\sgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg
;ldltsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn] d"Nof\sg u/]sf]
cj:yf;d]t ljBdfg 5 . l;+rfO{{ ;lrjsf]
x}l;otn] sfd ug{ kfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]lbsfn]
pNn]v u/]h:tf] ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] ckx]ngf
ePsf] cj:yf 5}g . b'Oj{ 6f ;lrj sfo{/t\
/x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] / ;DdfgLt
cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePkZrft\
klg /dfgf glbO{ oyfjt\ sfd ug{ lbOPsf]
5 . dfgxflg ug]{ lgot b]lvFbg} . ;DdfgLt
cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'gk' j" { g}
k|tfks'df/ kf7s xfhL/ e} ;s]sf] cj:yf x'bF f

dfuadf]lhd cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf ;hfo x'g
;Sg] xf]Og lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL k| w fgdGqL afa' / fd
e/fO{;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L /fdgf/fo0f lj+8f/L, clwjQmf o
>L /d0fs'df/ >]i7, ljZjk|sfz l;Ub]nn] ax;
k|:t't ub}{ lnlvthjfkmsf] k|s/0f b'Os
{ f] kfFrf}
nfOgdf ;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] cfb]z
l;/f]k/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ lgb]z
{ g lbO/x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . k"j{ l/6df afa'/fd e/fO{nfO{
ljkIfL g} gagfOPsf] / cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ePsf] cj:yf pxfF n fO{ hfgsf/L 5} g .
ckx]ngfsf] Dofb k|fKt ePkl5 afa'/fd
e/fO{af6 dfgxflghGo sfo{ ePsf] b]lvFbg} .
cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf ;hfo kfpgsf] nflu
s;"/ ug]{ lgot / sfo{ :ki6kdf x'g
;Sg'k5{ . k|wfgdGqL afa'/fd e/fO{sf] xsdf
lghsf] s] s:tf] sfo{af6 cbfntsf] ckx]ngf
ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bgdf b]vfpg ;Sg'ePsf]
5}g . cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug{ c:jLsf/ u/]s}
eP klg ss;n] ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]zsf] cj1f u/] eGg] :ki6 bfjL lng'kg]d
{ f
lgj]bgdf ;f] bfjL lng ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .
@)^(.)%.)^ df l;+rfO{{ dGqLn] clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] afx]s cGo s'/fdf s;/L
dfgxfgL eof] < ;f] s'/f :ki6 gePsf] cj:yf
x'bF f dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L eO{ xfd|f] kIfnfO{
cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf ;hfo x'g ;Sg] xf]Og
t;y{ lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg];d]tsf] ax;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
kIf ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLx tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfxn]
1020

k|:t't ug'e{ Psf] plNnlvt ax; lhsL/;d]tnfO{

dgg\ ub}{ Ohnf;af6 k|bfg ul/Psf] ;doleq
OR5's kIfsf tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt ax;
gf]6;d]tsf] cWoog u/L cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg
tf/]v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftxsf] cWoog u/L lgj]lbsfn] lhsL/
lnP em}F cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.)%.)& df
hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog gu/]/
ljkIfLxaf6 cbfntsf] ckx]ngf ul/Psf]n]
cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf ;hfo ul/kfpFm egL
lgj]lbsfn] lnPsf] dfuadf]lhd ljkIfLxnfO{
cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf ;hfo ug'k{ g]{ xf], xf]Og
;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ larf/ ubf{ lgj]lbsfn]
d"ntM cfgf] lgj]bg bfjLdf ldlt @)^(.)^.@$
df clgjfo{ cjsfz x'g} nfUbf ;Ddfgk"js
{
cjsfz x'g kfpg] cfkm\gf] clwsf/df;d]t
c;/ k'Ug] u/L cfkm"nfO{ ab\lgotk"js
{ lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, lgodljk/Lt :j]R5frf/Lk"0f{ tl/sfn]
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt
@)^(.)%.)! df ;jf ul/Psf]n] ;f] ;jf
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L k"jj{ t\kd} l;+rfO{{
dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf sfdsfh u/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z;d]t
dfu u/L lgj]lbsfn] ldlt @)^(.)%.)% df
)^(-WO-)!%* sf] pTk|i] f0f ljifosf] l/6
lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]df o; cbfntaf6 pQm
d'2fdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] / pQm
pTk|i] f0f d'2fdf ldlt @)^(.)%.)& df hf/L
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog gu/L
ljkIfLxn] cbfntsf] ckx]ngf u/]sf]n]
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg];d]tsf] d'Vo
bfjL lnO{ k|:t't d'2f bfo/ ePsf] b]lvof] .
#= o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.)%.)&
df ljkIfLsf] ;jf lg0f{o / kq sfof{Gjog
gug' { gu/fpg' oyfl:yltdf /fVg' tyf

lgj]lbsfnfO{ xfn sfo{/t\ /x]sf] l;+rfO{
dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf g} oyfjt\kdf
sfdsfh ug{ lbg' eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ePsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{ ldlt
@)^(.)%.)* d} eO{ ;s]sf] eGg] s'/f ldl;n
;+nUg ljkIfLxn] pQm cfb]z a'emL ul/lbPsf]
e/kfO{af6 b]lvG5 . cfb]z hf/L ePsf] ef]lnkN6}
cfb]z tfd]n eO{;Sg'sf ;fy} lgj]lbsf :jod\n]
lnlvtkdf cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lnlvt
lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yf;d]t b]lvG5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog gu/L of] jf
Tof] axfgf agfO{ cfb]zadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug{kL
ljkIfLdWo]sf s'g} klg lgsfoxn] tbfstf
k| b z{ g ug{ ;s] s f] cj:yf ldl;naf6
b] l vF b } g . clgjfo{ cjsfz x' g } nfu] s L
lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;;Ddfg cjsfz x'g;d]t glbO{
ab\lgotk"js
{ ljkIfLxn] sf/0f / cfwf/;d]t
glbO{ ;jf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] / ;f] ;jf
lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ l/6 If]qdf cfPsf]
ef]lnkN6} /fli6o:t/sf kqklqsfxdf ;dfrf/
k|sflzt ePsf] cj:yfn] ljkIfLxn] pQm
;jfpk/ cbfntdf d' 2 f bfo/ ePsf]
;DaGwdf hfgsf/L g} lyPg egL cg'dfg
ug{;d]t ldNb}g . ldl;n ;+nUg k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] r=g++ @^! ldlt
@)^(.%.! sf] kqaf6 oL lgj]lbsfnfO{ l;+rfO{{
dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbaf6 dxfn]vf lgoGqs,
dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{nodf kbflwsf/ /fvL
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf sfh
/flvPsf] egL d'Vo ;lrj lnnfdl0f kf}8n
] af6
x:tfIfl/t ;jf ul/Psf] Joxf] / f;lxt
lgj]lbsfnfO{ lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . cfkm"xn] u/]sf]
;jf lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ k/]sf]] l/6 lgj]bgdf
x'g] k|f/lDes ;'gj' fO{;d]tsf] k|ltIff gu/L l/6
1021

&), d\l;/
@)&),
k/]sf] ef]lnkN6} lgj]lbsfsf] :yfgdf ;jf

eO{ cfpg] ljkIfLdWo]sf ;lrj k|tfks'df/
kf7snfO{ kb axfnL u/fpg' / ljkIfLdWo]sf]
l;+rfO{{ dlGqaf6 zL3|fltzL3|kdf lghnfO{
sfdsfh ug{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/g'n]
ljkIfLx cbfntaf6 x'g] cfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf
klxnfb]lv g} ;ts{ / ;Dj]bgzLn aGg ;s]sf]
eGg] b]lvb}g . ljkIfLxsf] o; lsl;dsf]
sfo{n] ljjflbt ;jf k|s/0fdf k"jf{ux| Lefj
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= k|:t't d'2fdf o; cbfnt Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^(.)%.!*
df cfb]z x'Fbf;d]t lgj]lbsf ljGb|f xf8f
e/fO{nfO{ o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.)%.)&
sf] cfb]zcg';f/ l;+rfO{{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf
oyfjt\kdf sfdsfh ug{ lbO{ ;f]sf] lnlvt
hfgsf/L oyfzL3| o; cbfntnfO{ lbg' eGfL
;a} ljkIfLxnfO{ n]vL k7fpg" elgPsf]df
;f]adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] egL
cbfntnfO{ ljkIfLxaf6 s' g } hfgsf/L
u/fOPsf] cj:yf klg ldl;naf6 b]lvFbg} .
Pp6} dGqfnodf b'Oj{ 6f ;lrjsf] kb g/fVg]
gLlt clVtof/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o;d]t EfPsf] ;Gbe{df
ljkIfLxsf] plNnlvt lsl;dsf] sfo{nfO{ ljlw
/ gLlt;Ddt /x]sf] eGg ;lsFbg} .
%= ;jf lg0f{ o :j] R 5frf/L /
ab\lgotk"0f{ /x]sf] egL ;f] lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFg
k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d
cfb]zadf]lhd lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;fljs dGqfnos}
;lrj kbdf sfd sfh u/fpg' klxnf] lhDd]jf/L
ljkIfL dGqfno tyf ;DalGwt dGqLs} x'g]
b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bg ldlt @)^(.)%.)% df
bfo/ ePsf] / l/6 lgj]lbsfsf] :yfgdf ;jf
eO{ cfPsf ;lrj k|tfks'df/ kf7snfO{ l;+rfO{
dGqLaf6 ldlt @)^(.)%.)^ df dGqfnosf]

;lrjsf] x}l;otn] sfd sfh ug{ cfkm\gf
sfddWo]sf s]xL sfd clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
ul/Psf] cj:yf ldl;nsf] Joxf]/faf6 b]lvG5 .
;f] s' / fnfO{ ;dy{ g ub} { ljkIfL l;+ r fO{ {
dGqL;d]taf6 cfgf] lnlvt hjfkmdf;d]t
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf oL
lgj]lbsf ;fljs dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] x}l;otd}
/lx/x]sf] egL sfg"gtM ;Demg ldNb}g .
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.)%.)& df hf/L ePsf]
cGtl/d cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfL dGqL;d]tn]
ldlt @)^(.)%.)* d} kfO{ ;s]kZrft\ cfkm"n]
ljkIfL ;lrj k|tfks'df/ kf7snfO{ ul/Psf]
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgnfO{ s'g} x]/km]/ gu/L
cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] efjgfnfO{;d]t Vofn} g/fvL
cfgf] k"jj{ t\ lg0f{o sfod} /fvL /fv]sf] b]lvFbf
;f] sfo{ n fO{ o; cbfntsf] cfb] z sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] kdf lng ldNb}g . ;jf kq
k|fKt u/]kl5 klg l/6 lgj]lbsfn] ;fljs
dGqfnos} sfo{sIf k|of]u u/L xflh/ ul//xg'
ePsf], ;lrjsf] ;'ljwf ef]u ul//xg' ePsf] /
lghnfO{ sfd sfh ug{ s;}af6 afwf la/f]w
gul/Psf] eGg] Joxf]/f;fy lnlvt hjfkm pNn]v
u/]sf ljkIfL dGqLaf6 lghnfO{ lgoldtkdf
sfd sfh ug{ lbO{ cbfntsf] cfb]zsf]
sfof{ G jog u/] s f] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf
b]lvFbg} . l/6 lgj]lbsfn] ;jfnfO{ r'gf}tL
lbP/ cbfntsf] z/0fdf cfPsf] cj:yfdf
;jf ePsf] lgsfodf xfhL/ x'g tTsfn
/dfgf glnPsf] sf/0fn] ;fljs lgsfod} xfhL/
ul//x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ cbfntsf] cfb]zkZrft\
ljkIfLaf6 ;jfnfO{ oyfl:yltdf /fvL
;lrjsf] x}l;otn] sfd sfh u/fOPsf] eGg]
cy{df lng ldNg] ePg . cbfntsf] cfb]z
sfof{Gjog ug{] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt ljefuLo
1022

dGqLsf] x}l;otn] s'g} lgb]z

{ g lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L
jf clVtof/L k"jj{ t\ ;'Dk]sf] eGg] lhsL/ g}
5}g . g t ;lrjsf kdf s'g} ljifodf sfd
ug{nfO{ cfkm"n] ;b/ ab/ u/]sf] klg b]lvGg .
To:tf] lhsL/ s'g} sfo{ yfngL u/]sf] cj:yf
ldl;n ;+nUg s'g} sfuhft Pj+ lnlvt
hjfkmaf6;d]t b]lvPsf] 5}g .
^= Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt / cGo cbfntxnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{
g]kfn ;/sf/ / dftxtsf ;a} sfof{no jf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] x'g] / d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf
cbfntn] lbPsf] cfb]z / lg0f{osf] ;a}n] kfng
ug'{ kg]{ bfloj g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !!% tyf !!^ n] tf]ss
] f] 5 .
;f] ;+ljwfgn] tf]ss
] f] k|fjwfgk|lts"nsf] cfr/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/sf pRr kb:t kbflwsf/Laf6
k|bz{g x'gn
' fO{ ;+ljwfg cg'sn
" sf] Jojxf/sf]
kdf lng sbflk ldNb}g . d'ns
' sf] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gs} pRr kbdf sfo{/t\ JolQmn] plNnlvt
;+jw} flgs bfloTj lga{xg u/L cbfntsf cfb]z
tyf km};nfsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog u/L hgtfdf
cbfntk|ltsf] cf:yf clej[l4 u/fpg;d]t
nfuLkg'{ kg]d
{ f ;f] gu/L cfkm"af6 ePsf sfd
sfg"gcg'k 5 eGg] lhsL/ lng' cfkmF}df
zf]egLo b]lvPg .
&= k|:t't d'2fdf ldlt @)^(.)%.!*
df ljkIfLxsf] gfddf hf/L ePsf] cfb]zdf
lgj]lbsf ljGb|f xf8f e/fO{nfO{ o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^(.)%.)& sf] cfb]zcg';f/ l;+rfO{{
dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf oyfjt\kdf sfdsfh
ug{ lbO{ ;f]sf] lnlvt hfgsf/L oyfzL3| o;
cbfntnfO{ lbg' eGg];d]t ;a} ljkIfLxnfO{
n] v L k7fpg' egL pNn] v ePsf] pQm
cfb]znfO{ ljkIfLxn] a'emL ;s]kZrft\ klg
cfb]zadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ;f]sf] lnlvt
hfgsf/L ljkIfLxn] o; cbfntnfO{ u/fpg

;s]sf];d]t b]lvFbg} . o; sfo{n] ljkIfLxaf6
o; cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ ;Ddfg k|s6 gePsf]
cj:yf ;xh} cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . cfb]z
sfof{Gjogdf pbf;Lg /xg] clg cbfntsf]
cfb]z k|lt pRr ;Ddfgefj /x]sf] egL lnlvt
hjfkmdf lhsL/ lnb} d f ljkIfLxsf]
ckx]ngfhGo cfr/0f /x]sf] tYonfO{ v08g
u/]sf] dfGg ldNb}g . cbfntsf] ckx]ngfsf]
;DaGwdf ckx]ngfstf{sf] dg;fo tjsf] eGbf
ckx]ngfstf{sf] cfr/0fnfO{ g} k|dv
' kdf x]l/g]
ul/G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfLxsf] cfr/0fnfO{
x]bf{ cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ sfof{Gjog u/L
;Ddfg u/]sf] eGg] b]Vg ;lsFbg} .
*= d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf cbfntn]
cfb]z jf lg0f{o ub{} hfg] / cfb]z jf lg0f{o
pNn\3g klg xFb' } hfg] xf] eg] d'ns
' df cbfnt
:jtGq /xg'sf] s'g} cy{af]w x'g ;Qm}g . o:tf]
cj:yfaf6 gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf ;d]t
afwf pTkGg eO{/xg] x'G5 . ljkIfLxaf6 o;
cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog
gx'g' / ;f] x'g g;Sgfsf] plrt / lrQa'em\bf]
lnlvt hjfkm;d]t ljkIfLxaf6 k|:t't x'g
g;Sg'nfO{ lj8Dagf g} dfGg'k5{ . d'ns
' sf]
sfo{ s f/L lgsfosf] kdf /x] s f] dGqL,
;lrj;d]taf6} o; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g
x' g ' n fO{ cbfntaf6 ;Dkfbg x' g ] sfd
sf/jfxLnfO{ laZj;gLo, k|efjsf/L, lgikIf /
:jtGq t'Nofpg] lbzfdf cj/f]w k'Ug uPsf]
dfGg ;lsG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cbfntk|ltsf]
hgcf:yfnfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVgsf] nflu cbfntaf6
ePsf cfb]z jf lg0f{o gdfGg] JolQm jf
lgsfonfO{ cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf sf/jfxL ug]{
s7f]/ sbdnfO{ afWotfjz cbfntn] p7fpg'
kg]x{ g' hfG5 .
1023

&), d\l;/
@)&),
(= cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf sf/jfxL

ug{kgf{sf] sf/0f GofofwLzsf] ul/df, JolQmut
O{Hht / k|lti7fnfO{ arfpgsf] nflu geP/
;du| Gofokflnsfs} ul/df / Gofo ;Dkfbgsf]
sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zo k|flKtsf]
nflu xf] . o:tf] sf/jfxL ug'{ cbfntsf] /x/sf]
ljifo geO{ cbfntsf] O{Hht, dof{bf / cf:yfdf
cfFr cfO{ Goflos k|lqmofk|lt x'g hfg] v/faLaf6
hgljZjf; jf hgcf:yfdf k|lts"n k|efj kg{
lbgaf6 hf]ufpgsf] nflu xf] eg]/ ;a}n] a'em\g
h/L 5 . ljkIfLxsf] cfr/0fnfO{ x]bf{ o;
cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zsf]
sfof{Gjogdf pbf;Lg /xL hfgfhfgLkdf g}
cfb]zsf] cj1f u/]sf] l:ylt b]lvg cfPsf]
5 . h'g s'/fnfO{ of] Ohnf;n] uDeL/kdf
lnPsf] 5 . /fHosf] pRr lgsfosf ;fj{hlgs
cf]xf]bfdf kbf;Lg oL ljkIfLxaf6 ePsf] o;
lsl;dsf] sfo{ n fO{ xn' s f ;Demg;d] t
ldNb}g . k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt hjfkmsf]
Joxf]/f;d]taf6 ljkIfLxsf] sfo{ Ifdfof]Uo
/x]sf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yfsf] b]lvg cfPg .
!)= Pp6} kbdf b'O{hgf JolQmnfO{
sfddf v6fpg] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yf cfkm}d
F f
k|zf;lgs kb / k|lti7f;Fu d]n gvfg] Jojxf/
xf] . oL lgj]lbsf dlxnf sd{rf/L eO{ b]zsf]
k|zf;lgs ;+oGqleq pRr kbdf k|zf;lgs
lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ ;Ifd /x]sf] / lghsf] ;f]
;Ifdtfsf ;DaGwdf ljkIfL lgsfoxaf6
cGoyf ePsf];d]t b]lvFbg} . lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;lrj
kbdf k"jj{ t\ sfd nufpg k/]sf] sf/0fn] g}
lghnfO{ lhDd]jf/Laf6 d'Qm ug]{ jf sfdaf6
kG5fpg] p2]Zon] dfq} cGo JolQmnfO{ NofO{
;lrjsf] sfd nufpgnfO{ cbfntsf] cfb]z
kfngf ug{af6 5Ng] k|of;sf] kdf lng kg]{
x'G5 . lgj]lbsfnfO{ k"jj{ t\ clVtof/L g;'Dk]af6
lghnfO{ cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] efjgfadf]lhd

sfd gkfPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . lgsfodf Pp6}
kbsf b'O{ pRr kb:y hgzlQmsf] v6gk6g
ubf{ To:tf] ljifodf cf}lrTo;d]t ljBdfg x'g
kg]{ x'G5 . l/6 lgj]l] bsfnfO{ cfgf] tf]lsPsf]
lhDd]jf/Laf6 ljd'v gu/fOPsf], lgh dxfn]vf
lgoGqs kbdf kbflwsf/ /xL k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] ;lrj kbdf sfd
sfh ug]{ u/L sfhdf /flvPsf] eGg] kq k|fKt
eP klg l;+rfO{ dGqfnon] lghnfO{ /dfgfkq
glbPsf] / lghn] /dfgf glnO{ ;lrjsf]
x}l;otdf xflh/ u/L /xg'ePsf] eGg] cfwf/
lnO{ lghnfO{ lghn] ;Dkfbg u/L /x]sf] sfd
sfhaf6 ljd'v gu/fPsf] eGg] cf;osf] lnlvt
hjfkm ljkIfLxaf6 lbOP klg To:tf] hjfkm
ts{;\ut x'g ;Qm}g .
!!= k|;\ujz dfly g} pNn]v eP em}F
lgj]lbsfnfO{ pk/f]Qmadf]lhd /dfgf glbP klg
jf lghn] sfg"gadf]lhd tnj eQf ;'ljwf
k|fKt u/]sf] jf sfo{sIfdf k|jz
] ug{ lbOP klg
lgj]bsn] cfgf] kbLo lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{
clVtof/L glbg] u/]sf] jf lghdfkm{t dGqfnosf]
k|zf;lgs sfo{ u/fOPsf] b]lvFbg} eg] Toltdfqn]
cfb] z sf] ;Ddfg u/] s f] eGg ldNb} g .
:jefljskdf ;lrjn] ug'k{ g]{ jf kfpg] sfd
ug{ glbPkl5 To;sf] Ifltk"lt{ cGo tl/sfn]
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg ldNb}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
ljlzi6 lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ Ifdtf /x]sf tyf
cfgf] of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df cd's
lhDd]jf/L axg u/]sf To:tf hgzlQmnfO{
lghsf] kbLo bfloTj lga{xg ug{ pko'Qm x'g]
lhDd]jf/L;d]t :ki6kdf tf]lsg' jf~5gLo
x'G5 . l/6 lgj]lbsfn] lbPsf] cfgf] ;jfsf]
lg0f{opk/ bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg / ;f] l/6
lgj] b gsf] sf/jfxLsf] s| d df ePsf]
1024

cfb]z;d]tnfO{ pk]Iff ug]{ u/L lgj]lbsf eGbf

slgi6 ;lrjnfO{ tTsfn xflh/ ePs} lbg
cfgf] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug'{ j:t';\ut
b]lvg cfpFb}g . o;n] cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]zsf] pk]Iff dfq xf]Og /fHosf ;+jb] gzLn
lgsfoxn] cbfntaf6 x' g ] cfb] z jf
km} ; nfnfO{ cgb] v f u/L cfgf sfd
sf/jfxLxnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} hfg] k|jl[ Q s|dzM
a9\b} hfg] / sfg"gL zf;gsf] pkxf;;d]t x'g]
x'G5 . lgj]lbsfn] p7fPsf] ;jfsf] j}Btfdfly
o; cbfntdf d'2f k/L o; cbfntaf6 hf/L
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t cGoyf x'g] u/L
ljkIfLxaf6 ePsf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ o;
cbfntn] ;xh 7fgL ljkIfLxnfO{ To:tf] 5'6
lbFb} hfg] xf] eg] Gofosf] dd{ g} k/f:t x'g
hfG5 / Gofosf] cg'el" t ;j{;fwf/0fdf k'Ug
;Sg] x'bF g} . sfg"gL zf;gdf o:tf] cj:yf
kl/sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFbg} .
!@= pk/f]Qm k[i7e"lddf lgj]lbsfsf]
dfuadf]lhd ss;n] o; cbfntaf6 hf/L
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] ckx]ngf u/]sf] xf] jf
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
tTsfnLg k| w fgdGqL afa' / fd e/fO{ n ]
k|wfgdGqLsf] x}l;otdf ;du| k|zf;gsf]
lhDd]jf/L lng'kg]{ eP klg ljefuLo ljifodf
;DalGwt ljefuLo dGqLn] g} clGtd lhDd]jf/L
lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL tTsfnLg
k|wfgdGqL eO{ d"n pTk|i] f0f d'2fdf ljkIfL;Dd
klg agfPsf] gb]lvPsf] lghn] s'g} x:tIf]ksf/L
e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] eGg] klg gb]lvPsf]n]
dGqfnodf eP u/]sf] s'/fsf] nflu g}lts
lhDd]jf/Lsf] ck]Iff ug]a{ fx]s sfg"gsf] uDeL/
pNn\3g u/]sf] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
!#= To:t} ljkIfL d'Vo ;lrjn] klg
l;+rfO{{ dGqfnosf] cfGtl/s k|zf;gsf] :t/df
eP u/]sf] s'/fsf] nflu ;dGjofTds e"ldsfsf]

ck]Iff ug{ ;lsg] eP klg sfg"gadf]lhd
x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] b]lvPg .
lgj]lbsfnfO{ cbfntsf] cfb]zadf]lhd ;lrjsf]
lhDd]jf/L g;'Dkg / lghaf6 ;f] kbsf] sfd
sfh u/fpgdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If cd's s'g}
sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvPg . t;y{ lghsf] xsdf klg
d'Vo ;lrjsf] g}lts lhDd]jf/Lsf] ck]Iff
ug]a{ fx]s cfb]z / sfg"gsf] pNn\3g u/]sf]
s'g} bf]if nufpg ldNg] b]lvPg .
!$= o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.%.&
df hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb] z l;+ r fO{ {
dGqfnosf] gfddf ldlt @)^(.%.* df tfd]n
e} ;s]sf] cj:yfdf dGqfnosf] ljefuLo
dGqLsf] x}l;otn] cfb]zsf] zAb / efjgf clg
sfg"gL /fHosf] d"No Pj+ dfGotfsf] cfwf/df
;f]sf] kfngf ug'{ u/fpg' lghsf] g} d'Vo st{Jo
x' g ] d f ;f] a df] l hd ug' { s f] ck] I ff ldlt
@)^(.%.!*;d]tsf] cfb]zn] oyfjt\ cj:yfdf
lgj] l bsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg' eGbfeGb}
cfb]znfO{ 5Ng] / kG5fpg] lx;fan] lgj]lbsfnfO{
k"jj{ t\ clVtof/L k|bfg gu/L sfddf gnufO{
lghn] k"jj{ t\ u/L /x]sf] sfd j}slNkskdf
csf]{ ;lrjnfO{ /fvL sfd u/fPsf] b]lvPsf]n]
/ o;af6 lgj]lbsfsf] xs lxtdf eGbf klg
b]zdf sfg"g / cbfntL cfb]z lg0f{osf]
kl/kfngf x'g] s'/fdf g} cj/f]w v8f u/]sf]
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . cbfntL cfb]zsf] jf:tljs
dd{ / efjgfljk/Lt :j]R5frf/L lx;fan] sfd
u/]sf]nfO{ ;xh dfGg g;lsg] x'bF f pk/f]Qm
cfb]zsf] ckx]ngf ug]{ sfo{df ljkIfL l;+rfO{{
dGqLsf] d'Vo e"ldsf b]lvg cfpF5 .
!%= csf{ ljkIfL k|tfks'df/ kf7sn]
cGtl/d cfb]zsf] ;"rgf a'em\gs
' f ;fy} :jo+
lgj]lbsfn] cfb]z sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf lnlvt
1025

&), d\l;/
@)&),
cg'/f]w u/]sf]df;d]t lghaf6 cfgf] tkm{af6

x'g;Sg] k|oTg;Dd gu/L cfb]z sfof{Gjogtkm{
s'g} k|lqmof z' x'g g;s]sf] a cbfntsf]
cfb]zkZrft\ klg lgj]lbsfnfO{ lhDd]jf/L
x:tfGt/0f gu/L cfkm"n] g} ;lrjsf] kdf
sfd u/L /x]sf] / lgj]lbsfnfO{ sfd ug{ g/f]ss
] f]
eGg] lhsL/;Dd lnPsf] kfOof] . ;DalGwt
;lrj cfb]zadf]lhd kmsL{ cfPkl5 cfkm"n]
To;df ;3fpg' kg]d
{ f hf] rflxg] k|aGw u/L
u/fO{ ToxfFaf6 k|:yfg ug'k{ g{d
] f axfnjfnf
;lrjnfO{ sfd ug{ glbg] / lghn] u/L cfPsf]
sfd cfkm" n ] ug] { u/] s f] a f6 cfb] z sf]
sfof{Gjogdf lghaf6 cj/f]w ePsf] g} eGg'kg]{
b]lvof] . cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogsf] hfgsf/L
lbg'kg]{df ;f];d]t glbO{ a;]af6 lghsf]
pbf;Lgtfaf6 o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]
cGtl/d cfb]zsf] ckx]ngf ePsf] g} dfGg'kg{]
x'g cfpF5 .
!^= ctM dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/, sf/0f
tyf cj:yfaf6 ;d]t ljkIfLdWo]sf tTsfnLg
l;+rfO{ dGqL dx]Gb|k|;fb ofbj / l;+rfO{{
dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf];d]t u/L bf]xf]/f] lhDd]jf/L
lnO{ a;]sf ;lrj k|tfks'df/ kf7sn] o;
cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^(.%.& sf] cGtl/d
cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]w u/L k"0f{
sfof{Gjog x'g glbPsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf &-!_ adf]lhd
ljkIfL dx]Gb|k;
| fb ofbjnfO{ =^,))). /
ljkIfL k|tfks'df/ kf7snfO{ = %,))).
h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{ . cdf tk;Ln adf]lhd
ug"{ .
tk;Ln
1. dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd
ljkIfL dx]Gb|k;
| fb ofbj / k|tfks'df/
kf7sn] o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] ldlt
@)^(.%.& sf] cGtl/d cfb] z sf]

sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]w u/L cbfntsf]
ckx]ngf u/]jfkt lghxnfO{ s|dzM
= ^,))). tyf = %,))). h/Ljfgf
x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n] h/Ljfgfsf] nut
sfod ug"{ .
2. cfgf]] sfo{sf] k|folZrt\ u/L ljkIfL
dx]Gb|k;
| fb ofbj / k|tfks'df/ kf7sn]
o;} Ohnf;nfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L lgMzt{
Ifdfofrgf u/L of] cfb]z ePsf] ldltn]
Ps dlxgfleq lgj]bg lbg cfPdf
Ohnf;;dIf pQm lgj]bg k]z u/L
7x/]adf]lhd x'g] u/L ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf &-@_ adf]lhd pQm
cjlw;Dd of] ;hfo sfof{ G jog
d'ntjLdf /fvL lbPsf] 5 . ;f] cjlw
gf3]kl5 o; Ohnf;af6 csf]{ cfb]z
ePdf afx]s sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfosf]
sfof{Gjog u/L c;"n pk/ ug"{ .
3. km};nfsf] ljj/0f hfgsf/Lsf] nflu
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no Pj+ lgjf{rg
cfof]udf;d]t clen]vdfhgfpg n]vL
k7fO{ lbg" .
4. km};nfsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn d+l;/ !& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k;

| fb uf}td
1026
&
()$$ljGb|f xf8f e/fO{ lj=

lg0f{o g+= ()$$

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).*.!&.@
)^(WO)!%*
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f .
lgj]bs M sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=!$ jfkmn
3/ eO{ xfn l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj
kbdf sfo{/t ljGb|f xf8f e/fO{
lj4
ljkIfL M dlGqkl/ifb, k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n o, l;+ x b/jf/,
sf7df8f};
+ d]t
lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL,
;fy{s / ;]jfk|lt k|lta4 x'g;d]t
k|zf;gdf g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf lgj{xg
ug{;Sg] vf; >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lxsf]
kb:yfkg, lhDd]jf/L, sfg"gsf] /Lt
k'ofO{ ;jf tyf sfhdf /fVg'kg]{
cf} l rTotf;d] t sf cfwf/x
j:t'lgi7kdf nfu" ul/Psf] x'gk' g]{
x'G5 . cGoyf To:tf] g]tT[ jdf /xg]
hgzlQmsf xsdf cf}lrTolagf ul/g]
;jf jf sfhn] ;du| k|zf;goGqnfO{
c;/ kg{;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
sfg" g / ljj] s ;Ddt s' / fnfO{
cgfjZoskdf OGsf/ ug] { /
sfg"gk|lts"nsf] s'/fnfO{ klg OGsf/
ug{ g;Sg] b'a} k|jl[ Q ;'zf;g / sfg"gL

zf;gsf] nflu cfklQhgs s'/fx
x'g\ . ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg"g / vf;
u/L ;jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL h:tf]
s'/fdf lglZrt\ dfkb08 / k|lqmof
lgwf{/0f ul/g'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx
xl/k|;fb pk|t] L / afns[i0f g]pkfg] tyf
ljfg clwjQmfx s[i0f ;fksf]6f / dL/f
9'u+ fgf
ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfo
wd{/fh kf}8n
] / dx]z zdf{ kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf !*-@_, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,
@)%) sf] lgod #^-!%_
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7 M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]lbsf ldlt @)$*.!).!@ df
g]kfn O{lGhlgol/ ;]jf s]ldi6L ;d"xsf] s]ldi6
-/f=k=t[tLo >]0fL k|f=_ kbdf ;]jf k|jz
] u/L
ldlt @)%(.^.# df v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6
/f=k=k|yd >]0fLdf a9'jf lgo'lQm ePsL x'F .
ldlt @)^$.^.@$ df ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf
a9'jf eO{ xfn l;+rfO{ dGqfnodf sfo{/t\ /xFb}
cfPsL 5' / ldlt @)^(.^.@$ b]lv lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !& / bkmf ##
adf]lhd d}n] clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg] cj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
1027

&), d\l;/
@)&),
sf] lgod #^ -!@_ df o; lgoddf cGoq

h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg dGqfno jf
ljefu jf s]Gb|Lo lgsfo jf If]qLo sfof{no jf
lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nosf] k|d'v eO{ ;s]sf]
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] :j]R5fn] dfu
u/]sf]df afx]s ;dfg >]0fLsf] kbdf ;f] eGbf
tNnf] lgsfo jf sfof{nodf ;jf ul/g] 5}g
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . d lgj]lbsf axfnjfnf
;lrjxdWo]df jl/i7td\ ;lrj ePsf]df d
eGbf slgi7 /x]sf cy{ dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf]
dftxtdf /x]sf] dxfn]vf lgoGqs /f=k=ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] kbdf ;jf u/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nodf sfhdf v6fO{Psf] eGg]af/]sf] l;+rfO{
dGqfnosf] gfdsf] ldlt @)^(.%.! sf] kqaf6
hfgsf/L x'g cfof] . d]/f] ;jfdf s'g} sf/0f
g} gvf]lnPsf] x'bF f pQm ;jf P]= lgodfjnLsf]
lgod #*-@_-s_, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(sf]
bkmf !*-@_ / bkmf !*s-@v_ df /x]sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'bF f :jtM u}/sfg"gL
5 . ;jf;DaGwL dfkb08 g} gagfO{ ;jf
ul/Psf] cj:yf x'bF f ljkIfLsf] pQm ;jfsf]
lg0f{o P]=lgodfjnLsf] lgod #^-!%_ sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt 5 . O{dfGbf/Lk"js
{ sfd ub}{
cfO{ s/La 8]9 dlxgfkl5 :jtM clgjfo{ cjsfz
x'g] dnfO{ ;jf ug'k{ g]{ s'g} sf/0f g} gx'bF f
;Ddfgk"js
{ ;]jf lgj[Q x'gaf6;d]t c;/ k'Ug
uPsf] 5 . d] / f] ;jf lg0f{ o ;' z f;g
-Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_, @)^$ sf] bkmf ^
-v_ / &-_ adf]lhd ;dGofo / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
cfwf/;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'gfsf] ;fy} ;jfdf
s'g} sf/0f / cfwf/ gv'nfPsf]n] P]=P]gsf] bkmf
!& ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 .
d'Vo ;lrjsf] lgo'lQmdf d}n] k|lt:kwf{
u/]sf] sf/0fn] d]/f] lj4 ljkIfL g]kfn
;/sf/af6 ePsf] lg0f{o dlxnf lj4 x'g]
;Dk"0f{ e]befj pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL ;+o'Qm

/fi6;3+ Lo dxf;GwL, !(&( df ePsf Joj:yf
/ dd{sf] ljk/Lt x'gfsf] ;fy} ;+oQ
' m /fi6 ;+3Lo
dxf;efsf] k|:tfj g+= !#@% Pj+ g]kfn ;GwL
P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf]
5 . To;} sf/0fn] ljkIfLxsf] pQm sfdsf/jfxL
/ lg0f{oaf6 dnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#-!_-@_ / !(-!_
f/f k|bQ df}lns xs Pj+ plNnlvt lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,
@)%) tyf cGo sfg"gf/f k|bQ sfg"gL
xsxsf] ;d]t xgg\ x'g uPsf] / tL xsx
k|rng u/fpg] cGo s'g} j}slNks Pj+ k|efjsf/L
pkrf/sf] af6f];d]t gePsf] x'gfn] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&
-@_ adf]lhd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ ;DdfgLt
cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt ePsL 5' . ;DdfgLt
cbfntaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd ljkIfL dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^(.%.! sf] lg0f{o tyf ;f]
lg0f{oadf]lhdsf] ;f]xL ldltsf] kq tyf d
lgj]lbsfnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L ;f]sf]
cl3kl5 ljkIfLxaf6 eP u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfd
sf/jfxL Pjd\ lg0f{o;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn]
ab/ u/L lgj]lbsfnfO{ oyfjt\kdf l;+rfO{
dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf sfd sfh ug{ lbg'
lbnfpg' eGg] k/dfb]z nufot cGo hf] rflxg]
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L k"0f{ Gofo kfpFm .
;fy}, ;/sf/ km]/abnx'Fbf bnLo
/fhgLlt / /fhgLlts g]tT[ jsf] lghL :jfy{sf]
cfwf/df /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg /xg]
/f=k=k|yd / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf kbflwsf/LxnfO{
:j]R5frf/Lk"js
{ ;jf ug]{ tyf sfh v6fpg]
ul/Psf]df To:tf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ cGTo ug{
1028

#^-!%_ ;d] t sf cfwf/df To:tf

kbflwsf/LxnfO{ ;jf kb:yfkg / sfhdf
v6fpFbf lglZrt\ dfkb08 agfO{ ;f] dfkb08sf
cfwf/df dfq ;jf kb:yfkgf tyf sfh
v6fpg] Joj:yf nfu" ug'{ u/fpg' egL g]kfn
;/sf/sf gfddf k/dfb]znufot cGo hf]
rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpFm .
ljkIfLxsf] pQm ldlt @)^(.)%.)! sf] ;jf
lg0f{o / ;f] ldltsf] kq sfof{Gjog ePdf
dnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'Ug uO{ l/6 lgj]bgs}
cf}lrTo ;dfKt x'g] ePsf]n] pQm ldltsf]
lg0f{o ;f]adf]lhd n]lvPsf] kq sfof{Gjog
gug'{ gu/fpg' oyfl:yltdf /fVg' / lgj]bsnfO{
;jf ePsf] l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf
g} oyfjt\kdf sfdsfh ug{ lbg' lbnfpg'
egL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod $! adf]lhd ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg bfjL .
o;df lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g gkg]{ cfwf/ sf/0f eP lnlvthjfkm
k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLxnfO{ Dofb ;"rgf k7fO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . ;fy} lgj]lbsf ldlt
@)^$.^.@$ b]lv lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6
>]0fLdf a9'jf eO{ xfn l;+rfO{ dGqfnodf ;lrj
kbdf sfo{/t\ /xFb} cfPsf] / lgh ldlt
@)^(.^.@$ b]lv lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf !& / bkmf ## ad]flhd clgjfo{
cjsfz kfpg] l:yltdf /x]sf]df lghnfO{
#^-!@_ sf] ljk/Lt lgj]lbsf l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf]
;lrj tyf axfnjfnf ;lrjxdWo] jl/i7td\
;lrj ePsf]df lgheGbf slgi7 /x]sf] cy{
dGqfnosf] ;lrj dftxtsf] dxfn]vf lgoGqs
/f=k=ljlzi6 >]0fL kbdf lghn] dfu gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;jf u/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf

sfhdf v6fOPsf] eGg]af/]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnLsf] lgod #*-@_-s_ sf] ljk/Lt
;jf ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f;d]t gvf]nL k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^(.%.!
sf] kqaf6 lghnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf]
b]lvG5 . pQm ldlt @)^(.%.! sf] kqdf
plNnlvt dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{odf lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !*-@_ df pNn]lvt
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj / ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o /x]sf] ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf dfq ;jf ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] ul/Psf]
gb]lvPsf] cj:yf 5 .
ctM ;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t
of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd
ljkIfLsf] pQm ldlt @)^(.)%.)! sf] lg0f{o /
kq sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' oyfl:yltdf
/fVg' tyf lgj]lbsfnfO{ xfn sfo{/t\ ePsf]
l;rfO{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj kbdf g} oyfjtkdf
sfdsfh ug{ lbg' egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf of] cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ; d] t Joxf] / fsf] ldlt
@)^(.)%.)& df o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 hf/L ePsf] cfb]z .
lgj]lbsfnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt
@)^(.%.! sf] ;jf tyf sfh tf]Sg] lg0f{o
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !*-@_
adf]lhd ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj / ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o /x]sf] ;ldltsf]] ldlt
@)^(.$.#@ df a;]sf] a}7ssf] l;kmfl/z
adf]lhd ePsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,
@)%) sf] lgod #^ -!@_ cg';f/ s'g} lgsfosf]
1029

&), d\l;/
@)&),
sfof{no k|dv
' eO{ sfdsfh ul//x]sf] s'g}
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] sfd sfh ul//x]sf]
lgsfo eGbf tNnf] lgsfo jf sfof{nodf ;dfg
>]0fLsf] kbdf ;jf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] xf] . t/
l/6 lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;jf u/L sfh /flvPsf]
lgsfo tNnf] lgsfo geO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] lgsfo ePsf]n] lghsf] xsdf
pQm Joj:yf cfslif{t gx'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
of] Joj:yf ;fGble{s b]lvFbg} . lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !*-#_ adf]lhd ljlzi6
>]0fL tyf /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] hlxn] ;'s} klg ;jf ug{
;Sg] b]lvG5 . To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;jf ubf{
;jfkqdf cjlw tf]sL ;jf ug'{ kg{] sfg"gL
Joj:yf b]lvFbg} .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!*-$_ sf] Joj:yf ljlzi6 >] 0 fL tyf
/fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf
cfslif{t xFb' g} . dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no
g]kfn ;/sf/ l;+rfO{ dGqfno dftxtsf] jf
;f] eGbf tNnf] lgsfo gePsf] / lgj]lbsf
pd]/ xbsf] sf/0fn] geO{ ljlzi6 >]0fLdf ;]jf
u/]sf] ;]jf cjlwsf] sf/0fn] cjsfz x'g nfu]sf]
sf/0f;d]tn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;jf lg0f{o
#^-!@_ ljk/Lt 5}g . gLltut txsf] ljlzi6
>]0fL tyf /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
;jf tyf sfh ug]{ 5'} k|sl[ tsf] Joj:yf x'bF f
g]kfn ;/sf/n] l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] cfjZos
ljj]s k|of]u u/L u/]sf] l;kmfl/zdf dlGqkl/ifb\
afWosf/L x'g] eO{ hlxn];s
' } klg ;jf ug{
;Sg], ;jfdf cjlw vf]Ng kg]{ sfg"gL
clgjfo{tf gx'g] / cjlw gk'Ub} klg ;jf ug{
;Sg] b]lvFbf pQm ;jfdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf !*-@_, !*-#_ / bkmf !*-$_
sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'Fb}g . l/6 lgj]lbsf

clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg nfu] s f] cj:yf
#^-^_ adf]lhd pd]/sf] sf/0fn] geO{ lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd %
jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf] sf/0fn] xFb' f ;jf
tyf sfh;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{odf
q'6L geO{ sfg"g;Ddt g} /x]af6 l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\ / cfgf] xsdf;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/sf
d'Vo ;lrjaf6 o; cbfnt;dIf k]z x'g
cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] o; dGqfnonfO{
ljkIfLsf] dxndf ;dfj]z ug]{ afx]s o;
dGqfno / cfkm\gf s] s:tf sfo{n] lghsf
sfg"gL Pj+ df}lns xs clwsf/ xgg\ x'g k'u]
eGg] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bgdf st} v'nfpg
;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ljlzi6 >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lxsf]
;jf;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cjnDag u/L
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ n] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{
cGoyf eof] eGg ldNb}g k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] l;+rfO{
dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 lg=;lrj /ljGb|gfy
sdf{rfo{n] o; cbfnt;dIf k]z u/]sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!*-@_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ l;kmfl/z
;ldltsf]] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd g} l/6 lgj]lbsfnfO{
;jf ul/Psf] xf] . dxfn]vf lgoGqssf]
sfof{no g]kfn ;/sf/ l;+rfO{ dGqfno
dftxtsf] jf ;f] eGbf tNnf] lgsfo gePsf] /
lgj]lbsf pd]/xbsf] sf/0fn] geO{ ljlzi6
>]0fLdf ;]jf u/]sf] ;]jf cjlwsf] sf/0fn]
cjsfz x'g nfu]sf] sf/0f;d]tn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
;jf lg0f{o lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
1030

sf] lgod #^-!@_ ljk/Lt 5}g . ljlzi6 >]0fL

tyf /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
;jf tyf sfh ug]{ 5'} k|sl[ tsf] Joj:yf x'bF f
g]kfn ;/sf/n] l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] cfjZos
ljj]s k|of]u u/L u/]sf] l;kmfl/zdf dlGqkl/ifb\
afWosf/L x'g] eO{ hlxn];s
' } klg ;jf ug{
;Sg], ;jfdf cjlw vf]Ng kg]{ sfg"gL
clgjfo{tf gx'g] / cjlw gk'Ub} klg ;jf ug{
;Sg] b]lvFbf pQm ;jfdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf !*-@_, !*-#_ / bkmf !*-$_
sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g] gePaf6 l/6 lgj]bgsf]
cf}lrTo g} b]lv+bg} . l/6 lgj]lbsf clgjfo{
cjsfz kfpg nfu]sf] cj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod #^-^_ sf] geO{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !&
adf]lhdsf] xFb' f ;jf tyf sfh;DaGwL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ g} /x]af6 l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno Pj+ /fhkqflt
kb:yfkgf l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 o;
cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf qmdz M >L
s[i0f ;fksf]6f, >L xl/k|;fb pk|t] L, afns[i0f
g]pkfg], dL/f 9'u+ fgfn] l/6 lgj]lbsf axfnjfnf
;lrjxdWo]df jl/i7 /x]sL / lghn] clgjfo{
cjsfz kfpg] cjlw;d]t s/La 8]9 dlxgf
-ldlt @)^(.)^.@$ df_ dfq} afFsL /x]sf]
cj:yfdf lgheGbf slgi7 ;lrj /x]sf]
dGqfno dftxtsf] lgsfodf dlGqkl/ifb\af6
ldlt @)^(.%.! df ;jf ug]]{ lg0f{o ePaf6
;f] lg0f{o k|rlnt lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf
lgodfjnLdf ePsf Joj:yfxsf] ljk/Lt 5
;fy} ;f] lg0f{o cfwf/ / sf/0flalxg;d]t eO{

:j]R5frf/L / ab\lgotk"0f{ 5 . k"jf{ux| Lkaf6
ePsf] ljkIfL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] pQm lg0f{o sfod
/lx/xg ;Sg] k|sl[ tsf] gx'bF f ;f] lg0f{osf ;fy}
;f] lg0f{oadf]lhd n]lvPsf] ;f]xL ldltsf] kq
tyf lgj]lbsfnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L ;f]sf]
cl3kl5 ljkIfLxaf6 eP u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfd
sf/jfxL;d]tnfO{ pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
x'gk' 5{ . ;/sf/df km]/abn x'gf;fy /fhgLlts
:jfy{sf] cfwf/df /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf
;+nUg /xg] /f=k=k|yd / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf
kbflwsf/LxnfO{ k"jf{ux| Lkdf :j]R5frf/Lk"js
{
;jf ug]{ tyf sfh v6fpg] ul/g] u/]sf]
k| r ngnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ lghfdtL ;] j f
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod #^-!%_ ;d]tsf
cfwf/df To:tf kbflwsf/LxnfO{ ;jf ubf{
tyf sfhdf v6fpFbf lglZrt\ dfkb08 agfP/
dfq ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" ug'{ u/fpg' egL g]kfn
;/sf/sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z;d]t hf/L
x'gk' b{5 egL ax; k|:t't ug'{ eof] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg ;x GofoflwjQmfo >L wd{/fh
kf}8n
] / dx]z zdf{ kf}8n
] n] ljkIfL lgj]lbsfnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodljk/Lt ;jf ul/Psf]
cj:yf 5}g . l/6 lgj]bgdf bfjL lnPcg';f/
;jf ePsf] lgsfo lgh ;fljsdf sfo{/t\
lgsfoeGbf tNnf] lgsfo;d]t xf]Og . pd]/xbsf]
sf/0fn] geO{ ;]jfxbsf]] sf/0fn] cjsfz x'g
nfu]sf] x'Fbf lghsf] xsdf lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod #^-!@_ sf] Joj:yf
cfslif{t g} xFb' g} . ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
cfjZostfcg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] hlxn];s
' }
klg ;jf ug{ ;S5 . To:tf] ;jf kqdf
cjlw / sf/0f vf] N g} k g] { afWotf gxF ' b f
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] pQm ;jf lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\
1031

&), d\l;/
@)&),
g} ePsfn] cf}lrTolaxLg l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h

x'gk' b{5 egL ax; k|:t't ug'{ eof] .
kIf ljkIfL b'at} km{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLx tyf ;xGofoflwjQmfxn]
k|:t't ug'e{ Psf] plNnlvt ax; lhls/;d]tnfO{
dgg\ ub}{ cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v tf]lsPsf]
k| : t' t l/6 lgj] b gdf ldl;n ;+ n Ug
sfuhftxsf] cWoog u/L lgj]lbsfn] dfu
u/]adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ xf], xf]Og
eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
lgj]lbsfn] cfgf] lgj]bgdf d"ntM
ldlt @)^(.)^.@$ b]lv g} d}n] clgjfo{ cjsfz
kfpFb}5' . ;Ddfgk"j{s cjsfz x'g kfpFg]
;' l jwfdf g} cfF r k' ofpg] u/L ljkIfL
dlGqkl/ifb\n] plrt cfwf/ / sf/0f g} pNn]v
gu/L k" j f{ u | x L eP/ ab\ l gotk" j { s /
:j] R 5frf/Lk" 0 f{ tl/sfn] xfn axfnjfnf
;lrjxdf jl/i7 /x]sL dnfO{ sfo{/t\
lgsfoeGbf tNnf] lgsfodf ;jf ug]{ u/L
ljkIfL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] ldlt @)^(.%.!
df lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ;f] lg0f{o lghfdtL ;]jf
P] g lgoddf ePsf Joj:yfx;d] t sf]
pNn\3g x'g] u/L ePsf] xF'bf pQm ldlt
@)^(.%.! sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osf cfwf/df
ePsf kqfrf/;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
ul/kfpmF / ca cfoGbf ljlzi6 >]0fLdf ;jf
tyf sfh ubf{ lglZrt\ dfkb08 agfP/ dfq
ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg dfu bfjL
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLxaf6 k|:t't lnlvt
hjfkm Joxf]/f x]bf{ lgh l/6 lgj]bs pd]/xbsf
sf/0fn] cjsfz x'g nfu]sf] ge} ;]jf cjlw
k"/f x'g nfu]sf] sf/0fn] ePsfn] l/6 lgj]bgdf
lhsL/ lnP em}+ lghsf] ;jf lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g lgod;Ddt g} 5 . ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]

sd{rf/LnfO{ ;jf ubf{ ;jf kqdf s'g}
cjlw / sf/0f vf]ln/xg kg]{ P]g lgodsf]
afWofTdstf;d]t g/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ePsf]
;jf ab/ x'g' kg]{ xf]Og{ eGg];d]tsf] lhsL/
lnFb} l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf lhsL/xsf]
v08g ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;lrj kbd}
axfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/
ug{ NofPsf] eP klg lgj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd
g} ldlt @)^(.)^.@$ b]lv l/6 lgj]lbsf
clgjfo{ cjsfzaf6 ;]jf lgj[t eO{ ;s]sf]
cj:yf b] l vG5 . ljkIfL g] k fn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 l/6 lgj]lbsfnfO{ ;jf ug]{
u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^(.)%.)! sf] lg0f{o /
;f]adf]lhd n]lvPsf] kq k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd sfof{Gjog gug'{
gu/fpg' oyfl:yltdf /fVg' tyf lgj]lbsfnfO{
xfn sfo{/t\ ePsf] l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj
kbdf g} oyfjtkdf sfdsfh ug{ lbg' egL
hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]znfO{ ckx]ngf u/]/
cfkm"nfO{ ;jf ePsf] sfof{nodf hfg afWo
t'NofPsf] egL oL l/6 lgj]lbsfn] ldlt
@)^(.)%.!% df ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
k|wfgdGqL;d]tsf pk/df 5'} cbfntsf]
ckx]ngf d'2f;d]t lbPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm
ckx]ngf d'2f;d]t lg0f{ofy{ o;} d'2fsf] nufpdf
k|:t't ePsf] cj:yf 5 . xfn l/6 lgj]lbsfn]
clgjfo{ cjsfz kfO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf;d]t
b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]lbsfn] clgjfo{ cjsfz g}
kfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
cf}lrToleq k|jz
] u/L plNnlvt ldltsf] ;jf
lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL /x] g/x]sf] tkm{ lgj]bgdfusf
;DaGwdf larf/ ug{nfO{ clgjfo{ cjsfz kfO{
xfn ;]jfd} g/x]sL lgj]lbsfsf] xsdf ;do
1032

;fGble{stfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvg

cfPg . ctM l/6 lgj]lbsf xfn clgjfo{
cjsfzaf6 ;]jf lgj[t eO{ ;s]sf] ;do
;Gbe{sf] sf/0faf6 lgj]bg dfusf ;DaGwdf
yk ljrf/ ul//xg kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf
/x]sf] b]lvg cfPg . ;f]xL cfwf/af6 k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'G5 .
#= oL l/6 lgj]lbsfn]] l/6 lgj]bgdf
;/sf/df x'g] km]/abnsf cfwf/df bnLo
/fhgLlt / /fhgLlts g]tT[ jsf] lghL :jfy{sf]
cfwf/df /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg /xg]
/f=k=k|yd / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf kbflwsf/LxnfO{
:j]R5frf/Lk"js
{ ;jf ug]{ tyf sfh v6fpg]
ul/Psf]df To:tf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ cGTo ug{
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod #^
-!%_ ;d]tsf cfwf/df To:tf kbflwsf/LxnfO{
;jf, kb:yfkgf / sfhdf v6fpFbf lglZrt\
dfkb08 agfO{ ;f] dfkb08sf cfwf/df dfq
;jf kb:yfkgf tyf sfh v6fpg] Joj:yf
nfu" ug'{ u/fpg' egL g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf
k/dfb]znufotsf cfb]z hf/L ug{ dfu;d]t
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= ljkIfLdWo]sf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo
;lrjsf] lnlvthjfkm Joxf]/f x]bf{ gLltut txsf]
pkNnf] >]0fLdf /xg] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf] ;jf tyf kb:yfkgf ;DaGwdf
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] 5'} k|s[ltsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf], g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf dfq ;jf ug{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf] x'bF f
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;jf tyf sfh
tf]Sbf ;jfkqdf g} sf/0f vf]Ng'kg]{ Joj:yf
g/x]sf], ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;jf tyf
kb:yfkgf ug{ s f] nflu g] k fn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ clwsf/ lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !*-@_ adf]lhdsf]
l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] g} ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sd{rf/Lsf]

;jf tyf kb:yfkgfsf] ;Gbe{df cfjZos
ljj]s k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/z
ug]{ / To:tf] l;kmfl/z g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
nflu afWosf/L ePsf]n] ;ldltn] l;kmfl/z u/L
;s]sf] JolQmsf] xsdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;jf
kqdf g} ;jfsf] sf/0f vf]ln/xg'kg{] cf}lrTo /
cfjZostf g/xg] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvof] .
%= lgj] l bsfn] lghfdtL ;] j f
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod #^-!%_ adf]lhdsf
cfwf/df /f=k=k|yd / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf
xsdf ;jf tyf sfhsf xsdf lglZrt\
dfkb08 agfO{ ;f] c g' ; f/ lg0f{ o ug' { k g] {
eGg];d]tsf] dfu u/]sf] b]lvof] . lnlvthjfkm
Joxf]/faf6 pQm dfusf ;DaGwdf :ki6 hjfkm
pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvGg . d'ns
' sf] lghfdtL
k|zf;gnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL, ;fy{s / ;]jfk|lt
k|lta4 x'g;d]t To:tf] k|zf;gdf g]tT[ jbfoL
e" l dsf lga{ x g ug{ ;Sg] vf; >] 0 fLsf
sd{rf/Lxsf] kb:yfkg, lhDd]jf/L, sfg"gsf]
/Lt k' ofO{ ;jf tyf sfhdf /fVg' k g] {
cf}lrTotf;d]tsf cfwf/x j:t'lgi7kdf nfu"
ul/Psf] x'gk' g]{ x'G5 . cGoyf To:tf] g]tT[ jdf
/xg] hgzlQmsf xsdf cf}lrTolagf ul/g] ;jf
jf sfhn] ;du| k|zf;goGqnfO{ c;/ kg{ ;Sg]
x'G5 .
^= lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
sf] lgod #^ n] ;jfsf] ;dotflnsf / ;jfsf]
cfwf/xsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5
eg] P]= sf] pklgod !% sf] Joj:yf x]bf{ o;
lgodadf]lhd lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;jf ug]{
jf ;f]sf] ;xdtL lbg] lgsfon] ;f]sf] dfkb08
agfO{ ;f]cg';f/ lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ 5 eGg] :ki6
Joj:yf;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oL lgj]lbsfn]
sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] oxL :ki6 Joj:yfnfO{
1033

&), d\l;/
@)&),
sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf

pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{;d]t dfu u/]sf] /
lghn] cfgf] ;jfsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ePsf]
lg0f{osf] ab/ dfu;lxt lgodfjnLsf] k|:t't
k|fjwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf sfof{Gjog u/L
k|zf;goGqdf x'g] ;jf, sfh tyf cGo cfjZos
k|aGwnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg tyf a]nfa]nfdf
x'g] ;/sf/ kl/jt{gsf sf/0f To;n] ;du|
k|zf;goGqdf kg{ ;Sg] k|efj;d]tnfO{ ljrf/
u/L ljkIfL lgsfoxsf xsdf lgodfjnLdf
ePsf] k|:t't Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ :ki6
dfkb08;d]t agfO{ nfu" ug{ dfu ul/Psf] ljifo
cfkmFd} f dxTjk"0f{ b]lvg cfof] . sfg"gn] :ki6kdf
Joj:yf u/]sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ljkIfL lgsfoxn]
cIf/zM kfng u/L sfg"gL zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt
lbg' tTtt\ lgsfoxsf] ;+jw} flgs tyf sfg"gL
bfloj;d]t x'g cfpF5 . lgj]lbsfn] p7fPsf]
o:tf] cxd\ k|Zgdf o; cbfntn] cfkm";dIf
k/]sf] lgj]bg Joxf]/faf6 dfu ul/Psf] ljifodf
cgb]vf u/L To:tf] ljifosf ;DaGwdf df}g a:g
ldNg] x'bF g} . sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
k/]sf] lgj]bgsf xsdf o; cbfntn] lgj]lbsfn]
p7fPsf] dfusf ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L
cfjZostf / cf}lrTotfsf cfwf/df cfkm";dIf
k/]sf] ljifodf ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/sf s'g} lgsfon]
sfg"gn] :ki6kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] k|fjwfgnfO{
sfof{Gjog gu/L pbf;Lg e} a;]df To:tf] ljifodf
cbfntn] cfgf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0fdfkm{t /fHosf
lgsfoxnfO{ cfjZos lgb{z
] g lbg' jf~5gLo
x'g cfpF5 .
&= dGqfno ljefudf kb:yfkg
ul/Psf] pRr:t/sf lghfdtL ;] j fsf]
clws[txsf] lhDdfdf /fHon] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ef/
;'Dk]sf] x'G5 . To:tf] kbdf sfo{/t\ /xg]xn]
b]zsf] sfg"gadf]lhd k|zf;sLo cf}lrTo /
a'l4dtfk"j{s cfgf] sfo{ef/ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{

x'G5 . To;sf nflu sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL jfl~5t
:jfoQtfsf] ;fy} sfg"g pNn\3g ePsf]
cj:yfdf hjfkmb]lxtf axg ug'k{ g]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt\
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . cfkm"eGbf dflysf txsf] clgolGqt,
:j]R5frfl/tf / sfg"gk|lts"nsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{
klg gtd:ts eP/ ;xg u/L ;dk{0f ug'k{ g]{
kl/l:ylt /xg lbg] xf] eg] ;'zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t
dfGotf g} elTsg hfg] cj:yf cfpF5 . sfg"g /
ljj]s;Ddt\ s'/fnfO{ cgfjZoskdf OGsf/
ug]{ / sfg"gk|lts"nsf] s'/fnfO{ klg OGsf/ ug{
g;Sg] b'a} k|jl[ Q ;'zf;g / sfg"gL zf;gsf]
nflu cfklQhgs s'/fx x'g\ . To:tf] gxf];
eGgsf nflu ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg"g / vf;
u/L ;jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL h:tf] s'/fdf
lglZrt\ dfkb08 / k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5
/ dsf{ k/]sf] kIfn] ug]{ u'gf;f]sf] ;'gj' fO{ x'g]
e/kbf]{ ph"/L ;'gj' fO{ ;+oGqsf] klg ;/sf/sf]
;+u7gleq} /fVg h/L b]lvG5 . xfn;Dd
sfg"gadf]lhd Joj:yf ul/Psf] dfkb08s} klg
k|fk Jojl:yt gePsf]af6 o; k|Zgdf ;/sf/L
;+oGq ;+jb] gzLn gePsf] eGg' kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{,
pk/f]Qm pNn]v ePadf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod #^-!%_ n] Joj:yf
u/] a df] l hdsf] dfkb08 agfpg] / ;f] d f
sd{ r f/Lpk/ jf lghsf cfgf] u' g f;f
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL s'/fsf] ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug'{
d' g fl;a b] l vg cfPsf] x' F b f ;f] a df] l hd
lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg'k :ki6 dfkb08
agfO{ ;f]cg';f/ lg0f{o ug'{ / ;f]sf] clen]v 5'}
/fVg] Joj:yf clgjfo{kdf ug'{ egL ljkIfL
g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonufotsf
;Da4 lgsfoxsf gfpFdf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z
hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . k|:t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
1034
()$%g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=

;'s/fd >]i7;d]t
lj=;'
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t ljkIfLxnfO{

lbg" . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn d+l;/ !& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM lji0f'k;

| fb uf}td
&
lg0f{o g+= ()$%
;Sb}g eGg] s'/f cfj]z pTkGg ug]{

sf/0fdf lge{/ ug]{ ub{5 . s'g} JolQm
ljz]ifnfO{ p;sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6
k'Ug] jf uDeL/ ;Dj]bgzLn ljifo lnO{
a]OHht ug]{ sfo{ u/]df ToxL JolQm
ljz]ifnfO{ Ifl0fs cfj]z jf tTsfn
yfDg g;Sg] l/; p7g ;S5 / c
5]p5fpdf /xg] ;'Gg]nfO{ l/; p7] klg
yfDg g;Sg] l/; eg] p7]sf] g} x'G5
eGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
k' g /fj] b sjfbLsf tkm{ a f6 M ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf uf]kfnk|;fb l/hfn
ljkIfLk|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 M

' m Ohnf;
km};nf ldlt M @)&).&.$.@
;Djt\ @)^^CR)!**
d'2f M st{Jo Hofg .
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M d'n'sL P]g, Hofg ;DaGwL
dxnsf] !$ g+=
z'txdf k}m;nf ug]M{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L O{Zj//fh cfrfo{
k'g/fj]bsjfbL M :ofg] yfkfsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn

;/sf/
k'g/fj]bgtxdf k}m;nf ug]M{
lj4
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cf]dk|;fb ;'jb] L
ljkIfLk|ltjfbL M tgx'F lhNnf, Jof; g=kf= dfggLo GofofwLz >L rf]nG] b| zDz]/ h=a=/f
j8f g+ !! j:g] ;'s/fd >]i7;d]t
km};nf
p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] l/; yfDg g;Sg]
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo M Gofo k|zf;g
cj:yfsf] ;do Ifl0fs x'Fbf nfdf] P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-v_ adf]lhd o;}
;do;Dd /xFbg} . l/; p7g] 36gf cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ k|:t't d'2fsf]
jf/bft ePkl5 nfdf] cGt/fnkl5 ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ o;n] ;d]6b\ g} . Ps}
ldlt @)^$.@.^ ut]sf lbg tgx'F
If0fdf Ps jf a9L dflg;nfO{ cfj]z lhNnf, Jof; g=kf= j8f g+=!! a:g] z'saxfb'/
jf yfDg g;Sg] l/; p7g ;S5 jf yfkfnfO{ ;'s/fd >]i7 / ;f]dnfn >]i7 hgf @
1035

&), d\l;/
@)&),
bfh'efOn] xft d'Ssf bfp/fn] xfgL 3fOt]

agfPsf] eGg] 36gf:yn d'rN' sf ljj/0f .
ldlt @)^$.@.^ ut]sf lbg d]/f] bfh'
z'saxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ ;f]dnfn >]i7 / ;'ud
>]i7sf] d'Ssf alS; / lr/k6 bfp/fn] xfgL
3fOt] ePsf] / pkrf/sf] qmddf lgh bfh'sf]
ldlt @)^$.@.& ut]sf laxfg dl0fkfn lzIf0f
c:ktfn, kf]v/fdf d[To' ePsf] x'bF f ;f]dnfn
>]i7 / ;'ud >]i7nfO{ kqmfp u/L sf/jfxL u/L
kfpFm eGg] :ofg] yfkfsf] hfx]/L .
z'saxfb'/ yfkfsf] 6fpsf]df uDeL/
rf]6 nfuL rls{Psf] sf/0faf6 d[To' ePsf]
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] nf; hfFr k|ltj]bg .
ldlt @)^$.@.^ut]sf lbg d / bfh'
;'s/fd >]i7 tgx',F Jof; gu/kflnsf j8f g+
!) l:yt d]gsf rnlrq xntk{m cfO{/x]sf
lyof} . ;f]xL :yfgsf] ;fj{hlgs af6f]df cfO{
k'Ubf z'saxfb'/ yfkfn] /S;L vfO{ a;]sf]
/x]5 . d]/f] bfh' ;'s/fd >]i7n] NofPsf]
5ftfdfly lgh a;]sf / bfh'n] lsg a;]sf] xf]
egL eGbf t}n
F ] rZdf nufP/ lx/f] agL lx8]sf]
5;\ egL ljleGg k|sf/sf ufnL unf}h /
ckzAb;d]t k|of]u u/]sf], b'ah
} gfaLr ! 306f
hlt jfbljjfb k/]sf] / dnfO{ klg z'saxfb'/
yfkfn] ckzAb k|of]u u/]sf] lyof] . bfh' ;'s/fd
>]i7n] lghnfO{ Ps yKk8 xfg] klg b'ah
} gfsf]
xft xfnfxfn ePsf] xf] / dnfO{ klg l/; p7L
glhs} ;'sfPsf] lr/k6 bfp/fn] lghsf]
6fpsf]df b'O{ k6s;Dd xfg]sf] x'F / lghsf]
pkrf/sf] qmddf ;f]xL rf]6 kL8faf6 ldlt
@)^$.@.& ut] d[To' ePsf] xf] eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ;f]dnfn >]i7sf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
ePsf] aofg sfuh .
ldlt @)^$.@.^ ut]sf lbg d / efO
;f]dnfn >]i7 vfgf vfO{ d]gsf rnlrq xntk{m
cfO{/{ x]sf lyof}+ ;f]xL :yfgsf] ;fj{hlgs af6f]df

cfO{kU' bf z'saxfb'/ yfkf /S;L vfO{ a;]sf]
/x]5 . d}n] NofPsf] 5ftfdfly lgh a;]sf] /
d}n] lsg a;]sf] xf] egL eGbf dnfO{ sfnf]
rZdf nfP/ lx/f] agL lx8]sf] 5;\ egL ljleGg
k|sf/sf] ufnL ckzAb k|of]u u/]sf]n] d}n]
lghnfO{ Ps yKk8 xfg]sf] x'F To;kl5 lghn]
klg dnfO{ xftkft u/]sf]n] b'ah
} gfaLr xft
xfnfxfn ePsf] xf] . d}n] d'Ssf alS;n] lghsf]
d'v 5ftL k]6;d]tdf xfg]sf] x'F . lgh e"Od
{+ f
a;]kl5 efO ;f]dnfn >]i7n] lr/k6 bfp/fn]
@ k6s;DDf lghsf] 6fpsf]df xfg]sf] xf] /
lgh n8]kl5 xfdL b'Oh
{ gf ahf/tk{m lx8]sf
xf}+ . kl5 lghsf] pkrf/sf] qmddf ;f]xL rf]6
kL8faf6 d[To' ePsf] xf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
;'s/fd >]i7sf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ePsf]
aofg .
ldlt @)^$.@.^ ut]sf lbgsf] !! jh]sf]
;dodf z'saxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ ;'s/fd >]i7 /
;f]dnfn >]i7n] d'Ssf alS; / bfp/fn] xfgL
;f]xL rf]6 kL8faf6 z'saxfb'/ yfkf /ftL !)
ah] j]xf]; ePsf / lghsf] pkrf/sf] qmddf
ldlt @)^$.@.& ut] dl0fkfn lzIf0f c:ktfn,
kf]v/fdf d[To' ePsf] xf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
l/dfg l;+x kl/of/;d]tsf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^$.@.^ ut] z'saxfb'/ yfkfnfO{
;'s/fd >]i7 / ;f]dnfn >]i7n] d'Ssf / lr/k6
bfp/fn] 6fpsf];d]tdf xfg]sf x'g\ / lghsf]
pkrf/sf] qmddf ldlt @)^$.@.& ut] dl0fkfn
lzIf0f c:ktfndf d[To' ePsf] xf] eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|d
] axfb'/ kl/of/sf] sfuh .
@)^$.@.^ ut]sf lbg d]/f] >Ldfg\
z'saxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ ;f]dnfn >]i7 / ;'s/fd
>] i 7n] xft d' S sf / lr/k6 bfp/fn]
6fpsf];d]tdf xfgL ;f]xL rf]6 kL8fsf] sf/0faf6
1036
()$%g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=

;'s/fd >]i7;d]t
lj=;'
a]xf]; eO{ lgh >Ldfg\sf] dl0fkfn lzIf0f

c:ktfn, kf]v/fdf pkrf/sf] qmddf @)^$.@.&
ut] d[To' ePsf] x'Fbf ;f]dnfn >]i7nfO{
sfg" g adf] l hd xf] ; eGg] ; d] t Joxf] / fsf]
lji0f'dfof yfkfsf] sfuh .
k|ltjfbLxn] xft d'Ssf lr/k6 bfp/fn]
z'saxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ 6fpsf];d]tsf] efudf k|xf/
u/] s f 36gf:Yfndf k] m nf k/] s f] lr/k6
bfp/f;d]t ;gfvt ub}{ cfkm"xn] k|xf/ u/]sf]
rf]6 kL8faf6 g} pkrf/sf] qmddf z'saxfb'/
yfkfsf] d[To' ePsf] ;fljt e} aofg u/]sf,
nf;hfFr d'rN' sfaf6 d[tssf] afofF 6fpsf]sf]
efudf 5fnf v'Ol{ nPsf] / ;'lgPsf] 3fp b]lvPsf]
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] / kf]i6df6{d l/kf]6a{ f6
klg 6fpsf] s f] s8f rf] 6 ;d] t sf sf/0f
z'saxfb'/ yfkfsf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf
;d]tsf ldl;n ;+nUg cfwf/ k|df0fxaf6
k|ltjfbLxn] Hofg dfg]{ dg;fo :jkn]
z'saxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ 5ftL, k]6, 6fpsf] h:tf]
;+jb] glzn cxdf xft d'Ssf lr/k6 bfp/fn]
hyfefjL k|xf/ u/L ;f]xL k|xf/sf] rf]6 kL8faf6
z'saxfb'/ yfkfsf] pkrf/sf qmddf d[To' ePsf]
tYo ;k|df0f k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbL
;f]dnfn >]i7 / ;'s/fd >]i7nfO{ d'ns
' L P]g,
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! / !#-#_ g+ ljk/Lt
s;"/ ck/fwdf ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+ adf]lhd
;hfo x'g dfu bfjL lnOPsf] 5 eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cleof]u dfu
bfjL /x]5 .
ldlt @)^$ ;fn h]i7 ^ ut] d / bfh'
;'s/fd h]i7 b'Oh
{ gf 3/af6 vfgf vfP/ tn
k'/fgf] d]gsf rnlrq lkmNdsf] af6f] xFb' } /f]8lt/
l/S;fx rn]sf 5g\ 5}gg\ egL x]g{ hfFbf
lkmNdxn rf]scufl8 d[ts z'saxfb'/ /S;Ln]
dft]/ xNnf ul//fv]sf /x]5g\ PSsf;L bfh'nfO{
sfnf] rZdf lsg nufPsf] eg], To;kl5 d[tsn]

cZnLn ckzAb k|of]u uof] bfh'n] cfFvf b'v/]
rZdf nufPsf] xf] eGg' eof] . To;kl5 xfdLaLr
egfeg eof] . lgh d[ts / xfdL bfh'efO xft
xfnfxfn eof] . lgh d[tsn] klg xfd|f] ufnfdf
xfGof] xfdLn] klg xfg]d\ . l/;sf] cfj]zdf cfO{
d}n] klg d[tssf] ufnfdf Psrf]6L lxsf{Psf]
xf] . /S;L vfP/ dft]sf] d[tsnfO{ ;fgf] nLn]
8/ b]vfpgsf] nflu lxsf{Psf] xf] / ;f]xL /ftsf]
(.!) ah]lt/ p;nfO{ vfgf vfg p7fpFbf klg
gp7]sf] sf/0f /S;Ln] dft]/ xf] sL eg]/ dnfO{
va/ u/] . To;kl5 d[tsnfO{ pkrf/ ug{
xl:k6n nUof}+ . dl0fkfn lzIf0f c:ktfndf
pkrf/sf] qmddf lgh z'saxfb'/ yfkfsf] d[To'
ePsf] xf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;f]dnfn
>]i7n] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
ldlt @)^$.@.^ ut] laxfg c= !),!!
ah]sf] ;dodf d / d]/f efO ;f]dnfn >]i7 @
hgf e} 3/af6 ahf/ hfg egL d]gsf
rnlrqsf] af6f] x'b} hfFbf d[ts z'saxfb'/
yfkf d]gsf rnlrq dlGb/ cufl8 af6f]df
/S;L vfO{ lkm6 cj:yfdf lyof] . ToxfF dnfO{
cfdf rsf/L nufO{ /08L /fF8Lsf] kf]O eGg]
h:tf zAb k|of]u] u/]sfn] d}n] pQm s'/f ;x]/
a;]sf] lyPF . d]/f] cfFvf kfs]sf]n] sfnf] rZdf
nufPsf] lyPF . lgh d[ts z'saxfb'/ yfkfn]
rZdf nufP/ lx8\g] /f8Lsf], /l08sf] 5f]/f lx/f]
eP/ lx8\g] egL cfdf rsf/L;d]tsf zJb
k|of]u u/]sfn] d l/;sf] cfj]zdf cfO{ d}n]
lghnfO{ ! yKk8 xftn] lghsf] b]a]| ufnfdf
lxsf{PF . To;kl5 d[ts / efO ;f]dnfnaLr
xft xfnfxfn ws]nfws]n eof] . d}n] 5'6o\ fpg]
k|of; u/]F t/ b'a}n] xfgfxfg u/] efOn]
z'saxfb'/nfO{ ufnfdf xftn] lxsf{P / ToxL+
ePsf] Pp6f ;fgf] nLn] 6fpsf]df la:tf/}
1037

&), d\l;/
@)&),
lxsf{P To;kl5 lghn] xfdL bfh'efOnfO{ ufnL

ub}{ cfgf] af6f] lxF8] . /ftsf] !) ah]lt/
6f]nsf] l5d]sLn] z'saxfb'/nfO{ xftkft u/]5f}
ltdLxn] xftkft u/]sf] dflg; P]n;
] Dd klg
p7]sf] 5}g egL eg]kl5 ;f]xL /ftsf] !)=#)
ah]sf] ;dodf pkrf/ u/fpg dl0fkfn lzIf0f
c:ktfn, kf]v/fdf nluof] / pkrf/ x'bF fxFb' }
ldlt @)^$.@.& ut] laxfg % ah]sf] ;dodf
d[To' ePsf] xf] . sfg"gn] hf] 7x5{ eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ;'s/fd >]i7n] cbfntdf u/]sf]
aofg .
cfb]zfg';f/ hfx]/jfnf :ofg] yfkf
cg';Gwfgsf qmddf sfuh ug]{ lji0f'dfof yfkf
tyf lrhs'df/L >]i7 / k|ltjfbLxsf ;fIfL
sNkgf >]i7, /fds'df/ k|wfg, /fh]Gb| zfxL,
czf]ss'df/ df:s], g/]zs'df/ >]i7 / ;Gt/fd
k|wfgsf] askq e} ldl;n ;fd]n /x]5 .
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+ sf] sfg"gL
Joj:Yff x]bf{ Hofg dfg{sf] dg;fo /x]g5 Hofg
lng' kg];
{ Ddsf] OjL klg /x]g5 n'sL rf]/Lsg
klg xfg]sf] /x]g5 p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] s'g}
s'/fdf l/; yfDg g;sL ;fwf/0f nf7f, 9'f,
nft, d'Ssf OToflbn] xfGbf ;f]xL rf]6 kL8fn]
P]gsf Dofbleq Hofg d/]df !) jif{sb} x'g]
eGg] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbLn] k|:t't d'2fdf pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd tTsfn p7]sf] l/;sf]
cfj]zdf d'Ssf, nL / lr/k6 bfp/fn] xfg]sf]
sf/0f z'saxfb'/ yfkfsf] d[To' ePsf] tYo
:yflkt ePsf] / k|ltjfbLdWo] ;'s/fd >]i7n]
d'v, 5ftL, k]6;d]tdf xfg]sf] / ;f]dnfnn]
bfp/fn] 6fpsf] d f xfg] s f] eGg] b] l vF b f
k|ltjfbLxn] d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
!$ g+ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ ;f] 7xgf{n]
hgxL s}b jif{ !)-bz_ x'G5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
z' tgx'F lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.#.!%

sf] k}m;nf .
o;df z' tgx'F lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf]
k}m;nfdf lrQ a'em] g . k|:t't jf/bftdf s'g}
k"j{ l/;OaL 5}g, s'g} of]hgf 5}g . 36gfsf]
k|sl[ t x]bf{ ;fdfGo ljjfbdf s'6kL6 ePsf] /
cTolws /S;L ;] j g ug] { cfbt ePsf
z'saxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ c:ktfn nfg' kg]{ b]lvPkl5
xfdL k|ltjfbLxn] dg]{ z'saxfb'/ yfkfnfO{
pkrf/sf] nflu tgx'F c:ktfndf nu]sf
lyof}F . tgx'F c:ktfnn] /]km/ u/]cg';f/
klZrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfn, kf]v/f / ToxfFaf6
dl0fkfn lzIf0f c:ktfndf nu]sf lyof}F .
pkrf/sf] l;nl;nfdf /ut lsGbf /
lgwgkZrft\ nf; tgx'F;Dd NofpFbf
@%,))). hlt vr{;d]t u/]sf lyof}F .
hfx]/jfnf;d]tn] lbPsf] hfx]/L u8fp gu/L
as]sf] askq;d]tsf] plrt d"Nofg ePsf]
5}g . s'6kL6af6 eljtJo ePsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/
ul/Psf] x'bF f d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
% g+ sf] jf/bft ePsf]df ;f]xL dxnsf] !$ g+
adf]lhd hgxL !)jif{ s}b ;hfo ug]{ u/L
ePsf] z' km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L Gofo
kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;'s/fd >]i7
/ ;f]dnfn >]i7sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fdf
k/]sf] ;+oQ
' m k'g/fj]bg kq .
d[tsn] k|ltjfbLxnfO{ g;fsf] ;'/df
ufnL unf}h u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|ltjfbLxn]
d[tsnfO{ lgd{dkdf s'6kL6 u/L 9nfPsf /
To;kl5 klg hf]lvdL lr/k6 bfp/fn] 6fpsf]
h:tf] ;+jb] glzn 7fpFdf k6sk6s k|xf/ u/]sf]
sf/0faf6 d[ts z'saxfb'/ yfkfsf] d[To' ePsf]
tYo k'li6 e} /x]sf] / ;f] s'/fnfO{ lgh
k|ltjfbLxsf ;fIfLxsf] askqaf6;d]t
;dly{t ePsf] tYonfO{ plrt d"Nofg gu/L
1038
()$%g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=

;'s/fd >]i7;d]t
lj=;'
jf/bftnfO{ xn' s fkdf cF f sng u/L

k|ltjfbLxsf] Hofg dfg]{ sfo{df of]hgf
dg;fo geO{ hf]lvdL xltof/n] k|xf/;d]t
gePsf] eGg];d]t cfwf/df k|ltjfbLxnfO{
sd ;hfo ul/Psf] pQm k}m;nfdf d'ns
' L P]g,
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+ sf] JofVofTds
q'6L ljBdfg x'bF f ;f] z' k}m;nf ab/ u/L
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo
u/L kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
k|ltjfbLxn] ;f]dnfn >]i7 / ;'s/fd
>]i7n] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L tyf cbfntdf
;d]t aofg ubf{ s'6kL6 u/]sf] s'/fdf ;fljt
e} aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} a'lemPsf
dflg;sf] sfuh Pj+ hfx]/jfnf tyf lgh
k|ltjfbLs} ;fIfLsf] askqaf6 klg k|ltjfbLxn]
d[tsnfO{ s'6kL6 u/]sf xf]Ogg\ / lghxsf]
lk6fO{sf] sf/0faf6 d[ts z'saxfb'/sf] d[To'
ePsf] xf]Og eGg] s'/f st} ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhaf6 gb]lvPsf] xF'bf k|ltjfbLxsf]
s'6fO{sf sf/0fn] d[ts z'saxfb'/ yfkfsf] d[To'
ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ d[tsnfO{ dfg{sf] nflu oL
k|ltjfbLx;Fu dfg'{ kg];
{ Ddsf] k"j{ dg;fo,
of]hgf tyf l/;OaL;d]t /x] ePsf] s'/f ldl;n
;+nUg sfuhftaf6 eg] b]lvFb}g . tTsfn
p7]sf] l/;sf] cfj]udf oL k|ltjfbL ;'s/fd
>]i7n] d'Ssfn] d'v, 5ftL, k]6;d]tdf xfg]sf]
/ csf{ k|ltjfbL ;f]dnfn >]i7n] bfp/fn]
6fpsf]df xfg]sf] sf/0faf6 d[ts z'saxfb'/
yfkfsf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvFbf oL k|ltjfbLx
;'s/fd >]i7 / ;f]dnfn >]i7n] d'ns
' L P]g,
Hofg;DaGwL dxns]f !$ g+ adf]lhdsf] s;"/
ck/fw u/]sf] 7xofO{ hgxL s}b jif{ !)
x'G5 . Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+ adf]lhd
;hfo u/L kfpmF eGg] cleof]u dfu bfjL k'Ug
;Sb}g egL z' tgx'F lhNnfcbfntn] u/]sf]

k}m;nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
;'s/fd >]i7;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug
;Sb}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fsf]
k}m;nf .
k|ltjfbLxsf] d[ts;Fu egfeg e}
emu8f ePkZrft\ ePsf] s'6kL6sf] jf/bftsf]
kl/0ffd g} d[tssf] d[To' ePsf], k|ltjfbLdWo]sf
;'s/fd >]i7n] d'Ssfn] 5ftL / k]6df tyf
csf{ k|ltjfbL ;f]dnfn >]i7n] bfp/fn] 6fpsf]
h:tf] ;+jb] glzn 7fpFdf k|xf/ ubf{ d[tssf]
d[To' ePsf], @@ hgf k|ltjfbLx ldnL
Pshgf d[tsnfO{ k|xf/ u/L df/]sf] cj:yfnfO{
tTsfn p7]sf] l/;OaLsf] sf/0f k|xf/ ul/Psf]
egL dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf gePsf] n fO{
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+ cGt/ut kg]{
egL k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]u bfjL eGbf sd
;hfo x'g] u/L ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf]v/fsf] k}m;nf ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLxnfO{ z'
cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo u/L kfpmF eGg]
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"lrdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg ;x
GofoflwjQmf >L uf] k fn k| ; fb l/hfnn]
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] ;'s/fd >]i7n] d'Ssfn] 5ftL
/ k]6df tyf csf{ k|ltjfbL ;f]dnfn >]i7n]
bfp/fn] 6fpsf] h:tf] ;+jb] glzn 7fpFdf k|xf/
ubf{ d[ t ssf] d[ T o' ePsf] cj:yf /
k|ltjfbLxsf] d[ts;Fu egfeg ePkl5 @@
hgf k|ltjfbLx ldnL Hofg dfg]{ dg;fon]
;+jb] glzn cxdf k|xf/ u/]sf] sf/0f d[To'
ePsf]n] cleof]u bfjL k'li6 ePsf]df ;f] eGbf
sd ;hfo k| l tjfbLxnfO{ ug] { u/L
1039

&), d\l;/
@)&),
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+ adf]lhd ;hfo

ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fsf] k}m;nf
q'6Lk"0f{ ePsf]n] pN6L u/L cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd
;hfo u/L kfpmF egL ug'{ ePsf] ax;
;'lgof] .
k|ltjfbLxn] Hofg dfg]{ dg;fon]
d[ts z'saxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ 5ftL, k]6, 6fpsf]
h:tf] ;+jb] glzn cxdf xft, d'Ssf, lrk{6
bfp/fn] hyfefjL k|xf/ u/L ;f]xL rf]6 kL8faf6
z'saxfb'/ yfkfsf] pkrf/sf] qmddf d[To'
ePsf]n] k|ltjfbLx ;f]dnfn >]i7 / ;'s/fd
>]i7nfO{ d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !
/ !#-#_ g+ ljk/Lt s;"/ ck/fwdf ;f]xL dxnsf]
!#-#_ g+ adf]lhd ;hfo x'g cleof]u bfjL
lnPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf z' tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbLxn] u/]sf] s;"/ Hofg
;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+ adf]lhdsf] cfj]z
k|l] /t xTof 7x/fO{ ;f]xLadf]lhd ;hfo u/]pk/
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
k/]sf] b]lvgfn] ca z' lhNnf cbfnt tyf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5
5}g tyf k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd z' tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] k}m;nf pN6L x'g] xf], xf]Og egL
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{ o tk{ m ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt
@)^$.@.^ ut] !! ah]sf] ;dodf k'/fgf]
lkmNdxn /f]8 eGg] :yfgdf d]/f] bfO z'saxfb'/
yfkf;Fu k|ltjfbLx ;'s/fd >]i7 / ;f]dnfn
>]i7;Fu e]6 e} e]6 x'gf;fy bfO z'saxfb'/
yfkfn] ;'s/fd >]i7nfO{ rZdf nufP/ lx/f]
ePsf] eg]kl5 ;f]xL ljifonfO{ lnP/ jfb ljjfb
e} l/;sf] cfj]zdf /x]sf k|ltjfbLx b'ah
} gfn]
d'Ssf tyf lr/k6 bfp/fn] xfgL ;f]xL rf]6
kL8faf6 z'saxfb'/sf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] :ofg]
yfkfsf] hfx]/L Joxf]/f b]lvG5 eg] ;f]xL Joxf]/fnfO{

yk k'li6 ub}{ lghn] cbfntdf askq ubf{
k|ltjfbLx / d[ts bfO z'saxfb'/aLr
rZdfsf] ljifodf ;fdfGo emu8f ePsf] eGg]
s'/f ToxfFsf :yfgLo dflg;n] egL yfxf kfPsf]
/ k|ltjfbLxn] d[tsnfO{ lr/k6 bfp/fn] xfg]sf]
b]Vg] dflg; k|d] kl/of/n] dnfO{ eg]sfn] hfx]/Ldf
pNn]v u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . 36gf:yndf
;'s/fd >]i7 / ;f]dnfn >]i7n] xfgL d[tsnfO{
3fOt] agfPsf] lrjf bfp/f k|x/Ln] k]mnf
kf/L a/fdb u/]sf] eGg] 36gf:yn d'rN' sf
b]lvG5 . afofF sfgdfly 6'KkL glhssf] 6fpsfsf]
efudf cfwf OGr uf]nfO{sf] 5fnf v'OlnOPsf]
/ ;'lgPsf] 7fpF b]lvPsf] eGg] 36gf:Yfn tyf
nf; k|sl[ t ljj/0f b]lvG5 . Cause of death
intra cranial hemorrage leading severe head injury
eGg] zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg -Autospy Report_
b]lvG5 . bfh' ;'s/fd >]i7nfO{ d[tsn] rZdf

nufO{ lx/f] ePsf] 5;\ eg]sf] bfh'n] NofPsf]
5ftfdfly ga;\ eGbf ckzAb af]ns
] f] x'bF f
;'s/fd >]i7n] ufnfdf yKk8 xfg]sf / d[ts
z'saxfb'/n] klg ws]n]sfn] bfh' ;'s/fdn]
alS;n], d'Ssfn] d'v, 5ftL k]6;d]tdf &*
k6s xfg]sf / dnfO{ klg l/; p7L lrk{6
bfp/fn] 6fpsf]sf] bflxg]tk{m hf]8;Fu b'Ok{ 6s
xfg]sf] egL k|ltjfbL ;f]dnfn >]i7n] cfkm"n]
d[tsnfO{ lr/k6n] s'6kL6 u/]sf] Joxf]/f df}sfdf
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf :jLsf/ u/L aofg
u/]sf] / k|ltjfbL ;'s/fd >]i7n] klg d[tsn]
ckzAb af]nL yKk8 xfg]sf]df lghn] dnfO{
ws]ns
] f]df l/; p7L d'Ssf alS;n] d'v 5ftL
k]6;d]tdf xfg]sf] / efOn] glhs}sf] lrk{6
bfp/fn] @ k6s;Dd hf]8n] xfg]sf] eGg] 36gf
Joxf] / f v' n fO{ df} s fdf clwsf/k| f Kt
clwsf/L;dIf s'6kL6 u/]sf] tYodf ;fljt g}
1040
()$%g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=

;'s/fd >]i7;d]t
lj=;'
/x]sf] kfOof] . Fracture over the RT. temporo

perital region size about 15 cm egL zj k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg /x]sf] kfO{G5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgaf6 Psrf]6
afx]s c s'g} rf]6 b]lvFb}g . nf; hfFr
d'rN' sfdf klg afFof sfgdfly 6'KkL glhssf]
6fpsfsf] efudf cfwf OGr uf]nfO{sf] 5fnf
v'OlnPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] / cGo lgn8fd;d]t
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL rf]6 g} d[tssf]
d[To' x'gs
' f] d'Vo sf/s tj dfGg' kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] . k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cfdfrsf/L ckzAb
ufnL k|of]u d[tsn] u/]sf] sf/0f k|ltjfbL
cfkm"x cfj]zdf cfPsf] eGb} lgh b'a}
k|ltjfbLxn] cbfntdf aofg ubf{ d[tsnfO{
;'s/fdn] Ps yKk8 / ;f]dnfnn] ;fgf] nf7Ln]
Ps k6s xfg]sf] egL s'6kL6 u/]sf] tYodf
cbfntdf ;d]t ;fljtL g} /x]sf] b]lvPsf] /
k|ltjfbLxsf] lk6fO{sf] sf/0fn] d[tssf] d[To'
ePsf] xf]Og eGg] k|ltjfbLxsf] lhsL/ klg
gePsf] / ldl;naf6 klg gb]lvPsf]n] oL
k|ltjfbLxsf] b'O{ bfh' efOdWo] bfh' ;'s/fdn]
d'Ssfn] Ps yKk8 / efO ;f]dnfnn] bfp/fn]
Ps k6s s'6kL6 u/]sf] sf/0faf6 d[tssf]
d[To' ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . pk/f]Qm ldl;n
;+nUg tYoaf6 k|ltjfbLxn] Ps Ps k6s
d[tspk/ xft xfn]sf] b]lvg cfP klg k6sk6s
rf]6 5f8]sf] eGg] cleof]u bfjL k'li6 x'g
cfPg .
#= hfx]/jfnfsf] hfx]/L Joxf]/f Pj+ lghsf]
cbfnt;dIfsf] askq, d[tssf] >LdtL
lji0f'dfof yfkfn] cbfntdf askq ubf{ ;=h=
& df d]/f] kltnfO{ oL k|ltjfbLxn] dfg'{ kg]{
k"j{ l/;OaL s]xL lyPg egL pNn]v u/]sf]
Jox] f /f;d] t sf ldl;n k| d f0faf6 oL
k|ltjfbLxn] d[ts z'saxfb'/nfO{ dfg'{
kg];
{ Ddsf] k"j{ l/;OaL Pj+ dfg'{ kg];
{ Ddsf] k"j{
dg;fo of] h gf s] x L b] l vF b } g . d[ t s
z' s axfb' / sf] d[ T o' k| l tjfbLxn] lrk{ 6
bfp/f;d]tn] xfgL d[To' ePsf] tYo :yflkt
ePsf] / d[ t s / k| l tjfbLxaLr dfg' {
kg];
{ Ddsf] k"j{ l/;Ola gb]lvPsf] Pj+ k|ltjfbL
;'s/fdn] rZdf nufPsf]df cfhsn hf] sf]xL
klg rZdf nufO{ lx/f] x'gk' g]{ egL d[tsn] g}
luHofPsf] / k|ltjfbL ;'s/fdsf] 5ftfdf d[ts
z'saxfb'/ yfkf al;lbPsf] sf/0fn] d[ts /
k|ltjfbL kIfaLr jfbljjfb ePsf] tyf ;f]xL
jfbljjfbsf] qmddf d[ t sn] cfdf
rsf/L;d] t sf ckzAb af] n L d[ t ssf]
Jojxf/af6 g} k|ltjfbL pQ]lht ePsf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . To:t} ;f]xL ljjfb x'bF fs} cj:yfdf
d[ts / k|ltjfbL ;'s/fdaLr ws]nfws]n xFb' }
k|ltjfbL ;'s/fdn] d[tsnfO{ d'Ssfn] d'v 5ftL
k]6df &* k6s xfg]sf] / 36gf:ynd} ePsf
k|ltjfbL ;f]dnfn >]i7n] z'saxfb'/nfO{ glhs}
/x]sf] lrk{6 bfp/fn] 6fpsf]df @ k6s xfg]sf]
eGg];Ddsf] df}sfsf] aofg b]lvP tfklg
k|ltjfbLxsf] cbfntsf] aofgdf d[tsnfO{
;'s/fdn] Ps yKk8 / ;f]dnfnn] nLn] Ps
k6s xfg]sf] eGg] aofgnfO{ zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
(Autopsy Report) / nf; hfFr d'r'Nsfn]
;dly{t u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbLxn]
k6sk6s xfg]sf] eGg] gb]lvPsf] Pj+ oL k|ltjfbL
;f]dnfn >]i7 / ;'s/fd >]i7 b'O{ bfh'efO
b]lvg cfPsf] / d[tsn] cfdf rsf/L bfh'nfO{
ckzAb k|of]u u/L bfh';uF ws]nfws]n u/]sf]
cj:yfdf csf]{ efO klg l/;sf] cfj]zdf cfpg'
:jefljs g} b]lvg cfpF5 .
$= Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+ df Hofg
dfg{sf] dg;fo /x]g5, Hofg lng' kg];
{ Ddsf]
Ola klg /x]g5, n'sL rf]l/sg xfg]sf] klg
1041

&), d\l;/
@)&),
/xg]5 p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] s'g} s'/fdf l/;

yfDg g;sL ;fwf/0f nf7f 9'f, nft, d'Ssf
OTofbLn] xfGbf ;f]xL rf]6kL/n] P]gsf Dofbleq
Hofg d/]df bz jif{ s}b ug'k{ 5{ eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . pQm !$ g++ sf] k|of]u
x'g p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] l/; yfDg g;sL xTof
ePsf] x'g' kg],{ dfg]{ dg;fo jf Hofg lng'
kg];
{ Ddsf] Ola x'g gx'g] / hf]lvdL xltof/sf]
k| o f] u geO{ ;fwf/0f nf7f, 9' f, nft
OToflb;Ddsf] k|of]u x'g' kg]{ u/L oL tLg
tjsf] ljBdfgtf /xg' kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fsf]
/f]xdf d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ dg;fo jf Hofg lng}
kg];
{ Ddsf] Ola k|ltjfbLsf] g/x]sf] / k|xf/ klg
bfp/f / yKk8;Ddaf6 ePsf] x'bF f oxfF s]an
p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] l/; yfDg g;sL k|xf/
ePsf] xf] xf]Og eGg];Ddsf] ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{
b]lvg cfof] . p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] l/; yfDg
g;Sg] cj:yfsf] ;do Ifl0fs x'G5 . of] nfdf]
;do;Dd /xb}g . t;y{ l/; p7g] 36gf
jf/bft ePkl5 nfdf] cGt/fnkl5 ePsf]
cj:yfnfO{ o;n] ;d]6\b}g . k|:t't d'2fdf
b'Oh
{ gfnfO{ Ps} k6s Ifl0fs cfj]z cfpg
;S5 eGg] ljifo ufFl;Psf] b]lvG5 . Ps} If0fdf
Ps jf a9L dflg;nfO{ cfj]z jf yfDg g;Sg]
l/; p7g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f cfa]z
pTkGg ug]{ sf/0fdf lge{/ ub{5 . ;fwf/0ftof
s'g} JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ p;sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf
rf]6 k'Ug] jf uDeL/ ;+jb] glzn ljifo lnO{
a]OHht ug]{ sfo{ u/]df ToxL JolQm ljz]ifnfO{
Ifl0fs cfa]z jf tTsfn yfDg g;Sg] l/;
p7g ;S5 / c 5]p5fpdf /xg] ;'Gg]nfO{
l/; p7] klg yfDg g;Sg] l/; eg] p7]sf] g}
x'G5 eGg ;lsGGf . t/ s'g} JolQmnfO{ To:tf]
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ubf{ ca:yfc'g;f/ c
klg ckdflgt x'g ;S5 / To;} cj:yfdf Ps}
k6s cnfO{ klg yfDg g;Sg] l/; p7g'

:jfefljs x'g hfG5 . o; d'2fsf] /f]xdf b'a}
k|ltjfbLsf cfdf gfd lnO{ ufnL unf}h u/]sf]df
b'a} k|ltjfbLnfO{ tTsfn yfDg g;Sg] l/; p7g'
:jfefljs} b]lvg cfof] . dfg'{ kg];
{ Ddsf] k"j{
l/;Ola dg;fo gb]lvPsf] cfdfrsf/L ckzAb
k|of]u u/L d[tssf] sf/0faf6 k|ltjfbL b'O{
bfh'efO cfj]zdf cfPsf] b]lvPsf] cyf{t\ tTsfn
p7]sf] l/;sf] cfj]z yfDg g;sL k|ltjfbL
;'s/fd >]i7n] Ps d'Ssf / ;f]dnfn >]i7n]
nL jf lrk{6 bfp/fn] d[ts z'saxfb'/ yfkfnfO{
Ps k6s s'6kL6 u/]sf] sf/0f d[To' ePsf]
zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg;d]tsf ldl;n k|df0faf6
b]lvg cfPsf] cj:yfdf Pshgf eGbf a9L
k|ltjfbLn] rf]6 5f]8s
] f] eGg] sf/0fn] dfq} cfj]z
k|l] /t xTof gx'g] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . ;fy}
Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf
;du| 36gfqmdaf6 cfj]zk|l] /t xTof b]lvg
cfPsfn] k|ltjfbLx ;f]dnfn >]i7 / ;'s/fd
>]i7nfO{ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+ jdf]lhdsf]
s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] 7xofO{ hgxL !) jif{ s}b
x'g] u/L u/]sf] z' tgx'F lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^%.#.!% / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fsf]
ldlt @)^^.@.@& sf] k}m;nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . of] ldl;nsf]
bfo/L nut sf u/L lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{
lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof= lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Olt ;Djt\ @)&) ;fn sflQs $ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M xs{axfb'/ If]qL
1042
&
()$^;tL; ;fx lj=

lj=g]g]kfn ;/sf/
ljkIfLjfbLsf tkm{af6 M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf

e/tnfn zdf{
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M j}bl] zs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$@
lg0f{o g+= ()$^

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
km};nf ldlt M @)&).!.@@.!
)^%CR)&!@
d'2f M j}bl] zs /f]huf/ .
k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbL M emfkf lhNnf, bds
gu/kflnsf j8f g+=!! a:g] ;tL; ;fx
lj4
ljkIfLjfbL M k|x/L k|ltj]bg hfx]/Ln] g]kfn
;/sf/
j}bl] zs /f]huf/ 7uL s;"/ x'gsf] nflu
ljb]z k7fO{ /f]huf/df nufO{ lbG5' egL
Ohfht lnPsf sDkgL ;~rfns x'g
jf cGo hf] sf]xL JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{
e'mSofgdf kf/L s'g} ;DklQ lnO{ ljb]z
gk7fPsf] / /sd klg lkmtf{ gu/]sf]
cj:Yff x'gk' g]{ .
7uL ug]{ dg;fo klg gePsf], 7uL
ug{] elgPsf d'Vo JolQm;Fu 7uL ug]{
sfo{df ldn]sf] gb]lvPsf] / 7uL ub{5
eGg] yfxf hfgsf/L klg gePsf]
cj:yfdf csf]{ JolQmnfO{ cfk"m;Fu s'g}
sfd ug{ ;Nnfxdfq lbPsf] cfwf/df
7uL u/]sf] xf] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 M ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfn
km};nf
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ M Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, Onfdsf] ldlt @)^%.*.!! sf]
km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/
o; k|sf/ 5 M
k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxn] dnfO{ j}bl] zs
/f]huf/sf nflu cd]l/sf k7fO{ lbG5' egL =
*,)),))). -cf7 nfv_ lnO{ j}bl] zs /f]huf/df
gk7fO{ ef/tsf] lbNnL x'bF } aDaO{;Dd dfq
k'ofO{ cnkq kf/L cfk"m a]kQf eO{ d]/f] /sd
lkmtf{ gu/L 7uL u/L j}bl] zs /f]huf/ P]g,
@)$@ sf] bkmf @$-@_ adf]lhd ck/fw u/]sf]
x'bF f lghnfO{ kqmfp u/L ;f]xL P]g adf]lhd
sf/jfxL u/L daf6 lnPsf] /sd / Ifltk"lt{;d]t
lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnf
dfgs'df/ >]i7n] >d tyf /f]huf/ k|a4{g
ljefu;dIf lbPsf] hfx]/L bvf{:t .
hfx]/jfnf / d;d]tsf JolQmxn]
cd]l/sf hfg egL ef/tLo gful/s ljh]Gb|
zdf{nfO{ xfdL ;a}n] =!%,@%,))). -kGw|
nfv kRrL; xhf/dfq_ ef/tLo k}of a'emfPsf
xf}+ . lgh ljh]Gb| zdf{;uF ddfk{mt hfx]/jfnfsf]
;Dks{ ePsf] / hfx]/jfnfn] g} /sd lbPsf
x'g\ . d}n] hfx]/jfnfaf6 /sd lnO{ j}bl] zs
/f]huf/df k7fpg] u/]sf] xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxn] cg';Gwfg clws[t;dIf
u/]sf] aofg .
1043

&), d\l;/
@)&),
k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fx;Fu &%,))).

gub w/f}6 dfu ug]{ u/L cg';Gwfg clws[taf6
v8f u/]sf] lg0f{o krf{ / k|ltjfbLn] w/f}6 /fVg
g;Sg] egL u/L lbPsf] sfuh .
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ j}bl] zs /f]huf/df k7fO{
lbG5' egL hfx]/jfnfaf6 = *,)),))).
-cf7 nfv_ lnPsf] eGg] s'/f k|ltjfbLaf6} ;'gL
yfxf kfPsf] x'F eGg] Joxf]/fsf] eLd kf}8n
]
;d]tsf dflg;xn] n]vfO{ lbPsf] j:t'l:ylt
d'rN' sf .
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ j}bl] zs /f]huf/sf] nflu
cd]l/sf k7fpg egL k|ltjfbLn] ;fydf lnO{
uPsf] b]vs
] f] xf] . w]/} ;dokl5 hfx]/jfnfnfO{
bdsdf g} e]6b\ f ljb]z gk7fO{ k|ltjfbLn] 7uL
u/]sf] eGg] yfxf eof] . To;kl5 ;dfhsf
dflg;x a;]/ 5nkmn ubf{ hfx]/jfnfsf] /sd
d}n] ef/tLo gful/s ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ a'emfpg
lnPsf] xf] . pQm /sdsf] bfloTj d}n] lng'k5{
egL lnvt sfuh u/L lbPsf x'g\ eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
/fhs'df/ yfkfn] u/L lbPsf] sfuh .
hfx]/jfnf dfgs'df/ >]i7n] d;Fu
j}bl] zs /f]huf/df hfg /sd ;fk6L dfu]sf] /
d}n] lghnfO{{ b'O{nfv ;fk6L lbO{ hDdf
=*,)),))). -cf7 nfv_ d]/} cufl8 ug]/
;tL; ;fxnfO{ a'emfpg uPsf x'g\ . hfx]/jfnf
dfgs'df/ >]i7 cd]l/sf hfg egL lx+8]sf
lyP . Ps dlxgfkl5 lghnfO{ d}n] bdsdf g}
b]Vf]/ cd]l/sf hfg] ljifodf ;f]Wbf k|ltjfbL
;tL; ;fxn] cd]l/sf n}hfg] egL aDa} k'ofO{
cnkq kf/]sf] eGg] yfxf kfPsf] x'F . k|ltjfbL
;tL; ;fxnfO{ ;dfhsf dflg;x a;L
5nkmn u/L 7uL u/]sf] /sdsf] af/]df ;f]wgL
u/]sf]df k|ltjfbLn] cf7 nfv lnPsf] x'F ;f]dWo]
nfu]sf] vr{ sf u/L kfFr nfv lkmtf{ lbg]
eg]sf]n] ;f]xL ;xdlt eO{ ;dfhs} /f]xj/df
lnvt u/L lbPsf x'g\ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] u0f]zs'df/

>]i7n] u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^!.!).@ ut] ;dfhsf
dflg;n] af]nfPsfn] hfFbf ;tL; ;fxn]
dfgs'df/ >]i7nfO{ j}bl] zs /f]huf/df cd]l/sf
k7fO{ lbG5' egL eg]sf] s'/f ;dfhaf6 g} yfxf
eof] . ;tL; ;fxn] tLg dlxgfsf] ;do lnO{
kfFr nfv a'emfpg] sfuh /fhLv';Ln] g} u/]sfn]
d;d]t ;fIfL a;L lnvt sfuh ePsf] xf]
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] gf/fo0f uf}tdn] u/L lbPsf]
sfuh .
dfgs'df/ >]i7nfO{ ;tL; ;fxn] j}bl] zs
/f]huf/df cd]l/sf n}hfg egL lbNnL x'b} aDaO
uP/ ef/tL rnlrq sNr/df k|fu] f| dsf] nflu
eg]/ uPsf] ;'gs
] f] lyPF . dfgaxfb'/ >]i7 d]/f]
3/df cfPsfn] ;f]4f ;tL; ;fxn] 7uL u/]sf]
s'/f ;dfhaf6 ;'g,] ;dfhdf 5nkmn u/L
vr{ s6fO{ % nfv lt5'{ egL tLg dlxgfsf]
;do dfu u/]sf]n] ;dfh s} /f]xj/df ;tL;
;fxn] sfuh u/L lbPsf x'g\ eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
gf/fo0faxfb'/ >]i7n] u/]sf] sfuh .
ef/t lgjf;L ljh]Gb|sd
' f/ zdf{nfO{ #
dlxgfleq bflvnf ug]{ / bflvnf ug{ g;s]
k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ vr{ s6fP/
=%,)),))). -kfFrnfv_ lkmtf{ a'emfpg] zt{
u/L ldlt @)^).!!.@ ut] k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxn]
u/L lbPsf] ;Ssn lnvt hfx]/jfnf dfgs'df/
>]i7n] ldlt @)^@.^.!$ sf] lgj]bg ;fy ;+nUg
/fvL k]z u/]sf] x'Fbf ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf]
b]lvPsf] .
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;\sng ePsf
ldl;n ;+nUg hfx]/L b/vf:t, k|ltjfbL ;tL;
;fxsf] aofg, df}sfdf a'lemPsf dflg;xn]
u/L lbPsf] sfuh tyf j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sf
;d]tsf k|df0f sfuhftxaf6 k|ltjfbL ;tL;
1044
()$^;tL; ;fx lj=

lj=g]g]kfn ;/sf/
;fxn] j}bl] zs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf #

/ @$-@_ adf]lhd s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf]n]
lghnfO{ P] P]gsf] bkmf @$-@_ adf]lhd ;hfo
x'g / k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] /sd *,)),))).
-cf7 nfv_ / ;f] sf] %) k|ltztn] x'g] xhf{gf
afktsf] $,)),))). -rf/ nfv_ u/L hDdf
, !@,)),))). -afx| nfv_ k|ltjfbLaf6
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
dfu bfjL lnO{ k]z ePsf] cleof]u kq .
d bdsdf d]l;g/L k;n u/L a;]sf]
JolQm x'F . ljh]Gb|sd
' f/ zdf{ s]l/o/sf] sfd
u/L ;fdfg Nofpg] sfd ub{y] . ljh]Gb|sd' f/;Fu
dfgs'df/ >]i7sf] lrghfg d}n] u/fPsf] xf] .
d, ljsf; j:g]t, ;f]dgfy l/hfn / dfgs'df/
>]i7;d]t ljh]Gb|sd' f/ zdf{dfk{mt cd]l/sf hfg]
egL xfdLx lghsf] 3/ ef/t uflhofjfb uO{
dfg s'df/ >]i7n] pQm k}of lbPsf x'g\ .
lghn] ;f] /sd dnfO{ lbPsf xf]Ogg\ .
ljh]Gb|sd
' f/ zdf{nfO{ d}n] cd]l/sf hfgsf]
nflu egL #,#&,))). -tLg nfv ;}t+ L;
xhf/_ ef/tLo k}of lbPsf]df dnfO{;d]t
ljrNnL kf/]sfn] d}n] uflhofjfb -pQ/ k|bz
] _
df ljh]Gb|s'df/nfO{ d'2f xfn]sf] 5' . d}n]
dfgs'df/ >]i7nfO{ j}bl] zs /f]huf/df k7fO{
lbG5' egL = *,)),))). -cf7 nfv_ k}of
lnPsf] xf]Og . dfgs'df/ >]i7n] ljh]Gb|sd
' f/
zdf{nfO{ cfk}mn] k}of lbPsf x'g\ . d}n] lghnfO{
cd]l/sf k7fOlbG5' egL s'g} /sd glnPsf]
x'bF f d lgbf]i{ f 5' . cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfOkfpFm
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxsf]] aofg .
oL k|ltjfbL;lxt ljb]z hfg egL aDjO{
k'uL kmsL{ cfPsf] / ljh]Gb| zdf{ eGg] ef/tLo
JolQmn] e'mSofO{ efu]sf] s'/f b'j} kIfn] :jLsf/
u/]sf], ef/tLo JolQmn] ljb]z k7fpg] egL
/sd lnPsf] b]lvPsf] / kLl8t dfgs'df/
>] i 7s} askqn] ;sf/] s f] , lbNnL l:yt

/fhb"tfjf;sf] kq;d]tn] k|ltjfbLsf] bf]if gb]lvO{
k|ltjfbL;d]t dsf{df k/]sf] eGg] s'/f :yflkt
u/]sf] b]lv+bf cleof]u bfjL k|dfl0ft ePsf]
dfGg ldn]g . k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxn] cf/f]lkt
s;"/af6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] emfkf lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.@.@@ df ePsf]
k}m;nf .
/sdsf] sf/f]jf/ lbNnL l:yt 3gZofd
xf]6ndf x'g'n] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k|ltjfbLn]
e'mSofgdf kf/L ef/tdf k'ofO{ ljb]z gnuL
cnkq kf/]sf] / ljh]Gb| zdf{ / ;tL; ;fxsf]
ldn]dtf]df dfgs'df/ >]i7nfO{ 7uL u/]sf x'bF f
;tL; ;fx klg 7luPsf] eGg] z' k}m;nfsf]
cfwf/ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . j}bl] zs /f]huf/df k7fpg]
s'g} Ohfht k|ltjfbL;Fu gePsf] / To:tf
7uL ug]]{ lu/f]xs} ;b:o lgh k|ltjfbL ;tL;
;fx klg x'g\ eGg] :ki6 ePsf] cj:yfdf
ljh]Gb|n] b'jn
} fO{ 7uL u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/L ePsf] z'sf]
k}m;nf uDeL/ q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ u/L z'
cleof]ukq dfu bfjLcg';f/ u/L kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfddf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
hfx]/jfnfn] hfx]/Ldf Psd'i6 cf7 nfv
lbPsf] eg]sf]df cbfntdf askq ubf{ P8efG;
:JfKf z'df Ps nfv / To;kl5 k6sk6s
u/L & nfvdWo] s]xL /sd k|ltjfbL ;tL;
;fxnfO{ / s]xL lghsf] cfb]zdf ljh]Gb|nfO{
lbPsf] egL n]vfOlbPsf] b]lvG5 . tfklg
hfx]/Ldf plNnlvt Joxf]/f / w]/} ;dosf]
cGt/fnkl5 hfx]/jfnfn] cbfntdf u/]sf]
askqdf ;fdfGo Joxf] / f km/s kb} { d f
k|ltjfbLdfkm{t hfx]/jfnfsf] /sd uPs} /x]g5
eGg ldn]g . o;/L k|ltjfbLn] cfkm\gf] hdfgtdf
1045

&), d\l;/
@)&),
hfx]/jfnfaf6 k|ltjfbL ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ /sd

lbnfO{ lbPsf] / ;f]sf] bfloTj k|ltjfbL ;tL;
;fxn] ;sf/L = %,)),))). -kfFr nfv_
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ ltg{ a'emfpg dGh'/;d]t eO{
sfuh u/L lbPsf] b] l vPkl5 lghn]
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ ;f] /sdsf] bfloTj / j}bl] zs
/f]huf/ P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf @$-@_ adf]lhd
;f] /sdsf] %) k|ltzt xhf{gf;Dd a]xf]g{ kg]{
g} b]lvg cfof] . k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLn] u/L lbPsf]
sfuhaf6 eGbf a9L = %,)),))). eGbf
a9Lsf] bfloTj lghn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]
/ hfx]/jfnfn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ jf lghdfkm{t
=*))))). g} lbPsf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] cGo
s'g} tYoo'Qm k|df0f gx'bF f cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd
=*,)),))). g} / ;f]sf] sfg"gadf]lhd x'g]
Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ eGg] bfjL;Fu ;xdt x'g
;lsPg . t;y{{ k|ltjfbLn] j}bl] zs /f]huf/
P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf @$ df plNnlvt s;"/
u/]s} b]lvFbf bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fO{ ePsf] z'
emfkf lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.@.@@ sf]
km};nf gldn]sf] x'bF f pQm km};nf pN6L e}
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLaf6 hfx]/jfnfn] j}bl] zs /f]huf/
P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf @$-$_ df pNn]v
ePadf]lhd ldlt @)^!.!!.@ df k|ltjfbLn]
bfloj a]xf]g{ d~h"/L hgfO{ ul/lbPsf] lnvtaf6
b]lvPsf] =%,)),))). / ;f] sf] %) k|ltzt
n] x' g ] xhf{ g f /sd;d] t u/L hDdf
=&,%),))). -;ft nfv krf; xhf/dfq_
e/L kfpg] / k| T oyL{ k| l tjfbLnfO{ pQm
bkmfadf]lhd ljb]z k7fO;s]sf] cj:yf eP
thaLhL =%),))). -krf; xhf/_ h/Ljfgf
x'gd
] f To;/L k7fO{ g;s]sf] cj:yf gb]lv+bf
;f]sf] cfwf /sd =@%,))). -kRrL; xhf/_
h/Ljfgf;d]t x'g] 7x5{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, Onfdsf] km};nf .
j}bl] zs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$@ n] P]g

nfu" x'g] ;dodf ;/sf/n] d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L
tf]ss
] f] lyPg . ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L
d'2fxsf] cg';Gwfg / txsLsft ug]{ lgsfo
Pp6f / cleof]u kq k]z ug];
{ d]t cleof]hg
ug]{ lgsfo cnucnu u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ k|:t't
d' 2 fsf] cleof] h g ug] { clwsf/ ;/sf/L
jsLnnfO 5 . dnfO{ >d sfof{no, emfkfn]
cg';Gwfg u/L cleof]u kq bfo/ u/]sf] 5 .
;f] sfof{nonfO{ d'2f rnfpg] tyf cleof]hg
ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g . clwsf/laxLg lgsfon]
bfo/ u/]sf] k|:t't cleof]u kq vf/]hefuL
5 . To:t} d}n] ;dfhsf] cufl8 hfx]/jfnfnfO{
u/L lbPsf] sfuhdf ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ e]6fpg
;lsg eg] cf7 nfvdWo] kfFr nfv /sd d]/f]
rn crn ;DklQaf6 lng a'emfpg d~h"/ 5
egL sfuh u/]sf] xf] . To;/L u/]sf] sfuhn]
dnfO{ kmf}hbf/L bfloj l;h{gf x'g] xf]Og . ctM
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ab/ u/L
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df ldlt @)^!.!!.@ sf] ljjflbt
lnvtsf] Joxf]/f cWoog ubf{ hfx]/jfnf
dfgs'df/ >]i7af6 oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;tL;
;fxn] = %,)),))). -kfFr nfv_ lnPsf]
eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v geO{ ef/tLo gful/s
ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ cd]l/sf n}hfg] zt{df oL
hfx]/jfnfn] /sd lbPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]df ;f]
/sd 7uL ug]{ ef/tLo gful/s lgh ljh]Gb|
zdf{nfO{ pkl:yt u/fpg g;s]df ;f]/sd
Aoxf]g{] lhDd]jf/L;Dd lnPsf oL k'g/fj]bsaf6
j}bl] zs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf !) sf]
s;"/df P]=sf] bkmf $# adf]lhd lnvt
adf]lhdsf] /sd lgh hfx]/jfnf dfgs'df/
1046
()$^;tL; ;fx lj=

lj=g]g]kfn ;/sf/
>]i7nfO{ e/fO{ xhf{gf lbnfO{ lbg] / hl/jfgf;d]t

ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, Onfdsf] km};nf
km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf c=a+=@)@ g+=sf] k|of]hgfy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf lbO{
lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.)^.!$ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxsf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfnn] k|ltjfbLn]
j}bl] zs /f]huf/sf] nflu cd]l/sf k7fO{lbG5'
eGg] Joxf]/f hgfO{ u/]sf] elgPsf] sfuhdf
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k|ltjfbL cfk}mn
+ ] cd]l/sf k7fO{lbg]
zt{df /sd j'emL e/kfO{ u/L lbPsf] b]lvPsf]
5}g . cfkm";d]t ljb]z hfg egL ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{
/sd lbPsf] egL k|ltjfbLn] aofg u/]sf] / ;f]
s'/fnfO{ jfbL kIfaf6 cGoyf eGg ;s]sf]
b]lvFbg} . cfkm\gf] ;d]t /sd lnPsf dflg;
ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ vf]htnf; u/]/ k]mnf kf/L
lbg] / k]mnf kfg{ g;s]df hfx]/jfnfnfO{ cfkm}n
+ ]
/sd lbg] eGg] zt{gfdf;Dd u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k'g/fj]bsn] cfk}mn] ljb]z k7fpg] egL k};f
lnPsf] eGg] s'/f pQm lnvtaf6 k'li6 x'g
;Sb}g . k|ltjfbLsf] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf /
cbfntdf ePsf] aofgaf6 k|ltjfbLn] 7uL
u/]sf] xf] eGg] gv'ns
] f] Pj+ jfbLn] k]z u/]sf
s'g} k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbL cfk}m j}bl] zs /f]huf/df
k7fO{ lbg] egL /sd lng] sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf]
eGg] s'g} k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} .
o:tf] zt{gfdf h:tf] sfuhaf6 7uLsf] jf/bft
:yflkt x'g g;Sg] x'bF f k|ltjfbLk'g/fj]bs
;tL; ;fxnfO{ cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO x'gk' 5{
egL ax; ug'{ eof] . To:t} jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L
e/tnfn zdf{n] hfx]/jfnf dfgs'df/ >]i7nfO{
cd]l/sf hfgsf] nflu egL log} k|ltjfbL ;tL;

;fxn] k|:tfj /fv]sf / log}sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/
/sd n]gb]g;Dd ePsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] csf]{
JolQm ljh]Gb| zdf{ eGg] dflg;nfO{ /sd lbPsf]
xf] egL aofg ug'n
{ ] dfq ck/fwaf6 5'6s
\ f/f
kfpg] cfwf/ aGg ;Sg] xf]Og . j}bl] zs /f]huf/
7uL h:tf] ;+ul7t / uDeL/ ck/fwdf k|ltjfbL
;tL; ;fxsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf b]lvG5 . o;
7uL sfo{df oL k|ltjfbLn] /sd ljh]Gb| zdf{;Dd
k' ofO{ /sd lnP lbPsf] ; d] t b] l vG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] ljb]z k7fpg] eGg] dflg;nfO{
pkl:yt u/fpg g;s]df /sd pknAw u/fpg]
egL u/]sf] sfuhn] ;f] /sd ljh]Gb| zdf{ /
oL k| l tjfbLn] ;+ o ' Q mkdf lnPsf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ pkl:yt u/fpg] /
lghnfO{ pkl:yt u/fpg g;s]sf] v08df
cfkm}n
+ ] /sd lkmtf{ lbg] egL u/]sf] sfuh
ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 . oL k|ltjfbLsf] 7uL
sfo{df ;+nUgtf /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, Onfdaf6 oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/
7x/ u/L ePsf] k}m;nf ldn]s} x'bF f ;f] k}m;nf
;b/ x'gk' 5{ egL ax; ug'{ eof] .
pko'Q
{ m ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf tyf
pkGofoflwjQmfsf] ax; lhsL/, k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ tyf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh
k|df0fx ;d]tsf] cWoogaf6 k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, Onfdaf6 ePsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5
5}g ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= o;df k|ltjfbL ;tL;s'df/ ;fxn]
dnfO{ j}bl] zs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu cd]l/sf k7fO{
lbG5' egL =*,)),))). -cf7 nfv_ lnO{
j}bl] zs /f]huf/df gk7fO{ ef/tsf] lbNnL x'bF }
aDaO{;Dd k'ofO{ cnkq kf/L lx8]sf] /
/sd;d]t lkmtf{ gu/]sf] x'bF f lgh k|ltjfbL
;tL; ;fxnfO{ j}bl] zs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$@
1047

&), d\l;/
@)&),
sf] bkmf @$-@_ adf]lhd ;hfo u/L daf6

lnPsf] /sd, Ifltk"lt{ / xhf{gf;d]t lbnfO{
e/fO{ kfpmF eGg] hfx]/L k/L ;f]xL cfwf/df
cg';Gwfg z' eO{ cg';Gwfgsf qmddf
;\slnt hfx]/L b/vf:t, k|ltjfbLsf] aofg,
df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ JolQmxn] u/]sf] sfuh,
k|ltjfbLn] /sd lbg sj'n u/]sf] sfuh ;d]tsf
cfwf/xjf6 k|ltjfbL ;tL; s'df/ ;fxn]
j}bl] zs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$! sf] bkmf # / @$
-@_ adf]lhd s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf]n] lghnfO{
P]=P]gsf] bkmf @$-@_ adf]lhd ;hfo /
k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] =*,)),))). -cIf]/k] L cf7
nfv_ / ;f]sf] %) k|ltztn] x'g] xhf{gf
=$,)),))). -rf/ nfv_ u/L hDdf =
!@,)),))). -afx| nfv_ ;d]t e/fO{ kfpg]
dfubfjL ePsf]df d / hfx]/jfnf;d]t ljh]Gb|
zdf{dfk{mt cd]l/sf hfg egL ljh]Gb| zdf{sf]
3/ ef/tsf] uflhofjfb uO{ pQm /sd
dfgs'df/ >]i7n] lghnfO{ lbPsf x'g\ . dnfO{
/sd lbPsf xf]Ogg\ . dnfO{ ljh]Gb|n] cd]l/sf
k7fO{ l bG5' eg] s f] n ] d} n ] ljh] G b| n fO{
=#,#&,))). -tLg nfv ;}tL; xhf/_ ef/tLo
k}of lbPsf]df dnfO{;d]t ljb]z gk7fPsf] /
/sd;d]t lkmtf{ gu/]sf]n] d}n] ef/tsf]
uflhofjfbdf ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ d'2f xfn]sf] 5' .
hfx]/jfnfjf6 d}n] s'g} /sd lnPsf] 5}g .
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpmF egL u/]sf]
k| l tjfbLsf] aofg;d] t sf] cfwf/af6
k|ltjfbL;d]t ljb]z cd]l/sf hfg gkfO{
aDaO{af6 kmsL{ cfPsf], kLl8t dfgs'df/ >]i7sf]
askqaf6 oL k|ltjfbLsf] /sd lxgfldgf ePsf]
b]lvPsf] tyf lbNnL l:yt g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf]
kq;d]tn] k|ltjfbL bf]ifL gb]lvO{ dsf{df k/]sf]
b]lv+bf cleof]u bfjL 7x/ gx'g] u/L emfkf
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] k}m;nfpk/ jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lrQ ga'emL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,

Onfddf k'g/fj]bg k/L hfx]/Ldf ePsf] Joxf]/f
/ nfdf] cGt/fndf hfx]/jfnfsf] cbfntdf
ePsf] askqsf] ;fdfGo Joxf]/f km/s kb}d
{ f
k|ltjfbLdfk{mt hfx]/jfnfsf] /sd uPsf] g}
/x]g5 eGg gldn]sf] ;d]tsf cfwf/af6 emfkf
lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf pN6L u/L cleof]ubfjL
adf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo x'g] / hfx]/jfnfnfO{
Ifltk"lt{;d]t e/fO{ kfpg] 7x/ u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, Onfdjf6 k}m;nf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= cleof]u bfjLdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
j}bl] zs /f]huf/df k7fO{ lbg] egL e'mSofgdf
kf/L u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ lgT;fxg ug{sf] nflu
agfOPsf] tTsfnLg j}bl] zs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$@
sf] bkmf # / @$-@_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ bkmf # n] ;f] P]gsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd
Ohfhtkq glnO{ s;}n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ gkfpg] / bkmf @$-@_
df s;}n] of] P]gadf]lhd Ohfhtkq glnO{
j}bl] zs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]df jf
s;}nfO{ em"6f] cfZjf;g lbO{ jf k|nf]eg b]vfO{
j}bl] zs /f]huf/sf] nflu k7fpg] egL ljb]z
k7fPdf jf To:tf] axfgfn] s'g} /sd lnPdf
To;/L lnPsf] /sd / ;f]sf] krf; k|ltztn]
x'g] /sd xhf{gfafkt c;"n u/L To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ ljb]z hfg / cfpg nfu]sf] vr{;d]t
lghaf6 e/fO{ lbO{ lghnfO{ krf; xhf/
k}ofFbl] v kfFr nfv k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf
tLg jif{bl] v ;ft jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo
x'g5
] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf b]lvG5 .
$= k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{
u/L lbPsf] sfuhsf] Joxf]/f x]bf{ cd]l/sf n}hfg]
k|of]hgsf nflu hfx]/jfnfn] ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{
/sd lbPsf] / ljh]Gb| zdf{n] ljb]z gk7fO{
efu]kl5 hfx]/jfnfsf] 7uL ug]{ ljh]Gb|sd
' f/
1048
()$^;tL; ;fx lj=

lj=g]g]kfn ;/sf/
zdf{nfO{ pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ / ;f] u/fpg

g;s]df 7uL ePsf] ;f] /sd k|ltjfbL ;tL;
;fxn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ zt{
/flvPsf] eGg]] b]lvG5 . To:t} ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{
lbPsf] ;f] /sdafkt cfk"mnfO{ ljb]z klg
gk7fPsf] / cd]l/sf k7fpg] egL gSsnL
sfuhft k]z u/L 7uL u/]sf], 7uL ug]{ ljh]Gb|
zdf{ n fO{ k| l tjfbLn] sfuh u/] s f] ldlt
@)^!.!!.@ ut]af6 # dlxgfleq bflvnf u/fpg]
/ bflvnf u/fpg g;s] s f] v08df
=%,)),))). -kfFr nfv_ a'emfpg' kg]{ 5
eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbL ;tL;
;fxn] cbfntdf aofg ubf{ cfkm"n] lnPsf]
s]xL /sd ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ lbPsf] / s]xL /sd
hfx]/jfnf cfkm+n
} ] ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ lbPsf] xf],
dnfO{;d]t cd]l/sf k7fpg] eg]sf]n] lghnfO{
d}n] lbPsf] /sd lkmtf{ kfPsf] 5}g . lghaf6
cfkm";d]t 7uLdf k/]sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] /
hfx]/jfnfn] cbfntdf u/]sf] askqdf ;d]t
ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ /sd lbPsf] :jLsf/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
%= k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ ldlt
@)^!.!!.@ df u/L lbPsf] sfuhsf] ;f/
Joxf]/fnfO{ x]bf{ lghsf] bfloj eg]sf] ljh]Gb|
zdf{nfO{ # dlxgfleq pkl:yt u/fpg' kg],{ ;f]
;doleq pkl:yt u/fpg g;s]
=%,)),))). -kfFr nfv_ a'emfpg' kg]{ eGg]
b]lvG5 . o;cg';f/ ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ pkl:yt
u/fpFbf s'g} s;"/ ck/fw gx'g] t/ pkl:yt
u/fpg g;s] s;"/ ck/fw x'g] l:ylt / cj:yf
cfpFbf lj/f]wfef; /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . pQm
ldlt @)^!.!!.@ sf] sfuhsf] Joxf]/fcg';f/
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] /sd lnP vfPsf] eGg]
b]lv+bg} . k|ltjfbL cfkm+n
} ] /sd lnP vfPsf]
eP t];f| ] AolQm ljh]Gb| zdf{nfO{ pkl:yt u/fpg'

kg]{ zt{ aGb]h /fVg' kg]{ cfjZostf g} /xg]
b]lvFbg} . zt{ saf]n ul/Pcg';f/ dflg;nfO{
pkl:yt u/fpg g;lsPsf] l:yltdf b]jfgL
bfloj;Dd cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . b]jfgL
bfloj cfslif{ t x' g ] ; Ddsf] l:yltdf
sfg"gadf]lhd ;f]tkm{ sf/jfxLsf] dfu ug{
;lsg] g} x'G5 .
^= j}bl] zs /f]huf/ 7uL s;"/ x'gsf]
nflu ljb]z k7fO{ /f]huf/df nufO{ lbG5' egL
Ohfht lnPsf sDkgL ;~rfns x'g jf cGo
hf] sf]xL JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ e'mSofgdf
kf/L s'g} ;DklQ lnO{ ljb]z gk7fPsf] / /sd
klg lkmtf{ gu/]sf] cj:Yff x'g' kg]{ x'G5 .
cfk"m;Fu} ljb]z hfg] egL ;Nnfx u/L csf]{
;fyL;Fu} /xL k|ltjfbLn] ;d]t /sd lbO{
k|ltjfbL;d]t 7uLdf k/]sf]df cfkm"n] lrgfPsf]
JolQmn] 7uL u/]df lrgfpg] JolQmn] 7uL u/]sf]
eGg] cj:Yff /xFbg} . 7uL ug]{ dg;fo klg
gePsf], 7uL ug{] elgPsf d'Vo JolQm;Fu
7uL ug]{ sfo{df ldn]sf] gb]lvPsf] / 7uL
ub{5 eGg] yfxf hfgsf/L klg gePsf] cj:yfdf
csf]{ JolQmnfO{ cfk"m;Fu s'g} sfd ug{
;Nnfxdfq lbPsf] cfwf/df 7uL u/]sf] xf] eGg
ldNb}g .
&= ctM k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxn] u/]sf]
sfuhdf dflg; pkl:yt u/fpg] eGg] d'Vo
cfzo /x]sf], dflg; pkl:yt u/fpg] s'/fn]
j}bl] zs /f]huf/ P]gcGtu{tsf] ck/fw u/]sf]
eGg] b]lvg cfPg . k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{
/sd ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloj ePdf sfg"gdf
Joj:yf ePadf]lhd hfx]/jfnfn] lbnfO{ e/fO{
kfpg] g} b]lvgfn] k|ltjfbL ;tL; ;fxnfO{
cleof]ubfjLadf]lhd s;"/ 7x/ x'g] u/L ePsf]
1049

&), d\l;/
@)&),
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, Onfdsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf]

gb]lv+bf pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u bfjLaf6
;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ . cdf tk;Lnadf]lhd
ug"{ .
lg0f{o g+= ()$&

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).!.@$.#
)^^CR)**&
tk;Ln
dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvPadf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, Onfdsf] k}m;nf pN6L eO{
k|ltjfbLn] cleof]ubfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x/L
k}m;nf ePsf]n] emfkf lhNnf cbfntaf6 dfu
ePsf] w/f}6Lafkt k|ltjfbLn] /fv]sf] h]yf
hfuf]bj] L xn'jfO{sf] gfpFsf] l;/fxf lhNnf, uf}tf8L
uf=lj=;= j8f g+ ^ sf] ls=g+ @*@ sf] hUuf
km'sj' f u/L lbg' egL emfkf lhNnf cbfntdf
n]vL k7fO{ lbg" ==================================!
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg"===================@
d'2f M ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt]{ .

k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbL M sfe|k] nfGrf]s lhNnf,
gfl;sf uf=lj=;= j8f g+ % a:g] dlgif >]i7
lj4
ljkIfLjfbL M k|x/L k|ltj]bg hfx]/Ln] g]kfn
;/sf/
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Olt ;Djt @)&) ;fn j}zfv @@ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M clDasfk|;fb lg/f}nf
&
1050
;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L s;"/ k|dfl0ft

x'gsf] nflu s'g} kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf]
:ki6 pNn\3g ePsf] x'g' h/L 5 .
kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] pNNf\3g u/]sf]
eGg] s'/f bfjL lng] kIfn] ;k|df0f
k'li6 u/fpg ;Sg'kg]{ .
/fxbfgLsf] leqL kfgf sfuhsf]
kmf] 6 f] s kL;/xsf] sfuh agfPsf]
sfo{nfO{ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd sLt]{
sfuhsf] !, ( / !@ g+= cg';f/ ;/sf/L
5fk b:tvt sLt]{ eGg ;Sg] cj:yf
gx'Fbf k|ltjfbLn] /fxbfgLsf] leqL
kfgfnfO{ :Sofg u/L ;f] sfuhftx
ck| o ' Q m cj:yfdf a/fdb ePsf]
36gfnfO{ ;/sf/L ;Ssn sfuh sLt]{
u/]sf] xf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf g/xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
()$&dlgif >]i7 lj=

lj=g]g]kfn ;/sf/
k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 M ljfg jl/i7

clwjQmf z+e' yfkf / clwjQmf s[i0fk|;fb
b]jsf]6f
ljkIfLjfbLsf tkm{ a f6 M ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf e/tnfn zdf{
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M sLt]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] !, (
/ !@ g+=
km};nf
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn M Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^^.#.!* sf]
km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/
o; k|sf/ 5 M
dlgif >] i 7sf] sf] 7 faf6 sDKo' 6 /
l;=lk=o'= yfg !, le;f;DaGwL, /fxbfgL;DaGwL
l:s|g u/L /fv]sf] @, n]vs
] f] l;=8L= yfg !,
cGo l;=l8= yfg &, klNk !!, /fxbfgL lk|G6
yfg ! / hLjg k|wfg gfdsf ;l6{lkms]6;d]t
k]mnf k/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^!.!!.!!
sf] a/fdbL d'rN' sf .
a/fdb ePsf /fxbfgL lk|G6 hLjg
k|wfgsf] gfdsf] ;l6{lkms]6nufotsf sLt]{
sfuhft tyf kqmfpdf k/]sf dlgif >]i7nfO{
k|ltj]bg ;fy bflvnf u/]sf 5f} . sfg"gadf]lhd
sf/jfxL u/L kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ldlt
@)^!.!!.!! sf] k|x/L k|ltj]bg .
;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt] { u/L
sfuhftx tof/ ubf{ cfly{s kmfObf w]/,}
;hfo sd x'g] ePsf]n] k|d
] s'df/ rf}nfufO{,
s[i0faxfb'/ lhDaf, ;"oa{ xfb'/ a:g]t, dlgif
>]i7;d]tsf] ldnf]dtf]af6 k|d] s'df/ rf}nfufO{n]
;/sf/L ljleGg 5fkx d}n] sDKo'6/ /fvL

/fxbfgLsf] gSsnL lk|G6 hLjg k|wfgsf
;l6{lkms]6 nufotsf sfuhft tof/ u/]sf]df
k|x/Ln] ;'/fs yfxf kfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] xf] eGg]
Joxf] / fsf] dlgif >] i 7sf] clwsf/ k| f Kt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt hlt;'s} sLt]{
u/]klg ;hfo sd x'g] ePsf]n] d]/f];d]t
ldnf]dtf]df hLjg k|wfg, b]jG] b| kf08], ledk|;fb
kf08], s]bf/ kf08], d's]; dlb;];d]tsf]
ldnf]dtf]af6 =%)). b]lv =&,))). ;Dd
k| l tjfbL;F u lnO{ ;/sf/L ;l6{ l kms] 6 x
d;d]tsf] ldnf]dtf]df dlgif >]i7n] tof/ u/]sf
x'g\ egL s[i0faxfb'/ lhDaf, ;"oa{ xfb'/ a:g]t,
;f]gfd jfr's eGg] lbks tfdf / k|d
] s'df/
rf}nfufO{n] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf]
5'f5'} aofg .
kqmfpdf k/]sf dlgif >]i7, s[i0faxfb'/
lhDaf, k|d
] s'df/ rf}nfufO{, ;f]gfd jfr's
eGg] lbks tfdf, ;"oa{ xfb'/ a:g]t, kqmfp
gk/]sf k|ltjfbL d'sz
] dlb;], s]bf/ kf08],
ledk|;fb kf08], hLjg k|wfg, b]jG] b| kf08] /
1fg' s] = ;L=;d] t ldnL g] k fnL /fxbfgL
;l6{lkms]6nufotsf ;/sf/L sfuhft sLt]{
ug]{ u/]sf] dlgif >]i7;d]tnfO{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp
u/]sf] xf] lghxn] sLt]{ sfuhft tof/ u/L
k|lt JolQmsf] =%)). b]lv =&,))).;Dd
lng] u/]sf 5g\ egL a'lemPsf] ;'dg tfdf,
s]zj vqLn] ldlt @)^!.!!.@& df u/]sf]
sfuh .
k|x/L k|ltj]bg Pj+ a/fdbL d'rN' sf,
k|ltjfbLxsf] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIfsf]
aofg Pj+ a' l emPsf dflg;xsf]
sfuh;d]taf6 k|ltjfbLxn] Ps cfk;df
ldnf]dtf] u/L sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u u/L /fxbfgLsf]
1051

&), d\l;/
@)&),
lk|G6 ;l6{lkms]6nufotsf] ;/sf/L sfuhftx

sLt]{ u/L agfPsf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbLx
dlgif >]i7, ;f]gfd jfr's eGg] lbks tfdf,
k|d] s'df/ rf}nfufO{, s[i0faxfb'/ lhDaf, ;"oa{ xfb'/
a:g]t / hLjg k|wfgsf] pQm sfo{ d'ns
' L P]g,
sLt]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] !, ( / !@ g+ sf] s;"/
ck/fwdf P]= ( g+= adf]lhd ;hfo u/L P]= !@
g+=adf]lhd yk ;hfo x'g;
] d]tsf] dfu bfjL
lnOPsf] 5 . km/f/ k|ltjfbL hLjg k|wfgsf]
xsdf sfg"gadf]lhd Dofb hf/L x'g' / :ki6
gfd y/ jtg v'Ng gcfPsf d'sz
] dlb;],
b] j ] G b| kf} 8 ] n , ledk| ; fb kf} 8 ] n , s] b f/
kf}8n
] kf08], 1fg' s]=;L= / k|d
] axfb'/ u'sf]
xsdf :ki6 gfd / jtg v'Ng cfPsf avt
jf kqmfp k/L cfPsf avt sfg"gadf]lhd x'g]
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u kq .
k|x/Ln] tof/ u/]sf] a/fdbL d'rN' sfdf
pNn]v ePsf] tyf a/fdb ePsf] ;fdfgaf/]
dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g . d}n] o; d'2fsf cGo
k|ltjfbLx s;}nfO{ klg lrlGbg . daf6 ;/sf/L
5fk b:tvt sLt]{ ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5}g eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL s[i0faxfb'/ lhDafn] u/]sf]
aofg .
cg';Gwfgsf l;nl;nfdf a/fdb ePsf
;fdfg tyf l;=8L=x d]/f] xf]Og . u|fxsn]
5f]8/] uPsf] x'g ;S5 . hLjg eGg] d]/f] ;fyLn]
;l6{lkms]6 !@ lbgdf lng cfpF5' egL 5f8L
uPsf] lyof] d k;naf6 @$ 306fsf] nflu
aflx/ uPsf] a]nfdf s;n] NofO{ ;fdfg 5f8]sf]
lyof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . ldlt @)^!.!!.!! df
k|x/Ln] d]/f] l:s|g cf6{af6 k]mnf kf/]sf] xf] eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] dlgif >]i7n] u/]sf] aofg .
d}n] k|ltjfbLxnfO{ lrg]sf] 5}g . k|x/Ln]
cfk}mn] n]vs
] f] aofgdf dnfO{ ;xL 5fk u/fPsf]
xf]] . d}n] cleof]udf pNn]v u/]sf] s;"/ /
;hfosf] dfu bfjLcg';f/sf] sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g .

;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt]{ ug]{ sfo{ gu/]sf]
x'bF f ;hfo kfpg'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
;"oa{ xfb'/ a:g]tn] u/]sf] aofg .
d v]tLkftL ug]{ dflg; x'F . d]/f]
cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft] v]tLafx]s csf]{ 5}g . d]/f]
v]tLkftLaf6 x'g] jflif{s cfDbfgLn] jif{e/L vfg
nfpg k'U5 . cGo k|ltjfbLxn] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf aofgubf{ d]/f] ;+nUgtf 5 egL
lsg n]vfO{ lbP dnfO{ yfxf ePg . k|x/Ln] d]/f]
aofg lng] qmddf cfkm"v;
' L n]vL NofPsf]
sfuhdf hah{:tL ;xL u/fPsf] xf] . d}n]
cleof]u kqdf dfu bfjL u/]adf]lhdsf] sLt]{
sfo{ gu/]sf] x'bF f ;hfo x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL k|d
] s'df/ rf}nfufO{n] u/]sf]
aofg .
d}n] k|ltjfbLx s;}nfO{ klg lrg]sf]
5}g . daf6 k|x/Ln] d]/f] gful/stf, kf;kf]6{
(Entry Card) sf] # yfg sfuh a/fdb u/]sf]
xf] . d}n] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf sLt]{
sfuhft tof/ u5'{ eg]sf] 5}g . ;xL5fk eg]
d]/} xf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;f]gfd eGg]
lbks tfdfn] u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL dlgif >]i7n] d'ns
' L P]g, sLt]{
sfuhsf] ! / ( g+= sf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf
lghnfO{ P]= P]gsf] bkmf ( / !@ g+=adf]lhd
=%). hl/jfgf / ! jif{ s}b x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] z' sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^@.!!.!% sf] k}m;nf .
z' sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf]
k}m;nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'bF f pQm k}m;nf ab/ u/L
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL dlgif >]i7sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
1052
()$&dlgif >]i7 lj=

lj=g]g]kfn ;/sf/
k|ltjfbLsf] clkm;af6 g]kfn ;/sf/af6

dfq tof/ eO{ hf/L x'g] ;/sf/L sfuh;/x
dfGotf kfpg] /fxbfgLsf] lk|G6 kfgfx a/fdb
ePsf] / ;f] lk|G6 sDKo'6/af6 cfly{s kmfObf
lng tof/ kf/] s f] x' F egL clwsf/k| f Kt
clwsf/L;dIf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] aofg
sfuhaf6 k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt
s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL dlgif
>]i7nfO{ sLt]{ sfuhsf] !, ( sf] s;"/df ( /
!@ g+=adf]lhd =%). hl/jfgf / ! aif{ s}b
x'g] eGg] z' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/
x'G5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf]
ldlt @)^^.)#.!* sf] km};nf .
d}n] s'g} ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt nfu]sf]
sfuhdf sLt]{ u/]sf] 5}g . k|:t't d'2fdf of]
o:tf] ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt]{ u/]sf] xf]
eGg] s'g} k|df0f /x]sf] 5}g . d}n] /fxbfgL lk|G6
u/]sf] eGg] d'Vo lhsL/ lnPsf]df ;f] /fxbfgL
d}n] lk|G6 u/]sf] geO{ d]/f] ;fyL tyf u|fxs
hLjgn] u/]sf] xf] . d}n] s'g} ;/sf/L sfuhftdf
;/sf/L b:tvt sLt]{ gu/]sf], ;f] u/]sf] k|df0f
jfbL kIfn] k]z ug{ g;s]sf] tyf d'ns
' L P]g,
sLt]{ sfuhsf] dxndf pNn]v u/]sf] s'g} s;"/
gu/]sf] x'bF f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 ePsf]
km};nf ab/ u/L cleof]u bfjLaf6 5'6s
\ f/f
kfFpm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL dlgif >]i7sf]
o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df k|ltjfbLn] /fxbfgLsf] lk|G6
sDKo'6/af6 lgsfn]sf] eGg] d'Vo cf/f]k
b]lvG5 . lk|G6 u/]sf] eg]sf] /fxbfgLsf] ljj/0f
vfnL /xL ;f]df s'g} ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvt
/ 5fk nfu]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf sLt]{
sfuhsf] ! / !@ g+=adf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{
;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] km};nfdf d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+=+ !*$ s
g+=, k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # / %$ ;d]tsf]

JofVofTds q'l6 ljBdfg b]lvPsf]n] Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ -!_-s_
adf]lhd k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]/fO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg
ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^&.#.!* df ePsf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf b}lgs
k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L z+e' yfkf
/ clwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb b]jsf]6fn] ;/sf/L
b:tvt 5fk sLt]{ eGg] s'/fn] s'g} ;/sf/L
c8\8fsf] 5fk nfu]sf] / ;f] c8\8fsf] sd{rf/Lsf]
b:tvt ePsf] sfuhnfO{ sLt]{ u/]sf] x'gk' 5{ .
d'ns
' L P]g, sLt]s
{ f] dxnsf] cf;o;d]t s'g}
;/sf/L sfuhft jf ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvtnfO{
s'g} t/xn] sLt]{ ug]{ eGg] xf] . k|:t't d'2fsf]
tYon] ;f] s'/f b]vfpFbg} . dlgif >]i7n] s] s'g
;/sf/L sfuhnfO{ sLt]{ u/]sf] xf] eGg] k|i6
5}g . s] s'g zAb ;RofPsf] jf k"/f sfuh
tof/ u/]sf] xf] jf s'g ;/sf/L sfuhnfO{ sLt]{
u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f cleof]hg kIfn] v'nfpg
;s]sf] 5}g . /fxbfgLsf] kfgfnfO{ sDKo'6/af6
:Sofg u/]sf] sfo{ sLt]{ sfuhsf] dxnn] ck/fw
3f]if0ff u/]sf] / ;f] cg';f/ ;hfo x'g] sfo{
xf]Og . s'g} ;/sf/L sfuhft kmf]6f]skL ug'{ jf
:Sofg ug'n
{ fO{ ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt]{
u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . :Sofg u/]sf] sfuhdf
s'g} lsl;dsf] nf]uf] lg;fgf jf kfgL 5fk;d]t
b]lv+bg} . s'g} k|df0f g} km]nf gk/]sf jf sLt]{
u/]sf] s'g} bzL j/fdb gePsf k|ltjfbLnfO{
sLt]{ h:tf] uDeL/ ck/fwdf s;"/bf/ 7x/fpg
ldNb}g . To;}n] k|ltjfbL dlgif >]i7nfO{ sLt]{
u/]sf] egL s;"/bf/ 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5}g egL ug'{
1053

&), d\l;/
@)&),
ePsf] ax; / jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6

pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L e/tnfn
zdf{n] k|ltjfbLsf] sDKo'6/af6 a/fdb ePsf]
sfuh g]kfn ;/sf/ k//fi6 dGqfnoaf6 hf/L
x'g] ;/sf/L 5fk nfu]sf] sfuhsf] x'ax' k
xf] . k|ltjfbLn] ;f] sfuhnfO{ :Sofg u/L ;f]
sfuhdf cGo Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ;/sf/L
sfuh sLt]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL cfkm}n]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIfsf] jofgdf ;f]
sfuh cfkm};uF j/fdb ePsf] egL :jLsf/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lghn] ;f] kfgfx s] s'g
sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lk|G6 u/]sf]
eGg] b]lv+bg} . x]bf{ /fxbfgLsf] kfgf h:t} b]lvg]
sfuhdf /Lg lsl;dsf] :Sofg ug'{ / To:tf
sfuhftx /sd lnP/ csf] nflu g} tof/
ul/lbg] xf] egL u/]sf] aofgaf6 lgh k|ltjfbLn]
;/sf/L b:tvt 5fk ePsf] sfuh x'jx' agfO{
sLt]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . /fxbfgLdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
nf]uf];d]t 5flkPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf] g} x'bF f ;b/
u/L kfFpm egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
@= k|ltjfbL tyf jfbLtkm{sf ljfg
clwjQmf / pkGofoflwjQmfsf] ts{k0" f{ ax;,
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq Pj+ ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftxsf] cWoog u/L lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ k|ltjfbL dlgif >]i7n] /fxbfgLnufotsf
sfuhftx tof/ u/L laqmL ug]{ u/]sf] eGg]
a/fdbL d'r'Nsf, k|ltjfbLsf] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;DfIf u/]sf] ;flatL aofg tyf df}sfdf
a' l emPsf JolQmxsf] sfuhx;d] t sf
cfwf/xaf6 k|ltjfbL dlgif >]i7;d]tn] ;/sf/L
5fk b:tvt ePsf sfuhftx sLt]{ u/]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] lgh;d]tpk/ d'n'sL P]g, sLt]{
sfuhsf] dxnsf] !, ( / !@ g+=sf] s;"/df P]=
( / !@ g+=adf]lhd ;hfosf] dfu bfjL lnO{
cleof]u kq bfo/ ePsf]df k|ltjfbLxn]

cbfntdf aofg ubf{ s;"/df OGsf/ ePsf],
k|ltjfbL dlgif >]i7 s;"/df OGsf/ eO{ aofg
u/]tfklg lghn] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf
u/]sf] ;flatL aofg / a/fdb ePsf] /fxbfgLsf]
lk|G6 lghsf] ;fyaf6 a/fdb ePsf] eGg] s'/fdf
ljjfb gb]lvPsf]n] lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] u/L ePsf] sf7df08f}
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbL dlgif
>]i7sf] k'g/fj]bg k/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gaf6 ;d]t z' km};nfnfO{ g} ;b/ x'g]
u/L km};nf ePsf]df ;f] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLn]
o; cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]/fO{ x]g{] lgj]bg lbO{ ;f]
lgj]bgdf lg:;f kfP/ k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt]{ u/]sf]
7x/ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g < ;f]xL laifodf lg0f{o
lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] .
#= cleof]ukq ;fy k]z ePsf] tyf
k|ltjfbLsf ;fyaf6 a/fdb ePsf] elgPsf]
sfuh /fxbfgLsf] k|ltlnlk x]bf{ /fxbfgLsf]
;Ssnaf6 d]l;gsf] dfWodaf6 :Sofg u/]/
lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 . cleof]ukqdf ;f] sfuhdf
;/sf/sf] kfgL 5fk / nf]uf] nfu]sf] x'gfn]
h:tfsf]t:t} :Sofg ubf{ ;f] /fxbfgLsf] kfgL
5fk / nf]uf];d]t sLt]{ u/]sf] eGg] bfjL
b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u nufpFbf d'ns
' L
P]g, sLt]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] ! / ( sf] s;"/df
P]= ( / !@ g+=sf] ;hfosf] dfu bfjL ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;/sf/L 5fk
b:tvt sLt]{ x'gsf] nflu P]=dxnsf] !@ g+=
cg';f/ ;/sf/L c8\8fsf] 5fk jf ;/sf/L sfddf
;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk b:tvt jf ;f] 5fk
b:tvt ePsf] ;/sf/L sfuh sLt]{ u/]sf]
x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf sLt]{ ul/Psf]
1054
()$&dlgif >]i7 lj=

lj=g]g]kfn ;/sf/
elgPsf] sfuh /fxbfgLsf] leqL kfgf

sDKo'6/af6 :Sofg;Dd u/]sf] / /fxbfgLsf]
;f] :Sofg u/]sf] kfgfdf ;/sf/L 5fk / s'g}
;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;xL jf 5fk k/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5}g . pQm sfuh s] s'g k|of]hgsf] nflu
agfOPsf] xf] jf s'g k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]udf
cfpF 5 egL jfbLn] pNn] v ug{ ;s] s f]
b]lv+bg} .
$= ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L s;"/
k|dfl0ft x'gsf] nflu s'g} kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf]
:ki6 pNn\3g ePsf] x'g' h/L 5 . kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gsf] pNNf\3g u/]sf] eGg] s'/f bfjL lng]
kIfn] ;k|df0f k'li6 u/fpg ;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] :Sofg u/]sf] /fxbfgLsf]
kfgf k|ltjfbLn] s] s'g k|of]hgsf] nflu pkof]u
ug{ nfu]sf] eGg] s'/f jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/af6
cleof]u kq / cGo k|df0f sfuhxaf6
v'nfpg ;s]sf] b]lv+bg} . o; sf/0f /fxbfgLsf]
leqL kfgf sfuhsf] kmf]6f]skL;/xsf] sfuh
agfPsf] sfo{nfO{ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd sLt]{
sfuhsf] !, ( / !@ g+= cg';f/ ;/sf/L 5fk
b:tvt sLt]{ eGg ;Sg] cj:yf gx'bF f k|ltjfbLn]
/fxbfgLsf] leqL kfgfnfO{ :Sofg u/L ;f]
sfuhftx ck|oQ
' m cj:yfdf a/fdb ePsf]
36gfnfO{ ;/sf/L ;Ssn sfuh sLt]{ u/]sf]
xf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf /x]g .
%= ctM k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL dlgif
>]i7af6 a/fdb ePsf] /fxbfgLsf] leqL kfgf
:Sofg u/]sf] kmf]6f]skL;/xsf] sfuhnfO{

;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt]{ u/]sf] eGg] jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|:t't ePsf] cleof]u kq;Fu
;xdt eO{ jfbL bfjL k'Ug] u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
gb]lv+bf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbL dlgif >]i7n]
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ . cdf
tk;Lnadf]lhd ug"{ .
tk;Ln
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO
x'g] u/L km};nf ePsf]n] z' lhNnf cbfntaf6
y'g5]s cfb]z ubf{ cbfntn] dfu]sf] w/f}6L
/fvL k|ltjfbL tf/]vdf a;L d'2fsf] k'kI{ f u/]sf]
b]lv+bf k|ltjfbLn] w/f}6L lkmtf{ kfpmF egL lgj]bg
lbPdf lghn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg
egL sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL k7fO{
lbg"==================================================!
bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{
lbg"=================================================@
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;Djt\ @)&) ;fn j}zfv @$ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M clDasfk|;fb lg/f}nf
&
1055

&), d\l;/
@)&),
lg0f{o g+= ()$*

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).@.@&.@
)^*WO))@&
ljifoM k/dfb]z
lgj]bs M lhNnf DofUbL, gf/Rof uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= ^ a:g] l8n' a'bh
' f
lj4
ljkIfL M g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n o, l;+ x b/af/
sf7df8f};
+ d]t
e] b efj/lxt k| o f; ub} { cfd
gful/s;/x klxrfg lbg] k|of; ePsf]
cj:yfdf lgj] b ssf] dfucg' ; f/
/fxbfgLdf t];f| l] nLsf] klxrfg lbg
g;Sg] eGg] ;jfn g} gp7\g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
d]l;g l/8]jn /fxbfgL (MRP) s'g}
Pp6f b]z;Fu dfq ;/f]sf/ /xg]
k|sl[ tsf] lnvt ge} cGt/f{li6o:t/sf]
lnvt xf] . o:tf] k|sl[ tsf] lnvtdf
kl/jt{g ubf{ ;f] ;DaGwdf cGo
:yfgdf kg]{ c;/;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut
u/L kl/jt{g ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmfo ldng
/fO{ / s]bf/k|;fb bfxfn
ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf

wd{/fh kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/ M g]sfk @)^% c $,
lg=g+=&(%*
@)^#, /fxbfgL lgodfjnL, @)^&
cfb]z
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{ M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_adf]lhd
o; cbfnt;dIf k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pjd\ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bs cNk;+Vos ju{df kg]{
t];f| l] nL ;d"xsf] g]kfnL gful/s x'F . d]/f]
klxrfg v'nfO{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,
DofUbLn] t];f| l] nL egL gful/stf hf/L u/]sf]
5 . d}n] cfkm\gf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]kl5
;f]adf]lhdsf] /fxbfgL cfjZos k/]sfn] d}n]
k|ToyL{;dIf ldlt @)^*.#.& df g]kfnL /fxbfgL
lngsf] nflu b/vf:t / ;f]afkt nfUg] /sd
a'emfPsf] lyPF . k|ToyL{ k//fi6 dGqfnon] daf6
pQm kf;kf]6{ kmf/fd a'emLlnO{ ;f]adf]lhd nfUg]
b:t'/ =%,))). Unf]an a}s
+ ln= sf] ef}r/
g+= A000000001/14 af6 a'emL pQm kf;kf]6{
lngsf] nflu k|ToyL{n] ldlt @)^*.$.* df
;Dks{ /fVg eg]adf]lhd k|tLIff ul//x]sf]
lyPF . ljkIfLn] tf]sa] df]lhdsf] ldlt / ;dodf
kf;kf]6{ lng hfFbf tkfO{+ t];f| l] nL ePsf]n]
kf;kf]6{ hf/L ug{ ldn]g eGg] hfgsf/L u/fO{+
tkfO{n] a'emfPsf] kf;kf]6{ b:t'/ lkmtf{ lng'xf];\
egL hfgsf/L u/fOof] . gful/stfadf]lhd
/fxfbfgL hf/L ug]{ lgsfon] lsg d]/f] klxrfg
v'nfO{ /fxfbfgL hf/L ug{ ldn]g egL yk
Joxf]/f dfu ubf{ clxn];Dd t];f| l] nLnfO{ /fxbfgL
lbOPsf] 5}g . To;}n] tkfO{n
+ fO{ klg lbg ldn]g
1056
()$*l8n' a'b'hf lj=

eGg] s'/f hfgsf/L u/fOof] . pQm s'/faf/] tL

clwsf/Lb]lv dfly hfx]/ ubf{ ljkIfL k//fi6
dGqfnocGtu{t s]Gb|Lo /fxbfgL sfof{nosf
lgldQ k|dv
' n] hjfkm lbg OGsf/ ug'e
{ of] .
;f]af/]df lnlvt hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ eGbf
hfgsf/L glbO{ pN6} dlxnf jf k'if hgfO{
/fxbfgL lng ;Sg'xG' 5 egL u}/lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{
hjfkm lbOof] . o;/L dnfO{ d]/f] klxrfg v'nfO{
ljkIfLn] /fxfbfgL lbg OGsf/ u/]sf]n] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_ / !#
adf]lhd pQm /fxbfgL kfpg] xs pNn\3g
ePsf]n] of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@-!_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"js
{
afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 eg] P]=
wf/f !#-!_ n] ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] cufl8
;dfg x'g] / sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s;}nfO{ klg
e]befj gul/g] s'/f pNn]v 5 . P]= pkwf/f @
n] sfg"gsf] k|of]udf gful/snfO{ wd{, j0f{,
ln, hft, hflt, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s
cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj
gul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t}, wf/f #%
sf] /fHosf gLltcGtu{t pkwf/f !$ df
cNk;+Vos ;d"xnfO{ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf
cfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL ;+jw} flgs k|Tofe"ltadf]lhd
d cNk;+Vos ju{sf] t];f| l] nL gful/snfO{
ljz]if ;+/lIft sf]6fdf /fv]sf] cj:yfdf d]/f]
klxrfg v'nfO{ /fxbfgL lbg ljkIfLn] OGsf/
ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . k|ToyL{dWo]sf] k//fi6
dGqfnon] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ljb]z ofqfsf]
nflu g]kfndf /fxbfgL hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf]
kfOG5 . /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf # n]
g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ljb]z ofqfdf hfFbf cfkm\gf]
gfddf hf/L e} axfn /x]sf] /fxbfgL lnP/dfq
hfg ;Sb5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L

cfkm\gf] gfddf hf/L ePsf] /fxbfgL lnP/ dfq
ljb] z hfg] Joj:yfaf6 P] g n] d] / f]
klxrfg;lxtsf] gfdnfO{ OLt u/]sf] s'/f :ki6
5 . To;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf % n] s;}n] em"f
ljj/0f k]z u/L /fxbfgL lnPdf b08 ;hfosf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL Joj:yfaf6 d}n]
ljb]z ofqfdf hfFbf d]/f] klxrfg;lxtsf]
/fxbfgL kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ /f]stf]s gu/]sf]
:ki6 5 . ;+ljwfgn] ljz]if ;+/lIft ju{sf]
sf]6Ldf lgj]bs h:tf JolQmnfO{ /fv]sf] /
P]gn] ;d]t cfkm\gf] gfd cyf{t\ klxrfg;lxtsf]
/fxbfgL kfpg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf]df ljkIfLn]
/fxbfgL lbg OGsf/ ug' { ;+ l jwfg tyf
sfg"gljk/Lt 5 . ;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r cbfntn]
;' l gnafa' kGt;d] t lj= g] k fn ;/sf/
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, -g]sfk
@)^% lg0f{o g+= &(%*_ sf] d'2fdf s'g} klg
JolQmsf] n}ls klxrfg p;sf] h}ljs lnsf
cfwf/df dfq geO{ p;sf] :jefj, rl/q /
cjwf/0ffn] ;d]t lgwf{/0f ug]{ ub{5 egL ghL/
sfod ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljleGg b]zxn] km/s
n}ls klxrfg ePsf JolQmxnfO{ pgLxsf]
klxrfg v'Ng], /fli6otf emNsfpg] klxrfgkq
tyf ljb]z ofqfdf ;xhtf l;h{gf ug{ /fxbfgL
lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko b]zxn] t];f| l] nL,
Unis jf Others egL klxrfg v'nfO{ /fxbfgL
lbg] ub{5g\ . t/ ljkIfLxn] To:tf] s'g} Joj:yf
gu/L ;+ljwfgk|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs, clje]bsf]
xs tyf :jtGqk"js
{ 3'dlkm/ ug{ kfpg] xs /
;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg] xsnfO{ s'l07t kfg]{
u/L xssf] xgg\ u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf sfo{af6 d
h:tf t];f| l] nL JolQmsf ;DaGwdf ljsf;
ePsf / e} / x] s f] cGt/f{ l i6 o sfg" g /
k|rngxsf] ;d]t pNn\3g ePsf] x'bF f dnfO{
1057

&), d\l;/
@)&),
klxrfg;lxt -t];f| l] nL_ sf] /fxbfgL lbg' egL

ljkIfLxsf gfddf k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg]
cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{ hf/L u/L xs k|rng
u/fO{ kfpFm . pQmadf]lhdsf] cfb]z kfpg Gofo
lgk0fsf] qmddf ;do nfUg ;Sg] t/ d
tTsfn ljb]z hfg'kg]{ cj:yf cfO{ /fxbfgLsf]
k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;s]sf] x'gfn] lgj]bsnfO{
klxrfg v'nfO{ tTsfn /fxbfgL hf/L ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd cGtl/d
cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bg kq .
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf],
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb
afx] s !% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvthjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6
lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxsf]
gfddf ;" r gf k7fO{ To;sf] af] w fy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg' .
lnlvthjfkm k/]kl5 jf ;f] kg]{ cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf] l hd k] z ug' { . ;fy} ljifosf]
;+jb] glzntfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ^# -#_
-`_ cg';f/ k]zLdf cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf]
5, sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.$.!@ sf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] s]
s:tf] sfd, sf/jfxL jf lg0f{oaf6 lghsf] s]
s:tf] ;+jw} flgs tyf sfg"gL xs clwsf/df
cf3ft k/]sf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v
ug{ g;Sg' s f cltl/Qm k| r lnt g] k fn
sfg"gadf]lhd sfo{ ug]{ clVtof/ k|fKt cGo
lgsfo Pj+ kbflwsf/Laf6 eP u/]sf sfd
sf/jfxL pk/;d]t o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL

agfO{ l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug{ ldNg] xf]Og .
hxfF;Dd t];f| l] nLsf cfwf/df g]kfnL /fxbfgL
kfpg' kg]{ lgj]bg bfjL 5, tTf\;DaGwdf g]kfn
;/sf/ t];f| l] nL gful/ssf xsdf ;DdfgLt
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zsf] kfngf
ug]{ u/fpg] s'/fdf k|lta4 /x]sf] 5 . ;f]
s'/fnfO{ cfkm\gf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf
t];f| l] nL pNn]v ePsf] eGg] ljkIfL lgj]bssf]
egfO{;d]tn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . ljkIfL lgj]bsnfO{
t];f| l] nL pNn]v u/L /fxbfgL k|bfg ug]{ ljifo
g]kfn ;/sf/, k//fi6 dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifo ePsf] / ;f] dGqfnonfO{ ;d]t ljkIfL
agfOPsf] x'bF f pQm dGqfnoaf6 lnlvt hjfkm
k]z x'bF f pNn]v x'g] g} x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
/fxbfgL lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] lgod
& df /fxbfgL lng rfxg] g]kfnL gful/sn]
g] k fnL gful/stfsf] ;Ssn / To;sf]
k| l tlnlk;lxt cg' ; " r L ! adf] l hdsf]
sfof{no;dIf cg';r
" L @ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf
lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd ag]sf] pQm lgodfjnLsf]
cg';r
" L @ df /x]sf] kmf/fdsf] a"bF f ^ df
k'ifsf nflu c\uh
]| Ldf M / dlxnfsf] nflu
c\uh
]| Ldf F n]Vg] Joj:yf ePsf] / ToxLcg'k
/fxbfgL 5kfO ug]{ d]l;gsf] Software df
sfo{qmd ;'lglZrt\ ul/Psf] 5 . /fxbfgL cfj]bs
l8n' a'bh
' fn] @)^* ;fn cfiff9 & ut] e/]sf]
/fxbfgL cfj]bg kmf/fdsf] a"bF f ^ df M jf F
sf] ;6\6f T cIf/ e/L k|rlnt lgodljkl/t
kmf/fd e/]sf] kfOPsf] / ;f] cIf/ /fxbfgL
kmf/fdcg's"n gePsf] x'gfn] lgj]bs l8n'
1058
()$*l8n' a'b'hf lj=

a'bh
' fnfO{ lghsf] dfucg';f/sf] /fxbfgL hf/L
ug{ k|rlnt sfg"g / lgodsf] cefjdf
g;lsPsf] xf] . t];f| l] nLnfO{ klxrfg;lxt
/fxbfgL lbg] ;DaGwdf o; dGqfnon] cGo
d'ns
' xsf] /fxbfgL Joj:yf cWoog ubf{ ef/t
/ anfb]zdf /fxbfgLdf M / F sf clt/Qm
O (others) sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ePtfklg
:jL6\h/Nof08, O6fnL, /l;of, ;+o'Qm c/a
Old/]6;
\ , c:6l] nof, s'jt] , Oh/fon, a|flhn,
blIf0f sf]l/of, rLg, blIf0f clk|msf, kfls:tfg,
OlhK6, k|mfG;, x\s, >Lnf, Sofgf8f,
dn]l;of, yfONof08 cflbsf /fxbfgLdf M /
F dfq pNn]v ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . /fxbfgL
lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] cg';r
" L @ df Joj:yf
ul/Psf] /fxbfgL cfj]bg kmf/fddf cfj]bssf]
n}ls klxrfg dlxnf jf k'ifdfq pNn]v
ePsf] ;Gbe{df lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]adf]lhd
;f]afx]s cGo s'g} n}ls klxrfg pNn]v u/L
/fxbfgL cfj]bg ug]{ / hf/L ug]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] cefjdf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd
n}ls klxrfg pNn]v u/L /fxbfgL hf/L ug{
gldn]sf]n] lghsf] dfuadf]lhdsf] Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/L /fxbfgL hf/L gul/Psf] xf] . /fxbfgL
cfj] b g kmf/fd lgodljk/Lt el/Psf] n ]
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd /fxbfgL hf/L ug{
g;lsPsf] xf] . k|rlnt P]g, lgodcg'k
/fxbfgL cfj]bg u/]sf] v08df lgj]bsnfO{
/fxbfgL hf/L ul/g] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bsn] k|rlnt
P]g, lgodcg'k /fxbfgL kmf/fd ge/L /fxbfgL
dfu ug's
{ f] ;fGble{stf gb]lvPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k//fi6
dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd lg0f{o ;'gfpgsf] nflu
k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bstkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfo >L ldng /fO{ /

>L s]bf/k|;fb bfxfnn] lgj]bsn] :ki6kdf
n}ls klxrfg x'g] u/L t]>f]lnL pNn]v u/L
gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . lgj]bssf]
n}ls klxrfg :ki6 ePsf] x'bF f klxrfgsf
cfwf/df /fxbfgLaf6 al~rt ug{ ldNb}g .
n}ls klxrfg / of}g cled'vLs/0fsf cfwf/df
e]befj gu/L ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'k{ g]{ ;DaGwdf
lgj]bs ;'lgnafa' kGt;d]t lj4 k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t ePsf] l/6df
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.(.^ df cfb]z
hf/L e} Goflos l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 .
;jf]R{ r cbfntn] t];f| l] nLsf xsdf cfb]z
hf/L u/]kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] /fxbfgL
lgodfjnL, @)^& df Machine Readable
Passport hf/L ug]{ ;DaGwdf u/]sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfaf6 t];f| l] nL gful/ssf xsdf lje]b
ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd
k/dfb]z hf/L x'gk' b{5 eGg];d]t ax; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfLtkm{ a f6
pkl:yt
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ n osf ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh kf}8n
] n] cGt/f{li6o
gful/s p8\8og ;+u7gsf] lnvt, (#)# n]
tf]ss
] f] dfkb08adf]lhd Machine Readable
Passport hf/L ug]{ sfo{ s]Gb|Lo /fxbfgL
sfof{non] ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;f] /fxbfgL kfpmF
egL cfj]bg ug]{ JolQmn] /fxbfgL lgodfjnL,
@)^& sf] lgod & sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf]
cg';"rL @ cg';f/sf] lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f ^
cg';f/ dlxnfk'if hgfO{ cfj]bg ug'k{ g]{ /
;f]xL n}ls klxrfgsf cfwf/df /fxbfgL hf/L
ug{ Computer Software lgdf{0f u/L /fxbfgL
hf/L ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lgj]bs l8n'
a'bh
' fn] e/]sf] /fxbfgL cfj]bg kmf/fddf cfkm\gf]
1059

&), d\l;/
@)&),
n}ls klxrfg t];f| l] nL (T) pNn]v u/L k|rlnt

sf"ggn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGbf km/s ljj/0f
e/]sf] / pQm ljj/0f sfg"gf/f lgwf{/0f ljj/0f
eGbf km/s ePsf] x'bF f sfg"gdf kl/jt{g gu/L
/ kl/jlt{t sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]cg';f/ d]lzg
l/8]jn /fxbfgL hf/L ug{ Computer Software
sf] yk Joj:yf gu/L lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd
/fxbfgL hf/L ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf gx'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg];d]t k|:t't ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
k|:t't ePsf] pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] ax;
lhsL/;d]t ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'{ kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d lgj]bs
t];f| l] nL ;d"xsf] g]kfnL gful/s ePsf] /
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, DofUbLn];d]t t];f| l] nL
egL gful/stf hf/L u/]sf] 5 . d}n] g]kfnL
/fxbfgL lngsf] nflu k|ToyL{ k//fi6 dGqfnodf
b/vf:t k]z u/]sf] lyPF . pQm dGqfnon]
tf]ss
] f] ldltdf /fxbfgL lng hfFbf t];f| l] nL
ePsf]n] /fxbfgL hf/L ug{ ldn]g eGg] hfgsf/L
u/fOof] . dnfO{ d]/f] gful/stfadf]lhd
klxrfg;lxtsf] /fxbfgL lbg gldNg] xf] eg]
dnfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf lnlvt hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\
eGbf ljkIfL k//fi6 dGqfnocGtu{t s]Gb|Lo
/fxbfgL sfof{nosf sd{rf/Laf6 ;f] ;DaGwdf
lnlvt hfgsf/L lbg OGsf/ u/Lof] . pQm
sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lxf/f dlxnf jf k'if
hgfO{ /fxbfgL lng ;Sg' x ' G 5 egL u} /
lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ hjfkm lbOof] . ljkIfLn] dnfO{
klxrfg;lxtsf] /fxbfgL lbg OGsf/ ug{
ldNb}g . dh:tf JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] ljz]if
;+/lIft ju{sf] sf]6Ldf /fv]sf] / P]gn];d]t
klxrfg;lxtsf] /fxbfgL kfpg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt

u/]sf]df ljkIfLn] /fxbfgL lbg OGsf/ ug'{
;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gljk/Lt 5 . t];f| l] nLnfO{
sltko b]zxn] t];f| l] nL, Unis jf Others
egL /fxbfgL k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5g\ . t/ ljkIfLn]
To:tf] s'g} Joj:yf gu/L dh:tf t];f| l] nL
JolQmxsf] ;+ljwfgk|bQ xs tyf t];f| l] nL
JolQmsf ;DaGwdf ljsf; ePsf cGt/f{li6o
sfg"g / k|rngxsf] ;d]t pNn\3g ePsf]
x'bF f dnfO{ klxrfg;lxt t];f| l] nLsf] /fxbfgL
lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL ePsf]df
/fxbfgL lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] cg';r
" L @ df
/x]sf] kmf/fdsf] aF"bf ^ df k'ifsf nflu
c\uh
]| Ldf M / dlxnfsf] nflu c\uh
]| Ldf F
n]Vg] Joj:yf ePsf] / ToxLcg'k /fxbfgL
5kfO ug]{ d]l;gsf] Software df sfo{qmd
;'lglZrt\ ul/Psf]df l8n' a'b'hfn] e/]sf]
/fxbfgL cfj]bg kmf/fddf M jf F sf] ;f T
cIf/ e/L k|rlnt lgodljk/Lt kmf/fd e/]sf]
x'bF f dfucg';f/sf] /fxbfgL hf/L ug{ g;lsPsf]
xf] . k|rlnt P]g lgodcg'k /fxbfgL cfj]bg
u/]sf] v08df lgj]bsnfO{ /fxbfgL hf/L ul/g]
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] kfOG5 .
#= lgj]bs l8n' a'bh
' fsf] lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no, DofUbLaf6 hf/L ePsf] gf=k|=k=g+=
^&! sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] ldl;n ;+nUg
k|ltlnlk x]bf{ ln;DaGwL dxndf dlxnf jf
k'if eGg] pNn]v ge} ln t];f| ] eGg] pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm tYoaf6 l/6 lgj]bs
t];f| l] nL ePsf] eGg]df s'g} ljjfb b]lvPg .
ca, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_
f/f k|bQ ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg] xs, wf/f
!# -!_ / !#-@_ f/f k| b Q ;dfgtfsf]
1060
()$*l8n' a'b'hf lj=

xs;d]tsf] xgg\ ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL

;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -!_
df k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg]
xs x'g5
] / d[To' b08sf] ;hfo x'g] u/L s'g}
sfg"g agfOg] 5}g eGg] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf
/x]sf] kfO{G5 . To:t}, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf]
b[i6Ldf ;dfg x'g5
] g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf]
;dfg ;+/If0faf6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f
-@_ df ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg
gful/s dfly wd{, j0f{, ln, hft, hftL,
pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo]
s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g eGg]
;+jw} flgs Joj:yf /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
$= t];|f]lnL klg dfgj g} x'g\ .
pgLxnfO{ klg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg /
cGt/f{li6o sfg"gn] ;dfgtfsf] xs k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] 5 . t];f| l] nLdf ljleGg ju{x kfOG5 .
An Introductory History, New York, MC Graw
Hill df kl/efiff u/]cg';f/ The terms third
gender and third sex describe individuals who
are categorized as neither man nor woman, as
well as the social category present in those
societies who recognize three or more genders.
The term third is usually understood to mean
Other.
%= The case of the 'Third Gender' in
India Contributions to Indian Sociology,
(Agrawal A, 1997) df pNn]v u/]cg';f/
anfb]z, kfls:tfg, ef/tdf lxh8f /

yfO{ N of08df syf] O h (Kathoeys) nfO{
;fF:s[lts / k/Dk/fsf] b[i6sf]0faf6 dxj lbFb}
x]/] klg oLgsf] :jtGqtf tyf ;dfgtfsf]
clwsf/ :yflkt ug]a{ f/]df klxn] To:tf] sbd

rflnPsf] lyPg . t];f| l] nLsf] af/]df eGg] xf]
eg] gt k'if gt dlxnf eGg] k/Dk/fut
b[li6sf]0f /x]sf]df clxn] t];f| l] nLdf klg ljleGg
k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5, h;nfO{ ef/t, anfb]z
/ kfls:tfgdf sfg"g;Ddt\ dfGotf lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . t];|f]lnLdf ljleGg k|sf/ x'G5g\
h;dWo]df ;dlnL (Gay) klg Ps xf] . g]kfndf
t];f| l] nLxsf] clwsf/ / ltgsf] klxrfgnfO{
dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . ;'lgnafa' kGt lj4
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t
ePsf] d'2f -g]sfk @)^%, c+ $, lg0f{o g+=
&(%*_ df t] ; | f ] l nLxsf] clwsf/sf]
;'lglZrttf / ;fdflhs e]befj cGTo u/L
lbPsf] 5 . g]kfndf t];f| l] nLxsf] ;dlnL
ljjfxsf] af/]df cWoog ug{ Pp6f ;ldlt
u7g u/Llbg' s f] cltl/Qm cbfntf/f
t];f| l] nLxsf] ljleGg ju{ ljz]ifsf] af/]df
klxrfg ug]{ tyf cGo gful/s;/x gful/stf
k|bfg ug];
{ Ddsf cfb]zx ePsf] kfOG5 .
^= g]kfndf t];f| l] nLn] gful/stfdf
klxrfg kfO{ t];|f]lnLsf] gfdfs/0f u/L
gful/stf kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . @)^*
;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf ltgsf] ;+Vofsf] klxrfg
ul/;s]sf] 5 . o:tf e]befj/lxt k|of; ub}{
cfd gful/s;/x klxrfg lbg] ;DaGwdf olt
k|of; ePsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bssf] dfucg';f/
/fxbfgLdf t];f| l] nLsf] klxrfg lbg g;Sg]
eGg] ;jfn g} p7\bg} . h:tf] ls ef/t /
anfb]zdf "Others" egL Passport df pNn]v
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ef/tn] ;g\ @))% b]lv
gful/stf / /fxbfgLdf "O" hgfPsf] 5 eg]
c:6]l nof / Go'lhNof08n] "X" sf] lrGx /fvL
/fxbfgL k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . kfls:tfgsf]
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ;g\ @))( df lxh8f
1061

&), d\l;/
@)&),
;d'bfonfO{ gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ cfb]z hf/L

ePsf] cj:yf 5 . g]kfndf klg ljb]z ofqfdf
hfg] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ hf/L ul/g] /fxbfgLsf]
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] /fxbfgL P]g,
@)@$ tyf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf & cGtu{t ag]sf]
/fxbfgL lgodfjnL, @)^& df ePsf] sfg"gL
k|fjwfgn] t];|f]lnLnfO{ /fxbfgL k|bfg ug]{
;DaGwdf s'g} lje]b u/]sf] cj:yf gb]lvFbf
lgj]bssf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !@-!_ tyf wf/f !#-!_ / !#-@_ f/f
k| b Q xsdf cf3ft k/] s f] eGg ldNg]
b]lvPg . tyflk ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf
lgj]bsnfO{ lghsf] klxrfg x'g] u/L /fxbfgL
lbgnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] klg b]lv+bg} . /fxbfgL
lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] lgod & df /fxbfgL
lng rfxg] g] k fnL gful/sn] g] k fnL
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] ;Ssn / To;sf]
k| l tlnlk;lxt cg' ; " r L ! adf] l hdsf]
sfof{no;dIf cg';r
" L @ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf
b'Ok{ l| t lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf]
5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf] cg';r
" L @ df /x]sf]
Passport Application Form sf] ln;Fu ;DalGwt
a"bF f ^ df M for Male / F for Female n]Vg]
Joj:yf ePsf] n ] lgj] b ] s n] dfu u/] s f]
klxrfg;lxtsf] /fxbfgL tTsfn lbg gldNg]
egL hjfkm lbPsf];Dd kfOG5 .
&= /fxbfgL lgodfjnL, @)^& sf]
cg';r
" L @ df /x]sf] kmf/fdsf] a"bF f ^ df
ePsf] Joj:yf cg'k /fxbfgL 5kfO ug]{
d]l;gsf] Software df sfo{qmd ;'lglZrt\
ul/Psf] / l/6 lgj]bsn] e/]sf] /fxbfgL cfj]bg
kmf/fdsf] a"bF f ^ df M jf F sf] ;f T cIf/
e/L kmf/fd e/]sf] x'bF f lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd
/fxbfgL k|bfg gul/Psf] xf] egL k|ToyL{ k//fi6
dGqfnon] lnlvt hjfkm k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5
eg] oL l/6 lgj]bs l8n' a'bh

' fn] /fxbfgL
lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] cg';r
" L @ sf] a'bF f ^
df /x]sf] k'ifsf] nflu M / dlxnfsf] nflu F
n]Vg' kg]{ eGg] pQm k|fjwfgnfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!)&-!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf
klg b]lvFbg} . /fxbfgL lgodfjnL, @)^& sf]
cg';r
" L @ sf] a'bF f ^ df pNn]v ePadf]lhd
M jf F eGg] cIf/ /fvL Passport Application
Form e/]df lgj]bsnfO{ /fxbfgL k|bfg ul/g]
eGg] Joxf]/f k|ToyL{ k//fi6 dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkmaf6 b]lvPsf] / pQm cg';r
" L @ sf] a'bF f
^ df /x]sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;+zf]wg gu/L tTsfn
g} dfuadf]lhd t];f| l] nLsf] klxrfg;lxtsf]
/fxbfgL k|bfg ug{ ldNg] cj:yf gb]lv+bf lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g, k|:t't
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
*= d]l;g l/8]jn /fxbfgL (MRP) s'g}
Pp6f b]z;Fu dfq ;/f]sf/ /xg] k|sl[ tsf] lnvt
ge} cGt/f{li6o:t/sf] lnvt xf] . o:tf] k|sl[ tsf]
lnvtdf kl/jt{g ubf{ ;f] ;DaGwdf cGo
:yfgdf kg]{ c;/;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L kl/jt{t
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . l/6 lgj]bs l8n' a'bh
' f t];f| l] nL
ePsf] / lghn] t];f| l] nL klxrfgsf] gful/stf
k|fKt u/L ;s]sf] eGg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt 5}g .
lghn] t];f| l] nL klxrfgsf] g]kfnL gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkq k|fKt u/L ;s]sf] cj:yf x'bF f / g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_ / !#
-!_, tyf P]= sf] pkwf/f @ cg';f/ ;a}nfO{
;dfgtfsf] xs k|Tofe"t u/L hftL, ln /
ju{sf] cfwf/df lje]b gug]{ eGg] ;+ljwfgdf
pNn]v ePsf] cfwf/df lghnfO{ t];f| l] nLsf]
klxrfg;lxtsf] /fxbfgL k|bfg ug]{ st{Jo;d]t
k| T oyL{ x n] k" / f ug} { k g] { x' G 5 . tyflk
/fxbfgL;DaGwL ljifo cGt/f{li6o k|sl[ tsf] x'bF f
1062
()$(u'dfgl;Fx sfsL{ lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g;d]t
o; ;DaGwdf kl/jt{g jf x]/km]/ ubf{ cGt/f{li6o

;+/rgf lau|g glbg]tkm{ ;r]t /xg' kg]{ x'bF f
cGt/f{li6o gful/s p8\8og ;+u7gsf] lnvt,
(#)# n] tf]ss
] f] dfkb08adf]lhdsf] d]l;g
l/8]jn /fxbfgL hf/L ug'{ clgjfo{ ePsf]n]
o;sf] Software xfn alg;s]sf] ePtfklg
lgj]bssf] n}ls klxrfg / ;+jw} flgs xssf]
axfnLsf lglDt Software df ykyfk jf kl/jt{g
jf h] h:tf] pkfox ckgfpg' kg]{ xf] ;f];d]t
ckgfO{ t];f| l] nLnfO{ ;d]t klxrfg;lxtsf]
/fxbfgL lbnfpg /fxbfgL lgodfjnL, @)^&
sf] lgod & sf] pklgod ! ;Fu ;DalGwt
cg';r
" L @ df ;+zf]wg u/L oyfzL3| t]>f]lnLo
klxrfg x'g] u/L /fxbfgL lbg] Joj:yf ub}h
{ fg'
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z
hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf]
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{
lbg" .
lg0f{o g+= ()$(

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
km};nf ldlt M @)&).%.!^.!
)^*WO)&!&
d'2f M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
lgj]bs M afUn' lhNnf, g/]7f6L uf=lj=;= j8f
g+=@ 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf
j8f g+=@( a:g] u'dfgl;Fx sfsL{
lj4
ljkIfL M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g;d]t
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Olt ;Djt\ @)&) ;fn h]7 @& ut] /f]h @ z'de\
Ohnf; clws[tM s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n

]
&
1063
b'O{ jf a9L cbfntdf k/]sf d'2fxdf

s'g d'2fsf] sf/jfxL tyf lg0f{o klxn]
x'gk' g]{ xf] / ;f] d'2fsf] lg0f{o gx'bF f;Dd
s'g d'2fsf] sf/jfxL tTsfnsf nflu
oyfl:yltdf /flvg' kg]{ xf] eGg] s'/fsf]
lgSof}n
{ c=a+= !@ g+= sf] kl/k|I] odf
x'gk' g]{ x'G5 . o; sfg"gsf] cWoog
ubf{ b'O{ jf a9L d'2fxsf ljifon]
Pscsf{nfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ cj:yfdf
dfq d'ntjLsf] k|lqmof cf/De x'G5 .
tL d'2fdf cGt/\lgxLt ljifoj:t'n] g}
s'g d'2fsf] lg0f{o klxn] x'gk' g]{ xf]
eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
Pp6f d'2fsf] lg0f{o geO{ csf]{ d'2fsf]
lg0f{o x'g} g;Sg] cj:yf eg] 68\sf/f]
b]lvg' kb{5 . d'ntjL /fVg] s'/fnfO{
ljlwstf{n] ljz'4 Goflos thjLhdf
5f8]sf] 5}g . klxn] s'g d'2fsf] lg0f{o

&), d\l;/
@)&),
x'g lsg cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f d'ntjL

cfb]zdf v'nfOPsf] x'g'kb{5 / Tof]
sfg"g;\ut klg x'gk} b{5 . o; ;Gbe{df
dftxt cbfntsf] cfb]z dflyNnf]
cbfntn] c=a+ = !& g+ = ;d] t sf
dfWodn] k/LIf0f ug{;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
d'ntjLcfb]z ug'k{ j" { st} s'g} kIfsf]
d'2f l9nfO{ ug]{ clek|fon] csf]{ d'2f
bfo/ u/]sf] t xf]Og eGg]tkm{ klg
cbfntn] rgfvf] x'gk' b{5 . c=a+= !@
g+= df ljlwstf{n] lg0f{o x'g g;Sg]
cj:yfdf dfq d'ntjL /fVg lgb]z
{ g
u/]sf] sf/0f oxL xf] . d'2fdf lg0f{osf]
l9nfO{n] s'g} kIf nfeflGjt x'g] / csf]{
kIf k|tfl8t x'g ;Sg] kIf klg TolQs}
ljrf/0fLo 5 .
em"f ljj/0f lbO{ gful/stfsf] k|df0f
kq lnPsf] xf] xf]Og eGg] d"n k|Zg
xf] . d"n k|Zgdf clGtd lg0f{o ePkl5
uf}0f k|Zgn] cfgf] af6f] lnG5 . t;y{
ljjfbsf] d"n k|Zg;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf]
sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg uf}0f k|Zg;Fu
;DalGwt d'2f d'ntjL /xg' c=a+= !@
g+= sf] k|lts"n gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmf af;'bj]
l;Ub]n
ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmf b]jG] b| yfkf
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"gM c=j+=!@ g+= / !& g+=
o; cbfnt;dIf k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]

;+lIfKt tYo Pjd\ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bssf] hGd lktf gGbaxfb'/
sfsL{ / cfdf h'7Ls'df/L sfsL{af6 ldlt
@)#@.$.!@ ut] afUn' lhNnf, g/]7fF6Ldf ePsf]
xf] . d dx]Gb| ;]s0] 8/L :s"ndf @)#& b]lv
@)$& ;fn;Dd tyf rf}/fxf ;]s0] 8/L :s"ndf
@)$( b]lv @)%) ;fn;Dd cWoog u/L
@)%).*.* df gf=k|=g+= @@@%^%@ sf]
gful/stf k|df0fkq k|fKt u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df
/fxbfgL k|fKt u/L @)%@ ;fnb]lv @)^@ ;Dd
hfkfg a;]sf] lyPF . hfkfgaf6 g]kfn cfO{
ljjfx u/L sf7df8f}+df xf]6n rnfO{ a;L
cfPsf]df ljkIfL bfh'n] ldlt @)^&.!@.!$
ut]sf lbg xf]6n 3/ 5f8L lbg' eg]sf]n]
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf ldlt @)^&.!@.!&
ut] b'=b]=g+= )%!!( sf] c+z rng d'2f bfo/
u/L k|ToyL{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf dfggLo
GofofwLz j}Bgfy u'Ktfaf6 ldlt @)^&.!@.@#
/ ldlt @)^*.!.% ljkIfLxsf] gfddf btf{
ePsf] 3/ hUufsf] rf/ efusf] Ps efu s'g}
klg Joxf]/fsf] sf]xL s;}nfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f
ug{ gkfpg] u/L c=a+= !&! g+= adf]lhd /f]Ssf
/fVg ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ n]vL
k7fpg] eGg] cfb]z ePsf] lyof] .
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf k/]sf] d]/f]
c+zrngtkm{sf] d'2fdf dnfO{ ldlt @)^*.@.@#
df ;fwf/0f tf/]v tf]sL kfPsf] / d tf/]vk"j{
cyf{ t \ ldlt @)^*.@.!( ut] s f lbg
ljkIfLxsf] hfx]/Lsf] cfwf/df afUn'af6 kqmfp
k/L gful/stf sLt]{tkm{ afUn' lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^* ;fn c;f/ !% ut]
km};nf
/f]h $ df y'g5]stkm{ cfb]z x'Fbf g]==
Gof=k|sfz j:tL M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d #),))). -tL; xhf/_ gub jf h]yf w/f}6
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_ adf]lhd dfUg] cfb]z ePsf]df ;f] w/f}6 /fVg g;s]sf]n]
1064
y'gfdf a;]sf] x'bF f d'=P]g, c=a+= %$ g+= adf]lhd

u/L kfpg cfkm" y'gfdf k/]sf] cfdfkm{t ldlt
@)^*.#.!( ut]sf lbg lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yfdf
;f]tkm{ s'g} JofVof gu/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntn] ldlt @)^*.#.@^ df, hUuf km'sj' f
u/L lbg ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
n]lvk7fO{ lbg" tyf jfbL u'dfgl;Fx sfsL{
lj4 l8naxfb'/ sfsL{sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/ e} em"f ljj/0f k]z u/L g]kfnL gful/stf
lnPsf] d'2f afUn' lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/
e}/x]sf] tYo ;f] cbfntsf] r=g+= !$@* ldlt
@)^&.!).!% sf] y'gj' f k"hL{af6 b]lvof] . ;f]
d'2fsf] km};nfkl5 gftfsf] k|Zg lgk0fdf
jfbLn] k|ltjfbL;Fu c+z kfpg] gkfpg] ljifo
6'f] nfUg] b]lvFbf afUn' lhNnf cbfntdf
rn]sf] pQm d'2fsf] 6'f] gnfu];Dd k|:t't
d'2f km};nf ug{ ldNg] gb]lvPsf]n] c=a+= !@
g+= adf]lhd d'ntjL /flvlbPsf] 5 egL
cfb]z eof] .
;f] cfb]z a]/Ltk"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ u/L
kfpg k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf d'=P]g c=a+=
!& g+= sf] cfwf/df lgj]bg lbPsf]df ldlt
@)^*.!).^.^ df ;f] cfb]znfO{ g} ;b/ ug]{
u/L ePsf] cfb]zn] dnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf]
;dfgtfsf] xs tyf wf/f !( n] k|bfg u/]sf]
;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf k|ToIfkdf cf3ft
k'ofpg] sfo{ u/]sf]n] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.#.@^ sf] c=a+= !@ g+=
adf]lhd d'ntjL /fVg] / /f]Ssf km'sj' f ug]{
cfb]z tyf ;f]nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gsf] cfb]z;d]t pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zaf6 ab/ u/L cGo pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z
;d]t hf/L u/L xssf] k|rng u/L kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .

dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf],
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy} /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t lnlvt
hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt
gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL g+= ! / @ nfO{ ;"rgf
k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg" . lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf], of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm} jf cfgf]
k|ltlglwf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf]
Psk|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL g+= #, $ / %
nfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdfkm{t ;"rgf
k7fO{ lbg" . lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjl3
gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd u/L k]z ug"{ . ;fy}
lgj]bsnfO{ tTsfn} ck"/0fLoIflt x'g] cj:yf
gb]lvPsf]n] cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' k/]g
eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.!!.!.@ sf]
cfb]z .
u'dfgl;Fx sfsL{ lj4 l8naxfb'/
sfsL{sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ e} em"f
ljj/0f k]z u/L g]kfnL gful/stf lnPsf] d'2f
afUn' lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ e}/x]sf] tYo
;f] cbfntsf] r=g+= !$@* ldlt @)^&.!).!%
sf] y'g'jf k"hL{af6 b]lvPsf]] / ;f] d'2fsf]
km};nfkl5 gftfsf] k|Zg lgk0fdf jfbLn]
k|ltjfbL;Fu c+z kfpg] gkfpg] ljifo 6'f]
nfUg] b]lvFbf afUn' lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf]
pQm d'2fsf] 6'f] gnfu];Dd o; sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf] c+z d'2fsf] km};nf
ug{ ldNg] gb]lvPsf]n] c=a+= !@ g+= adf]lhd
d'ntjL /fVg] / hUuf /f]Ssf km'sj' f ug]{ egL
ldlt @)^*.#.@^ df cfb]z ePsf] cj:yf
1065

&), d\l;/
@)&),
xf] . o;/L c+z d'2fsf] k|ltpQ/df k|ltjfbLxn]

gftfdf g} ljjfb p7fPsf] / afUn' lhNnf
cbfntdf oL jfbLpk/ sLt]{ gful/stfsf] d'2f
rnL ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] o; cbfntn]
u/]sf] /f]Ssf km'sj' f / d'ntjL cfb]znfO{ ldn]s}
b]lvFbf kl/jt{g u/L /xg' k/]g egL ldlt
@)^*.#.@^ df ePsf] cfb]znfO{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gn] ldlt @)^*.%.!% df ;b/
ug]{ u/L cfb]z ePsf] . jfbL kIfaf6 g} ldlt
@)^*.#.@^ sf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf]
cfb]z ab/ u/L kfpFm egL k'gM bf];f| ] k6s
ldlt @)^*.)(.)^ ut] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gdf lgj]bg u/]sf]df ;f] ljifodf ldlt
@)^*.%.!% df cfb]z e};s]sf] x'bF f k'gM ;f]xL
ljifodf csf]{ cfb]z ul//xg' k/]g ldlt
@)^*.%.!% sf] cfb]zadf]lhd g} ug'{ egL
ldlt @)^*.!).^ df k'gM k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
cfb]z ePsf] / o; sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6
ePsf] cfb]zpk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6
sfg"gcg'k ;'gj' fO{ ePsf] egL cfb]z e};s]sf]
cj:yf x'bF f lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L
x'gk' g]{ cj:yf 5}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L
kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
d l8naxfb'/ sfsL{ ;d]tn] oL l/6
lgj]bs 5f]/f tyf efO xf]Ogg\ egL ljkIfLn]
pNn]v u/]sf d"n c+z d'2fnufotsf ph"/L
lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf k|ltpQ/ kq tyf lnlvt
hjfkm lkm/fPsf x'bF f tt\ d'2fsf ldl;naf6
jf:tljs s'/f cjut x'g] g} 5 . oL l/6
lgj]bs u'dfgl;Fx sfsL{ elgPsf ;'hg yfkf
d]/f] a'af gGbk|;fb sfsL{ tyf cfdf h'7Ls'df/L
sfsL{af6 hGd]sf 5f]/f gePsf]n] lgh d]/f]
efO gftfsf] dflg; xf]Ogg\ . lgh d]/f]
;fgLcfdfsf] 5f]/f x'g\ lghsf] afa' anaxfb'/
yfkf ePsfn] lghnfO{ afa' b]vfO{ slknj:t'af6

;'hg yfkfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf lnPsf /
afUn' af6 u' d fgl;F x sfsL{ s f] gfdaf6
gful/stf lnPaf6 em"f ljj/0f b]vfO{ gful/stf
lnPtkm{ ph"/L k/L ;f] ljifodf afUn' lhNnf
cbfntdf d'2f rn]sf] sf/0faf6 lgj]bgdf
pNn]v c+z d'2fdf gful/stf;DaGwL d'2fsf]
6'f] nfu]kl5 sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L c+z d'2f d'ntjL
/flvPsf] xf] . ;f]af/]df d]/f] s'g} dfu bfjL
lyPg . hxfF;Dd 3/ hUuf km'sj' fsf] k|Zg 5,
d}n] ljkIfL d]/f] gftfsf] dflg; xf]Ogg\ eGg]
oy]i6 k|df0f k]z u/]sf] / gful/stf;DaGwL
d'2f lg0f{o x'g ;do nfUg] eO{ sfnfGt/;Dd
3/ hUuf /f]Ssf /fVg pko'Qm gx'g] eO{
cbfntaf6 km'sj' f ul/Psf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt\
g} 5 . hxfF;Dd 3/ hUuf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{
cfz\sf ljkIfLn] b]vfPsf 5g\ ;f]tkm{ 3/
hUuf ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ d;d]tsf] s'g} dg;fo
gePsf] / laqmL ljt/0f;d]t gug]{ ePsfn]
To;tkm{sf] ljkIfLsf] bfjL lg/y{s 5, olb
laqmL eP klg c+z d'2fsf] /f]xaf6 ljkIfLsf]
bfjL 7x/] lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@
sf] lgod &*-v_ adf]lhd x'g ;Sg] g} ePsf]n]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpFm eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL l8naxfb'/ sfsL{sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt ;Ssn ldl;n
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf uO{ ;s]sf]n] pQm
cbfntaf6 k] z x' g ] lnlvt hjfkmaf6}
ldl;n;DalGwt tYox cjut x'g] g} x'bF f
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . l/6 lgj]bs jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLx;Fu c+z kfpg] gkfpg] ljifodf
afUn' lhNnf cbfntdf oL lgj]bs jfbLpk/
rn]sf] sLt]{ gful/stf d'2fsf] 6'f] gnfu];Dd
o; sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf] c+z
1066
d'2fsf] km};nf ug{ ldNg] gb]lvPsf]n] c=a+= !@

g+= adf]lhd d'ntjL /fVg] / hUuf /f]Ssf km'sj' f
ug]{ egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 cfb]z
ePsf] cj:yf xf] . c+z d'2fsf] k|ltpQ/df
k|ltjfbLxn] gftfdf g} ljjfb p7fPsf] /
afUn'\ lhNnf cbfntdf oL jfbLpk/ sLt]{
gful/stfsf] d'2f rnL ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf
/x]sf]n] pQm sLt]{ gful/stf d'2fsf] km};nf
ePkZrft\ gftfsf] ljjfbsf] ;DaGwdf 6'f]
nfUg] x'bF f sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntn] ToxfF
ljrf/fwLg c+z d'2fnfO{ d'ntjL /fVg] / hUuf
/f]Ssf km'sj' f ug]{ egL ldlt @)^*.#.@^ df
u/]sf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt\ g} /x]sf] x'bF f ab/
ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bssf]
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf]Og,
vf/]h u/L kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf
>L af;'bj] l;Ub]nn] ljkIfL sf7df8f}F lhNnf
cbfntn] cfkm";dIf ljrf/fwLg c+z d'2fdf
k|ltpQ/;d]t kl/;s]sf] cj:yfdf jfbL
k|ltjfbLxaLr d'v gldn]sf s'/fdf cfjZos
k|df0f a'emL] lsgf/f ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] gu/L hUuf
/f]Ssf km'sj' f ug]{ / c+z d'2fnfO{ d'ntjLdf
/fVg] egL u/]sf] cfb]z a]/Ltsf] /x]sf] cj:yfdf
;f] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gaf6 ;d]t cfb]z ePsf] x'Fbf pQm
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] cfb]znfO{ pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zn] ab/ u/L d'ntjLaf6 hufO{ kfpFm egL
k|:t't ug'e
{ Psf] ax; / ljkIfL l8naxfb'/
sfsL{sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L
b] j ] G b| yfkfn] oL l/6 lgj] b s jfbL /
k|ltjfbLxaLrdf gftfdf g} ljjfb /lxcfPsf]
/ oL jfbLpk/ sLt]{ gful/stf d'2f afUn'
lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf] / pQm d'2fdf x'g]

km};nfn] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf]
c+z d'2fdf ;d]t k|df0f nfUg] x'bF f sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntaf6 pQm sLt]{ gful/stf d'2f
km};nf geP;Dd c+z d'2f d'ntjLdf /fVg]
;d]tsf] cfb]z sfg"gcg'k g} /x]sf] / ;f]
cfb]znfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gn] ;d]t
sfg"g;Ddt\ g} /x]sf] egL cfb]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf
gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpFm egL k|:t't
ug'{ ePsf] ax;;d]t ;'gL ldl;n cWoog
u/L x]bf{ lgj]bssf] dfu bfjLadf]lhd cfb]z
hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf ;d]t 5, 5}g ;f] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d lgj]bsn]
@)%).*.* df gf=k|=g+= @@@%^%@ sf]
gful/stf k|df0fkq lnO{ ;f]sf] cfwf/df /fxbfgL
agfO{ @)%@ ;fnb]lv @)^@ ;Dd hfkfgdf
a;L ToxfFaf6 g]kfn cfO{ ljjfx u/L sf7df8f}d+ f
xf]6n rnfO{ cfPsf]df ljkIfL bfh'n] ldlt
@)^&.!@.!$ sf lbg xf]6n 3/ 5f8L lbg'
eg]sf]n] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf ldlt
@)^&.!@.!& ut] b'=b]=g+= )%!!( sf] c+z rng
d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]df bfh'n] em"f ljj/0f lbO{
gful/stf lnPsf] egL hfx]/L lbPaf6 afUn'df
d]/f lj4 gful/stf sLt]t{ km{ d'2f rn]sf]
5 . sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] cfkm";dIfsf]
c+z d'2f d'ntjL /fvL klxn] ul/Psf] rf/
efusf] Ps efu /f]Ssf km'sj' f ug]{ cfb]znfO{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g;d]tn] j]/Ltsf]
gdfg]af6 pQm cfb]zx pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zaf6
ab/ u/L cGo pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z;d]t hf/L
u/L kfpmF eGg] lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
bLnaxfb'/ sfsL{sf] lnlvt hjfkmsf] cWoog
ubf{ ;f/df oL lgj]bs jf:tjdf ;'hg yfkf
1067

&), d\l;/
@)&),
x'g,\ lghsf] afa'sf] gfd anaxfb'/ yfkf xf]

lgh cfgf] ;fgLcfdfsf 5f]/f x'g\ / lghn]
anaxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ afa' b]vfO{ slknj:t'af6
gful/stf lnPsf 5g\ . t;y{ c+z d'2f d'ntjL
/flvg' sfg"g;\ut 5 eGg] k|ltjfb syg
/x]sf] kfOG5 .
#= ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ oL l/6 lgj]bsn]
ldlt @)^&.!@.!& df sf7df8f} F lhNnf
cbfntdf c+z d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
c+z d'2fsf] k|ltpQ/kqdf k|ltjfbLxn] oL
l/6 lgj]bs jfbL;Fu gftf g} c:jLsf/ u/L
k|ltpQ/ lbPsf] kfOof] . oL lgj]bs jfbLpk/
em"f ljj/0f k]z u/L gful/stf lnPsf] egL
hfx]/L k/L afUn' lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf]
sLt]{ gful/stf d'2fdf oL lgj]bs;Fu w/f}6
dfuL xfn ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf g} /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;/L lgj]bs jfbL k|ltjfbLxaLr
gftfdf g} ljjfb p7]sf] eO{ Ps} JolQmn]
u'dfgl;Fx sfsL{sf] gfdaf6 Pp6f, ;'hg yfkfsf]
gfdaf6 csf]{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lnP
glnPsf] / gGbk|;fb sfsL{ jf anaxfb'/
yfkfdWo] s;nfO{ afa'bv
] fO{ lnPsf] gful/stfsf]
k|df0f kq ;2] xf] eGg] k|Zg afUn' lhNnf
cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
$= sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf c+z /
afUn' lhNnf cbfntdf em"f ljj/0f k]z u/L
g]kfnL gful/stf lnPsf] ljifodf d'2f rln/x]sf]
cj:yfdf b'Od
{ Wo] Ps d'2f d'ntjL /fVg' kg]{
xf] xf]Og / Pp6f d'2f d'ntjL /fVg' kg]{ cj:yfdf
s'g d'2f d'ntjL /flvg' kg]{ xf] eGg] ljifo g}
k|:t't d'2fsf] lg0ff{os k|Zg ag]sf] 5 .
%= gful/stf sLt]{ d'2fsf] km};nfkl5
gftfsf] k|Zg lgk0f eO{ jfbLn] k|ltjfbL;Fu
c+z kfpg] jf gkfpg] ljifo 6'f] nfUg] b]lvFbf
afUn' lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf] d'2fsf] 6'f]

gnfu] ; Dd c+ z d' 2 f km} ; nf ug{ ldNg]
gb]lvPsf]n] c=a+= !@ g+= adf]lhd d'ntjL
/fVg] / /f]Ssf ul/Psf] 3/hUuf ;d]t km'sj' f
ug]{ u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^*.)#.@^ df cfb]z / ;f] j]/Ltsf] g/x]sf]
egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] klxnf]
lgj]bgsf cfwf/df ldlt @)^*.)%.!^ / bf];f| ]
lgj]bgsf cfwf/df ldlt @)^*.!).^ df ePsf
cfb]z g} o; d'2fdf Goflos k/LIf0fsf ljifo
x'g\ .
^= ;j{k|yd d'ntjL;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yf cWoog ubf{ d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+= !@ g+=
df o;} dxnsf] ^% g+= sf] bkmf ! jf @
adf] l hd jf/] ; /fVg gkfpg] cj:yfsf
emul8ofsf] s'g} csf]{ cfdf klg d'2f k/]sf]
/x]5 eg] jf s'g} Psf cfdf kl//x]sf] d'2fsf]
lg0f{o e} g;sL csf]{ cfdf k/]sf] d'2fsf]
lg0f{o x'g g;Sg] /x]5 eg] d]/f o; ldltdf
o:tf] d'2f kmnfgf cfdf k/]sf] 5 sfg"gadf]lhd
d'ntjL /fvL kfpFm egL b/vf:t n]vL d'2f
k/]sf cfdf lbPdf ;f] cfaf6 klg ;f] b/vf:t
a'emL emul8ofnfO{ To;sf] lg:;f lbO{ b]xfodf
n]lvPadf]lhd ug'k{ 5{ eGg] Joj:yf 5 . ;f]
d"n Joj:yfkl5 sfo{ljlwut ljleGg kfFr
Joj:yf 5g\ .
&= b' O { jf a9L cbfntdf k/] s f
d'2fxdf s'g d'2fsf] sf/jfxL tyf lg0f{o
klxn] x'gk' g]{ xf] / ;f] d'2fsf] lg0f{o gx'bF f;Dd
s' g d' 2 fsf] sf/jfxL tTsfnsf nflu
oyfl:yltdf /flvg' kg]{ xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}n
{
oxL c=a+= !@ g+= sf] kl/k|I] odf x'gk' g]{ x'G5 .
o; sfg"gsf] cWoog ubf{ b'O{ jf a9L d'2fxsf
ljifon] Pscsf{nfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ cj:yfdf
dfq d'ntjLsf] k|lqmof cf/De x'G5 . tL d'2fdf
1068
cGt/\lgxLt ljifoj:t'n] g} s'g d'2fsf] lg0f{o

klxn] x'gk' g]{ xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
c=a+= !@ sf], === s'g} Ps cfdf kl//x]sf]
d'2fsf] lg0f{o e} g;sL csf]{ cfdf k/]sf]
d'2fsf] lg0f{o x'g g;Sg] /x]5 eg] ==== jfSon]
To:tf] lg0f{o x'g g;Sg] d'2f d'ntjL /fVg]
sfg"gLk|aGw o;n] u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . Pp6f
d'2fsf] lg0f{o geO{ csf]{ d'2fsf] lg0f{o x'g}
g;Sg] cj:yf eg] 68\sf/f] b]lvg' eg] kb{5 .
d'ntjL /fVg] s'/fnfO{ ljlwstf{n] ljz'4 Goflos
thjLhdf 5f8]sf] 5}g . klxn] s'g d'2fsf]
lg0f{o x'g lsg cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f d'ntjL
cfb]zdf v'nfOPsf] x'gk' b{5 / Tof] sfg"g;\ut
klg x'gk} b{5 . o; ;Gbe{df dftxt cbfntsf]
cfb]z dflyNnf] cbfntn] c=a+= !& ;d]tsf
dfWodn] k/LIf0f ug{;Sg] g} x'G5 .
*= k|:t't d'2fsf] ljifoj:t' / d'ntjL
cfb]z;d]t sfg"g;\ut 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f
c=a+= !@ sf] kl/k|I] odf k/LIf0f ubf{ afUn'
lhNnf cbfntdf rln/x]sf] gful/stf sLt]{
d'2fdf oL lgj]bssf] afa' gGbk|;fb sfsL{
7xg'{ jf g7xg'{ cyf{t\ sLt]{ 7xg'{ jf g7xg';
{ uF
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf rln/x]sf] c+z d'2f
k"0f{kdf cfl>t /x]sf] 5 . b'O{ d'2fdWo] s'g
d'2f d'ntjL /fVg] eGg] k|Zgdf klxn] lg0f{o
x'gk' g]{ d'2f gful/stf;DaGwL xf] . sf/0f, To;df
Ps} JolQmn] b'O{ gful/stf lnPsf] xf] xf]Og /
xf] eg] s'g ;2] xf] / s'g sLt]{ xf] 7x/ x'gk' g]{
cj:yf 5 . kl/0ffdtM ljkIfLsf] afa' sf] xf]
eGg] s'/f Goflos k/LIf0f x'g k'uL o;}af6
ljkIfLn] lgj]bsaf6 c+z kfpg' kg]{ xf] jf
xf]Og eGg] s'/f osLg x'g ;Sb5 .
(= d'ntjLcfb]z ug'k{ j" { st} s'g} kIfsf]
d'2f l9nfO{ ug]{ clek|fon] csf]{ d'2f bfo/
u/]sf] t xf]Og eGg]tkm{ klg cbfntn] rgfvf]
x'gk' b{5 . c=a+= !@ g+= df ljlwstf{n] lg0f{o

x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf dfq d'ntjL /fVg lgb]z
{ g
u/]sf] sf/0f oxL xf] . d'2fdf lg0f{osf] l9nfO{n]
s'g} kIf nfeflGjt x'g] / csf]{ kIf k|tfl8t x'g
;Sg] kIf klg TolQs} ljrf/0fLo 5 . o;
s;Ldf k|:t't cfb]z;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fxsf]
cWoog ubf{ gful/stf sLt]{ d'2f ;/sf/ jfbL
x'g] eO{ cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvPsf lgisif{nfO{
cFufnL ;f] d'2f bfo/ eO{ cufl8 a9]af6 ;a"b
k|df0fsf] /f]xaf6 kl5 7xg]{ g7xg]{ s'/f a]Un}
eP tfklg tTsfnsf nflu c+z d'2f nDAofpg]
k|of]hgsf nflu ;f] gful/stf sLt];
{ DaGwL
d'2f bfo/ ePsf] elgxfNg ldNg] l:ylt 5}g .
pQm d'2fdf k|ltjfbLsf] afa' sf] xf] eGg] k|Zg
lgSof}n
{ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf gk/]df jf gaf]lnPdf
c+z d'2faf6 ;f]sf] lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ jf gkg]{ jf
ug'{ k/]df s] s;/L ug]{ eGg] uf}0f k|Zg xf] .
em"f ljj/0f lbO{ gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq lnPsf]
xf] xf]Og eGg] d"n k|Zg xf] . d"n k|Zgdf
clGtd lg0f{o ePkl5 uf}0f k|Zgn] cfgf] af6f]
lnG5 . t;y{ ljjfbsf] d"n k|Zg;Fu ;DalGwt
d'2fsf] sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg uf}0f k|Zg;Fu
;DalGwt d'2f d'ntjL /xg' c=a+= !@ g+= sf]
k|lts"n x'bF g} .
!)= sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] ldlt
@)^*.#.@^ df afUn' lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf]
gful/stf sLt]{ d'2fsf] km};nfkl5 gftfsf] k|Zg
lgk0f eO{ jfbLn] k|ltjfbL;Fu c+z kfpg]
gkfpg] ljifo 6'f] nfUg] b]lvFbf d'2fsf] 6'f]
gnfu];Dd c+z d'2f km};nf ug{ gldNg] sf/0f
hgfO{ of] d'2f d'ntjL /xg] ePaf6 ;DklQ
/f]Ssf;d]t km'sj' f ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] / ;f]
cfb]zpk/ oL lgj]bssL Psf3/sL >LdtL
dLgf ;fksf]6f sfsL{n] ldlt @)^*.#.@( df
!& g+= cGt{ut k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf
1069

&), d\l;/
@)&),
uPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gn] ldlt

@)^*.%.!^ df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ePsf] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L cfb]z u/]sf],
t/ k'gM oL lgj]bs u'dfgl;Fx sfsL{ ldlt
@)^*.(.^ df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^*.#.@^ df ePsf] cfb]znfO{ ab/
u/fpgsf nflu !& g+= cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6g uPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gn] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^*.#.@^ df ePsf] cfb]znfO{ sfg"gcg'k
g} ePsf] lgisif{sf ;fy ldlt @)^*.%.!^ df
cfb]z eO;s]sf]n] k"j{ cfb]znfO{ g} sfod ug]{
u/L ldlt @)^*.!).)^ ut] sfg"g;Ddt\ cfb]z
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!!= c+z d'2fdf ;a"b k|df0fsf] /f]xaf6
lgj]bsn] c+z kfpg] 7x/]df /f]Ssf km'sj' f ePsf]
;DklQaf6 klg cfgf] xs lx:;f kfpg ;Sg]
g} l:yltdf lgj]bssf] ;fDklQs xsdf cf3ft
kl/g} ;s]sf] dfGg ldn]g .
!@= o;/L If]qflwsf/ k|fKt cbfntn]

c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qaf6 k|df0f a'g] tyf
d'2fnfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'ofpg] p2]Zon]
u/]sf] cfb]zdf x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg];d]t x'bF f
z' sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^*.#.@^ df ePsf] cfb]znfO{ sfg"gcg'k
g} ePsf] egL ;f] cfb]znfO{ g} ;b/ ug]{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] cfb]z ab/ u/L
kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg dfubfjL cf}lrToxLg b]lvPaf6
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ul//xg'
kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
x'g] 7x{5 . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=ts{/fh e
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn ebf} !^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM o1k|;fb cfrfo{
&
1070

70 Mangsir

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

70 Mangsir

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

lg0f{o g+= ()#(

;jf{R] r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

d'2f M pTk]i| f0f k/dfb]z;d]t .

;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo, sfo{ks

cfslif{t x'g] egL To:tf] k|lti7fg,

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

k~5fP/ cGo P]g sfg"gcGtu{tsf]

lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo

()#(lgw{g pTyfg a}+s ln=s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]t lj= >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}+;d]t

(! n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;~rfns

gnfUg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg ;dfO{ km};nf u/]sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

ctM ljkIfL >d cbfntn] ljz]if

a:ofn;d]tn] :ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf], ef]h/fh

()#(lgw{g pTyfg a}+s ln=s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]t lj= >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}+;d]t

bkmf (@ df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] eGg]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

cGtu{t >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg]

u|x0f u/L km};nf u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] x'bF f ;f]

()#(lgw{g pTyfg a}+s ln=s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]t lj= >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}+;d]t

nfu" x'g] u/L sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL, @)^!

u/]sf] / ;f] cbfntaf6 >d P]g, @)$* sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

xf] jf >d P]g, @)$* sf] Joj:yf

>d sfof{nonfO{ lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf;d]t ul/Psf]

()#(lgw{g pTyfg a}+s ln=s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]t lj= >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}+;d]t

jf lj:tf/ ubf{;d]t >d sfof{nodf ljj/0f

;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo, sfo{ks

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

sfod ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfn c/a a}s

pkrf/sf] vf]hL ug'k{ g]d

()#(lgw{g pTyfg a}+s ln=s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]t lj= >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}+;d]t

l/6 lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] a}s

zt{ / u7gaf/]df ;d]t To:tf] ljlgod agfpg

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

sf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/L;d]t tf]sL To:tf

b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . cfkm" cfa4 ;+:yfsf]

()#(lgw{g pTyfg a}+s ln=s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]t lj= >d cbfnt, sf7df8f}+;d]t

ljlgodfjnLdf k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL Joj:yf x'bF fx'bF }

!%= ax;sf l;nl;nfdf lghtkm{af6

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

lgsfon] u/]sf] lg0f{on] g} sfg"gL dfGotf

JolQmsf] k'g/fj]bg u|x0f u/L u/]sf] km};nf

()$);+hos'df/ ;fx lj= ;efd'v ;'jf;rGb| g]Djf;d]t

ljifodf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt;dIf d'2f k'uL ;jf]R{ r

cbfntnfO{ lbO{ k|:t't lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut

Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

ljlwsf] zf;g (Rule of law) df s'g}

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

jf sfg"gadf]lhd dfq x'G5 . To;df

clwsf/If]q leqsf] eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't

()$);+hos'df/ ;fx lj= ;efd'v ;'jf;rGb| g]Djf;d]t

Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . ljleGg dfggLo

d hgk| l tlglw ePsf] x} l ;otn]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5}g . s'g} ;b:on] lgod

@)^% sf] lgod $^ df Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ;Sg]

()$);+hos'df/ ;fx lj= ;efd'v ;'jf;rGb| g]Djf;d]t

Psnf}6L clwsf/sf] kdf :yflkt u/]sf] /

cj:yf 5 . o;/L @)^*, kf}if @! ut] g} k"0f{

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

;DklQ ;+/If0f ug{ g;sL ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloj

tTsfn cfj]udf cfO{ lghaf6 b'Oj{ 6f dfOs