68 Saun

lg0f{o g+= *%**
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.@.!!.$
ljz]if l/6 g+= )^^WS ))%^
ljifo M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg vf/]h ul/kfpFm .
lgj] b sM sf7df8f} + lhNnf, sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=#@ a:g] clwjQmf
afns[i0f g]pkfg]
lj?4
ljkIfLM /fi6 k ltsf] sfof{ n o, dxf/fhu~h,
sf7df8f}F ;d]t
lgodfjnLn] lglb{ i 6 u/] s f] Go" g td\
;+ V ofdf g36\ g ] u/L clwstd\ slt
dfggLo GofofwLzx /x] s f] ljz] i f
Ohnf; tf]Sg] eGg] s'/f ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$(, lgod ( adf]lhd
k|wfg GofofwLzsf] :jljj]sdf lge{/
/xg] b]lvG5 . s'g} d'2fsf] ljifoj:t' /
To;sf] ufDeLo{tfsf] cfwf/df Go"gtd\
tLg ;b:ob] l v ;jf] { R r cbfntdf
pknAw eP;Ddsf ;Dk" 0 f{ dfggLo
GofofwLzx ;dfj]z ePsf] Ohnf;
u7g x' g ] u/] s f ljutsf b[ i 6fGt /
Goflos cEof; /x]sf]n] o; ;DaGwdf
s'g} lljwf x'g'kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
;fj{ e f} d clwsf/cGtu{ t hgtfaf6
agfOg] ;+ljwfgdf ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL
ljifoj:t' s f ;fy} /fhgLlts
545
cf}lrTotfsf ljifoj:t'x cGt/\lgxLt

/xg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;DaGwdf
sfg"gL jf j}wflgs ?kdf s'g} k|Zg
p7fpg] clwsf/ sf]xL s;}nfO{ gx'g] .
;+ l jwfgsf] ;+ z f] w g ;f] x L ;+ l jwfgn]
l;h{ g f u/] s f] lgsfo cyf{ t \
Joj:yflksfaf6 x'g] x'Fbf lg/k]If 9+uaf6
;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ /
efjgfk|lts"n d"n ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns
:j?k / ;+/rgf g} IftljIft x'g] u/L
;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ ;+ljwfgcGtu{ts}
lgsfo Joj:yflksfnfO{ klg gx'g] .
;fdfGotM ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wgn] xfl;n
ug{ vf] h ] s f] /fhgLlts p2] Z o jf
k| o f] h gsf ;DaGwdf Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;Sg] dfGotf /x]sf]
eP tfklg To;df lgxLt /x]sf sfg"gL
jf ;+j}wflgs j}wtfsf k|Zgx Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] bfo/feGbf aflx/ kg{
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
;+ljwfg /fhgLlts / sfg"gL ljifox
;lDd>0f ePsf] ;femf b:tfj]h x'Fbf
o;df cGt/\lgxLt ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL
kIfdf k|Zg p7fO{ cbfnt;dIf NofOPsf]
ljjfbdf /fhgLlts k| Z gx klg
;lGglxt /x]sf] / ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL
j} w tfsf k| Z gsf] lg?k0fsf] k| e fj
/fhgLlts ;+ l jwfgjfbdf (Political
Constitutionalism) kg{ ;S5 eGg]
s'/fsf] cf8df ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd AofVof
ug] { clwsf/ ePsf] o; cbfnt
;+ljwfgk|bQ ;+j}wflgs bfloTjaf6 kl5
x6\g g;Sg] / gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
s'g} klg lgsfon] ;+ljwfgadf]lhd g}
cfk\mgf sfdsf/jfxLx ;~rfng ug'{
;+j}wflgs / j}wflgs ck]Iffleq} kg]{ x'Fbf
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf cGtl/d
g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
;+ljwfgsf] bfo/f gfl3Psf] xf], xf]Og /

pQm ;+zf]wgdf s'g} k|lqmofut q'l6
ePsf] 5, 5}g eGg] h:tf ;+j}wflgs /
sfg"gL j}wtfsf k|Zgxsf] lg?k0f o;
cbfntaf6 x'g g;Sg] s'g} j:t'ut /
ljj]s;Ddt sf/0f gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
s'g} klg ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{
Joj:yfxnfO{ ;+ljwfgaf6 lemlslbFbf
s'g} cd's ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf] d"n
p2]Zo, :j?k / rl/q g} sfod /xg
;Sb}g eg] To:tf] ljifonfO{ cfwf/e"t
ljz]iftf dfGg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
;++ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ ;fdfGo
Joj:yfksLo clwsf/eGbf ljlzi6 eP
klg ;f] clwsf/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{
clwsf/ (Constituent Power) ;/x
dfGg ldNb}g . Tof] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]
clwsf/cGtu{t ;Lldt ?kdf k|Tofof]lht
clwsf/ dfq} xf] . k|Tofof]lht clwsf/
k|of]u ubf{ ;++ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] gfddf
;+ljwfgsf] df}lns :j?k g} kl/jt{g
ug]{ cyf{t\ cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfdf g}
kl/jt{g Nofpg] u/L clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf]
dfGg ldNb}g . of] ;LdfnfO{ ;++ljwfg
;+zf]wgsf] qmddf ljz]if?kdf ljrf/
ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg]
s' / fsf] pb\ 3 f] i f cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgsf]
k|:tfjgfb]lv g} ul/Psf] / lgjf{rg x'g'k"j{
sfo{sfn lglZrt ul/Paf6 ;f] Joj:yf
hgtfaf6 ;d] t cg' d f] l bt ePsf]
dfGg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!(_
;fdfGo cj:yfdf /fHosf x/]s csf]
sfd sf/jfxL ;+ l jwfgsf] cIf/ /
efjgfcg's"n ul/g' kb{5 / ;f]cg'k
546
gul/Pdf To:tf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{

j}wflgstf lbg ldNb}g . t/ /fi6sf]
hLjgdf klg c;fwf/0f / c;xh
kl/l:ylt cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
o:tf] c;xh kl/l:yltaf6 /fi6 n fO{
hf]ufpg tTsfnLg kl/l:yltdf lglZrt
sfd sf/jfxLx ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
o:tf] l:yltdf ;/sf/af6 ePsf
sfdsf/jfxLx ;+ l jwfgn] ;fdfGo
cj:yfsf nflu lgwf{ / 0f u/] s f
k| f jwfgcg' s " n gb] l vP klg
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine of
Necessity) cg' ; f/ cf} l rTok" 0 f{ x' g
;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@$_
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'g pTkGg
ePsf] clgjfo{tf sfg"gn] ;Ddfg ug]{
vfnsf] x' g ' cfjZos x' G 5 .
clgjfo{tfsf] s'/f p7fpg] kIfn] To:tf]
36gf jf kl/l:yltaf6 aRgsf] nflu ug{
;lsg] ;a} pkfo u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg' k5{ .
h' g clgjfo{ t fsf] sf/0fn] sfd x' g
g;s]sf] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] cf}lrTo ;fljt
x'g'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=@^_
cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgdf cGt/\ l gxLt
hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] hgtfn] cfk\mgf] ;+ljwfg
cfkm}+ agfpg] efjgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu wf/f ^$ sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtk|lt
cljrlnt cf:yf /fvL /fVg h?/L b]lvg
cfpF 5 . km] l / o;sf] k| o f] u ub} {
sfo{sfnnfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf nDAofpFb}
hfg] jf cgGttf lbg] k|oTg ul/of] eg]
Tof] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / ;fj{ef}d
hgtfsf] dtbfgaf6 JoQm O{R5f tyf
lgb]{zljk/Lt x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#%_
*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx >L

b]j] Gb|nfn g]kfnL, >L ;'zLns'df/ kGt,
>L nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnf, >L kjgs'df/
cf] e mf / ljfg clwjQmfx 8f=>L
rGb|sfGt 1jfnL, >L /fdhL lji6, >L
afns[i0f g]pkfg], >L ljho/fh zfSo,
>L lqnf]rg uf}td / >L gf/fo0fs[i0f
hf] z L
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmfo
>L /fhgf/fo0f kf7s, >L k|]d/fh sfsL{,
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfo >L ls/0f
kf}8]n, >L 7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6L, ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh kf}8]n,
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk :j0f{ z'ehGdf]T;j ljz]iff,
@)%@, k[i7,@
g]sfk @)^@ lg=g+=&$(@, k[i7 !$)
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f $%, $^, $&, $*, $( / %), %(,
^$, *@, *#-!_, *%-!_, -@_, !$*-!_
;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf]
lgod ^@, ^&, !%&
cfb]z
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ l jwfg, @)^# df ;+ l jwfg;efaf6 ldlt
@)^&.@.!$ df ul/Psf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfljk/Lt ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t dfu bfjL lnO{ o; cbfntdf
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pjd\ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M
ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf
k|sflzt ePsf] g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ sf] k|:tfjgfdf g]]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *# sf] pkwf/f
-!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn] of] ;+zf]wg hf/L
547
u/]sf] 5 elgPsf] 5 . wf/f *#-!_ ;+ljwfg

;+zf]wg ug]{ wf/f xf]Og . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{
clwsf/ lbg] wf/f !$* xf] . pQm wf/f !$*-!_
df ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h
ug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:t't ug{
;lsg] / pkwf/f -@_ df pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd
k]z ePsf] ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf tTsfn
sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{
;b:osf] jx'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kfl/t
ePsf] dflgg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5 . ljkIfL
lgsfonfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* n] dfq ;+ljwfg
;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ lbG5 . wf/f *# eg]sf]
;+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] klg sfd
ug{ kfpg] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/
lbg] wf/f dfq xf] . of] wf/f ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
ug{ kfpg] wf/f xf]Og .
;+ljwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
x}l;ot cnucnu 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s
a;]sf] a]nf gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fsf] 5nkmn
dfq x'G5 eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otn]
a;]sf] a}7sdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{, ljw]os
kfl/t ug]{ / ;+ljwfgsf] efu * adf]lhdsf]
sfd x' g ] ub{ 5 . ;+ l jwfg;efsf] a} 7 sn]
;+ljwfgsf] efu & adf]lhdsf] sfd ug]{ x'Fbf
efu * sf] sfd ug{ kfpFb}g . ;+ljwfg;efsf]
sfd ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^%
5' } 5 eg] Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf] nflu
;+ l jwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf] sfo{
;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% 5'} 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
bf] ; | f ] ;+ z f] w gdf wf/f *# pNn] v gu/L
Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] hf/L u/]sf] ;+zf]wg elgPsf]
5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* -!_ df Joj:yflksf
;+;bdf dfq ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ljw]os k]z ug{
kfpg]df Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+
;+zf]wg g} u/]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf]
lgod *$ df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* adf]lhd
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljw]os ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw
pNn]v 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^% df
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|fjwfg g} 5}g .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut] /flt !!=$% df

z'? eO{ @)^&.@.!% ut] laxfg !=#) ah];Dd
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7s g} a;]sf] 5}g . pQm
;dodf ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s dfq a;]sf]df
;+ l jwfg;efaf6 ul/Psf] pQm ;+ z f] w g
clwsf/If]qljxLg eO{ ab/efuL 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$
n] ;+ l jwfg;efsf] sfo{ s fn ;+ l jwfg;efsf]
klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] ldltn] @ jif{ x'g] Joj:yf
5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s @)^%.@.!% df
a;] s f] x' F b f @)^&.@.!$ ut] /flt !@ ah]
;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . ldlt
@)^&.@.!$ ut] /flt !@ ah]eGbf !% ldg]6
cufl8 ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s a;]sf] / ;+ljwfg
;+zf]wg ljw]osdfly @)^&.@.!% ut] laxfg !=#)
ah] dfq dtbfg ePsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ?kdf
k|ToIf k|;f/0f ePsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf
/ sfg" g sf] zf;gsf] dfGotf /fVg] ljkIfL
lgsfon] @)^&.@.!$ ut] /flt !@ ah] kl5
;+ljwfg;efsf] x}l;ot ;dfKt ePkl5 gful/ssf]
x}l;ot ePsf] e"tk"j{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:on]
u/]sf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgnfO{ dfGotf lbg ldNb}g .
ldlt @)^&.@.!% ut] laxfg !=#) ah]
kfl/t ePsf] ;+ z f] w g ljw] o snfO{ /fhkqdf
k|sflzt ubf{ / /fi6kltn] k|df0fLs/0f ubf{
@)^&.@.!$ df kf; eO{ k|dfl0ft eof] eGg'
hfn;fhLk"0f{ sfd xf] . ;/sf/, ;+ljwfg;ef /
/fi6kltn] @)^&.@.!% ut] laxfg !=#) ah] kf;
ePsf] s'/fnfO{ @)^&.@.!$ ut] kf; ePsf] eGg'
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ 9fF6\g' ;/x xf] .
g]kfnL hgtf;Fu ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:on]
dt dfUbf g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# nfu"
eO{ wf/f ^$ adf]lhd @ jif{leq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
u5'{ egL dt dfu]sf] / hgtfn] klg @ jif{sf]
nflu ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ cfgf] jf/]; lgo'lQm
u/]sf]df cfgf] sfo{sfn cfkm}+n] yk ug]{ sfo{
cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt 5 . @
jif{sf] sfo{sfnnfO{ # jif{ yk ug{ lbg] xf] eg]
ljkIfL lgsfox %) jif{;Dd Dofb yk ub}{ hfg]
x'G5g\ . ;+;f/sf s'g} klg b]zdf cfgf] sfo{sfn
cfk}m+n] yk ug]{ kl/kf6L 5}g . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g g;s]kl5 gofF lgjf{rg ug'{
g} k|hftGqsf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] .
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljw]os k]z ug{
g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *%
-!_ cg';f/ % lbg cufl8 ;"rgf lbg'kg]{, pkwf/f
-@_ n] ljw]os k]z x'g] lbgeGbf @ lbg cufj}
k|To]s ;b:onfO{ ljw]ossf] k|lt lbg'kg]{df To:tf]
s'g}klg sfo{ljlw k"/f ul/Psf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg;ef
-Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,
@)^% sf] lgod !%& n] ljkIfL ;efd'vnfO{
Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf ljrf/fwLg s'g} sfo{sf]
;DaGwdf nfu" gx'g] u/L lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf
lgnDag ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
ljw]os ljrf/fwLg ljw]os xf] . o:tf] ljrf/fwLg
s'/fnfO{ lgodfjnL lgnDag u/L kfl/t ug{
ldNb}g . To;df klg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *% nfO{
lgnDag ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g .
ctM dfly plNnlvt tYo tyf sfg"gsf
cfwf/df ljkIfL lgsfosf] sfo{ g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *#, *$, *% tyf
;+ljwfgsf] efu & / * Pjd\ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
^$ / !$* sf] pNn+3g e} uDeL/ ;fj{hlgs
xs / ;/f]sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL k|Zg
p7]sf] / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !, #@, !)& sf] pkwf/f
-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0f jf cGo hf] rflxg]
cf1f, cfb]z jf k"lh{ hf/L u/L @)^&.@.!$ df
g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt u/]sf] g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg @)^& k|f/Deb]lv g}
ab/ u/L cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z
jf k"lh{ hf/L ul/kfpFm .
;fy} of] d' 2 fsf] clGtd lsgf/f
geP;Ddsf nflu ;+ l jwfg;efsf ;b:onfO{
;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf x}l;otn] kfpg] s'g} tna
eQf / ;'ljwf gvfg' gv'jfpg' eGg] ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd
ljkIfL lgsfosf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <
548
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s

!% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\
;DdfggLo /fi6klt afx]s, /fi6klt sfof{no
;d]tsf cGo ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dfu
u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . ;fy} k|:t't d'2fdf cGtl/d
cfb]z ;d]tsf] dfu ePsf] b]lvFbf ;f] ;DaGwdf
5nkmn ug{ ldlt @)^&.#.#! ut]sf] k];L tf]sL
;f]sf] ;"rgf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{
lbg' . o; d'2fsf] ljifo / uflDeo{tfnfO{ ljrf/
u/L x]bf{ cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf] / fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^&.#.@@ df ePsf] cfb]z .
lgj]bsxn] ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !$
ut] ;+ l jwfg;efsf] dfq a} 7 s a;] s f] t/
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7s a:b} ga;]sf] eGg]
k"0f{ ?kdf c;To, em'7f / skf]nslNkt lhsL/
lng' ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] !)! cf}+ a}7s
ldlt @)^^.!@.@% ut] a;] s f] / To;kl5
;+ljwfg;efsf] s'g} a}7s ga;]sf] Joxf]/f lgj]bg
ub{5' . o; lnlvt hjfkm;fy ;+nUg @)^& h]7
!$ ut]sf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7ssf] sfo{;"rL
/ a}7ssf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0faf6
g} pQm s'/f :ki6 x'g]5 .
;fy} g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;ef sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/ ;f]
;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{5
eGg] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ldlt @)^%.@.!% ut]
;+ l jwfg;efsf] klxnf] a} 7 s a;] k Zrft\
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *#-!_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf
;+ ; bsf] x} l ;otaf6 ;+ l jwfg;efn] g] ] k fnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df rf}yf], kfFrf}+, 5}7f}+,
;ftf}+ / cf7f}+ u/L kfFr k6s ;+zf]wg ul/;s]sf]
5 eg] o; aLrdf s/La @^ j6f eGbf a9L
P]gx kfl/t ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf]
a}7s a;]kZrft\ xfn;Dd kfl/t ePsf tL ;a}
;+ljwfgsf ;+zf]wgx / P]gxsf] ljlw lgdf{0f
;"qdf g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f *# sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn]
of] P]g agfPsf] 5of] ;+zf]wg hf/L u/]sf] 5
eGg] Ps?ktfk"0f{ Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 . olb

lgj]bssf] lhsL/adf]lhd o;nfO{ cglws[t /
c;+ j } w flgs dfGg] xf] eg] plNnlvt ;a}
;+ljwfgsf ;+zf]wgx / P]gx ab/ ug'{kg]{
cj:yf x' G 5 . o;af6 ljBdfg g] k fnsf]
;+j}wflgs / sfg"g k|0ffnL g} vnalng k'uL
Goflos c/fhstfsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g] lglZrt
5, h'g s'/fsf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . g]kfnL
hgtf / /fi6sf] ;fj{hlgs lxt x'g] /rgfTds
p2]Zon] bfo/ gePsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] p2]Zo g}
ljgfzs k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .
lgj]bsxn] r'gf}tL lbg' ePsf] Joxf]/f
k|:tfjgf geO{ To;nfO{ d:of}bfsf] efiffdf ljlw
lgdf{0f ;"q elgG5 . ljqmd ;+jt\ @)$& ;fnsf]
;+ljwfg nfu" /x]sf] cjlwdf ag]sf P]gsf] ljlw
lgdf{ 0 f ;" q df >L % dxf/fhflw/fhsf]
zf;gsfnsf]=== cf}+ jif{df ;+;bn] of] P]g agfPsf]
5 eGg] /x]sf] lyof] eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
cl:tTj /x'~h]n Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 lgdf{0f
ePsf P] g / ;+ l jwfgsf ;+ z f] w gxdf
Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] of] P]g agfPsf] 5 eGg]
Joxf]/f /x]sf] kfOG5 . clxn] g]kfndf ljlw lgdf{0f
ug]{ cnUu} csf] cl:tTj geO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
ug{ u7g ePsf] ;+ l jwfg;efnfO{ g] ] k fnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *#-!_ n]
;+ljwfg;ef sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/ ;f] ;efn]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{5 egL
lgoldt Joj:yfksLo lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ;'lDkPsf]
oyfy{tfaf6 lgj]bsx klg cgle1 x'g'x'Gg .
;+ljwfg;efn] s'g} sfo{ ub}{df o;sf]
df}lns x}l;ot / gfd kl/jt{g x'g] xf]Og .
;+ljwfgn] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgoldt Joj:yfksLo
sfo{ ubf{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] gfddf g} pQm
sfo{ ug'{kg]{ jf cnucnu sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f
ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{tf u/]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
sfo{ / sfg"g lgdf{0f sfo{aLrsf] leGgtf :ki6
ug{, ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{ ;~rfng Jojl:yt
?kdf ug{ ;lsof];\ egL ;+ljwfg;efn] cnu
cnu lgodfjnL lgdf{0f u/]sf] cj:yf xf] . of]
;+ljwfg;efsf] cfGtl/s sfo{ljlwsf] ljifo klg
549

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
xf] . lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] ;+ljwfg;ef

@)^% klg ;+ljwfg;efn] g} lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf]
eg] o;sf] gfdsf] cufl8 klg ;+ljwfg;ef pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . o;af6 ;+ljwfg;ef sfod /x]sf]
cjlwe/ g]kfndf ljlw lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+j}wflgs
k|flwsf/o'Qm c ;+ljwfg;ef ePsf]df s'g} ljjfb
x'g ;Sb}g . o;} cfwf/df ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf]
a}7s a;]kZrft\ xfn;Dd kfl/t ePsf ;a}
;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wgx / P]gxsf] ljlw lgdf{0f
;"qdf g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f *# sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn]
of] P]g agfPsf] 5of] ;+zf]wg hf/L u/]sf]
5 . eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] xf] . ljlw lgdf{0f
;"q to ug]{ Psnf}6L clwsf/ ljlw lgdf{qL cs}
xf] . ;dsIfL csf] Psnf}6L clwsf/sf o:tf
ljifodf lg0f{o ug{ ;Ddflgt cbfntnfO{ Goflos
?kdf kQf nufpg ;Sg] dfkb08sf] cefj /xg]
ePsf] x'gfn] of] Gofoof]Uo ljifo x'g klg ;Sb}g .
g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_
ljw]os, @)^& g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
tk{ m af6 dfggLo sfg" g tyf Gofo dGqLn]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *%-!_ adf]lhd ldlt @)^&.@.#
ut] Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnodf btf{ ug'{ ePsf],
pQm ljw]os ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *%-@_ adf]lhd
ldlt @)^&.@.& ut] k|To]s dfggLo ;b:onfO{
ljt/0f ul/Psf] / ldlt @)^&.@.( df pQm
ljw]osdfly dfggLo b]jk|;fb u'? ;d]t /
dfggLo ;l/tf lu/Lsf] u/L b'Oj{ 6f lj/f]wsf] ;"rgf
btf{ ePsf] oyfy{ l:yltaf6 ldlt @)^&.@.!$ df
kfl/t ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w g ljw] o ssf] xsdf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *% sf] s'g} k|lqmof cjnDag
gul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg Joxf]/f k"0f{tof em"7f xf]
eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . o;df s'g} ;+j}wflgs q'l6
ljBdfg /x]sf] 5}g . ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut] a;]sf]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] klxnf] a}7sdf ;+ljwfg;ef
@)^% sf] lgod ^! sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd
;j{k|yd lj/f]wsf ;"rgfxnfO{ lg0f{ofy{ /flvPsf]
/ To;kl5 dfq sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqLn] g]]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os, @)^&

nfO{ a}7s;dIf k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] xf] . ljw]osdfly
ljrf/ ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfj k|:t't ug]{ / dfggLo
;b:oxnfO{ ljw]osdfly s'g} ;+zf]wg eP /fVg
lbg] ;dofefj ePsf]n] lgodfjnLsf] lgod !%&
n] lbPsf] clwsf/adf]lhd lgod ^@ / ^& nfO{
a}7ssf] lg0f{of/f lgnDag ul/Psf] xf] . oL ;a}
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cfGtl/s sfo{ljlw;DaGwL
ljifo
eO{
Joj:yflksf
;+ ; bsf]
ljz]ifflwsf/cGtu{t kg]{ ePsf]n] Gofoof]Uo ljifo
x' g } g;Sg] Joxf] / f ;Ddflgt cbfnt;dIf
ljgd|tfk"j{s lgj]bg ug{ rfxG5' .
Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf] a} 7 s ldlt
@)^&.@.!$ ut] laxfg * ah]sf nflu lgwf{/0f
ePsf] d f ljljw /fhgLlts sf/0faf6 a} 7 s
k|f/De x'g l9nfO{ eO{ ;f]xL lbg /flt !!=$%
ah] k|f/De ePsf] oyfy{tf xf] . sfg"g JofVof
;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] P]gx nfu" x'g]af/]
;DaGwL bkmf # sf] v08 -_ df ;+jt\ @)^%
;fn ;fpg * ut] b]lv ag]sf] xsdf g]]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *# sf] pkbkmf
-!_ adf] l hd ;+ l jwfg;efaf6 kfl/t eO{
/fi6 k ltn] k| d f0fLs/0f u/] s f] lbgb] l v eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;dosf] ;DaGwdf
s' g } sfg" g df :ki6 Joj:yf /x] s f] kfOb} g .
xfd|f] ;+;bLo Oltxf;df a}7s nlDaP/ s'g}
ljifodf lg0f{o ug{ l9nfO{ eP klg ePsf] lg0f{o
a}7s k|f/De ePsf] lbg g} ePsf] dflgg] cEof;
/x]sf] 5 . ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf] /flt !!=$%
ah] k|f/De ePsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7s
lg/Gt/ ;~rfng eO{ ;f]xL lbg a;]sf] bf];|f]
a}7saf6 g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df
cf7f} + ;+ z f] w g ug] { ljw] o snfO{ b' O { ltxfO{
ax'dtn] kfl/t u/]sf]n] o;df s'g} ;+j}wflgs
/ sfg"gL q'l6 ljBdfg gx'Fbf dfuadf]lhdsf]
s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . lgj]bg
vf/] h ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf]
;+ l jwfg;ef ;lrjfno / P] h gsf cWoIfsf
tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] Ps} Joxf]/f ldnfgsf]
5'6[f5'6[} lnlvt hjfkm .
550
Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 kfl/t ljw]os

k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *&
n] ;bgaf6 kfl/t ljw] o s /fi6 k ltf/f
k| d f0fLs/0f ePkl5 P] g aGg] 5 egL :ki6
Joj:yf u/] c g' k Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf
;DdfggLo cWoIfHo"f/f ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf]
kqf/f g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg
ljw]os k|df0fLs/0f ug{sf] nflu lnlvt cg'/f]w
eO{ cfPsf]n] ;f]xL wf/ff/f k|bQ clwsf/sf]
cwLgdf /xL ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 ldlt
@)^&.@.!$ df ;f] ljw]os k|df0fLs/0f ePsf]
Joxf] / f cg' / f] w ub{ 5 ' eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf]
/fi6kltsf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
k| : t' t lgj] b g ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w gsf]
ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvPsf] / o;df ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f ^$ Pj+ wf/f !$* ;d]tsf] JofVofTds
k|Zg lgxLt /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf] k|Zgsf] lg?k0f
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ / -@_
cGtu{taf6 x'g ;Sg] xf], xf]Og eGg] ;d]tsf
;Gbe{df l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd ;'g'jfO{sf avt
dfq lg?k0f ug{ ;lsg] x' F b f xfn lgj] b g
dfuadf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L /xg'
k/]g . o:t} ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^&
;fnsf] l/6 g+=!)($ sf] lgj]bg ;d]t ;fy}
/fvL lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.$.!# sf] cfb]z .
g] ] k fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg, @)^#
;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zon]
hf/L ePsf] / ;f] ;+ljwfg hf/L geP;Ddsf]
nflu /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ul/Psf]
cGtl/d Joj:yf xf] . ;fy} ;+ljwfg;ef g]]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg, @)^# sf] Ps cfwf/e" t
;+/rgf (Basic Structure) leqsf] ljifo ePsf]n]
;+ljwfg;ef lagf g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lsF b } g .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ df ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn
;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] ldltn] b'O{
jif{sf] x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] eP tfklg
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *@ cg';f/ ;+ljwfg;efn] kfl/t
551
u/] s f] ;+ l jwfg k| f /De ePsf] lbgb] l v dfq

;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd ;dfKt x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]
kfOG5 . o; cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* -!_
df ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h
ug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:t't ug{
;lsg] Joj:yf ePcg' ; f/ wf/f ^$ sf] ;f]
Joj:yfnfO{ c;+zf]wgLo (Non-amendable) dfGg
klg ;lsFb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ nfO{ :jtGq
?kdf x]g{, cy{ ug{ / JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . wf/f
^$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ l jwfgsf] k| : tfjgf /
cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf ;fy} wf/f *@ / !$*
;F u ;fy} /fvL JofVof ul/g' kb{ 5 . t;y{
g] ] k fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg, @)^# sf]
k|:tfjgfsf] dd{ / efjgf, wf/f *@ / !$*
;d] t nfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;+ l jwfg;efdfk{ m t\
cfgf] nflu cfk} m + ;+ l jwfg lgdf{ 0 f ug] {
gful/ssf] xssf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yfdf ;+zf]wg
ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+
;+zf]wg k|:tfj Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf btf{ eO{
Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf] b' O { ltxfO{ ax' d taf6
kfl/t eO{ nfu" ;d]t eO;s]sf]n] lgj]bssf]
dfuadf] l hdsf] cfb] z hf/L x' g ' k g] { xf] O g .
cf}lrToxLg l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n osf tk{ m af6 k] z x' g
cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df
;+ljwfg;ef sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/ ;f] ;efn]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{5
eGg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /x]sf]n] lgj]bssf] egfO
ts{;+ut b]lvFb}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# df ;+zf]wg ug]{ ;+j}wflgs cEof;cg'k
g} ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] kfFrf}+, 5}7f}+ / ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wgsf
;DaGwdf ljkIfLxaf6 s'g} k|Zg gp7fOPsf]
x'Fbf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_
ljw] o s, @)^& sf] ;+ j } w flgstf ;DaGwdf
p7fOPsf] k|Zg sfg"g;Ddt 5}g eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf tkm{af6
k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
lgj]bsn] g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# df cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ubf{ pQm ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !$* adf]lhd Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] lg0f{o
ug'{ kg]{df ;+ljwfg;efn] wf/f *$ adf]lhdsf]
k|lqmof ckgfO{ lg0f{o u/]sf]n] u}/;+j}wflgs ePsf]
egL ab/ u/L kfpg lgj]bg lbg' ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pQm k|Zg ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf]
egL ldlt @)^&.$.!# sf] ljz]if Ohnf;sf]
cfb]zdf klg pNn]v e}/x]sf] b]lvPsf]df o:t}
k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf] lgj]bs ljho/fh zfSo
ljkIfL ;DdfggLo /fi6klt ;d]t ePsf] )^^
WS-))%) sf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf o; cbfntsf]
ljz]if Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o x'Fbf k|:t't d'2f klg
;fy} k]z x'g g;s]sf]af6 o; d'2fsf] /f]xdf
ljrf/ x'g g;sL afFsL /xg uPsf] b]lvPsf]
5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ljBdfg ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL
k|Zgxdf k"0f{ ?kn] clGtd JofVof ug{ ca
pk/f]Qm plNnlvt d'2fsf] lg0f{o ubf{ u7g ePsf]
tLg hgf GofofwLzx ;lDdlnt ePsf] ljz]if
Ohnf; ;/xs} ;+ V ofsf] GofofwLzxsf]
Ohnf;af6 plrt gx'g] x'Fbf ;f]eGbf a9L cyf{t\
tLg hgfeGbf a9L GofofwLzx ;+nUg ePsf]
ljz]if Ohnf; u7g ug{ dgfl;a b]lvPsf] 5 .
;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $
sf] pklgod -!_ n] tLg jf ;f] e Gbf a9L
GofofwLzx ePsf] Ohnf; u7g ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / d'2fsf] hl6ntf x]/L
k| w fgGofofwLzn] tf] s L lbPsf] d' 2 f ljz] i f
Ohnf;af6 x]l/g] u/L pk/f]Qm lgod $ sf]
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ df Joj:yf e} lgod
$ sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{tsf] d'2f
;d]t ljz]if Ohnf;af6 x]l/g] Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf ljBdfg ;+j}wflgs
k| Z gxsf] lg0f{ o sf nflu ;jf] { R r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $ sf] pklgod
-!_ adf]lhd tLgeGbf a9L GofofwLz ePsf]
ljz] i f Ohnf; u7g ug{ ;DdfggLo
k|wfgGofofwLz ;dIf k]z ug'{ .
k|:t't d'2f ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu ;dodf k]z
x'g g;sL lanDa e}/x]sf] b]lvPsf] / ljjflbt
;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn

klg clGtd cj:yfdf k'u]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ca
clanDa ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu cfufdL @)^*.@.*
ut} g} lgodadf] l hd k] z ug' { eGg] ;d] t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.@.% sf]
cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^*.@.*
/ ( ut]sf lbgxdf ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbf kIf ljkIfsf]
tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt x' g ' ePsf ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLxn] cfcfk\mgf] kIfsf] ;dy{gdf k|:t't
ug'{ ePsf] ax; a"Fbfsf] ;f/ ;+If]k b]xfo adf]lhd
/x]sf] 5 M
lgj]bssf tkm{af6
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L b]j] Gb|nfn g]kfnLM
;+ljwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf ;+;b Ps}
lgsfo xf]Ogg\ . ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]
sfo{ ug] { xf] eg] Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bn]
Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ug]{ x}l;ot /fVb5 . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$* / *#
nfO{ k/:k/ t'ngf ubf{ klg of] leGgtf k|i6
x'G5 . wf/f !$* adf]lhd ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]
k|:tfj Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf dfq k]z x'g
;Sb5 . ;+ljwfg pNn+3g u/]sf] k/Dk/f ghL/
x'g ;Sb}g . ljkIfLxsf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{nfO{
;Rofpg o; cbfntdf k|j]z ug'{ ljgfzs sfo{
xf]Og . ;+zf]wgdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *% sf] k|lqmof
k" / f ul/Psf] 5} g . ljrf/fwLg ljw] o ssf
;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf] lgod !%&
adf]lhd k|lqmof lgnDag ug{ ldNb}g . nuftf/
a}7s a;]s} 5}g . h]7 !% ut] dfq k|:tfj kfl/t
ePsf] 5 . !% ut] kfl/t ePsf] ;+zf]wgnfO{ !$
ut] k| d f0fLs/0f u/] s f] eGg' unt 5 .
ljkIfLxnfO{ h] u/] klg x'G5 eGg] k/]sf] 5 .
;+s6sfn nufOPsf] cj:yfdf dfq 5 dlxgf
Dofb yKg ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf]df ;+s6sfn g}
gnufO{ Ps jif{ yKg] u/L ePsf] ;+ z f] w g
c;+ j } w flgs 5 . ljz] i f Ohnf;df Go" g td\
tLghgf dfggLo GofofwLz /xg ;Sg] eGg]
552
;jf] { R r cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf x' F b f

;f]eGbf a9L ;b:o ePsf] Ohnf; u7g ePsf]
s'/fdf cfklQ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . wf/f ^$
cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf xf] eGg] k|wfgdGqLsf] lnlvt
hjfkmdf g} :jLsf/ ul/Psf]n] To;df ;+zf]wg
x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f && sf] ljz]ifflwsf/
;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] qmddf
p7fpg ldNb} g . cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtnfO{
Principle of Compulsion n] lgolGqt ub{5 .
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt ck|fs[lts jf u}/sfg"gL
x'g' x'Fb}g . h]7 !$ ut] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
a}7s af]nfOPsf] lyof] eGg] k|df0f cfpg ;s]sf]
5}g . gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu
klg cbfntn] ljkIfLnfO{ lg/+s'z x'g af6 /f]Sg'
kg]{ cj:yf 5 . To;}n] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 .
clwjQmf 8f=>L rGb|sfGt 1jfnLM
o;cl3sf] ljz]if Ohnf;n] wf/f ^$
nfO{ Directory eg]sf] 5 . To;}u/L pQm wf/fnfO{
;+ l jwfgsf] nIo xf] elgPsf] 5 . ;+ l jwfg
gagfP;Dd ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g x'g} g;Sg] ts{
ul/Psf] 5 . km} ; nfdf cleJoQm ePsf tL
ljifox unt 5g\ . t/ :j] R 5frf/L ?kdf
lg/Gt/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb yKb} uPdf Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] ts{ klg pQm km};nfn]
cf+ } N ofPsf] / ;+ l jwfg;efn] tf] l sPsf]
;do;Ldfdf ;+ljwfg agfpg] ck]Iff ;d]t pQm
km};nfdf cleJoQm ePsf] s'/f plrt 5 . wf/f
^$ lgb]{zgfTds geP/ afWofTds xf] . d"n
;+ljwfgdf g} Tof] Joj:yf lyof] . To;}nfO{ dfg]/
ljkIfLxn] ;+ l jwfg;efsf] lgjf{ r gdf efu
lnPsf x'g\ . wf/f ^$ df pNn]v ePsf] ;f]
Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;efsf] nflu Cut of Date g}
xf] . ;+s6sfn nfu]sf] cj:yfdf dfq ;f] 5
dlxgf cjlw yk ug{ ldN5 . ;+s6sfn g} nfu]sf]
5}g eg] Ps jif{ yKg s;/L ldN5 < ;+ljwfg
;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf JoQm / cJoQm u/L b'O{j6f
;Ldfx /x]sf 5g\ . JoQm ;Ldf 5}gg\ eGb}df
;+ z f] w gsf ;DaGwdf ljwflosfnfO{ c;Lldt
clwsf/ x'Fb}g . c;Lldt clwsf/ hgtfnfO{ dfq
553
x'G5 . Cut of Date leq x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg ug{

;lsPnf t/ gf3\g] u/L ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/
x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfg;ef b'O{ jif{sf] nflu ;fj{ef}d
xf], To;kl5 xf]Og . b'O{ jif{leq sfo{;DkGg x'g
g;s]sf] cf}lrTo lbg ;Sg'k5{ . To;}n] wf/f ^$
/ *@ nfO{ Ps} ;fy /fv]/ ;dGjofTds 9+uaf6
JofVof ug'{k5{ . b'O{ jif{leq sfd ug{ g;s]kl5
k'gM hgtfdf uO{ ;xdlt lng ;Sg' kb{5 .
cfk\mgf] cfo' a9fpFbf hgtfsf] ;xdlt glnPsf]n]
;+zf]wg j}w 5}g . t;y{ l/6 hf/L x'g' kb{5 .
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L kjgs'df/ cf]emfM
;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ s'g} k|of]hg
ljz]ifnfO{ x]/]/ JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . h'g wf/fsf]
cy{ h] x'G5 ToxL tl/sfn] JofVof ug'{k5{ .
lgb]{lzt wf/fnfO{ lgb]{lzt / afWofTds wf/fnfO{
afWofTds g} egL AofVof ul/g' kb{5 . Goflos
d"No dfGotf / k/Dk/fnfO{ 5f8]/ cl3Nnf] ljz]if
Ohnf;n] wf/f ^$ nfO{ lgb]{zgfTds eg]sf]
q'l6k"0f{ 5 . To;nfO{ o; Ohnf;n] ;Rofpg'
kb{5 . ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ hgtfn] hlt clwsf/
lbPsf] xf] Tolt xb;Dd dfq k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5 .
lbPsf] eGbf a9L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g .
wf/f ^# n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{ ;+ljwfg agfpg]
s' / fdf dfq ;Lldt u/] s f] 5 . To;} n ]
;+ljwfg;efn] If]qflwsf/ aflx/ uO{ ;+ljwfgsf]
;+ z f] w g ug{ ;Sb} g . ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf]
/fhkqsf] ;"rgfn] g} ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+zf]wg
u/]sf] eg]sf] 5 . h'g s'/f ;+;bn] dfq ug{
;Sb5 . wf/f *# n] ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ lbFb}g .
kl/0ffd s] cfof] eg] / x] g ] { xf] . ;" r gfn]
;+ljwfg;efn] u/]sf] eg]kl5 To;}nfO{ dfGg'
kb{ 5 . ;+ l jwfg;efnfO{ cgGt sfn;Dd
nDAofpg] xf] eg] k|:tfjgfdf jflnu dtflwsf/
/fVg'sf] k|of]hg ;dfKt x'G5 .
clwjQmf >L /fdhL lji6M
;+ l jwfg;ef ;j] { ; jf{ xf] O g .
;+ljwfg;ef gx'Fb}df b]zdf ;+s6 klg cfpFb}g .
cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg / o; cGtu{ t sf] cGo
;+/rgfaf6 d'n's rNg ;S5 . tf]lsPsf] ;doleq
sfd ug{ g;Sg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb k6s

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
k6s yKg]eGbf tfhf lgjf{rg u/]/ hgfb]z k|fKt

ug{' ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'G5 . /fhgLlts cf}lrTonfO{
x]/]/ u}/sfg"gL sfo{nfO{ dfGotf lbg ldNb}g .
tf]lsPsf] ;do;Ldfleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd
klg gug]{ clg tna / eQf lnO{ /xg s;/L
ldN5 < z'?s} sfdsf/jfxL u}/sfg"gL 5 eg]
To;kl5sf] sfo{n] j}wflgstf kfpg ;Sb}g .
ljkIfLxn] ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgfljk/Lt
cfk\ m gf] sfo{ s fn cfkm} + n ] yk u/] s f] x' F b f
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 .
lgj]bs clwjQmf >L afns[i0f g]pkfg]M
;efd' v sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ldlt
@)^^.!@.@% ut]b]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s g}
a;] s f] 5} g eGg] 5 . ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf]
/fhkqn] ;+ljwfg;efn] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg u/]sf]
eG5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s g} a;]sf] 5}g eg]
s;/L ;+ z f] w g uof] < ;+ l jwfg;ef;DaGwL
Joj:yf ;+ l jwfgsf] efu & df /x] s f] 5 .
Joj:yflksf;DaGwL Joj:yf efu ^ df ul/Psf]
5 . ;+ l jwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf]
sfo{;~rfng lgodfjnL klg cnucnu /x]sf
5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgodfjnLdf ljw]os k]z
ug] { Joj:yf g} 5} g . Joj:yflksf ;+ ; b
lgodfjnLsf] lgod *$ df dfq o; k|sf/sf]
Joj:yf 5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ljw]os k]z
ug]{, kfl/t ug]{ cflb ljlw / k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf
;+ljwfgsf] efu * df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* adf]lhd dfq ;+ljwfgsf]
;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb5 . wf/f *# n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5}g . wf/f !$* adf]lhdsf]
k|:tfj klg Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf k]z x'g]
Joj:yf 5 . ;lhnf] / ;/n af6f] 5Fbf5Fb} lsg
unt / 3'dfp/f] af6f] k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] eGg]
af/]df lnlvt hjfkm k|i6 5}g . ;ef;b\x Wff/f
^$ sf] Joj:yf x]/]/} ;+ljwfg;efdf uPsf x'g\ .
b'O{ jif{leq ;+ljwfg agfpF5' eGg] jfrf u/L
uPsf] t/ gagfPsf]af6 lhDd]jf/L af]w u/]sf]
dfGg ;ls+b} g . ;+ljwfgsf cGo wf/f ;+zf]wg
x' g ;Sg] eP tfklg lgjf{ l rt lgsfo
;+ljwfg;efn] cfk\mgf] Dofb cfkm}+ a9fpg] u/L
;+zf]wg ug{ kfOb}g . Ps jif{ Dofb yk ug{

kfOG5 eGg] cy{ ug]{ xf] eg] !) jif{, %) jif{ jf
;Gtfg b/;Gtfgsf kfnf;Dd lsg gkfpg] eGg]
k|Zg p7\g ;Sb5 . To;}n] l/6 lgj]bg hf/L x'g'
kb{5 .
clwjQmf >L ljho/fh zfSoM
gofF ;+ljwfg gagfP;Dd ;+ljwfg;ef
lj36g ug{ ldNb}g eGg] xf] eg] wf/f ^$ df
sfo{sfn tf]Sg'sf] s'g} k|of]hg x'g] b]lvFb}g .
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf wf/f ^$ sf]
;do ;LdfnfO{ uDeL/tfk" j { s lnOg' kb{ 5 .
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf s]xL cJoQm ;Ldf 5g\ egL
;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 o;cl3 g} af]nL ;lsPsf]
cj:yf 5 . wf/f ^$ klg ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t
;+ / rgfdWo] s f] Ps x' F b f o;df ;+ z f] w g ug{
ldNb}g . :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6 sfo{sfn a9fpg]
u/L ePsf] ;+zf]wg cdfGo 3f]lift ul/g' kb{5 .
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ;'zLns'df/ kGtM
wf/f ^$ df pNn]v ePsf] b'O{ jif{sf]
Dofb hgtfaf6 cg' d f] b g ePsf] n ] To;nfO{
kl/jt{g ug{ ldNb}g . cfjlws ?kdf ug'k{ g]{ s'/fsf
;DaGwdf hgtfdf g} hfg' kg]{ x'G5 . To;nfO{
;+zf]wgsf] dfWodaf6 a9fpg ;lsFbg} . ;+ljwfgsf]
sfof{Gjogdf cfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of xn ug{ ;+zf]wg
ug]{ xf] . ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf eTsfpg
;+ z f] w g ug] { xf] O g . ;+ l jwfgcGtu{ t sf ;a}
lgsfoxn] cfk\mgf] x}l;otcg'ksf] sfo{ ug{'
kb{5 . Pp6f x}l;otaf6 csf]{ lgsfosf] sfo{ ug{
ldNb}g . /fi6kltsf] lnlvt hjfkm tYo;Fu d]n
vfFb}g . @)^& ;fn h]7 !% ut] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj
kfl/t ePsf] g]kfnL hgtfn] k|ToIf x]/]sf 5g\ .
kfl/t x'g' cufj} !$ ut] pQm ;+zf]wg ljw]os
k|df0fLs/0f u/]sf] eGg' 9fF6\g] sfo{ dfq xf] .
;fj{ h lgs lhDd] j f/Ldf a;] s f kbflwsf/Ln]
hgtfnfO{ e'mSofpg ldNb}g . l/6 hf/L x'g' kb{5 .
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnfM
;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg c;+j}wflgs
egL lgj]bg k/]sf] 5 . ;f] ;+zf]wg ;+ljwfg;efn]
u/]sf] egL /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfn] eg]sf]
5 . ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
554
ug]{ clwsf/ g} lbOPsf] 5}g . hltj]nf h'g

x}l;otn] h'g sfo{ u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL s'/f n]lvg'
kb{5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ug{ kfpg] sfd
;+ l jwfg;efn] ug{ kfpF b } g . ;+ l jwfg;ef /
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cnucnu x}l;ot ePsf]n]
Tof] sfof{Tds ?kdf g} b]lvg' kb{5 . Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] a}7s g} cfJxfg ePsf] 5}g eg] ;f] x}l;otn]
s;/L sfd ug{ ;S5 < ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ n]
cufj} lj36g ug]{ tyf ;+s6sfn nfu]sf] cj:yfdf
a9Ldf 5 dlxgf;Dd Dofb cfkm}+ a9fpg ;Sg]
u/L ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g} clwsf/ lbPsf]n] To;nfO{
;+zf]wgsf] bfo/faflx/ /fv]sf] 5 . ;dosf] u0fgf
;DaGwdf /fli6o sfg"gdf k|i6 Joj:yf 5}g eg]
cGt/f{li6o k|rng / dfGotfnfO{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
/flt !@ ah]af6 z'? x'g] @$ 306fsf] cjlwnfO{
Ps lbg dfGg] k|rng ;+;f/el/ /x]sf] 5 . @)^&
h]7 !% ut]sf] ljxfg !=#) ah] ;+ljwfg;efn]
u/]sf] pQm ;+zf]wg ;+ljwfgljk/Lt 5 . ;fj{ef}d
hgtfn] lbPsf] DofG8]6ljk/Lt cfk\mgf] sfo{sfn
cfkm}+ a9fpg ldNb}g . hgefjgfsf] ljk/Lt
;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w g ul/G5 eg] Tof] cfwf/e" t
;+/rgfcg's"n x'Fb}g .
clwjQmf >L lqnf]rg uf}tdM
g]kfndf nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf
/x] s f] 5 . nf] s tGqdf hgfb] z adf] l hd dfq
zf;gsf] afu8f] / ;~rfng ug{ kfOG5 .
hgfb]zljk/Lt sfo{ ul/G5 eg] Tof] lg/+s'ztGq
x'G5 . hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]
Dofb hltklg yKg] ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfsf] dgzfo
eP aflnu dtflwsf/ / cfjlws lgjf{rg h:tf
ljifo k|:tfjgfdf /fVg' kg]{ cj:yf x'g] lyPg .
;+qmd0fsfn jf ;+j}wflgs l/Qmtfsf] cf8df
g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ lg/+s'ztfsf] 5fFofdf /fVg
ldNb}g . wf/f ^$ lgb]{zfTds geO{ cfwf/e"t
;+/rgf xf] . /fHosf gLlt / lgb]{zs l;4fGt
h:tf lgb{]zfTds k|s[ltsf Joj:yfxnfO{ klg
sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ egL cbfntn] cf}+NofpFb}
cfPsf] cj:yfdf wf/f ^$ nfO{ lgb]{zfTds eGg
ldNb}g . l/6 hf/L x''g' kb{5 .
555
clwjQmf >L gf/fo0fs[i0f hf]zLM

cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf]
k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+znfO{ ljz]if ?kdf x]l/g'
kb{5 . ;+s6sfn nfu]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t 5
dlxgfeGbf a9L Dofb yKg kfOb}g eg] ;fdfGo
cj:yfdf clgolGqt ?kdf Ps jif{ cfk\mgf]
sfo{sfn cfkm}+n] yk ug{ s;/L ldN5 < To;}n]
l/6 hf/L x'g' kb{5 .
k|ToyL{xsf] tkm{af6M
gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmf >L k|]d/fh sfsL{M
;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod $-@_ adf]lhd dfq k|:t't d'2f o; ljz]if
Ohnf;df cfpg ;Sg]df $-!_ cGtu{t cfPsf]
ldn]sf] 5}g . lgj]bssf] df}lns xs xgg\ eof]
eGg] bfjL 5}g . xs k|rngsf] nflu cfPsf] klg
xf] O g . ;+ l jwfgsf] klxnf] ;+ z f] w gb] l v t] ; | f ]
;+zf]wg;Dd Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 ePsf]df
rf}yf]b]lv ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ePsf] eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . of] ljlw lgdf{0fsf] ;"q;Dd xf] . s'g}
uDeL/ q'l6 xf]Og . o;cl3sf] ljz]if Ohnf;n]
k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf ;a} k|Zgxsf] lg?k0f
ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efn] g} ;+ljwfg agfpg],
P]g agfpg] / ;+zf]wg ug]{ xf] . ;+zf]wg ug]{
sfo{df Joj:yflksfsf] x}l;ot;Dd /xg] xf] .
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 .
pkGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh kf}8]nM
b'O{ yfg l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ePsf]df l/6
g+=!)&^ sf] k|of]hg ;dfKt e};s]sf] 5 . ca
k|:t't l/6 g+=))%^ sf] ljifoj:t' dfq afFsL
/x] s f] 5 . ljlw lgdf{ 0 f ;" q df Power of
Enactment sf] af/]df pNn]v x'g] xf] . xfn of]
clwsf/ ;+ljwfgtM ;+ljwfg;efdf /x]sf]n] ;f]
s'/f pNn]v x'g'df s'g} q'l6 5}g . sfg"g JofVof
;DaGwL P] g sf] bkmf # sf] v08 -_ n]
;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]kl5 of] clwsf/
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ x'g] eg]sf] 5 . sfg"g JofVof
;DaGwL P]g ;+ljwfgsf] AofVofdf klg nfu" x'G5 .
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf JoQm / cJoQm ;Ldf x'G5g\ .
;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v ePsf JoQm ;Ldf x'g\ .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
cbfntsf] lg0f{of/f :yflkt ePsf cJoQm ;Ldf

x'g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf xf]
/ o;df wf/f !$* adf]lhd ;+zf]wg x'g g;Sg]
egL JoQm jf cJoQm s'g} klg ;Ldf /flvPsf]
5}g . To:tf] ePsf] eP wf/f !$* df wf/f ^$
nfO{ afx] s ul/Psf] x' g ' kb{ Y of] . ;+ z f] w g
k|lqmofdf s'g} q'l6 5}g . lgod !%& n] ljrf/fwLg
sfo{df nfu" gx'g] u/L lgodsf Joj:yf lgnDag
ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] x'Fbf o;df ljjfb u/L /xg'
kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . ;do u0fgf ;DaGwdf sfg"gn]
k|i6 Joj:yf gu/]sf] x'Fbf s7f]/ JofVof ug{
ldNb}g . ;+zf]wg k|:tfj b'O{ ltxfO{eGbf a9L
;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/g' kb{5 .
;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]nM
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kl5 ljwflosL
sfo{ ug] { b' O { lgsfo b] l vPsf 5g\ .
;+ l jwfg;efsf] lgjf{ r gcl3 of] clwsf/
Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bn] k| o f] u u/] s f] lyof] .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 Joj:yflksfsf] u7g
;DaGwL wf/f $%, $^, $&, $* / $( vf/]h
u/L Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ klg ;+ljwfg;efnfO{
g} lbOPsf]n] To;kl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] gfdaf6
P]g ;+zf]wg / hf/L x'g yfn]sf] xf] . wf/f *# n]
;+ljwfg;efn] g} Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{ ug]{
eg]sf] 5 . lgsfo Pp6} 5 sfd b'Oj6f dfq
xf] . xfn Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] k[ys cl:tTj g}
5}g . wf/f !$* n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofsf
;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ clwsf/ wf/f
*# n] lbPsf] x'Fbf ;f] clwsf/cGtu{t ;+zf]wg
hf/L ul/Psf] eGg'df s'g} q'l6 5}g . lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g' kb{5 .
;xGofoflwjQmf >L 7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6LM
;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f *@ adf] l hd gofF
;+ l jwfg kfl/t ePkl5 dfq ;+ l jwfg;efsf]
sfo{sfn ;dfKt x'g] b]lvG5 . tf]lsPsf] b'O{ jif{sf]
cjlwdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg x'g
g;]skl5 cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgaf6 Dofb yk ul/Psf]
xf] . o;nfO{ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtn] j}wtf
lbG5 . cgGtsfn;Dd yk ul/Psf] klg xf]Og .
ljlw;Ddt ?kdf k|:tfj k]z eO{ kfl/t ePsf]

5 . ;+;bsf] k|lqmof lgoldt jf clgoldt ePsf]
eGg] af/]df cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfpg]
eGg] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %^ / && sf] ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yf 5 . lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf sltko k|Zgx
;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gLeGbf klg /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf
x'Fbf cbfntaf6 lg?k0f x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgdf
;+zf]wg x'Fb}df j}wtf ;dfKt x'g] / ;+zf]wg
gx'Fb}df sfod /xg] eGg] x'Fb}g . Ps k6s klg
;+zf]wg gePsf] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg klg
;dfKt ePsf] b[i6fGt 5 . ;+ljwfg hgtfn]
agfpg] x'Fbf hgO{R5f /x];Dd of] sfod /xG5 .
o;sf] clGtd lg0f{ostf{ hgtf g} x'g\ . cf7f}+
;+zf]wg sfof{Gjog e};s]sf]n] xfn cfP/ cGoyf
ug{ ldNb}g . s'g} klg sfo{ z'? ePsf] ldltnfO{
g} sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] ldlt dflgG5 . a}7s
;dodf g} a;]sf] 5 / lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] cj:yf
5 eg] k|:tfj s'g ;dodf kfl/t eof] eGg] s'/f
uf}0f x'g hfG5 . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 .
GffoadxfGofoflwjQmf >L /fhgf/fo0f kf7sM
ldlt @)^*.@.% sf] cfb]zdf a[xt ljz]if
Ohnf;df k7fpg' kg]{ cfwf/ pNn]v x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . s'g} sfg"gL jf ;+j}wflgs hl6ntfsf] k|Zg
v8f eof] eGg] k|i6 5}g . o;cl3sf] ljz]if
Ohnf;af6 ePsf] lg0f{o clGtd 5 . cGtl/d
;+ljwfgadf]lhd clGtd ePsf] pQm lg0f{o ghL/
x'g] x'Fbf ;a}nfO{ dfGg s/ nfU5 . pQm lg0f{odf
cleJoQm /fo;Fu c;xdt e} /fo;lxt cfPsf]
eP Pp6f cj:yf x'GYof] . k|:t't lgj]bgaf6 l/6
hf/L eP klg pQm lg0f{o sfod /xL /xg] cj:yf
k5{ . ;/sf/ jf ;+ljwfg;efn] s'g lg0f{onfO{
dfGg] eGg] cGof}ntf /xg ;Sb5 . ;+zf]wg ug{
kfpg] xf]Og eGg] / sfo{ljlwut q'l6 u/L ;+zf]wg
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] b'O{ k/:k/ lj/f]wL bfjL Ps}
;fy lnOPsf] 5 . o;af6 lgj]bs :jo+ :ki6
x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ldlt @)^&.@.!$ df ePsf]
;+zf]wg ab/ dfu ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ;+zf]wg
ePsf] !! dlxgf @% lbg k"/f e};s]sfn] ab/
ug'{sf] cf}lrTo 5}g . cj s]jn kfFrlbg dfq
afFsL 5 . clxn] cfP/ pQm ;+zf]wg ab/ ug]{ xf]
556
eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;b / ;+ljwfg;efn] jif{

lbg e/L u/]sf sfdsf/jfxLsf] j}wtf s] x'g]
eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;Sb5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] cfjlws
r' g fj u/fpg] Joj:yf ;+ l jwfgdf 5} g .
k|:tfjgfdf gofF ;+ljwfg gag];Dd ;+ljwfg;ef
/xg] elgPsf] 5 . To;}n] gofF ;+ljwfg gag];Dd
o;} ;+ljwfg;efn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg] cj:yf 5 .
l56} ;+ljwfg agfpg ;s]sf] eP b'O{jif{ cufj}
lj36g x'g ;SYof] eg] l9nf x'Fbf Dofb yKg
gkfpg] eGg] xF'b}g . sfg"gL l/Qmtf / To;n]
kfg]{ c;/sf ;DaGwdf ;d]t Wofg k'ofpg' kg]{
x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 .
kIf ljkIfsf tkm{ a f6 ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ts{k"0f{ ax;
;'gL, l/6 lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkm tyf ;Da4
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfx ;d]tsf] ;du|
cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgaf6 d"ntM
b]xfosf k|Zgxdf s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lg?k0f
x''g' kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M
1.
wf/f ^$ df ;+ l jwfg;efsf] sfo{ s fn
a9fpg] u/L ;+zf]wg x'g ;S5, ;Sb}g <
2.
;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb Ps jif{ a9fpg]
u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f ^$ df cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ePsf]
;+zf]wg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
k|lqmofadf]lhd ePsf] 5, 5}g < /
3.
lgj] b ssf] dfuadf] l hd cfb] z hf/L
x'g'kg]{ xf], xf]Og <
@= o; Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o lg?k0f x'g'kg]{
egL lglb{i6 ul/Psf pk/f]Qm lg0ff{os k|Zgxsf]
cf}lrTodf k|j]z ug'{cl3 k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
tkm{ a f6 ax; ug' { x' g ] ljfg gfoj
dxfGofoflwjQmfxn] k| : t' t l/6 lgj] b gdf
;' g ' j fO{ ug{ ] o; Ohnf;sf] If] q flwsf/sf
;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fpg' ePsf]n] ;j{k|yd To;
;DaGwdf :ki6 x'g'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o;
cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*.@.%
df ePsf] cfb]zadf]lhd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg o;
Ohnf;df k]z x'g cfPsf] t/ pQm cfb]zdf
557
o:t} k|sl[ tsf] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf]

lgj]bs ljho/fh zfSo lj?4 ;DdfggLo /fi6klt
;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+=)^^WS-))%) sf] pTk|i] f0f
d'2fdf cleJoQm /fo;Fu c;xdlt hgfOPsf] jf
cfk\mgf] s'g} 5'} /fo JoQm gul/Psf] / sfg"gL tyf
;+jw} flgs hl6ntfsf] cj:yf lrq0f gePsf]n] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ a9L ;b:o ePsf] ljz]if Ohnf;df
k7fpg] u/L ePsf] cfb]z g} lgod;Ddt 5}g eGg]
lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
#= ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmfxsf]
;f] lhsL/sf] ;DaGwdf k|i6 x'gsf] nflu ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] Joj:yfx
b[li6ut ug'{kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf]
kl/R5]b@ df Ohnf;xsf] u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf
ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f] kl/R5] b cGtu{ t ul/Psf
Joj:yfx dWo] lgod $ df ljz]if Ohnf;af6
x]l/g] d'2fxsf] af/]df pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lgod $ sf] pklgod -!_ n] b]xfodf n]lvPsf
d'2fx tLg jf ;f] eGbf a9L GofofwLzx
ePsf] Ohnf;af6 x]l/g]5 eGb} b]xfo v08 -u_
df ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_
cGtu{tsf] d'2f nfO{ klg ljz]if Ohnf;af6
x]l/g] d'2fsf] ?kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
$= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+
;+zf]wg ljw]osnfO{ d"n ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf
ljk/Lt ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f
-!_ adf]lhd vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t bfjL
lnOPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO{ ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( lgod $ sf] pklgod
-!_ sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{tsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6
x]l/g' kg]{ eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ;Gb]x /x]g . hxfF;Dd
ljz]if Ohnf;df /xg] dfggLo GofofwLzxsf]
;+Vofsf] ljifo 5, lgod $ sf] pklgod -!_ n]
ljz]if Ohnf;df /xg] dfggLo GofofwLzxsf]
Go"gtd\ ;+Vof tLgeGbf sd x'g gx'g] s'/f;Dd
O+lt u/]sf] eP tfklg tLg hgfeGbf a9L
dfggLo GofofwLzx /xg] u/L ljz]if Ohnf;
u7g ug{ /f]s nufPsf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . o:tf]
l:yltdf lgodfjnLn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] Go"gtd\
;+Vofdf g36\g] u/L clwstd\ slt dfggLo

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
GofofwLzx /x]sf] ljz]if Ohnf; tf]Sg] eGg]

s' / f lgod ( adf] l hd k| w fg GofofwLzsf]
:jljj]sdf lge{/ /xg] b]lvG5 . s'g} d'2fsf]
ljifoj:t' / To;sf] ufDeLo{ t fsf] cfwf/df
Go" g td\ tLg ;b:ob] l v ;jf] { R r cbfntdf
pknAw eP;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ dfggLo GofofwLzx
;dfj]z ePsf] Ohnf; u7g x'g] u/]sf ljutsf
b[i6fGt / Goflos cEof; /x]sf]n] o; ;DaGwdf
s'g} lljwf x'g'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
%= o; cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;sf] pQm
ldlt @)^*.@.% sf] cfb]zdf klg tLg hgfeGbf
a9L dfggLo GofofwLzx ;dfj]z ePsf] ljz]if
Ohnf; u7g x'g;Sg] lgod $-!_ sf] ;f] Joj:yf
pNn]v ub}{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] h:t}
;dfg k|s[ltsf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ljjfbsf]
ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] lgj]bs ljho/fh zfSo
lj?4 ;DdfggLo /fi6klt ;d]t ljkIfL ePsf]
l/6 g+=)^^WS-))%) sf] pTk|]if0fsf] d'2fdf
o; cbfntsf] tLghgf dfggLo GofofwLz
ePsf] ljz] i f Ohnf;af6 lg0f{ o e} ; s] s f] n ]
;f]eGbf a9L ;b:o /x]sf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6
;' g ' j fO{ x' g ' plrt x' g ] eGg] pNn] v ePsf]
b]lvG5 . l/6 g+=)^^WS-))%) sf] ;fydf ;f]xL
Ohnf; ;dIf Ps} lbg nufpsf] ?kdf k]z
ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6
k];L :ylut u/fPsf] sf/0f lg0f{o x'g g;sL
Pp6} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z /x]sf] e} ;Fu} k]z ePsf
lgj]bgx dWo] Pssf] lsgf/f eO{ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg eg] ljrf/fwLg g} /xg uPsf] kfOof] .
To; kl5 klg lgj]bssf tkm{af6 k6sk6s
k];L :ylut u/fPsf] sf/0f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
;'g'jfO{ x'g l9nf ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . Ps}
k|s[ltsf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z eO{
Ps} ;fy lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ egL nufpsf] ?kdf k]z
ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg x6fpg dfu u/]kl5 ;DalGwt
Ohnf;af6 nufpdf /x]sf ;a} lgj]bg :ylut
ug]{ jf :ylutsf] lgj]bg c:jLsf/ u/L ;a}
lgj]bgdf Ps} ;fy ;'g'jfO{ x'g' Goflos k|lqmofsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 ;'ljwfhgs / plrt x'g]df nufp
k'm6fO{ lg0f{o u/]s} sf/0f Pp6} ljifodf o;
cbfntn] k6sk6s lg0f{o lg?k0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf

cfPsf] / tLghgf dfggLo GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 Psk6s lg0f{o lg?k0f e};s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] x L ljifoj:t' ;dfj] z ePsf]
lgj]bgdf ;f] eGbf a9L ;b:o /x]sf] ljz]if
Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO{ ul/g' lg0f{o Ps?ktfsf]
b[ l i6sf] 0 f ;d] t af6 pko' Q m x' g ] x' F b f ldlt
@)^*.@.% sf] cfb]znfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg]
b]lvPg . To;df klg lgod $ sf] pklgod -!_
sf] cwLgdf /xL lgod ( adf] l hd k| w fg
GofofwLzaf6 kfFrhgf dfggLo GofofwLzx
/x]sf] Ohnf; u7g ePsf] s'/fdf lgodfjnLsf]
Joj:yfsf] s'g} q'l6 b]lvg gcfPsf]n] ljfg gfoa
dxfGofoflwjQmfxsf] pQm ax; lhsL/;F u
;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
^= dfly pNn] v ePadf] l hd o;
Ohnf;sf] u7gdf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 ljBdfg
/x]sf] gb]lvPsf] / k|:t't ljifodf ;'g'jfO{ ug{sf]
nflu o; Ohnf;sf] ;Ifd If]qflwsf/ /x]sf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 e};s]kl5 ca lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
x'g cfPsf] pk/f]Qm klxnf] k|Zgsf] ljifoj:t'leq
k|j]z ug'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .
&= ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsxn]
ljkIfL ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:oxn] hgtf;Fu b'O{
jif{leq ;+ljwfg agfpg] egL dt dfu]sf /
hgtfn] klg ;f]xL cjlwsf] nflu lghxnfO{
cfk\mgf] k|ltlglw lgo'Qm u/]sf]df cfk\mgf] sfo{sfn
cfkm}+ a9fpg] sfo{ cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] l;4fGt
;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 . o:tf] ug{ 5"6 lbFb} hfg] xf]
eg] ljkIfLxn] cgGtsfn;Dd ;+ljwfg;efsf]
Dofb a9fpg ;S5g\ . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;+ljwfg
agfpg g;s]kl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] gofF lgjf{rg
ug'{sf] ljsNk 5}g eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg lhsL/
/x]sf] kfOG5 . k|ToyL{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno /
cWoIfsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf cfk\mgf] sfo{sfn
cfkm}+n] a9fpg] u/L wf/f ^$ df ;+zf]wg ug{
ldNb} g eGg] pQm lgj] b g lhsL/sf] s' g }
v08go' Q m cfwf/ pNn] v ug{ g;sL s] j n
;+ z f] w gsf] k| l qmofdf s' g } sfo{ l jlwut q' l 6
gePsf] eGg] ; Ddsf] Joxf] / f k/] s f] b] l vG5 .
558
k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]

lnlvt hjfkmdf ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !$*-!_
adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf] h'g;'s} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg
jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k]z
ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf x'Fbf wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{
c;+ z f] w gLo dfGg gldNg] / ;+ l jwfgsf]
k| : tfjgfsf] dd{ , efjgf, wf/f *@ / !$*
;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbO{ hgtfsf] cfk\mgf] ;+ljwfg
cfkm}+ agfpg kfpg] xssf] ;Ddfgsf nflu g]kfn
;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+
;+zf]wg k|:tfj btf{ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ tkm{sf
ljfg GofoflwjQmfxn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]
ljifo ;+ j } w flgs / sfg" g L ljifosf ;fy}
/fhgLlts cf}lrTotfsf] ljifo klg ePsf]n]
cbfntaf6 lg?k0f x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t cfzosf]
ax; k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
*= plNnlvt lgj]bg lhsL/, lnlvt
hjfkm / ax;df p7fOPsf ljifox ;d]tsf]
kl/k| ] I odf k| y dtM ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w g;DaGwL
;}4flGts cjwf/0ffsf] af/]df s]xL :ki6 x'g'
jf~5gLo b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . l;4fGttM k|hftGqdf
;+ l jwfgsf] lgdf{ 0 f hgtfaf6 x' G 5 . hgtf
:jo+f/f cfk\mgf] nflu cfkm}+n] ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f
ug]{ ePsf]n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;fj{ef}d
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ePsf] dflgG5 . o;/L ;fj{ef}d
clwsf/cGtu{t hgtfaf6 agfOg] ;+ljwfgdf
;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL ljifoj:t'sf ;fy} /fhgLlts
cf}lrTotfsf ljifoj:t'x cGt/\lgxLt /xg] x'Fbf
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL jf j}wflgs
?kdf s'g} k|Zg p7fpg] clwsf/ sf]xL s;}nfO{
x'Fb}g . k/Gt' ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg ;f]xL ;+ljwfgn]
l;h{gf u/]sf] lgsfo cyf{t\ Joj:yflksfaf6
x'g] x'Fbf lg/k]If 9+uaf6 ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb}g .
;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgfk|lts"n d"n ;+ljwfgsf]
df}lns:j?k / ;+/rgf g} IftljIft x'g] u/L
;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ ;+ljwfg cGtu{ts} lgsfo
Joj:yflksfnfO{ klg xF'b}g . To;}n] ;+ljwfg
;+ z f] w gsf] ;DaGwdf ;+ l jwfg lgb] { l zt s] x L
;Ldfx /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fdfGotM ;+ljwfgsf]
559
;+zf]wgn] xfl;n ug{ vf]h]sf] /fhgLlts p2]Zo

jf k|of]hgsf ;DaGwdf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
x'g g;Sg] dfGotf /x]sf] eP tfklg To;df
lgxLt /x]sf sfg"gL jf ;+j}wflgs j}wtfsf
k|Zgx Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] bfo/f eGbf
aflx/ kg{ ;Sb}gg\ .
(= ;+ l jwfg /fhgLlts / sfg" g L
ljifox ;lDd>0f ePsf] ;femf b:tfj]h x'Fbf
o;df cGt/\lgxLt ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL kIfdf
k| Z g p7fO{ cbfnt;dIf NofOPsf] ljjfbdf
/fhgLlts k| Z gx klg ;lGglxt /x] s f] /
;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL j}wtfsf k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf]
k| e fj /fhgLlts ;+ l jwfgjfbdf (Political
Constitutionalism) kg{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fsf] cf8df
;+ljwfgsf] clGtd AofVof ug]{ clwsf/ ePsf]
o; cbfnt ;+ l jwfgk| b Q pQm ;+ j } w flgs
bfloTjaf6 kl5 x6\g ;Sb}g / ldNb}g klg . o;
cbfntn] lgj]bs clwjQmf /lj/fh e08f/L lj?4
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg clwsf/L ;d]t
ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#!)% ;d]tsf]
l/6 lgj] b gdf pk/f] Q m dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt
ul/;s]sf] klg 5 . pQm lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf]
!! hgf dfggLo GofofwLzx /x]sf] ljz]if
Ohnf;af6 l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ub}{ elgPsf] 5M
;+ljwfg Pp6f /fhgLlts lnvtsf] ;fy} sfg"gL
lnvt klg ePsf] n ] ;+ l jwfgcGtu{ t sf
ljjfbxdf /fhgLlts k|Zgx ;fy} ;+j}wflgs
jf sfg"gL j}wtfsf k|Zgx klg p7\g ;Sb5g\ .
t/ ljjfbsf] ljifo sfo{ k flnsf jf
Joj:yflksfsf] ;+ l jwfgk| b Q clwsf/;F u
;DalGwt ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq tT;DaGwL ;a}
k| Z gx /fhgLlts k| Z g x' F b } g g\ . ljjfbdf
pkl:yt ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zg;Fu /fhgLlts
k|Zg klg ufFl;Psf] cyjf ;+j}wflgs ljjfbnfO{
/fhgLlts /+udf /+ufOPsf] sf/0fn] ;+j}wflgs
jf sfg"gL j}wtfsf] k|Zg /fhgLlts k|Zgdf
?kfGtl/t x'g] klg xf]Og . To;}n] s'g} klg
;+ j } w flgs ljjfbdf /fhgLlts k| Z gxsf
cltl/Qm ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgx klg
d'l5Psf 5g\ / ljjfbsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu tL

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgxsf] lg?k0f x'g'

cfjZos b]lvG5 eg] /fhgLlts k|Zg;DaGwL
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3;f/]/ o; cbfntn] ;+j}wflgs
/ sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg0f{o ug]{ cfk\mgf] cleef/fnfO{
kG5fpg klg ldNb} g . To; cj:yfdf o;
cbfntn] /fhgLlts k|ZgxnfO{ cnu kG5fP/
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|Zgxsf] lg0f{o ug'{ g}
;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf / efjgfcg'k x'G5 -g]sfk
:j0f{ z'ehGdf]T;j ljz]iff+, @)%@, k[i7,@_ .
!)= k|:t't lgj]bgdf klg ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg x'g' cufj} cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$
df ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn b'Oj{ if{ x'g] egL ls6fg
ul/Psf] / ;+s6sfnLg l:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;d]t 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L sfo{sfn a9fpg
gldNg] afWofTds Joj:yf ;f] x L wf/fsf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf ePsf]df ;+ljwfgsf] pQm
k|fjwfgljk/Lt ljkIfLxn] Ps jif{ sfo{sfn yKg]
u/L u/]sf] ;+zf]wgsf] sfo{ ;+ljwfgljk/Lt ePsf]
eGg] ;d]tsf ;+jw} flgs j}wtfsf k|Zgx lgj]bs
tkm{af6 p7fOPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ubf{ ;+ljwfg lgb]l{ zt k|lqmof k"/f
gul/Psf] jf pNn+3g ul/Psf] eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg;efn] pQm b'O{ jif{sf]
cjlwleq s] slt sfd u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g, s] slt
sf/0fn] ubf{ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6
ul/Psf] pQm ;dofjlwleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{
x'g g;s]sf] xf] cflb h:tf k|Zgx lglZrt ?kdf
;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gLeGbf klg /fhgLlts tj/af6
;Daf] w g ul/g' kg] { ljifox x' g ;Sb5g\ .
;+ljwfg;efn] o; s'/fsf]] hjfkm o; cbfntnfO{
eGbf klg ;fj{ef}d hgtfnfO{ g} lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . t/
;+ l jwfgcGtu{ t sf s' g } klg lgsfon]
;+ l jwfgadf] l hd g} cfk\ m gf sfdsf/jfxLx
;~rfng ug'{ ;+jw} flgs / j}wflgs ck]Iffleq} kg]{
x' F b f ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w gsf ;DaGwdf cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] bfo/f gfl3Psf] xf], xf]Og / pQm
;+zf]wgdf s'g} k|lqmofut q'l6 ePsf] 5, 5}g eGg]
h:tf ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL j}wtfsf k|Zgxsf]
lg?k0f o; cbfntaf6 x'g g;Sg] s'g} j:t'ut /
ljj]s;Ddt\ sf/0f b]lvFbg} .
!!= olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]

ljifodf Goflos k' g /fjnf] s gsf] If] q flwsf/
k|of]u ubf{ cbfnt Hofb} g} ;+j]bgzLn / ;+oldt
x' g ] ub{ 5 . ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w gsf] ljifodf
cbfntaf6 x:tIf]k ubf{ Joj:yfksLo csf]
clwsf/If]q cltqmldt gxf];\, ;+ljwfg cGtu{tsf
b'O{ cx aLr cgfjZos Gsf] l:ylt / yk
;+j}wflgs hl6ntf gcfj;\ eGg] s'/fdf cbfnt
;b}j rgfvf] /xg] ub{5 .
!@= j:t' t M ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w gsf
;DaGwdf b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ cjwf/0ff /x]sf 5g\ .
o;dWo] klxnf] cjwf/0ff ;+ l jwfg hgtfsf]
;fj{ef}d clwsf/cGtu{t aGg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgf/f
l;lh{ t lgsfo cyf{ t \ ;+ ; bnfO{ ;+ z f] w gsf]
clgolGqt clwsf/ x'Fb}g, ;Lldt ljifoxdf
dfq ;+zf]wgsf] clwsf/ x'G5 eGg] /x]sf] 5 .
ljwflosfnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] clgolGqt
clwsf/ lbFbf ;+ljwfgsf] d"n dd{ / efjgf tyf
df}lns:j?k g} ;dfKt x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /xg]
x' F b f o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+ z f] w g ug' { e Gbf gofF
;+ljwfg n]Vg' g} pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] dfGotf
/x]sf] 5 . s7f]/ ;+ljwfgsf] juL{s/0fdf kg]{
o; k| s [ l tsf] ;+ l jwfgsf s' g s' g Joj:yf
;+zf]wgLo x'g\ / s'g s'g k|fjwfg c;+zf]wgLo
x'g\ eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v
ul/g] xF'bf ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf vf;} ljjfb
p7\g] cj:yf kb}{g . o;/L k|i6 ?kdf ;+ljwfgdf
g} pNn]v ul/Psf ;+zf]wgsf ;LdfxnfO{ 3f]lift
jf JoQm ;Ldf (Expressed Limitation) sf] ?kdf
a' e \ m g] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g] k fn clw/fHosf]
;+ l jwfg, @)$& nfO{ o; cjwf/0ffcGtu{ t
lgdf{0f ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] b[i6fGtsf] ?kdf lng
;lsG5 . ;f] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ n] k|:tfjgfsf]
dd{ / efjgfljk/Lt x'g] u/L pQm ;+ljwfg
;+zf]wg x'g} g;Sg] u/L ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]
3f]lift ;Ldfx lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] .
!#= o; cjwf/0ffsf] 7Ls ljk/Lt cyf{t\
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf s'g} k"j{zt{ jf
aGb]h g/flvPsf ;+ljwfgx klg k|rngdf
/x]sf] b[i6fGt kfpg ;lsG5 . clkt' ;+ljwfgdf
560
3f]lift ?kdf s'g} s'/fnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf

egL pNn] v ul/Psf] 5} g eGb} d f To:tf]
;+ljwfgsf] s'g} ljz]iftf g} xF'b}g eGg klg
ldNb}g . d"ntM s'g} klg ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf s]xL
dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfxnfO{ ;+ljwfgaf6 lemlslbFbf
s'g} cd's ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf] d"n p2]Zo,
:j?k / rl/q g} sfod /xg ;Sb}g eg] To:tf]
ljifonfO{ cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf dfGg' kb{5 eGg]
dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . km/s oltdfq xf], klxnf]
k|sf/sf] ;+ljwfgdf o:tf ljz]iftfx 3f]lift
?kdf g} pNn] v ul/Psf x' G 5g\ t/ bf] ; | f ]
juL{ s /0fdf kg] { ;+ l jwfgleq lgxLt /x] s f
cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotf s] x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg]
s'/f kQf nufpg' kb{5 . ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd
JofVoftfsf] x}l;otn] ;f] cleef/f Gofokflnsfdf
/x]sf] x'G5 .
!$= ef/tLo u0ftGqsf] ;+ljwfgdf klg
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} k"j{zt{ jf
;Ldf lgwf{ / 0f ul/Psf] lyPg . t/ ef/tLo
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] s]zjfgGb ef/tL lj?4 s]/nf
/fHo ;d]t ljkIfL ePsf] (AIR,1973, SC 1461)
;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg d"n ;+ljwfgljk/Lt ePsf]
eGg] d'2fdf ef/tLo ;+ljwfgdf k/f]If ?kdf
(Impliedly) g} eP tfklg u0ftGq, k|hftGq, ljlwsf]
zf;g, :jtGq Gofokflnsfnufotsf cfwf/e"t
;+/rgfx lgxLt /x]sf] / ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn]
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ g} ;'ljrfl/t ?kdf /fv]sf
To:tf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf]] k|lts"n x'g] u/L
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] c;Lldt clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn]
g} l;h{gf u/]sf] ef/tLo ;+;bnfO{ gx'g] eGg]
;d]t JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!%= d' V otM ;+ l jwfgsf] cfwf/e" t
;+/rgf +;+ljwfg lgdf{tfsf] df}lns O{R5fsf] ?kdf
lnOg] x'gfn] To;df kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/ c?nfO{
x'Fb}g . ;++ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ ;fdfGo
Joj:yfksLo clwsf/eGbf ljlzi6 eP klg ;f]
clwsf/ ;+ l jwfg lgdf{ 0 f ug] { clwsf/
(Constituent Power) ;/x dfGg ldNb}g . Tof] t
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] clwsf/cGtu{t ;Lldt ?kdf
k| T ofof] l ht clwsf/ dfq} xf] . k| T ofof] l ht
561
clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ ;++ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] gfddf

;+ljwfgsf] df}lns :j?k g} kl/jt{g ug]{ cyf{t\
cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfdf g} kl/jt{g Nofpg]
u/L clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf] dfGg ldNb}g . of] ;LdfnfO{
;++ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] qmddf ljz]if?kdf ljrf/
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
!^= pk/f]Qm ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffxsf]
k[i7e"lddf k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgsf
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+qmd0fsfnsf] Joj:yfkg u/L
;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ d'Vo
p2]Zosf ;fy hf/L ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg xf] eGg]
s'/f o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf cleJoQm ePsf] ;du|
Joj:yfsf] dd{ / efjgfaf6 k|i6 b]lvG5 . cGo
s' / fsf cltl/Qm cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgn]
;+ q md0fsfnsf]
Joj:yfkg
u/L
;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] d'Vo
p2] Z o /fv] s f] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgaf6
;+ q md0fsfnsf] Joj:yfkg ug] { /
;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] pk/f]Qm
cfwf/e"t ljifonfO{ x6fO lbg] xf] eg] o;sf]
df}lns rl/q ;dfKt k|foM x'G5 . oL b'O{ ljifo
afx]s klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /fHo ;~rfngsf
;DaGwdf cGo k|jGw ul/Psf] 5, cg]s lgsfo
/ kbflwsf/Lxsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 t/ pk/f]Qm
b' O { cfwf/e" t p2] Z onfO{ kG5fP/ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] ;fy{stf vf]hL ug{ ldNb}g .
!&= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] k|:tfjgfdf cGo ljifosf cltl/Qm g]kfnL
hgtfn] cfk\mgf] nflu ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ cfkm}+
;+ l jwfg agfpg] / To;/L gofF ;+ l jwfg
gag];Ddsf] cGtl/d sfnsf] d'n'ssf] zf;g
Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] nflu pQm ;+ljwfg hf/L
ul/Psf] eGg] pNn] v ePsf] b] l vg cfpF 5 .
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePsf]
pk/f]Qm d"n efjgf / p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] lgldQ
pQm ;+ljwfgsf] efu & cGtu{t ;+ljwfg;efsf]
u7g / sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfx ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
^# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}+n]

gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ o; ;+ljwfgsf]
cwLgdf /xL Ps ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g]5
eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 eg] pkwf/f -@_
df of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ldltdf x'g]5
eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / lgjf{rg If]q, dtbfg
ug{ kfpg] cj:yf cflb ljifodf qmdzM pkwf/f
-#_ b]lv -*_ ;Dd lj:t[t Joj:yf ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . tbg' ? k ldlt @)^$.!@.@* df
;+ l jwfg;efsf] lgjf{ r g ;d] t ;DkGg eO{
;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g ePsf] / ldlt @)^%.@.!%
df o;sf] klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g}
ljjfb 5}g .
!*= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f ^$ df ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfnsf
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg d"ntM wf/f ^$ df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfns} ljifonfO{ lnP/ k/]sf]
b]lvFbf pQm ^$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut ug'{kg{]
x'g cfPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yf
lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5 M
^$= ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfnM ;+ljwfg;efn]
k|:tfj kfl/t u/L cufj} lj36g u/]sf]df
afx] s ;+ l jwfg;efsf] sfo{ s fn
;+ l jwfg;efsf] klxnf] a} 7 s a;] s f]
ldltn] b'O{ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
t/ d' n ' s df ;+ s 6sfnLg
l:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg
lgdf{ 0 f ug] { sfd k" / f x' g g;s] d f
;+ l jwfg;efn] k| : tfj kfl/t u/L
;+ l jwfg;efsf] sfo{ s fn yk 5
dlxgf;Dd a9fpg ;Sg]5 .
!(= ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g'eGbf k"j{
g} hf/L ePsf] jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] pk/f]Qm wf/f ^$ n] ;+ljwfg;efsf]
sfo{sfn klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{ x'g]
egL ls6fg u/L tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]
sfo{sfnsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf]
klxnf] jfSof+zdf pNn]v ePsf] pQm b'O{ jif{sf]

cjlw ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] nflu xf] . ;fdfGotM
;+ljwfg;efn] pQm cjlwleq} ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f
u/L ;Sg' kg]{ eGg] ;+ljwfgsf] j}w ck]Iff klg
xf] , hf] :jo+ d f k| i 6 / af] w uDo 5 .
;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] s'/fsf]
pb\3f]if cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfb]lv g}
ul/Psf] / lgjf{rg x'g'k"j{ sfo{sfn lglZrt
ul/Paf6 ;f] Joj:yf hgtfaf6 ;d]t cg'df]lbt
ePsf] dfGg' kb{5 . ;fwf/0f cj:yfdf b'O{ jif{leq
gofF ;+ l jwfg agfpg] egL hgtf;dIf uO{
tb\g'?k hgtfaf6 cg'df]lbt e} lgjf{rg ;d]taf6
u7g ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efn] afWofTds ?kdf ;f]
lglZrt ul/Psf] cfgf] b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{sfnleq}
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ k"/f ug'{kg]{ u/L cGtl/d
;+ljwfgn] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@)= k/Gt' ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn]] ckjfbsf] ?kdf d'n'sdf
;+s6sfnLg l:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] sf/0fn]
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd k"/f x'g g;s]df
;+ljwfg;efn] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf]
sfo{sfn yk ^ dlxgf;Dd a9fpg ;Sg]5 eGg]
klg Joj:yf u/] s f] kfOG5 . k| l tjGwfTds
jfSof+zdf /x]sf] pQm k"/s Joj:yf c;fdfGo
cj:yfsf] ;Daf] w gsf nflu xf] . ;+ l jwfg
lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;dofjlw ls6fg ul/Psf] wf/f
^$ sf] pQm d"n cjlw cyf{t\ b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{sfn
d' n ' s df ;+ s 6sfnLg l:yltsf] 3f] i f0ffsf]
c;fdfGo cj:yfsf sf/0f ckof{ K t ePdf
;+ljwfg;efn] g} k|:tfj kfl/t u/L yk 5 dlxgf
sfo{sfn a9fpg ;Sg] u/L pQm k|ltjGwfTds
jfSof+zn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@!= ;fdfGotof ts{;+ut 9af6 ug{
;lsg] s'/fx ug{sf nflu g} ;a} ;fdfGo
cj:yfx l;h{ g f ePsf x' G 5g\ . o;}
cjwf/0ffaf6 k|]l/t eP/ s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf
Jojxf/ jf lqmofsnfkx Jojl:yt, ;~rflnt
/ lqmofzLn x' g ] ub{ 5 g\ . /fHosf cx
;+ljwfgf/f l;lh{t lgsfo ePsf] / ;+ljwfgn]
g} o:tf cxsf] clwsf/, st{Jo / bfloTj
562
lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] x'Fbf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfgf]

lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{ ;a}sf] bfloTj x'G5 . t/
;fdfGo eGbf k/ ck|Toflzt jf c;fdfGo jf
c;xh s'/fx pTkGg ePdf :jefjtM To;sf]
c;/ c;fdfGo, c;xh tyf c:jfefljs x'G5 .
;fdfGo / ;xh lqmofsnfk e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf
c;fwf/0f jf c;fdfGo cj:yf pTkGg ePdf
To;sf] c;/ klg laNs'n gofF lsl;dsf] x'G5 /
Tof] ;xh klg x'Fb}g . hxfF ;fdfGo cj:yf /xG5
Tof] ;xh / :j]lR5s x'G5 eg] hxfF c;fdfGo
cj:yf /xG5 Tof] c;fwf/0f x'g'sf] ;fy} clgjfo{
klg x'G5 .
@@= sltko o:tf cj:yfx x'G5g\ hxfF
lhDd]jf/L lng] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] cfgf] Ifdtf
jf sfa' aflx/sf] kl/l:yltsf sf/0fn] cfk"mn]
lnPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g . o:tf] cfgf]
IfdtfeGbf aflx/sf] kl/l:yltaf6 l;h{gf ePsf]
cj/f]wsf sf/0f cfk"mn] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] sfd
k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] kl/l:yltnfO{ cfgf] ;fdYo{eGbf
aflx/sf] 36gf 7flgG5 / o:tf] kl/l:yltaf6
pTkGg c;dy{tfnfO{ IfDo dflgG5 . o:tf] IfDo
x' g ] cjwf/0ffnfO{ g} cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt
(Doctrine of Necessity) n] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .
clgjfo{ t fsf] l;4fGtcg' k kfpg' kg] {
IfDotfnfO{ sfg"gn] dfGotf lbG5 / cbfnt;dIf
clgjfo{tfsf] s'/f c;n k|lt/Iffsf] a'Fbfsf] ?kdf
j}w 9af6 p7fpg ;lsG5 .
@#= clgjfo{ t f To:tf] s' / f xf] h' g
s'/fnfO{ g t pk]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 g To;nfO{
/f]Sg g} ;lsG5 . clgjfo{tfn] h;/L s'g} lg0f{o
ug{nfO{ afWo kfb{5 To;/L g} ;f] afWotfnfO{
7Ls 5 eg]/ k|lt/Iff ;d]t ub{5 (Necessity
defends and justify what it compels) .
clgjfo{ t f tTsfnLg cj:yfljz] i f /
:yfgljz]ifsf] sfg"g x'G5 (Necessity is the law
of the time and the place) . clgjfo{tfn] klxn]
h'gs'/f sfg"gL x'Fb}gYof] ;f] s'/fnfO{ sfg"g;Ddt
agfO{ lbG5 . To;}n] clgjfo{tfnfO{ sfg"gn] afFWg
;lsb}g . lsgsL h'gs'/f clgjfo{ gePsf] eP
sfg"gL 7xb}{gYof] ;f]xL s'/fnfO{ clgjfo{tfn]
563
sfg"gL agfO{ lbG5 . clgjfo{tfsf] l:yltsf]

pTklQn] :jefjtM cGo ;fdfGo sfg" " g L
Joj:yfx lgliqmo x' G 5g\ / sfg" g nfO{
clgjfo{tfn] pl5G5 .
@$= ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /fHosf x/]s
csf] sfdsf/jfxL ;+ l jwfgsf] cIf/ /
efjgfcg's"n ul/g' kb{5 / ;f]cg'k gul/Pdf
To:tf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ j}wflgstf lbg ldNb}g .
t/ /fi6sf] hLjgdf klg c;fwf/0f / c;xh
kl/l:ylt cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o:tf]
c;xh kl/l:yltaf6 /fi6nfO{ hf]ufpg tTsfnLg
kl/l:yltdf lglZrt sfdsf/jfxLx ;~rfng
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] l:yltdf ;/sf/af6 ePsf
sfdsf/jfxLx ;+ljwfgn] ;fdfGo cj:yfsf
nflu lgwf{/0f u/]sf k|fjwfg cg's"n gb]lvP
klg cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine of
Necessity) cg';f/ cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g ;S5 .
@%= c;fdfGo cj:yfdf hxfF s'g} ljsNk
g} 5}g eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g}
k|i6 k|fjwfgsf] pNn3+g u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s
;+ljwfgf/f cjnlDat cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf jf
d"ne"t cjwf/0ffk|lts"n Go"gtd\ ?kdf /fHo
Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] l;nl;nfdf /fHoaf6
;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{xnfO{ ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf
(Inevitable necessity) sf] cfwf/df ;DkGg
ul/Psf] dfGg' Goflos pko'Qmtfsf] b[li6n] ;d]t
pko' Q m x' G 5 egL o; cbfntaf6 -lgj] b s
clwjQmf ljgf]b sfsL{ ;d]t lj?4 cy{ dGqfno
;d]t ljkIfL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] l/6
g+=%( sf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf ldlt @)^@.@.@& df
lg0f{o e} -g]sfk @)^@ lg=g+=&$(@, k[i7 !$)_
l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
@^= t/ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt nfu"
x'g pTkGg ePsf] clgjfo{tf sfg"gn] ;Ddfg
ug]{ vfnsf] x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . clgjfo{tfsf]
s'/f p7fpg] kIfn] To:tf] 36gf jf kl/l:yltaf6
aRgsf] nflu ug{ ;lsg] ;a} pkfo u/]sf] eGg]
b]lvg' k5{ . h'g clgjfo{tfsf] sf/0fn] sfd
x'g g;s]sf] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] cf}lrTo ;fljt
x' g ' k 5{ .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
@&= j:t'tM ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn

cufj} k|:tfj kfl/t u/L lj36g u/]df afx]s
;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s
a;]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{sf] x'g] eGg] g} wf/f ^$
sf] ;Lwf, ;/n / k|i6 cy{ cleJoQm e}/x]sf]
b]lvG5 . of] b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{sfn eg]sf] ;fdfGo
cj:yfsf] nflu xf] . b]zdf ;+s6sfnsf] l:ylt
cfO{ k/]df ;+ljwfg;efn] g} k|:tfj kfl/t u/L
yk ^ dlxgf sfo{sfn a9fpg ;Sg] egL wf/f
^$ sf] k|ltjGwfTds v08n] u/]sf] Joj:yf
c;fdfGo cj:yfsf] nflu xf] . o;/L ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ tf]lsPsf] b'O{ jif{] sfof{jlw cufj}
;DkGg x'g ;s]df b'O{ jif{;Dd kv{g gk/L ;f]
cufj} lj36g x'g ;Sg] tyf c;fdfGo kl/l:yltn]
ubf{ b'O{ jif{df ;f] sfo{ ug{ g;lsPdf cfkm}+n]
k|:tfj kfl/t u/L ^ dlxgf;Dd sfo{sfn yKg
;lsg] wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yf :jo+df k"0f{ /x]sf]
x'Fbf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf pQm wf/fsf] ;Ldf aflx/
u} ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . To;}n] wf/f ^$
df pNn]v ePsf] pk/f]Qm Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf
s'g} lljwf jf c;fd~h:odf kg'{kg]{ s'g} sf/0f
b]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf
zAb jf jfSof+z :jo+df :ki6 5g\ / ltgn] k|i6
/ :jfefljs cy{ lbO/x]sf 5g\ eg] ank"j{s
JofVof u/L cGo p2] Z o vf] h L ug' { s f] s' g }
u'~hfO; x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf zflAbs JofVof
g} kof{Kt x'g] x'Fbf JofVofsf cGo lgodsf] ;xf/f
lng' kb}{g .
@*= plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgsf]
kl/k] | I odf ljrf/ ubf{ wf/f ^$ df /x] s f]
;+ l jwfg;efsf] sfo{ s fn;DaGwL Joj:yf
afWofTds (Mandatory) ePsf]n], l/=g+=)^^WS
))%), lgj] b s ljho/fh zfSo lj?4
;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0fsf]
l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] tLg ;b:oLo ljz]if
Ohnf;af6 elgP h:tf] ;f] Joj:yf lgb]{zfTds
(Directory) jf tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf sfd ug]{ nIo
dfq xf] tyf ;+ljwfg;efaf6 kfl/t ePsf] gofF
;+ljwfg nfu" geP;Dd ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g
x'g g;Sg] egL cleJoQm ePsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt
x'g;Sg] s'g} ljj]s;Ddt sf/0f gb]lvPsf]n] ;f]

?ln sfod /xg ;Sb}g .
@(= hxfF;Dd ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ dfq Psf+sL ?kdf x]/L cy{ ubf{
;+ljwfg;efn] g} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ eGg]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf cleJoQm ePsf]
efjgf, ;+ljwfg;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg
k|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn
;dfKt x' g ] 5 eGg] wf/f *@ sf] k| f jwfg /
;+ljwfgsf] h'g;'s} wf/f ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] egL
wf/f !$* df ul/Psf] Joj:yf lgik|of]lht x'g]
x' F b f wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ pk/f] Q m
Joj:yfxsf] ;fb[Zotfdf ;du| ?kdf JofVof
ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm /
ljfg GofoflwjQmfxsf] ax; lhsL/ 5, o;af6
;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn k"/f
x'Fbf klg gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g ;s]g eg]
To;df ;+zf]wg u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn
a9fpg ;lsG5 jf ;lsGg eGg] k|Zg pkl:yt
x'g cfPsf] 5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf k|i6 x'g ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f *@ / !$* sf] k|fjwfgx klg x]g'{kg]{ x'g
cfPsf] 5 . wf/f *@ / !$* df qmdzM b]xfo
adf]lhd pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5M
*@= ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36gM ;+ljwfg;efn]
kfl/t u/] s f] ;+ l jwfg k| f /De ePsf]
lbgb]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd ;dfKt
x'g]5 .
t/ ;+ljwfg;efn] kfl/t u/]sf]
;+ l jwfg adf] l hdsf] Joj:yflksf
;+ ; bsf] lgjf{ r g geP;Ddsf nflu
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfd sf/jfxL ;f]
;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v
ePadf]lhd x'g]5 .
!$*= ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgM -!_ ;+ljwfgsf] s'g}
wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os
Joj:yflksf;+ ; bdf k| : t' t ug{
;lsg]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z
ePsf] ljw] o s Joj:yflksf;+ ; bdf
tTsfn sfod /x] s f ;Dk" 0 f{ ;b:o
564
;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:oxsf]

ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kfl/t
ePsf] dflgg]5 .
#)= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *@ sf]
d"n zLif{s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvPaf6 dfly p4[[t ul/Psf] wf/f ^$
sf] sfo{sfn;DaGwL Joj:yf;Fu o;sf] ;fb[Zotf
/x]sf] xf] ls eGg] h:tf] b]lvg cfpF5 . t/ wf/f
*@ sf] cGt{j:t' x]bf{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36gsf
;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvO{ s]jn
;+ljwfg;efaf6 kfl/t ePsf] gofF ;+ljwfg k|f/De
ePsf] lbgb]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd ;dfKt x'g]
eGg];Dd Joxf]/f k/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfd ;dfKt
x'g] eGg] / lj36g x'g] eGg] b'O{ km/skm/s
s' / f / cj:yf x' g \ . j:t' t M wf/f *@ n]
;+ l jwfg;efsf] lj36gsf] Joj:yf g} u/] s f]
b]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfg;efsf] Go"gtd\ / clwstd\
sfo{sfn ls6fg u/L cufj} lj36g x'g ;Sg]
cfwf/ / cj:yf ;d]t wf/f ^$ df pNn]v
e} ; s] s f] n ] wf/f *@ df ;+ l jwfg;efsf]
lj36g;DaGwL Joj:yf k'g/f]lQm ug{ cfjZos
geO{ d"n zLif{s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g /fVbf
/fVb} klg cGtj{:t'df ;f] s'/f gk/]sf] a'e\mg
;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg;efn] wf/f ^$ df plNnlvt
b'O{ jif{sf] ;dofjlw cufj} ;+ljwfg n]vg sfo{
k"/f u/L gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L u/]sf] t/ k|:tfj
kfl/t u/L lj36g eg] gu/]sf] cj:yfdf wf/f
^$ sf] ;do;Ldf;Dd ;+ljwfg;efsf] cl:tTj
sfod /lx/xg] x'G5 . o;/L gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L
ePkl5 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd afFsL g/xg]
x'Fbf To:tf] l:yltdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd ;dfKt
x'g] eGg] wf/f *@ sf] Joj:yfsf] cfzo b]lvG5 .
To;}n] o; wf/fn] ;+ljwfg;efn] slxn];Dd sfd
ug{ kfpg] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] dfq pNn]vg / Joj:yf
u/] s f] kfOG5 . ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f ^$ df
;+ljwfg;efn] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L cufj} lj36g
ePdf afx]s===eGb} k|i6;Fu Go"gtd\ / clwstd\
;dofjlw;lxt ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn ls6fg
ePsf] b]lvPaf6 wf/f ^$ sf] sfo{sfnsf] ;Ldf
jf bfo/f;Dd dfq wf/f *@ sf] Joj:yf lj:tfl/t
565
x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 Tof] eGbf aflx/ xf]Og . wf/f

^$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ wf/f *@ n] ;Lldt jf
lj:tfl/t u/]sf] ;Demg jf cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
wf/f *@ wf/f ^$ eGbf kl5af6 ;+ljwfgdf
;dfj]z ePsf] x'Fbf olb pQm wf/fn] wf/f ^$
df ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn ;DaGwL
Joj:yfnfO{ cGoyf ug{ vf]h]sf] eP ;f] s'/f
wf/f *@ df :ki6;Fu pNn]v x'g' :jfefljs /
jf~5gLo x'g ;SbYof] .
#!= To;} u/L wf/f !$* sf] pkwf/f
-!_ n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} klg wf/fnfO{
;+ z f] w g jf vf/] h ug] { k| : tfj Joj:yflksf
;+;bdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvof] .
pkwf/f -@_ n] To:tf] k|:tfj Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf
tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{
ltxfO{ ax'dtn] kfl/t x'g'kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
afx]s ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf pQm wf/fn]
s'g} k"j{ zt{ jf aGb]h /fv]sf] kfOPg . pkwf/f
-!_ sf] Joj:yf ;f/jfg / pkwf/f -@_ sf]
Joj:yf sfo{ljlwut k|s[ltsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf
;f/e"t ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] s'g} 3f]lift ;Ldf lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] kfOPg . o;/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] pQm
;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf s'g} 3f]lift
;Ldf lgwf{/0f gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s]xL df}lns
Joj:yf afx]s wf/f !$* adf]lhd cGtl/d
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g;Sg] g} x'G5 .
#@= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf]
;DaGwdf dfly ul/Psf] ljZn] i f0faf6
;+ l jwfg;efsf] sfo{ s fn ;fdfGo cj:yfdf
klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{ / ;+s6sfnLg
l:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] c;fdfGo cj:yfdf yk
5 dlxgf xf] eGg] k| i 6 e} ; s] s f] 5 .
;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g'k"j{ g} ls6fgL ?kdf
tf] l sPsf] ;f] Joj:yf ;+ l jwfg;efsf]
lgjf{ r gdfkm{ t \ hgdtaf6 cg' d f] l bt ePsf]
cj:yf b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf avt
Joj:yf ePsf] / hgtfsf] cg'df]bg k|fKt ePsf]
wf/f ^$ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ s'/fsf] lbzf lgb]{z u/]sf] kfOG5, Tof]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
xf] ^ dlxgf;Dd ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fpg

;lsg], cgGtsfn;Dd xf]Og .
##= ;fdfGotM hgtfaf6 cg'df]bg ePsf]
;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn;DaGwL wf/f ^$ sf]
o:tf] afWofTds Joj:yfsf] ;Ldf gf3\g] u/L
wf/f *@ / !$* sf] cf8df ;+zf]wg u/L sfo{sfn
hlt klg yKg ldN5 eGg] JofVof ug]{ xf] eg]
hglgjf{ l rt lgsfosf] hgtfk| l t /xg' kg] {
pQ/bfloTj lgwf{ / 0f ug] { k| l t:kwf{ T ds
nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, aflnu dtflwsf/
/ cfjlws lgjf{rgnufotsf nf]stflGqs d"No
dfGotfk|lt cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfn] JoQm
u/]sf] k|lta4tf dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ s] x'g ;Sb5
eGg] k|Zg p7\g' c:jfefljs x'Fb}g . o:tf] l:yltsf]
ljBdfgtfn] hglgjf{lrt lgsfosf] hgtf;Fusf]
lgs6tf jf hjfkmb]lxtfdf k|Zg p7g'sf ;fy}
hgtfn] nf]stGq, ljlwsf] zf;g / cfk\mgf xs
clwsf/sf] ;+ / If0f / ;Da{ 4 gsf lgldQ
;+ l jwfg;efdfkm{ t \ gofF ;+ l jwfg k| f Kt ug{ ]
clek|fosf ;fy hf/L u/]sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
d'Vo p2]Zo 6fl9Fb} hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o:tf]
sfo{ ;+ q md0fsfnsf] Joj:yfkg u/L
;+ l jwfg;efdfkm{ t \ gofF ;+ l jwfg hf/L ug] {
cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgsf] k| : tfjgfsf] efjgf /
dd{cg's"n x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{
clglZrt x'Fb} uPdf ;+qmd0fsf] klg Joj:yfkg
x'g ;Sb}g / o:tf] l:yltsf] lg/Gt/tf eg]sf]
Jofks clg0f{o / clglZrttfsf] l:ylt xf] . h'g
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]s} xf]Og .
#$= clkt' ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ Pp6f
sl7g sfo{ xf] . ljleGg ljrf/wf/f / l;4fGt
af] s ] s f /fhgLlts bnx aLraf6 ;femf
b:tfj]h aGg cjZo klg ;lhnf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;Fu} zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ lgisif{df
k'ofpg' kg]{ cleef/f klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePsf] x'g
;Sb5 . o; cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df
s]lGb|t eO{ clwstd\ k|of; ubf{ub}{ klg ;f] k"/f
ug{ ;do ckof{ K t eof] / ;+ l jwfg;efsf]
sfo{sfn a9fpg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ df ;+zf]wg
ug{ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine of
566
cg' k ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf /

cj:yf kg{ uof] eg] wf/f ^$ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
jfSof+zn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ;do ;LdfnfO{ dWogh/
/fvL dfq ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug'{ jf~5gLo /
pko'Qm x'G5 . lsgeg] d'n's ;+s6df k/]sf]
a]nfdf ;d]t ;f] sf/0f b]vfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf]
sfo{sfn s]jn ^ dlxgf;Dd a9fpg ;lsg]
;do;Ldf ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] 5 eg] ;fdfGo
cj:yfdf cGo sf/0f b]vfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
ug]{ sfd k"/f x'g ;s]g eGb} ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L
cjlw;Ddsf] nflu ;+ l jwfg;efsf] sfo{ s fn
a9fpg ldNg] x'Fb}g .
#%= ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ePsf] cjlwdf
;+ljwfg;ef cfkm}+n] 5 dlxgf;Ddsf] sfo{sfn
a9fpg ;Sg] u/L lgsf; vf]n]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
afx] s cGo sf/0fn] ;+ l jwfg;efsf]
sfo{ s fn;DaGwL Joj:yf g} ;+ z f] w g u/L
sfo{ s fn a9fpg' kg] { l:ylt :jLsf/ ubf{
;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fpg] PseGbf a9L
pkfo l;lh{ t x' g ;Sg] l:ylt b] l vG5 . clt
cfjZos sf/0f k/]sf] v08df klg wf/f ^$ sf]
Joj:yfdf cGtlg{ l xt l;4fGtsf] pk] I ff ug{
;Dej b] l vF b } g . lsgeg] ;+ l jwfg lgdf{ t fn]
h:tf];'s} k|s[ltsf] ;+s6sfn eP klg ;f] sf/0fn]
;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fpg] cjlw ^ dlxgf
ls6fg u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] eGbf a9L x'g ;Sg]
b]lvFb}g . ;+s6sfnsf] gfddf cg'lrt ?kn]
cfk\mgf] sfo{sfn a9fpg g;lsof];\ eGg] lx;fan]
sfo{sfn lglZrt Pj+ ;Lldt kfg]{ clek|fon]
pQm Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;+ljwfg
lgdf{tfn] b]zsf] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{
cljnDa ;DkGg u/fpgsf nflu /fv] s f]
k|fyldstfsf] sf/0faf6 o:tf] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] x''g' kb{5 . wf/f ^$ df cGtlg{lxt
l;4fGtsf] pk]Iff u/L hlt;'s} cjlwsf] nflu
klg ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w gf/f sfo{ s fn a9fpg
;lsG5 eGg] JofVof ul/Pdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfsf]
df}lns cfsf+Iff / cleJolQmdf t'iff/fkft x'g
hfG5 . ;+ljwfgadf]lhd rNg] zf;g Joj:yfdf
Joj:yflksf nufotn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'Fbfsf
Necessity)
avtsf df}lns O{R5f / ;+/rgfnfO{ lj:yflkt

gx'g] u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o:tf]
s' / fsf] cg' ; /0f :jo+ ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w gsf]
k|lqmofdf a:bfsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] klg ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . cGoyf ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ffsf] dfWodaf6
jf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] dfWodaf6 Ps jf csf]{
pkfo u/L ;+ljwfg;efn] cfk\mgf] sfo{sfnnfO{
clglZrtsfn;Dd nDAofpg] u'~hfO; l;h{gf
ug{ lbPsf] kl/0ffd lg:sg hfG5 . cGtl/d
;+ljwfgdf cGt/\lgxLt hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] hgtfn]
cfk\ m gf] ;+ l jwfg cfkm} + agfpg] efjgfsf]
sfof{ G jogsf] nflu wf/f ^$ sf] cfwf/e" t
l;4fGtk|lt cljrlnt cf:yf /fvL /fVg h?/L
b]lvg cfpF5 . km]l/ o;sf] k|of]u ub}{ sfo{sfnnfO{
cgfjZos ?kdf nDAofpFb} hfg] jf cgGttf
lbg] k|oTg ul/of] eg] Tof] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
dd{ / ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf] dtbfgaf6 JoQm O{R5f
tyf lgb]{zljk/Lt x'g hfG5 .
#^= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf lgdf{tfn] /fv]sf]
ck] I ffsf] ;Gbe{ d f ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w g u/L
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;+ l jwfg
;+zf]wg u/]sf] eg]sf] cj:yfdf klg To:tf] l:ylt
l;h{gf ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zg p7\g
;Qm5 . oyfy{ d f of] ljifo ;b} j Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg (Judicial Review) sf] ljifo x'G5 .
To;}n] ;+ljwfg;efn] cfgf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]
d"n sfo{ ug{df ljz]if ;lqmotf b]vfO{ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo, dd{ / efjgf tyf hgck]Iff
k"/f ub}{ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ k"/f ug'{kg]{
x'G5 .
#&= ca, ;+ljwfg;efsf] Ps jif{ Dofb
yKg] u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ df ul/Psf]
cf7f} + ;+ z f] w g ;+ l jwfgn] lgwf{ / 0f u/] s f]
k|lqmofadf]lhd ePsf] 5, 5}g eGg] lg0f{o lbg'
kg]{ x'g cfPsf] bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{, lgj]bsn] d"ntM ;+ljwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf
;+;b Pp6} eP klg sfd ug]{ x}l;ot km/s
km/s 5, ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7sn] ;+ljwfgsf] efu
& adf]lhd ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd dfq ug{
;Sb5 eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] efu * adf]lhd
567
Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5, ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f

!$* df ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj Joj:yflksf
;+;bdf dfq k]z x'g] Joj:yf 5, ;+ljwfg;ef
-Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,
@)^% sf] lgod *$ df ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w g
k|lqmofsf] af/]df pNn]v 5 t/ ;+ljwfg;ef
lgodfjnL, @)^% df o:tf] Joj:yf 5} g ,
/fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ ;+ljwfg;efaf6
hf/L ul/Psf] elgPsf] cf7f} + ;+ z f] w g
;+ljwfg;efn] u/]sf] x'Fbf If]qflwsf/ljxLg 5,
;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *% sf]
pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ sf] k|lqmof k"/f ul/Psf] 5}g
/ ;+ l jwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf] sfo{
;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod !%&
adf] l hd ljrf/fwLg ljifodf lgodfjnLsf]
Joj:yf lgnDag ug{ gldNg]df lgnDag ul/Psf]
tyf ;dofjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 ldlt @)^&.@.!%
ut] ljxfg !=#) ah] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj kfl/t
u/]sf] k|lqmofdf sfo{ljlwut q'l6 ljBdfg /x]sf]
5 eGg] ;d]t lgj]bsn] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
#*= ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf
;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f *# n] ;+ l jwfg;efnfO{ g}
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdf sfd ug]{ clwsf/
lbPsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]sf]
ldltb]lv ;f]xL lgsfosf] gfdaf6 P]gx hf/L
ug]{ / ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5,
;f] s'/f ljlw lgdf{0f ;"qsf] Pp6f k|lqmof dfq
xf] , cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgsf] cf7f} + ;+ z f] w g
Joj:yflksf ;+ ; baf6} ePsf] xf] , ldlt
@)^^.!@.@% b]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s g} a;]sf]
5}g, ldlt @)^&.@.# df ;f] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj btf{
eO{ @)^&.@.& df ;b:oxnfO{ ;"rgf lbOPsf]
/ ldlt @)^&.@.( df lj/f]wsf] ;"rgf ;d]t
k|fKt ePsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *% sf] pkwf/f
-!_ / -@_ sf] k|lqmof gk'u]sf] cj:yf 5}g,
;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod !%& df
Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf ljrf/fwLg s'g} sfo{sf
;DaGwdf lgodfjnLsf] s'g} Joj:yf nfu" gx'g]
u/L lgnDag ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePcg'k lgod

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
^@ / ^& lgnDag ul/Psf] xf], /flt !@ aHg'

cufj} a}7s z'? eO{ lg/Gt/ rfn" /x]sf]n] s'g
;dodf k|:tfj kfl/t eof] eGg] s'/fsf] s'g}
dxTj x'Fb}g eGg] ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
#(= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efu ^ cGtu{t
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 eg] efu & ;+ljwfg;efsf] af/]df Joj:yf
ePsf] 5 . efu & df pNn] v ePsf]
ljifoj:t' x af6 ;+ l jwfg;efsf] k| d ' v sfo{
;+ l jwfg agfpg] g} xf] eGg] b] l vG5 .
;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, kb l/Qmtf,
a}7s, ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfj k]z ug]{, kfl/t ug]{
cflb ljifoxdf o; kl/R5]bcGtu{t pNn]v
ePsf]n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{, P]gxsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ nufotsf] Joj:yfksLo sfo{x
;+ l jwfg;efsf] If] q flwsf/cGtu{ t ;dfj] z
ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . o;sf cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f &* adf] l hd ;+ l jwfg;efn] cfk\ m gf]
sfo{ljlw lgoldt ug{ ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL,
@)^% agfPsf] / pQm lgodfjnLdf ;d] t
Joj:yflksf cn] ug]{ Joj:yfksLo sfo{xsf
;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvFbf ;+ljwfg;ef
lgoldt Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ug]{ c xf]Og eGg]
tYo k|i6 x'G5 .
$)= csf]{tkm{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
hf/L x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf efu ^ sf] wf/f $% df
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] u7g;DaGwL 5'} Joj:yf
/x]sf]df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ldlt @)^%.#.@(
df ul/Psf] kfFrf} ;+zf]wgn] wf/f $% nufot
wf/f $^, $&, $*, $( / %) ;d]tsf Joj:yfx
vf/] h u/] s f] b] l vG5 . pQm ;+ z f] w gkZrft\
cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgdf Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf]
u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf afFsL /x]sf] b]lvg cfpFb}g .
kfFrf} ;+zf]wgaf6 vf/]h ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
$% sf] pkwf/f -$_ df Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
sfo{sfn ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]kl5
;dfKt x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf eO{ wf/f %( df
o; ;+ l jwfgadf] l hd Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf]
sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 o; ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] clwsf/ ;+ljwfg;efn]
k|of]u ug]{5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o;

Joj:yfaf6 ;+ l jwfg;efsf] lgjf{ r g eO{
;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s ga;];Ddsf] nflu
;+ l jwfg hf/L x' F b fsf] wf/f $% adf] l hdsf]
Joj:yflksf ;+;b sfod /xg] kl/sNkgf cGtl/d
;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To;} u/L wf/f
*# n] ;+ljwfg;ef sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/ ;f]
;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{ u/L
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g} bf]xf]/f] x}l;otdf sfd ug]{
lhDd] j f/L lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;+ l jwfg;efn]
Joj:yflksfsf] x}l;otdf sfd ubf{ efu * sf
Joj:yfx
cfjZos
x] / km] / ;lxt
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ nfu" x'g]5g\ eGg] wf/f *# sf]
pkwf/f -$_ df pNn] v ePsf] Joj:yfaf6
;+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdf
sfd ubf{ efu * cGtu{tsf] Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw
cjnDag ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu
;+ljwfg;efn] wf/f &* n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L wf/f *# adf]lhd Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
x} l ;otn] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;+ l jwfg;ef
@)^% sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] / oxL lgodfjnLsf]
Joj:yfadf] l hd Joj:yfksLo sfo{ x ub} {
cfO/x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg;DaGwL
ljw]ossf] sfo{ljlw o;} lgodfjnLsf] lgod
*$ df /x]sf] b]lvPaf6 Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
x}l;otdf dfq ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] s'/f
:ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 .
$!= ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;efsf]
u7g gePsf] t/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cl:tTj
/x]sf]n] oL b'O{ lgsfoxnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn]
efu ^ / & cGtu{t k[ys cl:tTj / x}l;otdf
/fv] s f] b] l vP tfklg ;+ l jwfg;efsf] klxnf]
a}7skZrft\ wf/f $% adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] cl:tTj :jtM ;dfKt ePsf]n] xfn
Joj:yflksf ;+;b / ;+ljwfg;efsf] cnucnu
cl:tTj b]lvg cfpFb}g . Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
u7g;DaGwL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $% nufotsf
k|fjwfg kfFrf} ;+zf]wgn] vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvP
tfklg efu ^ cGtu{t clwj]zgsf] cfJxfg /
568
*%** -clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t
cGTo, a}7ssf] ;~rfng / sfdsf/jfxL ;DaGwL

Joj:yfx cBflk;Dd oyfjt\ /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
efu * sf] Joj:yfkg ljlw / efu ( sf] cfly{s
sfo{ k|0ffnL, ah]6 kfl/t ug]{ cflb sfo{ klg
Joj:yflksf ;+;bs} If]qflwsf/cGtu{t /xL /x]sf]
cj:yf cBflk;Dd ljBdfg 5 . ;/sf/sf] u7g,
;/sf/n] ljZjf;sf] dt lng ;Sg] / cljZjf;sf]
k| : tfj kfl/t ug{ ; Sg] / ljkIfL bnsf]
g]tfnufotsf k|fjwfgx cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf
/x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L ;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% n]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf
ljleGg ljifout ;ldlt ;d] t sf] u7g x' g ]
Joj:yfsf ;fy yk cfwf/ / cj:yfx lgwf{/0f
u/] s f] cj:yf b] l vg cfPaf6 Joj:yflksf
;+;bnfO{ k"0f{tM ;+;bLo:j?k k|bfg ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 .
$@= ldlt @)^%.@.!% df ;+ljwfg;efsf]
klxnf] a}7s a;]kl5 cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L
x'Fbfsf avt u7g ePsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
sfo{sfn wf/f $% sf] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd
;dfKt ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvPg . pQm ldlteGbf
cufl8 ul/Psf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf], bf];|f]
/ t];|f] ;+zf]wgdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] pQm
;+zf]wgx hf/L u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f /fhkqdf
k|sflzt ;"rgf / ljlw lgdf{0f ;"qdf pNn]v
ePsf] klg b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s
a;]kl5 wf/f $%-$_ adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf]n] wf/f %( /
wf/f *# adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn] g} Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] x}l;otdf Joj:yfksLo sfd ug'{kg]{
x' G 5 . tbg' ? k ldlt @)^%.@.!^ sf] g] k fn
/fhkqdf k| s flzt ePsf] g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_, @)^% sf] ;"rgf tyf
ljlw lgdf{0f ;"qdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f *# adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] x}l;otdf ;+ljwfg;efn] pQm ;+zf]wg
hf/L u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvg cfPaf6
;+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdf
u/]sf] sfo{sf ;DaGwdf k|i6tf x'g cfO{ s'g}
569
c:ki6tf /x] s f] b] l vF b } g . To;} u/L ldlt

@)^%.#.@( sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -kfFrf} ;+zf]wg_, @)^% ;DaGwL
;"rgfsf] Joxf]/fdf klg dfly rf}yf] ;+zf]wg
x'Fbf pNn]v ePsf] jfSof+z g} pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . t/ ;f] ;+zf]wgsf] ljlw lgdf{0f
;'qdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdf u/]sf]
eGg] Joxf]/f x6fO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f *#-!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn] ;f] ;+zf]wg
hf/L u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] /
To; kl5sf ;+zf]wgxdf ;d]t ;f]xL Joxf]/fnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] b] l vof] . ;+ l jwfg;efn]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdf klxnf] k6s
cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgsf] rf} y f] ;+ z f] w gubf{ pQm
x}l;ot ;d]t k|i6 pNn]v u/L ;"rgf hf/L
u/]sf]df To; kl5 klg ;f]xL Joxf]/fn] lg/Gt/tf
kfpg' Joj:yflksfsf] sfdsf/jfxLdf Ps?ktf
/xg' kg] { b[ l i6sf] 0 faf6 ;d] t plrt x' g ] d f
ljjflbt cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgsf] ;"rgfdf ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f *#-!_ sf] pNn]vg u/L ;+ljwfg;efaf6
;+zf]wg hf/L ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 lljwf
pTkGg ePsf] kfOof] .
$#= o;k|sf/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{t
xfn Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] 5'} cjl:ylt geO{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *#-!_ n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g}
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;d]t x}l;otdf sfd ug]{
clwsf/ lbPsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . ljjflbt
cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgsf] ;"rgf / ljlw lgdf{0f ;"qdf
pQm wf/f *# -!_ sf] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvP klg
;+ljwfg;efaf6 pQm ;+zf]wg hf/L ul/Psf] eGg]
Joxf]/f k/]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ s]xL cGof}ntf pTkGg
x'g hfg' c:jfefljs xf]Og . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f *#-!_ n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g} Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] sfd ;d]t ug]{ u/L clVtof/L k|bfg
u/]sf] b]lvP klg ;+ljwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] sfd, st{Jo / If]qflwsf/ ;+ljwfgtM
cnucnu tf]lsPsf], sfo{ ;~rfng ljlw /
k|lqmof ;d]t leGgleGg /x]sf] tyf j}wflgstf
/ x} l ;ot ;d] t km/skm/s x' g ' s f ;fy}
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt e};s]kl5

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
;+ljwfg;efn] g} ;f] x}l;otdf u/]sf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgdf pQm x}l;ot k|i6
b]vfOPsf]df To; kl5sf ;+zf]wgxdf ;f] s'/f
c:ki6 x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 .
$$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!$* df ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f] w g;DaGwL k| : tfj
Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf dfq k]z x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf
ePsf] b] l vG5 . cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgsf] kfF r f}
;+zf]wgkZrft\ ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
u7g;DaGwL 5'6[} Joj:yf g/xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
*#-!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efn] g} Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] ;d]t sfd ug'{kg]{] cj:yf 5 . To;/L
;+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;d]t clwsf/
k| o f] u ug] { u/L ul/Psf] wf/f *#-!_ sf]
pNn] v g;Dd u/L ;+ l jwfg;efn] cGtl/d
;+ l jwfgsf] cf7f} + ;+ z f] w g hf/L u/] s f] egL
/fhkqdf ;" r gf k| s flzt ePsf] b] l vof] .
;+ljwfg;efn] g} wf/f *#-!_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf
;+ ; bsf] x} l ;otaf6 sfd ug] { b] l vP klg
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otaf6 sfd ubf{sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] x}l;ot klg b]lvg' kg]{ x'G5 .
;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !$* df ;+ l jwfg;efaf6
;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf g/x]sf]
cj:yfdf ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf
k|sflzt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *#-!_ adf]lhd
;+ljwfg;efaf6 hf/L ePsf] eGg] pNn]v x'g'jf6
cfd hgdfg;df cGof}ntf pTkGg ePsf] / ;f]
;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf]
cj:yf b] l vPsf] 5 . t;y{ ca pk| f Gt
;+ljwfg;efn] u/]sf] ljwflosL sfo{ / ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] sfo{aLrsf] cGt/ :ki6 a'lemg] Joxf]/f
kfl/t ljw] o sdf pNn] v u/L ;fj{ h lgs
hfgsf/Ldf Nofpg]tkm{ ljkIfLsf] Wofgfsif{0f x'g'
h?/L 5 .
$%= g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfaf6
pk/f]Qm l:yltsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvPsf] eP tfklg
k|ToyL{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm
;fy k]z ePsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf dxf;lrj
dgf]x/k|;fb e/fO{af6 k|dfl0ft ul/Psf cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg;DaGwL sfdsf/jfxLsf]

;+lIfKt ljj/0faf6 cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+
;+zf]wg ljw]os ldlt @)^&.@.# df Joj:yflksf
;+;b;dIf btf{ ePsf], ;f] ;+zf]wg k|:tfjsf]
;"rgf ldlt @)^&.@.& df ;b:oxnfO{ lbOPsf]
/ ldlt @)^&.@.( df dfggLo b]jk|;fb u'? /
;l/tf lu/Ln] ;f] k|:tfjpk/ lj/f]wsf] ;"rgf ;d]t
Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf g} k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj ;d]t ;+ljwfg;efn]]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bs} x}l;otdf kfl/t u/]sf] eGg]
b]lvPsf]n] ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg;efs} x}l;otdf
pQm ;+zf]wg kfl/t u/]sf] eGg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
s]jn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfdf pNn]v ePsf]
Joxf]/fn] ubf{ o; k|sf/sf] cGof}ntf;Dd pTkGg
ePsf] b]lvof] . ldlt @)^&.@.# df ;+zf]wg k|:tfj
btf{ e} ldlt @)^&.@.& df k|To]s ;b:oxnfO{
;f]sf] k|lt pknJw u/fOPsf] eGg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f *% sf] pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ sf] k|lqmof gk'u]sf]
eGg] cj:yf klg b]lvPsf] 5}g . To:t} ;+ljwfg;ef
@)^% sf] lgod !%& df Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf
ljrf/fwLg s'g} sfo{sf ;DaGwdf lgodfjnLsf]
s'g} Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] u/L ;bgsf] cg'dlt lnO{
;efd'vn] lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePcg'k
g} ;f] lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^@ / ^& sf] k|fjwfg
lgnDag u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg
ljw]os kfl/t ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] pQm ;+zf]wg
k|lqmofdf ;+ljwfg tyf lgoddf pNn]v ePsf]
s'g} sfo{ljlwsf] pNn+3g ePsf] cj:yf ;d]t
b]lvg cfPg .
$^= o;sf ;fy} ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut]
/flt !!=$% ah] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu a;]sf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] a}7s lg/Gt/
rfn" /xL ;+zf]wg k|:tfj b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6
kfl/t ePsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] !@ ah] kl5
k|:tfj kfl/t ePsf] eGg] k|fljlws s'/fn] dfq
pQm sfdsf/jfxL af/] j}wtfsf] k|Zg p7fO{
To;nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . k/Gt' s'g}
klg sfo{ ubf{ ;do;Ldf / To;sf] cf}lrTotftkm{
ljz]if Wofg k'ofpg' jf~5gLo x'G5 . ;+;bLo
570
Joj:yfdf ;+;b;dIf k]z x'g] x/]s ljw]osxdf

o;sf ;b:oxn] uDeL/ 5nkmn / ax; u/L
To;sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfxsf
af/]df lgisif{df k'Ugsf] nflu kof{Kt ;dosf]
cfjZostf kb{5 klg . Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
sfo{ ;~rfng / k|lqmofx Joj:yfkgsf] nflu
;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% th'{df ePsf] klg
b]lvG5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;b :jo+n] lgdf{0f u/]sf]
pk/f]Qm lgodfjnL sfof{Gjogsf] ljifodf cGo
lgsfodf k|Zg p7fpg gldNg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
/x] s f] ePtf klg Joj:yflksf ;+ ; bsf]
sfdsf/jfxL pQm lgodfjnLsf] dd{ / efjgf
cg'k ;xh / :jfefljs ?kdf ePsf] b]lvg'
kb{5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ljw]os
kfl/t ePsf] ;do;Ldfs} ;DaGwdf cgfjZos
;+zo, lljwf / l6sfl6Kk0fL hGdg] u/L ;f]
ljifon] cbfntdf k|j]z kfpg] cj:yf cfpg'nfO{
uDeL/tfk"j{s lnOg' kb{5 . sfo{sfn ;dfKt
x' g ] clGtd 38Ldf cfP/ ;do;Ldf Pjd\
;dofjlwsf] Vofn g/fvL xtf/ xtf/ ;+ljwfg
;+ z f] w g h:tf] bL3{ s fnLg k| e fj lbg]
hg;/f]sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ ljw]os kfl/t ug'{kg]{
afWotfnfO{ ghL/ agfpF b } hfF b f To;af6
hgdfg;df ;d]t ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx gx'g]
cj:yf /xg hfG5 . To;}n] o; vfnsf cj:yfx
cfpg glbg]tkm{ ljrf/ k'ofpg ljkIfLxsf]
Wofgfsif{0f u/fOPsf] 5 .
$&= ca lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf]
clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ePsf]
cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgnfO{ lnP/ ;f] ab/ ug{ dfu u/L
k/] s f] b] l vG5 . j:t' t M xfn pQm cf7f} +
;+zf]wgadf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{ cl3 a9L
;+zf]wgaf6 yk ul/Psf] Ps jif{sf] cjlw ;d]t
;dfKt x'g] l:ylt eO{ cfh !! dlxgf @* lbg
JotLt e};s]sf] / tLg lbg dfq afFsL /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ul/Psf] cjlw ;lsO{
;s]sf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
571
^$ df ;+zf]wg u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn b'O{

jif{af6 a9fP/ tLg jif{ u/]sf] sfo{ ;+ljwfgljk/Lt
eof] eGg] lgj]bsxsf] lhsL/sf] k|of]hg g} ;dfKt
e};s]sf] 5 . o:tf] kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg;efn]
xfn;Dd u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxL k|efljt x'g] / ;fy{s
kl/0ffd glbg] ;d]t cj:yf x'Fbf pQm cf7f}+
;+zf]wgsf] cf}lrTotf af/] o; Ohnf;n] c? ljrf/
ug]{ cj:yf /x]g . ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
x'g] 7x5{ . ljkIfLxsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cfb]zsf]
Ps k|lt dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ k7fO{
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L kmfon lgodfg';f/ u/L
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Gof=sNof0f >]i7
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn h]7 !! ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL
l
lg0f{o g+= *%*(
;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
l/6 g+= @)^$WS ))#(
cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!).@&.%
ljifo M pTk|]if0f ;d]t .
lgj]bsM bf]nvf lhNnf, eLd]Zj/ gu/kflnsf
j8f g+= @ j:g] clwjQmf Zofds[i0f df:s]
lj?4
ljkIfLM g] k fn ;/sf/, k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noo ;d]t
e} / x] s f] sfg" g L Joj:yfn] df} l ns
xspk/ cg'lrt jGb]h nufPsf] jf cGo

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu

aflemPsf] cj:Yff eP c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L o; cbfntn]
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ xf] . sfg"g
k|0ffnL Pj+ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf kl/jt{g
ug]{ jf e}/x]sf] sfg"gdf yk Joj:Yff
u/L sfg"g ;+zf]wgsf] ljifodf cfb]z
hf/L ug]{ sfo{ ;fdfGotM cbfntsf]
xf]Og . ;fy} sfg"gdf o; lsl;dsf]
Joj:Yff yk ug'{ egL ;fdflhs cleoGtf
- Social engineering _ sf] ?kdf
cbfntn] Joj:Yfflksfsf] sfd ug{
gldNg] .
sfg"g k|0ffnL Pj+ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf
kl/jt{g ug]{ jf e}/x]sf] sfg"gdf yk
Joj:yf u/L sfg"g ;+zf]wgsf] ljifodf
cfb] z hf/L ug] { sfo{ ;fdfGotM
cbfntsf] xf] O g . s] s:tf] sfg" g
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ eGg] ljifo /fHosf]
gLltut ljifo x'f] . o:tf] /fHosf] 5'}
csf] clwsf/pk/ Gofokflnsff/f
k|ToIf x:tIf]k x'g] u/L cfb]z hf/L ug{
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
kmf} h bf/L k| s [ l tsf] s;" / sf] kl/efiff
ljwflosL gLlt - Policy _ sf] ljifo
ePsf]n] df}h'bf kl/efiff / Joj:yfxdf
gLltut ?kdf cbfntn] s'g} cfb]z jf
lgb]{z ug{ gldNg] .
sfg"g jf s;"/sf] kl/efiffdf s'g} zAb
yk ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] s'/f lgtfGt
ljwflosL sfo{If]qsf] ljifo xf] . jxfn
/x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr
e]befjk"0f{ 5 eg] klg ;f] Joj:yf ab/sf]
dfu gu/] s f] cj:Yffdf s' g } sfg" g L
Joj:YffnfO{ e]befjk"0f{ egL ;+zf]wg ug{
cfb]z lbFbf sfg"gsf] jfWosfl/tfdf k|Zg
p7\g ;Sg] x'G5, To:tf] cj:yf ;+ljwfgtM
:jLsfo{ klg gdflgg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
lgj] b s tkm{ a f6M ljfg clwjQmfx >L

rGb| s fGt 1jfnL, >L ?b| zdf{ , >L
Zofds[i0f df:s] / ;jLtf j/fn
cbfntsf] ;xof]uLM ljfg clwjQmfo >L ;'ifdf
afF:sf]6f j/fn, >L piff dNn kf7s,
>L dL/f 9'+ufgf / >L tLy{ j;f}nf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
o'j/fh ;'j]bL
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f !#
d'n'sL P]g cfzo s/0fLsf] dxnsf] !
g+= / % g+=
d'n'sL P]g hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] !, @, # g+= sf] b]xfo $,%,^,
#s=, #v=, $, %, ^, *, (, !), !)v=,
!)u=
d'n'sL P]g ljxfj/Lsf] dxnsf] @-!_,
-@_ / # g+=
cfb]z
Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-!_, -@_
cGtu{t bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
wf/f !# df ;dfgtfsf] xscGtu{t pkwf/f -!_
df ;j} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\,
s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt
ul/g] 5}g eGg] / pkwf/f -@_ df ;fdfGo sfg"gsf]
k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/s dfly wd{, j0f{, ln,
hflt, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo]
s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g eGg]
Pj+ pkwf/f -#_ n] /fHon] gful/ssf aLr wd{,
j0f{, hfthflt, ln, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s
cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj
ug]{ 5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] / o:tf] ;+ljwfgk|bQ
572
*%*( - clwjQmf Zofds[i0f df:s] lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
df} l ns xsaf6 jl~rt ug] { s' g } sfg" g

;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 egL
wf/f ! df k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] 5 . /fHodf /xg]
gful/s -:qL, k'?if_ b'j}df ;dfg Jojxf/, ;dfg
clwsf/, ;dfg bfloTj k|bfg ul/g] k|Tofe"lt
ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f !#-#_ sf] k| l tjGwfTds
jfSofFzn] u/]sf] Joj:yf afx]s cGo cj:Yffdf
g]kfn /fHosf gful/snfO{ sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg
Jojxf/ ul/G5 . dlxnfnfO{ a9L k'?ifnfO{ sd
clwsf/ x'g] Joj:Yff ug'{ ;+ljwfgljk/Lt x'G5 .
g]kfnsf ljBdfg sfg"gx g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg, @)^# sf] cwLgdf /xg]
s'/fdf ljjfb geP tfklg tL sfg"gdWo] d'n'sL
P]gsf] cfzo s/0fL, hj/\h{:tL s/0fL, xf8gftf
s/0fLsf] dxncGtu{t clwsfFz Joj:Yff tyf
ljxfj/Lsf] dxnsf] @ sf] b] x fo !,@,# g+ = ,
cbnsf] % g+= df of}g ck/fw dlxnfdf dfq
x'g] cyf{t\ of}g kL8f dlxnfn] dfq kfpg], k'?ifn]
of}g kL8f gkfpg] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
d'n'sL P]g cfzo s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= df
ePsf] Joj:Yffn] cfzo s/0fL dlxnfdf dfq
x'G5, kLl8t dlxnf dfq x'G5 eGg] / P]=sf] %
g+= df ;f]xL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; dxndf
k'?ifnfO{ of}g b'Jo{jxf/ x'G5, x'g;S5, eO/x]sf]
5 eGg] kl/sNkgf;Dd ul/Psf] 5}g . o;n]
ubf{ of}g kLl8t k'?ifn] Gofo dfUg] af6f] aGb
u/L ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !# ljk/Lt dlxnf /
k'?ifaLr c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]sf] 5 .
d'n' sL P]g hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnn]
klg hj/\h:tL s/0fL dlxnfnfO{ dfq x'G5, kLl8t
dlxnfdfq x'G5 eg]sf] 5 . P]=sf] ( s df
plNnlvt k| f jwfg afx] s k' ? ifdf hj/\ h :tL
of} g hGo ck/fw x' F b } g eGg] dg;fo /fvL
ljwflosfn] sfg"g lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . o; dxnsf]
! g+= df s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L
glnO{ s/0fL u/]df, P]= sf] @ g+= df xf8gftf
:jf:gL dflg;sf], P]=sf] # g+= sf] b]xfo $ / %
df dlxnf, P]=sf] # g+= sf] b]xfo ^ df nf]Ug]n]
:jf:gLnfO{ , P]=sf] # s g+= df dlxnfnfO{ ;fd"lxs
?kdf, P]=sf] # v= df s;}n] hj/\h:tL s/0fL
573
u/]sf] /x]5 , P]=sf] $ g+= df hj/\h:tL s/0fL

ug]{ ePsf], P]=sf] % g+= df hj/\h:tL s/0fL ug]{
pBf]u u/]sf] s/0fL ug{ eg] kfPsf] /x]g5 eg]
hj/\h:tL s/0fL ug]{nfO{, P]=sf] ^ g+= df s/0fL
ug]{nfO{ x'g], P]=sf] * g+= df s/0fL ug]{, P]=sf= (
g+= df s'g} :jf:gL dflg;sf] s/0fL ug]{, ;f]
:jf:gL dflg;sf], P]=sf] !) g+= df s;}n] s'g}
dlxnfnfO{ hj/\ h :tL s/0fL u/] s f] 7x/] d f
cbfntn] To:tL dlxnfnfO{= P]=sf] !)v g+= df
kLl8t :jf:gL dflg;, P]=sf]= !) u g+= df
dlxnfnfO{ eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfgaf6 dlxnfpk/
dfq hj/\ h :tL s/0fL x' G 5 . o;sf] cfzo
k' ? ifaf6 dfq dlxnfpk/ s/0fL x' G 5 .
dlxnfpk/ ePsf] hj/\ h :tL s/0fLdf dfq
;hfo ug'{ kb{5 . kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ dfq Ifltk"lt{
e/fO{ lbg' k 5{ eGg] Joj:Yff /x] s f] 5 . t/
dlxnfaf6 k'?ifdf, k'?ifaf6 k'?ifdf hj/\h:tL
s/0fL ug{ u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:Yfftkm{ Wofg lbOPg .
s] k'?ifnfO{ dlxnf / k'?ifn] ;fd"lxs jnfTsf/
ug{ u/fpg ;Sb}g < :jf:gLn] nf]Ug]nfO{ hj/\h:tL
s/0fL u/fpg] cj:yf /xFb}g < hj/\h:tL s/0fLn]
dlxnfsf] dfq zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s Iflt
k'U5 < k'?ifnfO{ Iflt k'Ub}g < cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
pkl:yt x'g kLl8t k'?ifsf] cg'dlt lng' kb}{g <
o:tf k|Zgxsf] ;jfndf o; dxnsf] ;Dk"0f{
Joj:Yff cg'Ql/t /xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf]
;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ sfg"g lgdf{0f
u/]sf] x'Fbf wf/f !# nfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg pQm
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] k|To]s gDj/df "dlxnf"
":jf:gL dflg;" elgPsf] :yfgdf "k'?if" "nf]Ug]
dflg;" / s/0fL u/]df elgPsf] :yfgdf "s/0fL
u/] u/fPdf" eGg] zJb yk ug'{ u/fpg' eGg]
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .
d'n'sL P]g xf8gftf s/0fL ug]{sf] dxnn]
cfzo s/0fL / hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxndf
h:t} s/0fL k'?ifaf6 dfq x'G5 / ;xdltdf
s/0fL lng' lbg' ePdf a9L lhDd]jf/ k'?if x'G5,
egL gful/ssf] ;dfg xsnfO{ lvNnL p8fPsf]
5 . xf8gftfdf ;xdltn] s/0fL lng' lbg' u/]
klg To;sf] a9L bf]ifL k'?ifdfq x'G5 eGg'sf]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
k5fl8 s'g} j}1flgs cfwf/ 5}g . ;+ljwfgsf]

wf/f !# sf] xs pNn3+g ub}{ xf8gftf s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] !,@,#,$,%, ^,( / !! g+= df k'?ifaf6
dfq xf8gftfsf] dlxnfnfO{ s/0fL x'g ;Sb5
eGg] ljwflosfn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . hj/\h:tL
s/0fL dlxnfn] k'?ifnfO{ ub}{g t/ u/fpF5, u/fpg
jfWo kfb{5, u5{ / u/fpF5sf] zflAbs leGgtf
/x] klg To;sf] cy{ Ps} xf] . o; dxnsf] k|To]s
gDj/df k' l nn] :qL lnnfO{ egL hgfpg]
jfSodf :qL lnn] k'lnnfO{ cyf{t\ :qL ln
hgfpg] zAbdf k'ln hgfpg] zAb yk x'g
h?/L 5 . o; dxnsf] !) g+ = df b' j } s f]
;xdltdf xf8gftfdf s/0fL lng' lbg' ePsf]
/x]5 eg] k'?ifnfO{ a9L / dlxnfnfO{ sd ;hfo
x'g] k|fjwfg ;+zf]wg u/L b'j}nfO{ ;dfg ;hfo
x'g] k|fjwfg /fvL sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug'{ u/fpg'
eGg] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .
d'n'sL P]g ljxfj/Lsf] dxnsf] @ g+= n]
ljxfj/L ug]{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] pd]/ !* b]lv @)
jif{ tf]]s]sf] / b]xfo !, @ / # df aflnsf /
dlxnfsf] pd] / sf] xb tf] s L pd] / cg' ; f/
ck/fwsf] ufDeLo{tf sfod u/L ;hfosf] xb
tf] s ] s f] 5 . slnnf] pd] / df ljjfx ubf{
gfafnsdf ljjfxsf] c;/ kb} { g egL unt
cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . aflnsfsf] t'ngfdf sd c;/
kg]{ eP klg dfgl;s c;/ b'j}df ;dfg kg]{
tYonfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg . o; dxnsf] @ g+= sf]
b]xfo !, @ / # df aflnsf / :jf:gL dflg;
pNn]v ul/Psf] :yfgdf afns / nf]Ug] dflg;
yk ug'{ egL cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm . To:t} cbnsf]
dxnsf] % g+= n] dlxnfpk/ dfq of}ghGo ck/fw
x'G5 eGg] unt ljwflosL wf/0ffn] ag]sf] x'Fbf
pQm % g+= df dlxnf eGg] ;fydf k'?if eGg]
zAb yk ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
dlxnf / k'?ifsf] dfgj clwsf/, dfg,
;Ddfg, ;dfg /xG5 . dlxnfn] hlt OHhtsf]
ck]Iff ubf{ k'?ifn] klg ;a}af6 Tolt g} OHhtsf]
ck]Iff /fVb5 . k'?ifdf x'g] of}g kL8fsf] ;+jf]wg
gul/Paf6 k'?ifpk/ s;}n] of}g ck/fw u/] jf
of}g zf]if0f ul/xfn] Tof] sfo{ ck/fw g7xl/g]
sfg"gL Joj:Yff ;dfgtfsf] xssf] 7f8} ljk/Lt

5 . dlxnfnfO{ dfq s/0fL x' g ;Sg] geO{
dlxnfaf6 k' ? if, k' ? ifaf6 k' ? if, dlxnfaf6
dlxnfdf s/0fL x'g ;Sg] tYonfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg .
g] k fn kIf /fi6 ePsf dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($*, dlxnf lj?4 x'g]
;j} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw,
!(&( n] u/]sf k|fjwfgn] ;d]t dlxnf / k'?ifdf
;dfg xs clwsf/ k|bfg u/]af6 tL Joj:Yffsf]
k|lts"nsf sfg"g agfpg' ;+j}wflgs q'l6 x'G5 .
d'n'sL P]gsf] dfly plNnlvt cfzo
s/0fL, hj/\h:tL s/0fL, xf8gftfsf] s/0fLsf]
dxn, ljxfj/Lsf] dxn tyf cbnsf] % g+= df
plNnlvt Joj:Yff g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f ! / !# ;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf pQm
bkmfxdf dlxnf eGg] zAbsf] ;fydf k'?if,
:jf:gL dflg; eGg] zAbsf] ;fydf nf]Ug] dflg;,
s/0fL u/]df eGg] zAbsf] ;fydf s/0fL u/fPdf,
ug{ nufPdf dlxnf k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg ;hfo x'g]5,
;dfg Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] 5 eGg] cflb zAb tt\tt\
bkmfxdf yk u/L ;dfgtfsf] xsn] k| b fg
u/]adf]lhd ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;dfg
xs k|bfg ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6
lgj]bg kq .
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f
eP !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt
hjfkm cfP jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ . ;fy}
s'g} ck'/0fLo Iflt k'Ug] cj:yf gb]lvFbf cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] o; cbfntsf]
@)^%.#.#) sf] cfb]z .
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu k|fKt
c;fwf/0f / cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/ ePsf] x'gfn]
ljwflosfaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] s'g} sfg"g jf ;f]sf]
s'g} c+z d"n sfg"gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] cj:yf b]lvP ljwflosL cnfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg' kg]{ h?/t kb}{g , aflemPsf] b]lvP To:tf]
574
sfg"g cdfGo / ab/ ug{ ;S5 . ;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{

ljwflosL sf/jfxLdf ;+nUg u/fpg' / ljwflosfnfO{
Goflos sf/jfxLdf ;+nUg u/fpg' b'j} sfo{
;+j}wflgs ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6n] jf~5gLo x'Fb}g .
hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|ToIf k|of]u ub}{ ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] nflu u7g ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] cjlwe/ lgoldt ljwflosL sfo{ ;d]t
;Dkfbg ug]{ ;+jw} flgs lhDd]jf/L ePsf] sf/0fn]
dfq o:tf ljifodf ljkIfL agfpg' s'g} klg
b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm gePsf]n] cfwf/ / sf/0flagf
c;Da4 lgsfonfO{ ljkIfL agfpsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL
;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfnosf tkm{af6 k|l] ift lnlvt
hjfkm .
s] s:tf] P]g lgdf{0f ug]{ jf ;+zf]wg
ug] { eGg] ljifo ljwflosfsf] Psnf} 6 L
clwsf/If]qsf] ljifodf o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg'sf] s'g} ts{;+ut cfwf/ / sf/0f 5}g .
hLj j} 1 flgs tyf k| f s[ l ts sf/0fn] ;d] t
k'?ifeGbf dlxnf zf/Ll/s ?kdf czQm, sdhf]/
x' g ] / /fHon] dlxnfxsf] ;+ / If0fsf] nflu
sfg"gadf]lhd ljz]if Joj:Yff ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf
;sf/fTds lje]bsf] cfwf/df ag]sf] sfg"gnfO{
cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . zf/Ll/s agfj6sf] sf/0fn]
s]xL of}ghGo s;"/x :jfefljs ?kdf dlxnfsf]
lj?4 x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xg hfg] x'G5 . hLj
j} 1 flgs ?kdf c;dfg zf/Ll/s ;+ / rgf /
jgfj6 ePsf] sf/0fn] sfg"gadf]lhd lbPsf]
;+/If0fnfO{ ;dfg x'g'kg]{ bfjL ug{ ldNb}g .
ljz]if ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ ju{k|lt ePsf] leGg Jojxf/
Gofof]lrt\ g} x'g] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] g] k fn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] tkm{af6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm .
wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k| l tjGwfTds
jfSofFzaf6 dlxnfxsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
/ ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gdf ;sf/fTds lje]b
ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] lgj]bg bfjL sfg"g;Ddt /
cf} l rTok" 0 f{ b] l vF b } g . csf] { t km{ lgj] b g
bfjLadf]lhdsf] s'g} sfdsf/jfxL eP u/]sf]
575
cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd To:tf] sfo{

ug]{ JolQmnfO{ b08 ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] g} b]lvFbf
dfuadf]lhd s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g .
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
sfg" g , Gofo tyf ;+ ; bLo Joj:Yff
dGqfnotkm{af6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj] b sn] lgj] b gdf pNn] v u/] s f]
ljifodf cGo b]zsf] sfg"gL Joj:Yff ;d]t k]z
ug]{ egL lgj]bstkm{sf ljfg clwjQmf rGb|sfGt
1jfnLn] Ohnf; ;dIf eg]sf] x'Fbf lghaf6
k]z u/fO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] @)^^.!.@$ sf] cfb]z .
o; cbfntsf] k"j{ cfb]zadf]lhd cGo
b]zsf] sfg"gL Joj:Yff ;d]t k]z ug{ ;do dfu
u/L lgj]bstkm{sf ljfg clwjQmfxn] Ohnf;
;dIf cg'/f]w ug'{ ePsf] x'Fbf Ps dlxgf;Ddsf]
;dofjlwleq cfb]zadf]lhdsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
k]z ug]{ u/L k|:t't d'2f x]bf{x]b}{df /fVg' eGg]
o; cbfntsf] @)^^.&.!( sf] cfb]z .
lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] k|Zgdf cGo b]zsf]
sfg"g Pj+ lg0f{ox ;d]t k]z ug{ ePsf] k"j{
cfb]zadf]lhd k|fKt ax;gf]6sf] ;Gbe{df yk
;fdu|L ;+sng u/L Nofpg Ps dlxgfsf] ;do
lgj]bs kIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ lbg' .
;fy} lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf p7fpg' ePsf]
k|Zg;Fu xfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] /f]xdf dlxnf
ju{ s f] xs lxt ;d] t ;DalGwt x' g cfpg]
b]lvPsf]n] dlxnf xs lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{
sfg"g Joj;foLx ;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj jf~5gLo
b]lvg cfPsf]n] dlxnf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;d]t
k| l tlglwTj x' g ] u/L ;jf] { R r cbfnt af/
Pzf]l;ozg / g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;ozgaf6 @.@
hgf al/i7 clwjQmf jf clwjQmfx dgf]gog
u/L Plds; So"/Lsf] x}l;otn] ax; ug{ k7fO{
;xof]u ug{ pQm Pzf]l;PzgnfO{ n]vL k7fO{
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
@)^^.*.!* sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k];L ;"rLdf
r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs
tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg clwjQmfx >L

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
rGb|sfGt 1jfnL, >L ?b| zdf{ / :jo+ lgj]bs

ljfg clwjQmf >L Zofds[i0f df:s]n] k|:t't
lgj]bgdf s/0fLsf] ck/fw dlxnf k'?if b'j}af6
x' g ;Sg] ljifoj:t' n fO{ phfu/ u/L o:tf]
ck/fwdf ;dfg sfg"gL Joj:Yff x'g'kg]{ dfu
ul/Psf] 5 . xfnsf] ;dfhdf 3l6t x' g ]
ck/fwnfO{ e}/x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:Yffn] ;d]6\g
;s]sf] 5}g . ;dfhsf] cfjZostfnfO{ sfg"gn]
;Daf]wg gu/]sf] l:yltdf cbfntaf6 cfb]z
x'g' jf~5gLo x'G5 . d'n'sL P]g, hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxn, cfzo s/0fLsf] dxn,
ljxfjf/Lsf] dxn, xf8gftf s/0fLsf] dxn /
cbnsf] dxndf /x]sf Joj:Yffx dlxnfxsf]
xslxtdf dfq PsfL ?kdf /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . tL
dxnxdf /x]sf] Joj:yfn] dlxnff/f k'?if /
k'?ifxf/f k'?if kLl8t x'g ;Sg] oyfy{nfO{
OGsf/ u/L To:tf ck/fwdf dlxnfdfq kLl8t
x'g ;Sg] elgPsf] 5 . ljwflosfn] sfg"g agfpFFbf
o:tf k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf k'?if kLl8t x'g ;Sg]
cj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5}g . dlxnf tyf
k'?if b'j} lnaf6 k'?ifx dfly of}ghGo ck/fw
ePsf] s'/fnfO{ o"lg;]km tyf ef/tsf] Law
commission sf] l/kf]6{n] :jLsf/ u/]sf]5 . o;
lsl;dsf ck/fw ;+VofTds lsl;dn] yf]/} x'g]
tYofn] b]vfP tfklg ck/fw ug]{nfO{ ;hfosf]
Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f
ug{ h'g h;af6 ck/fw eP klg ;f] ck/fwnfO{
b08fTds 3f] i f0ff ul/g' k 5{ . ljfg df] b Lsf]
Jurisprudence df Rape nfO{ Penetration dfq
xf]Og 3if{0fn] klg Rape x'g ;Sg] eg]sf 5g\ .
Rape sf] kl/efiff g} gofF 9Fun] ul/g' k5{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'{eof] . lgj]bs tkm{af6}
ljfg clwjQmf >L ;ljtf a/fnn] dlxnf /
k'?ifaLr e]befj ug'{ x'Fb}g, ;dfg xs clwsf/
x'g'k5{ eGg] ljifodf o; cbfntaf6 ljleGg
d'2fdf l;4fGt :yflkt e};s]sf 5g\ . lgj]bsn]
dfu u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:Yff x'Fbf s;}sf] xs
clwsf/df c;/ kg]{ l:ylt /xFb}g . j}jflxs
anfTsf/sf] km};nfn] sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ePsf]
pbfx/0f klg 5 . dlxnfn] k'?ifnfO{ pQ]lht
kfg{ g;Sg] tyf Rape ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf x'Fb}g .

lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g dgfl;a
g} x'G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'{eof] .
cbfntsf] ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmf >L ;'ifdf afF:sf]6f a/fnn] sfg"g
eg]sf] ;dfhsf] cfjZostfn] hGdfpg] ljifo
xf] . lxhf]sf] dlxnfsf] cj:yf ljrf/ u/L agfpsf]
d'n'sL P]gsf] Joj:Yff kl/dfh{g x'g h?/L 5 .
dlxnf / k'?if ;dfg x}l;otsf x'g\ eGg] s'/f
;lGwsf] Joj:yf ;d]tn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . dlxnfn]
/fd|f] sfd dfq ub{5g\ eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df
ag]sf] sfg"gn] clxn]sf] ;dfhnfO{ k|ltlglwTj
ug{ ;Sg] cj:Yff 5}g . dlxnff/f dlxnf tyf
k'?if anfTs[t ePsf 36gf cfO/x]sf] cj:yf
x' F b f ;dfg ;hfo x' g ] sfg" g L Joj:Yff x' g '
cfjZos 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'{eof] .
To:t} cbfntsf] ;xof]uLsf ?kdf pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L piff dNn kf7sn] of}ghGo lx++;fleq
w]/} s'/fx k5{g\ . Rape x'g g;s] klg of}g
b'Jo{jxf/ x'g g;Sg] xf]Og . dlxnff/f k'?if /
;dlnLpk/ of}g lx+;f x'Fb}g eGg ;ls+b}g .
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] s'/fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
;DalGwt If]qsf lj1]if1af6 cg';Gwfg u/fO{
sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ cfklQ x'g] l:ylt 5}g eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'{eof] .
cbfntsf] ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmf >L dL/f 9'+ufgfn] k'?ifsf] h'g
caf6 Rape x'G5 ;f] c dlxnfdf gx'g] x'Fbf
dlxnff/f Rape x' G 5 egL dfGg ldNb} g .
k'?iff/f k'?ifdf d}y'g x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x] klg
dlxnff/f dlxnfpk/ o:tf] lqmof x'g ;Sb}g .
s/0fLsf] Attempt / Rape dlxnfpk/ dfq x'g]
tYofn] b]vfPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf o:tf] ck/fwdf
dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{ ;dfg ;hfosf] Joj:yf
x'g' ;fGble{s x'Fb}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax;
ug'{eof] . To;}u/L cbfntsf] ;xof]uLsf ?kdf
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L tLy{ j;f} n fn]
lgj]bsn] hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxn afx]ssf
cGo s' / fx klg p7fpg' ePsf] 5 . h' g
sfo{nfO{ sfg"gn] ck/fw dfg]sf] 5 To:tf] sfo{
576
dlxnf k'?if b'j}af6 x'g g;Sg] eGg] l:ylt gx'Fbf

;hfodf c;dfg ug'{ plrt x'Fb}g . of}g lx+;fsf]
s'/f h;/L j[l4 ePsf] 5 To;nfO{ k|rlnt
sfg"gn] ;d]6]sf] cj:Yff 5}g . of}g lx+;fdf
anfTsf/ dfq kb}{g c? ck/fw klg k5{g\ .
k'?ifn] dlxnfnfO{ ug]{ of}g lx+;f / dlxnfn]
k'?ifnfO{ ug]{ of}g lx+;fsf] af/]df ;dfg ;hfo
x' g ] lsl;daf6 sfg" g lgdf{ 0 f x' g ' ckl/xfo{
e};s]sf] 5 . xf8gftf s/0fLdf c;dfg ;hfosf]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;dfg ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug'{
;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !#-#_ sf] k| l tjGwfTds
Joj:yfljk/Lt x'+b}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax;
ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{ n o ;d] t sf tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bLn] lgj]bsn]
sfg"gdf /x]sf bkmfxsf] Joj:yf gk'u ePsf]
eGg] cfwf/df yk ug'{kg]{ dfu ug{'ePsf] 5 .
o:tf ljifox Judicial Review x'g] k|s[ltsf
5}gg\ . cbfntn] Advisory Opinion lbg ldNb}g .
n}ls ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ ;Gbe{df hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxndf ljwflosff/f ( s= sf] Joj:Yff
yk ul/Psf] 5 . clwsf+z Rape sf 36gf dlxnf
To;df klg aflnsf x'g] u/]sf] s'/f cbfntaf6
ePsf km};nfsf] tYofn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . s'g}
Pp6f 36gfnfO{ lnP/ cbfntn] ;Defjgfsf
cfwf/df cfb]z hf/L ug]{ cj:yf x'Fb}g . ;+;f/sf
s'g} klg d'n'sdf o; k|sf/sf] s;"/df dlxnfnfO{
ck/fwL 3f]if0ff u/]sf] eGg] b]lvFb}g . dlxnfnfO{
k'?ifn] ljjfx u/]/ Nofpg] k|yf, rng sfg"g
eP tfklg dlxnfn] k'?ifnfO{ ljjfx u/]/ Nofpg]
cj:yf sxL+ klg 5}g . sfg"gdf yk ug]{ ljifodf
cbfntaf6 cfb]z hf/L ug'{ jf~5gLo gx'g]
x'Fbf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf
5}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'{eof] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf]
pko'{Qm ax; ;'gL cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpFg tf/]v
tf]lsPsf] k|:t't ljifodf k]z ePsf] ax;gf]6
Pj+ l/6 lgj]bg kq, ljkIfL lgsfoaf6 k|]lift
577
lnlvt hjfkm ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{,

lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] gx'g] s]
xf] < ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d"ntM g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# n] ;dfgtfsf]
xssf] Joj:Yff u/L ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df
;dfg x'g] / sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 s;}nfO{
jl~rt gul/g], ;fy} s'g} klg s'/fsf] cfwf/df
e] b efj gul/g] k| f jwfg /fv] s f] d f ;f]
k|fjwfgljk/Lt d'n'sL P]gdf /x]sf Joj:yfxn]
dlxnfx pk/ dfq ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf
ub} { k' ? ifsf] xsdf e] b efj u/] s f] egL
b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvof] . d'n'sL P]g
cfzo s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= / % g+= df cfzo
s/0fLdf kLl8t dlxnf dfq x'G5, dlxnf lj?4
dfq of}g ck/fw x'G5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] x'Fbf
;f]df cfk"m jf c?;Fu u}/sfg"gL s/0fL ug{
u/fpg :jf:gL dflg; nf]Ug] dflg;nfO{ eGg]
jfSofFz yk x'g' kg]{, d'n'sL P]g hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] !, @,# g+= sf] b]xfo $, %, ^,
#s=, #v=, $, %, ^, *, (, !), !)v=, !) u=n]
dlxnfpk/ dfq hj/\ h :tL s/0fL x' g ] /
dlxnfpk/ ePsf] hj/\ h :tL s/0fLdf dfq
;hfo u/L dlxnfnfO{ dfq Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs ;fy{s
t'Nofpg pQm hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] k|To]s
gDj/df dlxnf :jf:gL dflg; elgPsf] :yfgdf
k'?if nf]Ug] dflg; / s/0fL u/]df eGg] :yfgdf
s/0fL u/] u/fPdf eGg] zJb yk x'g'kg]{ tyf
d'n'sL P]g xf8gftfdf s/0fL ug]{sf] dxnsf] !,
@, #, $, %, ^, ( / !! g+= df k'?ifaf6 dfq
xf8gftfsf] dlxnfnfO{ s/0fL x'g ;Sb5 eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf k'lnn] :qL lnnfO{ egL
hgfpg] jfSodf :qL lnn] k'lnnfO{ cyf{t\ :qL
ln hgfpg] zJbdf k'ln hgfpg] zJb yk
x'g'kg]{ / :qL k'?if b'j}nfO{ ;dfg ;hfo x'g]
k|fjwfg /fvL sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug'{ u/fpg' eGg]
cfb] z hf/L ul/kfpF m . ;fy} d' n ' s L P] g
ljxfjf/Lsf] dxnsf] @ g+=, P]=sf] b]xfo !, @ / #

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
g+= df aflnsf / dlxnfsf] pd]/sf] xb tf]Sg]

Joj:yfdf aflnsf / :jf:gL dflg; pNn]v ePsf]
:yfgdf afns / nf]Ug] dflg; yk ug'{ u/fpg'
eGg] Pj+ d'n'sL P]g cbnsf] % g+= n] dlxnfpk/
dfq of}ghGo ck/fw x'G5 eGg] unt wf/0ff
/fv]sf]n] dlxnf eGg] zAbsf] ;fydf k'?if eGg]
zJb yk u/L ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;dfg
xs k|bfg ug'{ u/fpg' eGg] ljkIfL lgsfosf
gfpFFdf cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo l/6
lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOof] . hLj j}1flgs
leGgtfsf] sf/0fn] ljz]if ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ lnsf
dlxnfx k|lt ePsf] leGg Jojxf/ ;+j}wflgs
/ sfg"gL ?kdf Gofof]lrt x'g] x'G5 eGg] ljkIfL
dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no / dlxnfsf] xs clwsf/
;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nflu sfg"gdf ;sf/fTds
lje]b ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno tyf :ki6 cfwf/ /
sf/0f lagf c;Da4 lgsfonfO{ k|ToyL{ agfO{
lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kg]{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf] / fsf] ;+ l jwfg;ef ;lrjfnosftkm{ a f6
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ePsf] kfOG5 .
#= lgj]bsn] d'n'sL P]g cfzo s/0fL,
hj/\h:tL s/0fL, xf8gftfsf] s/0fL, ljxfj/Lsf]
dxn / cbnsf] dxndf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf]
;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt x'g] u/L ljz]if ?kdf tL
dxndf /x]sf] s;"/hGo sfo{ dlxnfx pk/
k'?ifaf6 dfq x'g] sNkgf u/L To:tf ck/fw
dlxnfxaf6 k'?ifx pk/ x'g g;Sg] h:tf]
u/L dlxnfx dfq kLl8t x'g ;Sg] egL e}/x]sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] :yfgdf dlxnf eGg] zAbsf]
;fydf k'?if, :jf:gL dflg; eGg] zJbsf] ;fydf
nf]Ug] dflg;, s/0fL u/]df eGg] zAbsf] ;fydf
s/0fL u/fPdf, ug{ nufPdf dlxnf k'?ifnfO{
;dfg ;hfo / ;dfg Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5 eGg]
zAb yk ug{ dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} k'?iff/f
k'?if, dlxnff/f dlxnf Pj+ dlxnff/f k'?if
kLl8t ePsf s]xL ;fdfGo ?kdf ;dfrf/df
cfPsf ljifoj:t' ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L of}g b'Jo{jxf/
/ of}g lx+;fsf] s'/fnfO{ lgj]bg kq Pj+ lgj]bs
tkm{af6 pkl:yt sfg"g Joj;foLxn] k]z u/]sf]
ax;gf]6 tyf ax;sf] qmddf lhsL/ ;d]t lng'

ePsf] kfOG5 . lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ljifoj:t'k|lt
xfd|f] ;fdflhs cj:Yff / wf/0ff, g]kfnsf] sfg"g
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, ;fdflhs k|fyldstfsf] ljifo
Pj+ o:tf ljifoxdf cGo b]zsf] sfg"gL Joj:Yff
;d]t k]z ug{ lgj]bstkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{
Ohnf;af6 cfb]z eO{ ;do ;d]t k|bfg ul/Psf]
ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . hj/\h:tL s/0fLf/f
kLl8t ePsf dlxnfxsf] k|ltzt jf To:tf
36gfaf6 kLl8t ePsf k'?ifxsf] k|ltzt jf
lgj] b sn] p7fPsf cGo ljifodf ;d] t
tt\;DaGwdf cg';Gwfgd"ns tYof Pj+ cGo
b]zsf] sfg"gL Joj:Yffsf] af/]df lgj]bstkm{af6
s'g} To:tf] e/kbf]{ / cfwf/;lxtsf] tYoo'Qm
yk ;fdu|L k]z ePsf] b]lvPg .
$= lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf p7fpg' ePsf]
k|Zg;Fu xfnsf] xfd|f] sfg"gL Joj:Yffsf] /f]xdf
dlxnf ju{sf] xslxt ;d]t ;DalGwt x'g cfpg]
egL dlxnf xs lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sfg"g
Joj;foLx ;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj jf~5lgo b]lvO{
dlxnf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L cbfntsf] ;xof]uL -Plds; So"/L_ sf]
?kdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt af/ Pzf]l;Pzg Pj+ g]kfn
jf/ Pzf]l;Pzgdfkm{t\ pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/nfO{ x]bf{ lgj]bsn]
d" n ?kdf p7fg u/] s f] dlxnff/f dlxnf,
dlxnff/f k'?if jf k'?iff/f k'?ifaLrsf] Rape
sf] ljifodf cflwsfl/s ?ksf] cg';Gwfgd"ns
tYof k]z gu/L of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / of}g lx+;ftkm{
ljz]if hf]8 lbO{ ck/fwsf] ljifodf ;dfg ;hfo
ug]{ ljifodf s]lGb|t ePsf] kfOof] . ;dfhdf
b]lvg] of}g lx+;f / of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf s'/f /
d'n'sL P]g hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnnufotn]
u/]sf ljifo cnucnu ePsf] / ck/fwsf]
k|s[ltaf6} of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / of}g lx+;fsf] ;Gbe{df
cnUu} sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb
x'g ;Sb}g .
%= d'n'sL P]g hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] ! g+=
df "s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L glnO{
s/0fL u/] d f jf ;f] x | jif{ e Gbf sd pd] / sL
578
aflnsfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/0fL

u/]df lghn] hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x5{" eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't Joj:yfn] hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] ck/fwnfO{ dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ck/fw
dfgL kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 . hxfF sfg"gL
Joj:yf :ki6 5 To;df ank"j{s JofVof ug'{
sfg"g JofVofsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt x'G5 . o:tf]
dlxnf s]lGb|t s;"/sf] cfk/flws ljifoj:t' /
To;sf nflu ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf o:tf]
ck/fwdf k'?if kLl8t -Victim_ x'g ;S5g\ eGg]
;d:of b]vfO{ lgj]bg bfjL lnP tfklg s] s'g
cfwf/df dlxnf eGg] 7fpFdf k'?if / aflnsf
eGg] 7fpFdf afns yk ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
lgj]bs tkm{af6 o'lQm;+ut cfwf/ sf/0f b]vfO{
bfjL lnPsf] ;d]t kfOPg . s'g} :yfg ljz]ifdf
36]sf] c;fwf/0f 36gfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{ /fHosf]
5'} bfloTjsf] ljifo x'Fbf To:tf] ljifodf sfg"gL
Joj:Yff yk x'g'k5{ egL bfjL lnPs} cfwf/df
cbfntn] cfb]z hf/L ug{ g t ;Dej x'G5 g t
To;/L ul/g] x:tIf]k ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"g;Ddt
x'g hfG5 . j:t'tM e}/x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt jGb]h nufPsf] jf cGo
s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]
cj:Yff eP c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L
o; cbfntn] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ xf] .
sfg"g k|0ffnL Pj+ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf kl/jt{g
ug]{ jf e}/x]sf] sfg"gdf yk Joj:Yff u/L sfg"g
;+ z f] w gsf] ljifodf cfb] z hf/L ug] { sfo{
;fdfGotM cbfntsf] xf]Og . ;fy} sfg"gdf o;
lsl;dsf] Joj:Yff yk ug' { egL ;fdflhs
cleoGtf - Social engineering _ sf] ?kdf
cbfntn] Joj:Yfflksfsf] sfd ug{ klg ldNg]
x'Fb}g . s] s:tf] sfg"g k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{
eGg] ljifo /fHosf] gLltut ljifo x'g] / To:tf]
ljifo ljwflosfsf] clwsf/If]q leqsf] x'Fbf zlQm
k[ylss/0fsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;d]t /fHosf]
5'} csf] clwsf/pk/ Gofokflnsff/f k|ToIf
x:tIf]k x'g] u/L cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g .
^= hj/\ h :tL s/0fL, cfzo s/0fL,
xf8gftfsf] s/0fL h:tf s/0fL;DaGwL ljifodf
579
xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / cjwf/0ffxaf6 g}

d'n'sL P]gsf ljleGg dxnxdf sfg"gL Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . hj/\h:tL s/0fL h:tf s;"/x
dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf]
eGg] s'/f hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= df
/x] s f] Joj:yf xfd| f ] ;fdflhs oyfy{ t f /
cg';Gwfgaf6 ;d]t k|dfl0ft ePsf] eGg] s'/fdf
ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . pQm kmf}hbf/L k|s[ltsf]
s;"/sf] kl/efiff ljwflosL gLlt -Policy_ sf]
ljifo ePsf]n] df}h'bf kl/efiff / Joj:yfxdf
gLltut ?kdf cbfntn] s'g} cfb]z jf lgb]{z
ug{ ldNg] b]lvg cfpFb}g . lgj]bsn] eO/x]sf]
sfg" g L Joj:yf ab/ ug{ dfu u/] s f] geO{
eO/x]sf] Joj:Yffdf yk zAbx ;dfj]z x'g
dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfg"g jf s;"/sf] kl/efiffdf
s'g} zAb yk ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] s'/f lgtfGt
ljwflosL sfo{If]qsf] ljifo xf] . jxfn /x]sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr e]befjk"0f{
eg] klg ;f] Joj:yf ab/sf] dfu gu/] s f]
cj:Yffdf s'g} sfg"gL Joj:YffnfO{ e]befjk"0f{
egL ;+ z f] w g ug{ cfb] z lbF b f sfg" g sf]
jfWosfl/tfdf k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] x'G5, To:tf]
cj:yf ;+ljwfgtM :jLsfo{ klg dflgb}g .
&= axfn /x]sf] sfg"gdf s'g} gofF s;"/
;dfj]z ug{] jf s'g} s;"/sf] kl/efiffdf s'g}
zAb ;dfj]z ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] s'/f cbfntsf]
sfo{If]qsf] ljifo gx'Fbf lgj]bsn] ck]Iff u/]
adf]lhdsf] dfu k"/f ug{ pko'Qm ljwflosL
k|lqmof cjnDag ug'{ g} jfG5gLo x'G5 . k|ToIf
?kdf sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ :yflkt cdfkm{t\ x'g]
ljifodf ck|ToIf ?kdf ljwflosL sfo{df x:tIf]k
x'g] u/L s;}sf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ vf; df}lns xsdf
x:tIf]k ePsf] l:yltdf afx]s cbfntn] cfb]z
ug]{ l:ylt x'Fb}g . ;fdflhs ljsf;;Fu} sfg"g
lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof klg cl3 j9\b} hfg] x'G5 .
oxL k|lqmofcGtu{t g]kfnsf] k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L
sfg"g / b]jfgL sfg"gdf ;d]t cfw'lgsLs/0f /
kl/dfh{g ug]{ lx;fjn] ;/sf/L:t/df k|of; eO{
o;;DaGwL ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] d;f}bf Joj:yflksf
;+;bdf k|j]z e};s]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df pko'{Qm

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
jb\lgot b]lvPsf] / hfgLhfgL pgfp

JolQmsf] gfdaf6 cf]=cfO{=6L= 6]lnkmf]g
h8fg ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf] sfo{af6 g]kfn
b"/ ;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ cfly{s Iflt x'g
uPsf]n] hfgLhfgL 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug]{
cfb]z lbPsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm sfo{df
ab\lgot /x]sf] lyPg eGg gldNg] .
/fi6 ; ] j s sd{ r f/Ln] cfkm" n fO{ k| f Kt
clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/L cfkm" jf c?
s;}nfO{ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf nfe k'ofpg]
/ ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;fj{hlgs
;+ : yfgnfO{ u} / sfg" g L ?kdf xflg
gf] S ;fgL k' ofpg] u/L u/] s f] sfo{
tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ tyf !# df ePsf]
e|i6frf/hGo s;"/sf] kl/efiffcGtu{t
kg] { .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
k|Zgxdf klg ljwflosfaf6} cfjZostfcg';f/

;Daf]wg x'g] g} 5 . t;y{ lgj]bsn] p7fPsf]
ljifodf k|j]z u/L yk ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf
ug' { k g] { / To;df o; cbfntaf6 lgj] b g
dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf b]lvPg .
k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'G5 . ldl;n lgodadf]lhd
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f+} .
Gof=sNof0f >]i7
Gof=cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn df3 @& ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM k'gf/fd vgfn
l
lg0f{o g+= *%()
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
kmf}=k'=O=g+= 067CF)))!
km};nf ldltM @)^&.!!.%.%
d'2f M e|i6frf/ .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM blw/fdsf] 5f]/f lhNnf
df]/ lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf
j8f g++ $ a:g] jif{ $$ sf] kbdgfy
kf]v/]n
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/
z'? km};nf ug]{M
cWoIf df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/
;b:o df=Gof=>L uf]laGbk|;fb k/fh'nL
;b:o df=Gof=>L e"kWjh clwsf/L
Psfsf] gfdaf6 cs}{sf] nflu cf]=cfO{=6L=
h:tf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ug]{ sfo{df
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbL tkm{ a f6M ljfg\ jl/i7

clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfn tyf ljfg\
clwjQmfx o'j/fh sf]O/fnf, sdndl0f
lg/f}nf, r'8fdl0f kf}8]n / nIdLk|;fb
kf]v/]n
k| T oyL{ jfbL tkm{ a f6M ljfg\ gfoj
dxfGofoflwjQmfo ;"o{k|;fb sf]O/fnf
/ /fhgf/fo0f kf7s tyf ljfg\
pkGofoflwjQmf z+s/axfb'/ /fO{
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf]
lgod -#_-!_-s_
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g @)!& sf] bkmf
&-@_ / !#
km};nf
Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;df dfggLo GofofwLzxsf aLr /fo
gldnL ;jf]]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf]
580
*%() - kbdgfy kf]v/]n lj= g]kfn ;/sf/
lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z

x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;FlIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/
o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
g] k fn b" / ;~rf/ ;+ : yfg b" / ;~rf/
sfof{no, w'nfjf/L, emfkfn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n
lxgfldgf u/]sf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;dIf kg{ cfPsf]
ldlt @)%&.#.!#.$ sf] ph"/L lgj]bg .
x]8nL /fha+zLnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g lb+bf k|lqmof
k'ofP/ g} lbPsf] xf] . lgj]bg k/]kl5 /Ltk"j{s
5, 5}g x]/L tf]s nufOG5 . cf]=jfO{=6L af6 lbg]
lg0f{o eP/ pQm kmf]g lbPsf] xf] . lgj]bg k/]kl5
gful/stfjfnf clgjfo{ pkl:yt x'g'k5{ eGg]
5} g . x] 8 nL /fhj+ z Lsf] gfpF F s f] 6] l nkmf] g
;~rfng ug]{ JolQm ljgf]b zdf{ eGg] atfPsf]
lyof] . 6]lnkmf]g lng] qmddf ljgf]b zdf{ eGg]
JolQm / Cl4 l;4Ldf sfd ug]{ >j0f eGg]
JolQm ;ls|o lyP . lgj]bs cfkm" pkl:yt gx'Fbf
d~h"/Lgfdf lng] rng gePsf sf/0f o;df
klg lnPsf] 5}g . cf]=jfO{=6L= 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f
ubf{ Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] lg/LIf0f tyf
n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg x]l/b}g . lgj]bssf] ;xL /
cf}7f5fk cflb x]g]{ sfd klg ;]N;sf] xf] . kmf]g
h8fg ubf{ d lyOg . ;]N;n] u/]sf] sfd klg
d]/} lhDd]jf/LcGtu{t k5{ . s[lts /fhj+zL sf6]/
gful/stfcg';f/sf] gfd x]8nL /fhj+zL d}n]
n] v ] s f] x' F . d] / f] cg' k l:yltdf lgldQ eP/
k/z' / fd rf} w /Ln] kmf] g lbg' ePsf] xf] .
b/vf:t;fy dflg; cfP gcfPsf] dnfO{ yfxf
x'Fb}g . cg'xf/ b]v]df ljgf]bnfO{ lrG5' . >j0f
cu|jfn;Fu kmf]g dfu ug{ cfPsf] lyof] . d;Fu
cf]=cfO{=6L dfq 5 eg]sf] lyPF . 6]lnkmf]g g+=
^)%!( / ^)%@) df w]/} dx;'n p7]sf] s'/f
ljtf{df]8df hg/n d]g]h/af6 kmfu'g @@,@)%^
df hfgsf/L kfPsf] x'F . 6]lnkmf]g h8fg k/z'/fd
rf}w/Ln] u/]sfn] s]xL k5{ ls egL 8/n] arfp
ug{ d]/f] gfd lbPsf] x'g'k5{ . ljgf]b zdf{ sxFf
5g\ dnfO{ hfgsf/L 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL kbdgfy kf]v/]nn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L
;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
581
d}n] ;]N; / k|zf;g;DaGwL sfd ub{y] .

x]8nL /fhjzLsf gfddf @ j6f kmf]g lbg] egL
xflsdn] tf] s nufPsf] tyf ;Dk" 0 f{ sfo{
xflsdaf6 ePkl5 dnfO{ lgldQ 5f8]/ ljbfdf
a:g' ePsf] lyof] . k};f a'emfpg] a]nfdf dsxfF
@ hgf ckl/lrt JolQm cfPsf lyP . d lgldQ
ePsf a]nf u|fxs kmf]g hf]8\g] egL cfPsf lyP .
d}n] ldNb}g eg]kl5 xflsdnfO{ kmf]g u/fO{ dnfO{
hf]8\g nufPsf x'g\ . slt /sd lbP/ hf]l8lbPsf]
xf] yfxf 5}g . t/ vfP/ lbof] eGg] ;'g]sf] x'F .
dnfO{ s;}n] s]xL lbPsf] 5}g . P;=l6=l8 /
cfO{ = P;=l8 ;] j f ;~rfng ug{ u| f xssf]
w/f}6Lcg';f/ pQm ;'ljwf lbPsf] xf] . t/ ISD
for overseas sf] ;'ljwfsf] cfb]z lbPsf] xf]Og .
pQm ;'ljwf ;d'Gb|kf/sf d'n's;Fu cfO{=P;=l8=
dfu ubf{ dfq lbg] ul/GYof] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
a'lemPsf k/z'/fd rf}w/Lsf] aofg sfuh .
x]8nL /fhj+zLsf] gfddf h8fg ePsf]
cf]=jfO{=6L kmf]gsf] P;=l6=l8 ;~rfng b"/;~rf/
sfof{ n o w' n faf/Lsf] lgldQ sfof{ n o k| d ' v
k/z' / fd rf} w /Ln] k7fPsf] cfb] z va/
ofS;cg';f/ ePsf] xf] . ;DalGwt sfof{nodf
kmf/d /xg] x'Fbf ljj/0f gel/Psf] xf] . :jLlr
;~rfng ug'{ eGg] ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] kqsf]
g} d'Vo cfwf/ x'G5 . w/f}6L jf /sd lng]
sfo{ :jLlr zfvfsf] xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
a'lemPsf :jLlr ;'k/efOh/ /fdk|;fb bjfl8sf]
aofg sfuh .
x]8nLsf] lgj]bg kmf/d btf{ ePkl5
sfof{no k|d'vsf] cfb]zcg';f/ z]N;n] Oli6d]6
kmf/fd tof/ u/]sf] kmf/ddf k|d'vsf] cfb]z
kl5 d}n] Oli6d]6 u/]sf] xF' . kmf]g h8fg ug{
hfFbf x]8nL lyOgg\ . cGo b'O{hgf ! hgf g]kfnL
af]Ng ghfGg] ef/tLo / Pshgf Cl4l;4Ldf
sfd ug]{ JolQm lyP . 6]lnkmf]g h8fg x:t]af6
ePsf] xf] . el/Psf] gS;fcg';f/ h8fg u/]sf]
x'F eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lji0f'b]j n]vLn] ul/lbPsf]
aofg sfuh .
%)) nfOgeGbf sd Ifdtf ePsf]
w'nfaf/L PS;r]Ghdf cf]=cfO{=l6=ljqmL ljt/0f

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
ubf{ ;fwf/0f tyf Jofkfl/s k|of]hgfy{ Ps nfOg

dfq lbg'kg]{ g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/sf] gLlt /x]sf]df
pQm gLltljk/Lt Ps} lbg 6]lnkmf]g lbg] JolQmsf]
;fdflhs x}l;ot a'em\g] k|of; gu/L @ j6f
cf] = cfO{ = 6L= kmf] g lbPsf] 5 . /fi6 ; ] j ssf]
x}l;otaf6 cfkm"n] kfPsf] clwsf/ b'?kof]u u/L
ef/tLo gful/s ljgf]b zdf{ egL aofgaf6
b] l vg cfPsf] JolQmnfO{ u} / sfg" g L nfe /
;+:yfgnfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] ab\lgot /fvL
6]lnkmf]g lbg] lg0f{o u/L pQm lg0f{oaf6 lbOPsf
kmf]g k|of]ustf{n] kmf]g dx;'n e'QmfgL gu/L
km/f/ ePsf] sf/0f >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k"0f{
:jfldTj ePsf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ ldlt
@)%^.(.@# af6 P]= !!.@# ;Dd 6]lnkmf]g g++
^)%!( af6 &%,%$,!@*.*! / g+= ^)%@) af6
@(,(%,@&^.%) u/L hDdf ?=!,)%,$(,$)%.#!
xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] / o; sfo{df lgh kbdgfy
kf]v/]nsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf b]lvPsf] / pQm s;"/
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ / !#
cGtu{tsf] eO{ pQm s;"/ g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/
;+:yfg b"/;~rf/ sfof{no w'nfaf/Lsf tTsfnLg
sfof{ n o k| d ' v kbdgfy kf] v /] n n] u/] s f] n ]
lghnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf
&-@_ Pj+ bkmf !# cg';f/ xb};Ddsf] ;hfo / P]
P]gsf] bkmf @( g+= cg';f/ lauf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf
u/L gf] S ;fgL ePsf] lauf] g] k fn b" / ;~rf/
;+ : yfgnfO{ c;" n pk/ ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t
Joxf]/fsf] ph"/L k|ltj]bg dfubfjL .
;+ : yfgsf] kmfObfsf] nflu x] 8 nL
/fhj+zLnfO{ b'O{j6f kmf]g sfg"gL k|lqmof k'ofP/
lbPsf] x'F . lgj]bg kg{ cfPkl5 sfof{no k|d'vsf]
x} l ;otn] h8fg ug] { cfb] z lbPsf] xF ' . d
sfof{nodf ljbf a;]sf avt k/z'/fd rf}w/Ln]
h8fg u/L lbg' ePsf] xf] . %)) eGbf sd
nfOg Ifdtf ePsf] PS;r]Ghdf ! j6f lbg] xf] .
pQm PS;r]Gh sfof{nodf &)) nfOg Ifdtf
lyof] . t;y{ x] 8 nL /fhj+ z LnfO{ s] G b| s f]
lg0f{ocg';f/ @ nfOg kmf]g lbPsf] x'F . d lgbf]{if
ePsfn] cleof]u dfu bfjLcg';f/ ;hfo kfpg'
kg]{ xf]Og, ;kmfO kfpg' k5{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL kbdgfy kf]v/]nn] cbfntdf u/]sf]

aofg .
ldlt @)%(.@.@@ sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfdsf] cfb] z cg' ; f/ dfu ePsf] w/f} 6
?=!!,%),))). afkt k| l tjfbL kbdgfy
kf]v/]nn] ldlt @)%(.@.#) df h]yf hdfgt
/fvL tf/]vdf /x]sf] .
kmf/fd btf{ ePkl5 sfof{no k|d'vn]
Oli6d]6 u/Llbg] dfq tf]s nufPsf] b]lvG5 .
kmf]g lbg] a]nfdf k|ltjfbL kbdgfy kf]v/]n
ljbfdf a;]sf] x'g'x'GYof] . @ nfOg kmf]g lgldQ
sfof{no k|d'v k/z'/fd rf}w/Lf/f lbOPsf] xf] .
kmf]g nfOg k|bfg ubf{ kbdgfy kf]v/]nn] s'g}
clgoldttf u/L e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ gu/]sfn]
cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo x'g'kg]{ xf]Og
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL z}n]Gb|
vltj8fsf] askq .
cf] = jfO{ = 6L=kmf] g sf] cfj] b g sfof{ n o
k|d'vsf] sIfdf e/fp e} dsxfF cfPsf] lyof] .
k|d'vaf6 hfFr e} cfPkl5 @ nfOg lbg ldN5 /
eGbf ldN5 egL df}lvs cfb]z k|d'vn] lbPsf] /
Oli6d] 6 df k7fO{ lbg' eg] s f] n ] Oli6d] 6 af6
cf]=s]=eO{ cfPkl5 w/f}6 /sd a'em]sf] x'F . ;f]sf]
ef]lnkN6 dnfO{ lgldQ lbO{ kbdgfy ljbfdf
a:g' ePsf] lyof] . nfOg hf]l8lbg egL u|fxs
cfPkl5 jxfFn] kmf]gdfkm{t\ ;a} 7Ls 5 hf]8L
lbg'xf];\ eg]sf] ;fy} :jLlr zfvfaf6 gDa/
lnO;s]sf] 5 eg]/ nfOg h8fg ul/Psf] xf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf ujfx k/z'/fd
rf}w/Lsf] askq .
w'nfaf/L PS;r]Ghsf lg=k|d'v k/z'/fd
rf} w /Ln] k7fPsf] kqdf tTsfnLg eb| k ' / sf
lg=k| d ' v czf] s s0f{ s f] tf] s xfd| f ] :jLlr
zfvfdf cfPkl5 h8fg ePsf] b]lvG5 . b'j}
kmf]gx w'nfaf/L zfvfaf6 h8fg ePsf]n] /sd
c;"n ug]{ lhDdf klg p;}sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf] / fsf] jfbLsf ujfx /fdk| ; fb bjf8Lsf]
askq .
Oli6d] 6 kmd{ d f xflsd kbdgfy
kf]v/]nsf] cfb]z lyof] . Oli6d]6 u/L NofPkl5
582
lg=sfof{no k|d'v k/z'/fd rf}w/LnfO{ a'emfPsf]

x'F . jxfFn] g} /sd a'emL ;le{; c8{/ v8f u/L
h8fg cfb]z u/L d sxfF kmd{ cfO{ k'u]sf]n]
nfOg h8fg u/]sf] x'F . s;}sf] bjfjdf h8fg
u/]sf] xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf ujfx lji0f'b]j
n]vLsf] askq .
k|ltjfbL kbdgfy kf]v/]nn] cf]=cfO{=6L=
6]lnkmf]g lb+bf /Ltk"j{ssf] sfo{ u/]sf] egL lhsL/
lnP tfklg ;f]nfO{ k'li6 x'g] ;a"b k|df0f k]z
u/L k'i6\ofOF ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg . :jo+ lgj]bs
;d]t ;DalGwt sfof{nodf pkl:yt gePsf],
n] V g k9\ g ghfGg] JolQmsf] n] v fTds ;xL
lgj]bgdf b]lvPsf]df To;tkm{ lg/fs/0f gu/L
;Lw} Oli6d]6 ug{ tf]s nufO{ tnsf sd{rf/LnfO{
6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug{ nufPsf] ;d]t sfo{ /Ltk"j{s
eP u/]sf] b]lvg gcfPsf] ;d]t cfwf/xaf6
k|ltjfbL kbdgfy kf]v/]nn] ph"/L k|ltj]bg dfu
bfjLcg';f/ tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ / bkmf !# adf]lhdsf]
s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLaf6 P] P]gsf] bkmf
@( cg' ; f/ dfuadf] l hdsf] lauf]
?=!,)%,$(,$)%.#! e/fO{ lghnfO{ P] sf] bkmf
&-@_ / !# adf]lhd Ps jif{ 5 dlxgf s}b ;d]t
x' G 5 eGg] ljz] i f cbfnt sf7df8f} F s f] ldlt
@)^).#.#@ sf] km};nf .
o;df e| i 6frf/ x' g sf] nflu rflxg]
ab\lgot h:tf tTjsf] JofVof / k|ltkflbt
l;4fGt ;d]t ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ljz]if cbfntaf6
d k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7xofO{ ePsf] km};nf
ab/ u/L cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpFm eGg]
k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
x]8nL /fhj+zLn] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L
;dIf aofg ubf{ gflt eLdgf/fo0fnfO{ cfkm"n]
gful/stf lbPsf] egL aofg u/] s f] , ;f] x L
gful/stf k|of]u u/L x]8\nLsf] gfpFFaf6 b/vf:t
lbO{ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg u/]sf] cj:yfdf lgh
ledgf/fo0fnfO{ a'em]sf] klg gb]lvg'sf] ;fy}
rf}w 306f ;Ddsf] Pp6} sn b]lvg] u/L kmf]g
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;dodf jf:tljs ?kdf
583
kmf]g ePsf] lyof] lyPg jf k|fljlws q'l6 ePsf]

lyof] eGg] ;DaGwdf k|fljlws ?kdf ljZn]if0f
gu/L nufOPsf] cleof] u sf] cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f}Fsf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] ePsf]n]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ k];Lsf] ;"rgf
lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.!).%
sf] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbL To; avt b"/;~rf/ sfof{no
w'nfaf/Lsf] sf=d'=k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{
s|ddf lghsf] tf]s cfb]zaf6 x]8nL /fhj+zLsf]
gfpFFdf cf]=cfO{=6L= cGtu{t b'O{ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g
h8fg ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . pQm b'O{ nfOg
6]lnkmf]g h8fg eO{ b'j} 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ljb]z
;d]tdf kmf]g u/L ?=!)%$($)%.#! dx;'n
/sd aSof}tf eO{ c;"n x'g g;s]sf]n] lgh
sfof{no k|d'vn] ab\lgotk"j{s 6]lnkmf]g hf]8\g]
cfb]z lbO{ b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ xflg / cfkm"
tyf cGo JolQmnfO{ kmfObf k' ofpg] sfd
k|ltjfbLaf6 ePsf] eGg] d'Vo jfbL bfjL lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . o;/L b'O{ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug{
tf]s nufO{ 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug{ lbO{ 7"nf] /sd
e|i6frf/ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df cleof]u nfuL
d' 2 f rn] s f] d f k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbL kbdgfy
kf] v /] n 6] l nkmf] g h8fg ug] { JolQm x] 8 nL
/fhj+zL;Fu ldn]sf], oL b'O{ JolQmsf aLr cg'lrt
;DaGw eO{ logLxsf] ldnf]dtf]af6 e|i6frf/
u/]sf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 b]lvFb}g .
e|i6frf/sf] ck/fw x'g k'g/fj]bs /
x]8nL /fhj+zLsf aLr ;fF7;fF7 / ;/;Nnfx
cflb eO{ b'j}n] of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] b"/;~rf/nfO{
Iflt k'ofO{ cfkm"xn] u}/sfg"gL nfe lnPsf]
:ki6 b]lvg' kg]{ x'G5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf To:tf]
k|df0f ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . csf]{tkm{
e| i 6frf/sf] s;" / sfod x' g o;k| s f/sf]
u}/sfg"gL 6]lnkmf]g u/L ug{ lbO{ k'g/fj]bs ;d]t
To;af6 nfeflGjt ePsf] b]lvg' kg]{df To:tf]
s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0faf6 k'li6 ePsf]
b]lvFb}g . o;sf cltl/Qm pQm dx;'n /sd
k'g/fj]bsn] vfPsf] eGg] k|df0f jfbL kIfaf6

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
k]z x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;/L ljb]zdf ;d]t

6]lnkmf]g u/L p7]sf] dx;'n /sd k'g/fj]bsn]
lnP vfPsf] eGg] k|df0fsf] cefjdf pQm /sd
u|fxsaf6 gp7\b}df k|ltjfbLn] lnP vfPsf] dfGg'
Gofof] l rt x' g ] b] l vPg . t;y{ k' g /fj] b s
k|ltjfbLn] jfbL bfjLadf]lhd e|i6frf/hGo s;"/
u/]sf] ;a"b k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'g gcfPsf]n] ph"/L
k|ltj]bg dfu bfjLcg';f/ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ / !# adf]lhdsf] s;"/
sfod ug{] 7xofPsf] ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}Fsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] dfggLo GofofwLz an/fd s]=;L=sf]
/fo .
k|ltjfbLn] cf]=cfO{=6L= 6]lnkmf]g nfOg
ljqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cf]=cfO{=6L= nfOg
;fwf/0ftof ;fdfGo cj:yfdf lbOb}g . nfOgdf
gj:g] dflg;nfO{ dfq cf]=cfO{=6L= nfOg lbOG5
eGg] :jod\ k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] aofgdf :jLsf/
u/]sf] kfOG5 . Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu ljz]if
cj:yfdf dfq lbOG5 To;df klg ljZjf;L /
dfyj/ dflg;nfO{ lbOG5 . gfd 7]ufgf gePsf]
JolQmnfO{ lbOg] xf]Og .
k|ltjfbLn] k"/f ug'{kg]{ bfloTj jf st{Jo
k" / f u/] s f] b] l vb} g . k| l tjfbLnfO{ lbOPsf]
clwsf/sf] ;b' k of] u gu/L b' ? kof] u u/] s f]
b] l vG5 . 6] l nkmf] g kfpg] tyfslyt x] 8 nL
/fhj+zL gfdsf] JolQmnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] b]v]sf]
lrGx]sf] 5}g . lgh x]8nL k|ltjfbL;dIf slxNo}
b]vf k/]sf] 5}g . ;fy} lghsf] ;xL 5fk klg
5}g . h'g sfo{ ubf{ To;sf] kl/0ffd klxn] yfxf
x'G5 To:tf] sfo{ ug'{ lgota; hfgL hfgL u/]sf]
7xl/G5 . k| : t' t d' 2 fdf x] 8 nL /fhj+ z Laf6
6]lnkmf]g b:t"/ c;"npk/ g} x'g g;Sg] cj:yf
/x] s f] lsgeg] p;n] /Ltk" j { s dfu u/] s f]
b] l v+ b } g . p;sf] b/vf:t dfu ljj/0f g}
sfg"g;+ut geO{ hfn;fhLk"0f{ tl/sfsf] 5 .
x]8nL /fhj+zLsf] cfly{s x}l;ot g} 6]lnkmf]gsf]
b:t"/ ltg{ ;Sg] 5}g . csf{lt/ ljgf]b zdf{
-h;n] k|ltjfbLs} egfOcg';f/, 6]lnkmf]g k|of]u
u/]sf]_ sf] g]kfn ;/xbdf 3/ a;f]jf; / s]xL
7]ufgf 5}g To;af6 6]lnkmf]g b:t"/ c;"npk/

x'g c;Dej 5 . To:tf dflg;nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g
lbg' k| T oIftM / v' n f cfF v faf6 k| l tjfbLsf]
lqmofsnfk nfk/afxL, ab\lgot / hfn;fhL
k"0f{ /x]sf] l;jfo c? s] x'G5 <
e| i 6frf/hGo sfo{ d f hlxn] klg
ab\lgot, hfn;fh / nfk/jfxLsf] tTj ;dflxt
/x]sf] x'G5 . Pp6f 6]lnkmf]gsf] clwsf/Ln] sf]xL
6]lnkmf]g dfu ug{ cfpFbf p;sf] /Ltk"j{ssf]
cfj]bg ;fy k|df0fx lnP/ cfj]bgdf cfb]z
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 6]lnkmf]g nfOg :jLs[t ubf{ gS;f
klg ug'{kg]{ x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf
To:tf] u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . cfj]bg g} /Ltk"j{ssf]
gx'g', cfj]bg lbg] JolQmsf] pkl:ylt, ;xL /
d~h"/gfdf s]xL gx'g' cfj]bg kqdf s]/d]6
ePsf] x'g' To;df cfj]bgstf{sf] ;xL gx'g',
Psfsf] gfpFF sf6]/ csf{sf] gfpFF n]Vg', 6]lnkmf]g
k|of]ustf{ g} gSsnL x'g' cfkm" ljbf a;]/ klg
ToxL 3/af6 6]lnkmf]g lbg' eGg] cfb]z ug]{ h:tf
sfo{af6 k|ltjfbLsf] ab\lgot / nfk/afxL :ki6
x'g'sf] ;fy} 6]lnkmf]g lbg] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof g}
hfn;fhLk"0f{ x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .
pk/f] Q m tYo / ts{ s f] ljj] r gfsf]
cnfjf cg';Gwfgb]lv cbfnt;Dd k|ltjfbLn]
u/]sf] sfuh aofg, hfx]/L b/vf:t, k/z'/fd
rf}w/Lsf] aofg askq, dxfk|aGwssf] aofg,
b"/ ;~rf/ sfof{nosf sd{rf/L lji0f'b]j ;d]tsf]
aofg askqaf6 lbg' gkg]{ JolQmnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g
lbPsf] / 6]lnkmf]g b:t"/ c;"npk/ x'g g;Sg]
JolQmnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g lbPsf], 6]lnkmf]g lng] /
k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfe / g]kfn b"/;~rf/nfO{ xflg
gf]S;fgL k'u]sf]n] k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf]
xf]Og eGg ldn]g .
k' g /fj] b stkm{ s f ljfg\ sfg" g
Joj;foLxf/f k|fljlws q'l6sf sf/0f cTolws
6]lnkmf]g z'Ns p7\g uPsf], o;df k|ltjfbLsf]
s'g} k|ToIf ;+nUgtf g/x]sf], k|ltjfbLn] k|ToIf
nfe lnPsf] gb]lvPsf] k|ltjfbLsf] nfk/jfxL /
ab\lgotsf] cefj /x]sf] eGg] dxTjk"0f{ rf/j6f
k|Zg p7fOPsf] b]lvG5 . oL k|Zgx tkm{ s|dzM
584
b[li6 lb+bf k|fljlws sf/0fn] klg a9L aLn p7\g

hfg ;Sg] x'G5 . t/ k|fljlws q'l6sf] cfwf/ /
k|df0f b]lvg' k5{ . To:tf] cj:yf k|:t't d'2fdf
b]lvb}g . c? ;Dk"0f{ s'/f 7Ls, sfg"g;+ut /
c;n lgotn] eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] To;
cj:yfdf k|fljlws q'l6tk{m klg cg'dfg / z+sf
pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf x]bf{ pQm
z+sfsf] u'~hfo; b]lvb}g . lsgeg] dfly pNn]v
ul/P h:t} 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0fsf] z'? k|lqmofb]lv
cGt;Dd ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ g} km]s, ab\lgotk"0f{,
u}/sfg"gL, em"7f / hfn;fhk"0f{ e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljleGg k|df0f kl/jGb ;d]taf6 6]lnkmf]g unt
dflg;nfO{ lbPsf] cl3b]lv g} 6]lnkmf]g b:t"/
c;"n x'g g;Sg] cj:yf :ki6 /x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g
lng] / k|of]u ug]{ dflg; ;d]t gSsnL /x]sf]n]
To:tf] cj:yfdf cl3b]lv g} 6]lnkmf]g b:t"/ df:g]
To;af6 cfkm"n] nfe p7fpg] lgot /fvL /
k/f]If ?kdf cfkm"n] 6]lnkmf]g k|of]ustf{af6 cfly{s
nfe lng] tof/L / dgzfo /fvL ljt/0f sfo{
ug]{ u/]af6 k|fljlws q'l6sf] z+sfsf] cfwf/ /xg]
cj:yf g} x'Fb}g .
hxfF;Dd cfly{s nfe p7fPsf] s'/fsf]
s'g} k|df0f 5}g eGg] k'g/fj]bs kIfsf] lhsL/ 5
To;tkm{ x]bf{ e|i6frf/ d'2fdf ;/sf/L ;DklQsf]
b'?kof]u / lxgfldgf hfgL hfgL u/] u/fPsf]
lqmofdf g} sd{rf/L clwsf/Lsf] nfe p7fpg]
ab\lgot l5k]sf] x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLn]
unt k|lqmofaf6 6]lnkmf]g k|bfg u/]af6 g} klxn]
g} yfxf x'G5 6]lnkmf]g b:t"/ c;"npk/ x'g ;Sb}g
/ b"/;~rf/nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL x'G5 . e|i6frf/
d'2fdf k|ltjfbLn] nfe lnPsf] k|dfl0ft g} x'g'k5{
eGg] xf]Og . k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfe ePsf] gb]lvP
klg ;/sf/ / ;+ : yfnfO{ xflg k' u ] d f dfq
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ sfod x'G5 . t;y{ k|ltjfbLn]
cleof] u bfjLadf] l hd s;" / u/] s f] b] l vg
cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbLnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ / bkmf !# cg';f/ s;"/
u/]sf] 7xofO{ P]=sf] bkmf @( adf]lhd lauf]
?=!)%$($)%.#! e/fO{ P]=sf] bkmf &-@_ / !#
adf]lhd ! jif{ ^ dlxgfsf] s}bsf] ;hfo ug]{
585
u/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]s}

b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz
cjw]zs'df/ ofbjsf] /fo;lxtsf] o; cbfnt
;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^^.!@.@( sf] km};nf .
lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg,
b" / ;~rf/ sfof{ n o w' n faf/Lsf tTsfnLg
sfof{ n o k| d ' v k| l tjfbL kbdgfy kf] v /] n n]
clgoldt ta/n] cfjZos hfFra'em g} gu/L
Ps} lbg Ps} JolQmsf gfddf b'Oj6f cf]=jfO{=6L=
6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf] / 6]lnkmf]g
k|of]ustf{n] 6]lnkmf]gsf] aLn e'QmfgL gu/L km/f/
ePsf] sf/0f g] k fn b" / ;~rf/ ;+ : yfgnfO{
?=!,)%,$(,$)%.#! xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf]
lqmofdf lgh k|ltjfbLsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /x]sf]
x'Fbf lghnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf]
bkmf &-@_ / !# adf]lhd ;hfo u/L P] sf] bkmf
@( adf]lhd lghaf6 lauf] e/fO{ lauf]adf]lhd
h/Ljfgf;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] cleof]u dfubfjL
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u dfu
bfjLadf] l hd s;" / u/] s f] 7xofO{ lghnfO{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ / !#
adf]lhd Ps aif{ 5 dlxgf s}b ug]{ / P] sf] bkmf
@( adf]lhd lghaf6 lauf];d]t e/fpg] u/L
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}af6 ldlt @)^).#.#@
df km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljz] i f cbfntaf6 ePsf] pQm
km} ; nfpk/ lrQ ga' e mfO{ k| l tjfbLn] o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u
dfu bfjLadf]lhd e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ u/]sf] xf]
jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zgdf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df dfggLo
GofofwLzxsf aLr dt}So x'g g;sL ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod -#_-!_-s_
adf] l hd lg0f{ o fy{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k] z
x'gcfPsf] b]lvof] .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfn tyf ljfg\
clwjQmfx o'j/fh sf]O/fnf, sdndl0f lg/f}nf,
r'8fdl0f kf}8]n / nIdLk|;fb kf]v/]nn] u|fxsn]
6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n glt/]sf] sf/0f sfof{no

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
k|dv
' nfO{ e|i6frf/df sf/jfxL ug{ ldNb}g . dx;'n
ltg]{ bfloTj ;DalGwt u|fxss} xf], of] bfloTj 6]lnkmf]g
lbg] b"/;~rf/ sfof{nosf] k|dv
' df ;g{ ;St}g .
@)%^ ;fndf emfkfsf] w'nfaf/Lh:tf] u|fdL0f
:yfgaf6 b'O{ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf s/f]8f}+ ?k}ofFsf]
lan cfpg] u/L 6]lnkmf]g k|of]u x'g;Sg] cj:yf
klg oyfy{k/s b]lvFbg} . o;sf] cnfjf nuftf/
rf}w 306f;Ddsf] Pp6} sn b]lvPsf] 5 . of] emg\
c:jfefljs b]lvG5 . b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] laln
l;i6ddf ePsf] k|fljlws q'l6sf sf/0f o:tf] ePsf]
x'g;S5 t/ o;tkm{ cbfntaf6 ljrf/ ul/Psf]
5}g . k'g/fj]bsn] ljjflbt 6]lnkmf]g nfOgx h8fg
ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf] klg xf]Og . lghn] b/vf:t kmf/ddf
Oli6d]6 ;Dd ug{sf nflu cfb]z lbPsf] xf] /
6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug]{ sfd lgldQ sfof{no k|dv
'
eO{ sfd ug]{ cs}{ clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] 5 .
k'g/fj]bssf] s'g} ab\lgot g/x]sf] / lghn] sf]xL
s;}af6 s'g} u}/sfg"gL nfe;d]t lnPsf] cj:yf
gx'bF f lghnfO{ cleof]u dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg]
u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz an/fd s]=;L=sf] /fo
;b/ x'gk' b{5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmfo ;"ok{ ;
| fb
sf] O /fnf / /fhgf/fo0f kf7s tyf ljfg\
pkGofoflwjQmf z+s/axfb'/ /fO{n] ljkIfL k|ltjfbL
sfof{ n o k| d ' v ePsf] / x] 8 \ n L /fhj+ z Lsf] ]
cfj]bgdf lghn] g} tf]s cfb]z u/]sf] x'Fbf cs}{n]
6]lnkmf]g h8fg ul/lbPsf] egL lhDd]jf/Laf6
klG5g ldNb}g . x]8nL /fhj+zLnfO{ b]Vb} gb]vL
lghsf] gful/stf k|df0fkqsf] osLg g} gu/L
cfkm}+n] gfd;d]t ;RofO lbO{ Ps} lbg b'O{ b'O{ j6f
6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug]{ u/L cfb]z ug's
{ f] s'g} ts{;u+ t
sf/0f k| l tjfbLn] v' n fpg g;s] a f6} lghsf]
ab\lgot /x]sf] :ki6 5 . t;y{ k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt
s;"/ u/]sf] 7xofPsf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf
;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz cjw]zs'df/
ofbjsf] /fo ;b/ x'g'kb{5 egL ax; ug'{eof] .
plNnlvt ax;;d] t ;' g L lg0f{ o tkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf lgDg k|Zgxdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 M
-s_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] ljjflbt 6]lnkmf]g

nfOg h8fg ug]{;DaGwdf u/]sf] sfo{
e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ xf] xf]Og, /
-v_ ;+ o ' Q m
Ohnf;sf
dfggLo
GofofwLzxdWo] s;sf] /fo ;b/ x'g]
xf] jf sfg"gadf]lhd s] x'gkg]{ xf] <
@= plNnlvt k|Zgxsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ , k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLn] tTsfn k| r lnt
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_ / !#
sf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] cleof]u dfubfjL /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g @)!& sf] bkmf
&-@_ / !# df lgDg sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5M
bkmf &-@_M ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf] afx]s c? s'g}
/fi6;]jsn] cfkm" jf c? s'g} JolQmnfO{
u}/sfg"gL nfe k'ofpg] ab\lgotn] jf
/fi6, jf >L % tyf >L % sf] ;/sf/ jf
;/sf/L dfGotf k|fKt s'g} ;+:yf jf
s'g} JolQmnfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg k'ofpg]
jb\ l gotn] g] k fn sfg" g hfgL hfgL
kfngf gu/]df, jf >L tyf >L % sf]
;/sf/ jf To:tf] s'g} ;+:yf jf s'g}
JolQm;F u u/] s f] zky, jf zt{ jf
sj'lnot, jf ;Demf}tf hfgL hfgL kfngf
gu/] d f, jf /fi6 ; ] j ssf] x} l ;otaf6
cfkm"n] kfPsf] ;'ljwf jf clwsf/sf]
b'?kof]u u/]df jf To:tf] ;'ljwf jf
clwsf/k|fKt u/]df jf tL n]lvPdWo]
s'g} sfd s'/f ug]{ k|oTg u/]df lghnfO{
s;"/sf] dfqfcg';f/ ^ dlxgfb]lv @
jif{;Dd s}b} jf h/Ljfgf jf b'j} ;hfo
x'g]5 .
bkmf !#M s''g} /fi6;]jsn] cfgf] cf]xbfsf] jf
;f] ;DaGwL sfd s'/f ubf{ /fli6o jf
;fj{hlgs ;DklQ jf cfgf] lhDdf jf
lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] /fi6sf] jf >L % jf
>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] jf ;/sf/L dfGotf
k|fKt s'g} ;+:yfsf] rn crn ;DklQ
nfk/jfxL jf ab\lgot jf hfn;fhL
u/L lxgfldgf, xflg gf]S;fgL jf b'?kof]u
u/] u/fPdf jf df;]df jf lghL k|of]udf
586
nufPdf jf To:tf] ug]{ u/fpg] k|oTg

u/]df lghnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/
Ps jif{ b ] l v kfF r jif{ ; Dd s} b jf
h/Ljfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . lxgfdLgf,
xflg gf]S;fgL jf b'?kof]u u/]df jf
df;]sf] jf df:g lbPsf] ;DklQ klg
lghaf6 c;"n ul/g]5 .
ldl;n cWoog u/L x] b f{ , x] 8 nL
/fhj+zLsf gfddf h8fg ePsf g+= ^)%!( /
^)%@) sf b' O { yfg cf] = cfO{ = 6L= 6] l nkmf] g
nfOgaf6 ldlt @)%^.(.@# b]lv @)%^.!!.@@
sf] aLrdf ?=!,)%,$(,$)%.#! dx;'n p7]sf] /
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] pQm dx;'n /sd 6]lnkmf]g
k|of]ustf{af6 c;"npk/ geO{ ;+:yfgnfO{ cfly{s
Iflt k'u]sf] eGg] ljifodf ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvFb}g .
#= sf] s;sf] s] s:tf] sfo{ sf/0faf6
;+ : yfgnfO{ pQm cfly{ s Iflt k' u ] s f] xf] /
;+:yfgnfO{ pQm Iflt k'ofpg] sfo{df k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf] ab\lgotk"0f{ ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 5}g
eGg] k|Zg g} k|:t't d'2fdf lg0ff{os k|Zgsf]
?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf o; cbfntsf]
;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;df lg0f{ o x' F b f k' g /fj] b s
k|ltjfbLsf] sfo{ e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ xf] jf xf]Og
eGg] k|Zgdf g} dfggLo GofofwLzxsf aLr
dt}So x'g g;sL o; Ohnf;;dIf lg0f{ofy{
k]z x'gcfPsf] b]lvFbf ljjflbt 6]lnkmf]g nfOg
h8fg ug]{ ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf
sfo{ x sf] ljZn] i f0f u/L pQm sfo{ x
e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ cGtu{t kb{5 jf kb}{g eGg]
k|Zgdf g} lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
$= ;f];DaGwdf ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{,
cf]=cfO{=6L= 6]lnkmf]g dfu u/L x]8nL /fhj+zLsf
gfdaf6 b"/;~rf/ sfof{no w'nfaf/L emfkfdf
ldlt @)%^.(.@) df b'O{j6f b/vf:tx k/]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm b/vf:txdf sfof{no k|d'vsf]
x}l;otaf6 oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] cf]=cfO{=6L=
af6 Ps nfOg Oli6d]6 u/fOlbg] egL ;]N;
zfvfsf] gfddf tf]s cfb]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
tTkZrft\ lgh sfof{no k|d'v labfdf a;]sf]
sf/0f ldlt @)%^.(.@# df lgldQ sfof{no k|d'v
587
k/z'/fd rf}w/Laf6 kmf]g h8fg ul/lbg] sfo{

;DkGg ePsf] eGg] s'/f k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /
k/z'/fd rf}w/Lsf] ldl;n ;+nUg aofg sfuhaf6
b]lvg cfpF5 .
%= pk/f] Q m b/vf:t kmf/dx x] b f{ ,
ljjflbt cf]=cfO{=6L=6]lnkmf]g nfOgx x]8nL
/fhj+zLn] dfu u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . b=g+=* sf]
b/vf:t kmf/ddf s[lts /fhj+zLsf] gfd s]/L
x]8nL /fhj+zLsf] gfd n]lvPsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .
;f] gfd s]l/Psf] 7fpFdf s;}sf] b:tvt k/]sf]
b]lvFb}g eg] ;f] gfd s]/L d}n] g} gful/stf
k| d f0fkq cg' ; f/sf] gfd x] 8 nL /fhj+ z L
n]lvlbPsf] x'F egL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf aofg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf]
cltl/Qm b/vf:t kmf/d;fy k]z ePsf] x]8nL
/fhjh+ z Lsf] gfdsf] gful/stf k| d f0fkqsf]
kmf]6f]skLsf] cfwf/df kmf]g lbg] sfo{ u/]sf] xf],
x]8nL /fhj+zL :jo+ sfof{nodf pkl:yt ePsL
lyOgg\, lghn] s;}nfO{ d~h"/Lgfdf lbO{ k7fPsL
klg lyOgg\ , 6] l nkmf] g h8fg ug{ dfu ug] {
l;nl;nfdf ljgf]b zdf{ / >j0f eGg] JolQm
cu|;/ eO{ cfPsf lyP / pQm 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfng
ug]{ JolQm lgh ljgf]b zdf{ xf] egL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLn] aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= cf]=cfO{=6L= 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf Jofkfl/s
lqmofsnfk jf s' g } vf; k| o f] h gsf nflu
cTofjZos ePsf] JolQmnfO{ nfOgdf gal;sg
k|bfg ul/g] ljz]if k|sf/sf] ;]jf xf] eGg] s'/f
k|ltjfbL :jo+sf] aofg / ldl;n;+nUg g]kfn
b" / ;~rf/ ;+ : yfg s] G b| L o sfof{ n o Jofkf/
Joj:yfkg ljefusf] cf] = cfO{ = 6L= ;DaGwL
gLlt;d]taf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . pQm cf]=cfO{=6L=
;]jf ljz]if k|sf/sf] ;]jf ePsf] / ;fwf/0ftof
Pshgf JolQmsf] gfddf Pp6f dfq cf]=cfO{=6L=
6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug]{ gLlt /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] aofg ubf{ :jLsf/} u/]sf]
kfOG5 . ;f] adf]lhd cf]=cfO{=6L= 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
dfu ug]{ u|fxssf] gfd, 7]ufgf, k]zf, Joj;fo /
k|of]hg;d]t a'emL lghnfO{ cfjZostf k/]sf]
b]lvPdf dfq 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
ug'{kg]{df k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] ;f] s]xL gu/L

sfof{nodf pkl:yt g} gePsL x]8nL /fhj+zLsf]
gfddf lghsf] gful/stf k|df0fkqsf] kmf]6f]skL
dfqsf] cfwf/df Ps}k6s @@ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf h8fg ug{ cfb]z lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
&= k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLn] :jLsf/
-Accept_ u/]sf] x]8nL /fhj+zLn] lbPsf] elgPsf]
b/vf:t kmf/ddf lgh x] 8 nL /fhj+ z Lsf]
n] v fTds ;lx5fk k/] s f] b] l vG5 . x] 8 nL
/fhj+zLn] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf aofg
ubf{ d}n] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ul/kfpFm egL
s'g} lgj]bg lbPsf] 5}g, s'g} 6]lnkmf]g k|of]u
u/]sf] klg 5}g, dnfO{ n]vk9 ug{ cfpFb}g, gflt
lgdgf/fo0f /fhj+zLn] d}n] bf]sfgdf sfd kfpg]
ePsf] 5' tkfOFsf] gful/stf lbg'xf];\ egL dfu]sf]
x'Fbf d}n] cfkm\gf] gful/stf k|df0fkq lghnfO{
lbPsL lyPF egL aofg u/]sf] kfOG5 . ldl;n
;+ n Ug lghsf] gful/stf k| d f0fkqsf]
k| l tlnlkcg' ; f/ 6] l nkmf] g dfu ubf{ s f avt
lghsf] pd]/ &@ jif{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 / lghn]
gful/stf k|df0fkqdf u/]sf] cf}+7f5fk ;d]taf6
lgh lg/If/ u|fdL0f dlxnf /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg
cfpF5 .
*= o;/L &@ jif{sL a[4 u|fdL0f dlxnfn]
ljz]if k|sf/sf] cf]=cfO{=6L= 6]lnkmf]g nfOg dfu
u/]sf], lgh :jo+ sfof{nodf pkl:yt gePsf],
s;}nfO{ d~h"/gfdf ;d]t lbO{ gk7fPsf] / lghsf]
gful/stf k| d f0fkq / b/vf:tdf k/] s f]
;xL5fk;d]t km/s b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLn] :jefljs ?kdf ;ts{ eO{ cfjZos
hfFra'em ug]{tkm{ nfUg' kg]{df ;f] s]xL gu/L
hfgLhfgL clgoldt ta/af6 6]lnkmf]g nfOg
h8fg ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf lgdgf/fo0f /fhj+ z L,
ljsf; d08n / >j0f cu|jfn;d]tn] u/]sf]
aofgaf6 ef/tLo gful/s ljgf]b zdf{ eGg]
JolQmn] s;}sf] gful/stf k|df0fkq pknAw
u/fOlbg >j0f cu| j fnnfO{ eg] s f] , >j0f
cu|jfnn] ;f] s'/f ljsf; d08n / lgdgf/fo0f
/fhj+zLnfO{ eg]sf] / lgdgf/fo0f /fhj+zLn]
gf]s/L kfpg] k|nf]egn] cfkm\gL xh'/cfdf x]8nL

/fhj+zLsf] gful/stf k|df0fkqsf] kmf]6f]skL
>j0f cu|jfnnfO{ lbPsf] / >j0f cu|jfnn] ;f]
kmf]6f]skL lgh ef/tLo gful/s ljgf]b zdf{nfO{
lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
(= lghxsf] pQm aofg Joxf]/f x]8nL
/fhj+zLn] u/]sf] aofg Joxf]/f;Fu ldNg cfPaf6
;f]xL gful/stfsf] kmf]6f]skL ef/tLo ljgf]b zdf{
eGg] JolQmn] x]8nL /fhj+zLsf] gfdaf6 el/Psf]
b/vf:t;fy k|ltjfbL kbdgfy kf]v/]n;dIf k]z
u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] aofg
ubf{ lgh ljgf] b zdf{ eGg] JolQm ljjflbt
cf]=cfO{=6L= 6]lnkmf]g lng] sfo{df ;lqmo eO{
sfof{nodf cfPsf] / pQm 6]lnkmf]gx klg lgh}n]
;~rfng u/]sf] egL aofg u/]sf] b]lvFbf cs}{sf]
gfdaf6 clgoldt ta/n] 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug]{
sfo{df lgh ljgf]b zdf{ eGg] JolQm / k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf aLr cg'lrt ;fF7ufF7 / b"/;~rf/
;+ : yfgnfO{ u} / sfg" g L xflg / cfkm" x nfO{
u}/sfg"gL nfe k'ofpg] ab\lgot lyPg eGg
;lsg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g .
!)= rf}w 306f;Dd nuftf/ b]lvPsf]
6]lnkmf]g sn c:jfefljs 5 , b'O{ dlxgfsf]
cjlwd} nfvf}+ ?k}ofF p7\g] u/L ePsf] laln;d]t
oyfy{k/s 5}g, o;df k|fljlws q'l6 ePsf]
x'g'kb{5 eGg] k'g/fj]bstkm{sf ljfg\ sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf aofg ubf{;d]t pQm sn
tyf laln oyfy{k/s gePsf] / To;df k|fljlws
q'l6 ePsf] egL lhsL/ ug{;s]sf] kfOFb}g .
;f];DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6 g]kfn 6]lnsd;Fu
hjfkm dfluPsf]df g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 k|fKt ldlt
@)^%.@.@@ sf] hjfkmaf6 klg To; lsl;dsf]
sn / laln x'g g;Sg] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf]
5} g . t;y{ 6] l nkmf] g sn / laln;d] t df
k| f ljlws q' l 6 ePsf] eGg] ljfg\ sfg" g
Joj;foLxsf] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
!!= ctM dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLn] ljgf] b zdf{ ; d] t ;F u
ldn]dtf] u/L hfgLhfgL pgfp JolQmsf] gfdaf6
588
*%(! - ljhoqmflGt zfSo ;d]t lj=dlGqklifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
cf]=cfO{=6L= 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf]

b]lvg cfPsf] / k|ltjfbLsf] pQm sfo{af6 g]kfn
b" / ;~rf/ ;+ : yfgnfO{ ?=!,)%,$(,$)%.#!
a/fa/sf] cfly{s Iflt x'g uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] pgfp JolQm eGg] hfgLhfgL 6]lnkmf]g
h8fg ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm
sfo{df lghsf] ab\lgot /x]sf] lyPg eGg ldNg]
ePg . /fi6 ; ] j s sd{ r f/Ln] cfkm" n fO{ k| f Kt
clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/L o;/L cfkm" jf c?
s;}nfO{ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf nfe k'ofpg] / ;/sf/L
:jfldTj ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ u}/sfg"gL
?kdf xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] u/L u/]sf] sfo{
tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!&
sf] bkmf &-@_ tyf !# df ePsf] e|i6frf/hGo
s;" / sf] kl/efiffcGtu{ t kg] { g} ePsf] n ]
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLn] cf/f] l kt s;" / u/] s f]
7xofPsf] ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}sf] km};nf
cGoyf b]lvPg . t;y{ ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}sf]
pQm km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf
dfggLo GofofwLz cjw]zs'df/ ofbjsf] /fo
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/L nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
Gof= lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn kmfu'g % ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{
lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=

@! :yfoL 3/ eO{ xfn lhNnf :jf:Yo
sfof{no ;Nofgdf ;ftf}+ txdf sfo{/t
ljhoqmflGt zfSo ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
l
lg0f{o g+= *%(!
;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=
dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf
dfggLo GofofwLz Kf|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO)))%
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!.*.%
ljifoM pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z ;d]t .
589
/fHon] sfg"g agfO{ s'g} p2]Zo k|flKtsf]

nflu Intelligible Differentia sf]
cfwf/df ;dfg / ;dfgnfO{ Ps Jojxf/
/ c;dfg / c;dfgnfO{ csf{] k|sf/sf]
Jojxf/ ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] ug{ kfpg]
/fHosf] k"0f{ clwsf/ xf] . /fHon] u/]sf]
juL{ s /0f pko' Q mtf / cf} l rTotfdf
cfwfl/t 5 jf 5}g < To:tf] juL{s/0f /
ju{ ;d"x;Fu ul/g] Jojxf/ ;dfgtftkm{
pGd"v 5 jf 5}g eGg] ljifo dfq Goflos
k/LIf0fsf] ljifo aGg ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lgo' l Qmsf] k| l qmofsf] cfwf/df s' g }
;d"xnfO{ cf7f}+ tx;Dd / s'g} ;d"xnfO{
;ftf}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 lbg] Joj:yf u/L
;dfgtf sfod ug{ vf]h]sf] cj:yfdf
;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ vf]Hg'nfO{ cg'lrt
eGg gldNg] .
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L
lgo'lQm ePsf / ;f] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L
:jtM :t/j[l4 ePsfxnfO{ ;dfg ?kdf
/fVg' klg cf}lrTok"0f{ gx'g] .
u' 0 f:t/sf] b[ l i6sf] 0 faf6 nf] s ;] j f
cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgo'Qm ePsf
/ k|lqmof / k4lt cjnDag gx'g] u/L
:jtM :t/j[l4 ePsf sd{rf/LaLr km/s
l:ylt x'g] g} x'G5 . To:tf sd{rf/LnfO{
cf}lrTotfsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{
;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
lgj]bsxsf] tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx >L

afns[i0f g]pkfg], >L ;+hos'df/ s]=;L=
/ >L ;Gtf]if a:g]t
ljkIfL tkm{ a f6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
/fh]Gb|s'df/ kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^@ lg=g+= &^)#
g]sfk @)^^, lg=g+= *)%@
g]sfk @)^$ lg=g+= &*&^
;Dj4 sfg"gM
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf (-@_-#_, (-&s_-r_, @^-s_ -@_
cfb]z
Gof=an/fd s]=;L=M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -!_-@_
adf]lhd bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
xfdL lgj]bsx g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g,
@)%# nfu" x'g' k"j{ tTsfnLg lghfdtL ;]jf P]g
adf]lhd qmdzM lgj]bsdWo]sf] d ljhoqmflGt
zfSo ldlt @)$#.!@.!&, d sfd] Z j/k| ; fb
rf}/l;of ldlt @)$!.!@.!*, d dfwj yklnof,
ldlt @)$@.#.@!, d rGb|dl0f clwsf/L ldlt
@)$#.%.!&, d /fds[ i 0f k| h fktL ldlt
@)$).@.@(, d b'uf{bf; pns ldlt @)$!.#.!@,
d gGblszf] / ;fx ldlt @)$!.)#.!@ sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] x]Ny OG:k]Szg ;d"x
cGtu{t /f=k=cg+=k|f=k|yd >]0fL ;xfos kfFrf}+
txsf] x]Ny cl;:6]G6sf] kbdf :yfoL ;]jf k|j]z
u/]sf / lgj]bsdWo] d uf]vf{axfb'/ l8=;L= g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;]jf kmfd{];L ;d"xcGtu{t /f=k=cg+=k|f=
k|yd >]0fL ;xfos kfFrf} txsf] tTsfnLg ;xfos
lg/LIfs kbdf ldlt @)#(.&.!^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/
/ d k|ef 1fjfnL hg/n gl;{ ;d"xcGtu{t
/f=k=cg+= k|f=k|yd >]0fLsf] :6fk g;{ kbdf ldlt
@)#(.(.* df :yfoL ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf xf}+ .
xfdL lgj]]bsx dWo] d ljhoqmflGt zfSo !,
gGblszf]/ zfx !, d b'uf{bf; pns ! ;d]tn]
sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf

xfl;n ul/;s] s f] / lgj] b sx dWo] d
sfd]Zj/k|;fb rf}/l;of, ljGb]Zj/ /fo, dfwj
yklnof, rGb|dl0f clwsf/L, /fds[i0f k|hfktL
;d]tn] Bachelor in Public Health sf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf xfl;n ul/;s]sf 5f} . To;}u/L d k|ef
1jfnL Bachelor in Nursing / d uf]vf{axfb'/
l8=;L= Bachelor in Pharmacy sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
xfl;n ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g,
@)%# nfu" ePkZrft\ :jf:Yo ;]jfdf xfdL
lgj] b sxsf] !) jif{ ;] j f cjlw k" / f eO{
;s]sf]n] ;f]xL tTsfnLg g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf
P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf *(, () adf]lhd tx ldnfg
x'g] qmddf P]= bkmf () sf] v08 -s_* adf]lhd
ldlt @)%$.@.!$ ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L kfFrf}
txaf6 clws[t 5}7f} txdf tx ldnfg ePsf]
xf] . tt\kZrft\ ldlt @)%(.!.@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/
5}7f} txsf] h=:jf=lg= sf] kbgfd k|fKt u/L
sfo{/t /x]sf]df ldlt @)^#.*.@@ ut]b]lv nfu"
x'g] u/L g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# df t];|f]
;+zf]wg eO{ ;f]xL g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf -t];|f]
;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf (-!_ (-&v_ df
;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ug{] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd
ldlt @)^$.$.!! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ 5}7f}+ txaf6
;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 eO{ sfo{/t 5f}+ .
s'g} klg :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ dflyNnf]
txdf j9'jf x'g] cj;/ / j[lQ ljsf;sf] 9f]sf
;w} v'nf ul/Psf] x'G5 / ul/g' klg kb{5 .
sd{rf/LxnfO{ j9'jf -:t/j[l4_ x'g] / cfkm\gf]
j[lQ ljsf; ug{] cj;/af6 ;bfsf] nflu jGb]h
nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg / nfu" ug{' x'b}g .
To;/L jGb]h ug{] u/L s'g} sfg"g agfOG5 /
nfu" x'G5 eg] To:tf] sfg"g g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, wf/f !#,
wf/f !* ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy} Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6
;d]t cdfGo x'G5 . xfdL lgj]bsx nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] k|lqmoff/f kfFrf} txsf] x]=c= kbdf
jiff{} cl3 :yfoL ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf / tTsfnLg
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf ()-s_
-&_ sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ kfFrf} txdf tx ldnfg
Master in Public Health
590
ePsf]df bkmf () sf] v08 -s_-*_ adf]lhd

:jf:Yo ;]jfdf !) jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf] cfwf/df
kfFrf} txaf6 5}7f}+ txdf tx ldnfg e} ldlt
@)^$.$.!! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ 5}7f}+ txaf6 ;ftf}+
txdf :t/j[ l 4 ePsf] / xfn ;ftf} + txsf]
hg:jf:Yo clws[tsf] kbgfd ;d]t k|fKt u/L
sfo{/t /x]sf 5f}+ . :jf:Yo ;]jf hg;fwf/0fsf]
nflu cTofjZos ;]jf ePsf]n] o; ;]jfnfO{
j9L ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns / hgpQ/bfoL
agfpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%#
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf], :jf:Yo h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn /
;j{;fwf/0f;Fu k|ToIf ;Dks{df /xL ;]jf ug{]
o; ;+:yfsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ sfd k|lt pQ/bfoL
agfpg, xf};nf / pT;fx lbg g]kfn :jf:Yo
;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf ()-s_ df kfFrf} txdf
!) jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]sfnfO{ 5}7f}+ txdf tx
ldnfg ug]{ Joj:yf u/L xfdL lgj]bs ;/xsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ 5}7f}+ txdf tx ldnfg u/]sf] xf] .
xfdL lgj]bsxsf] ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] nflu gjf}+
/ P3f/f}+ tx;Dd j9'jfsf] nflu cfjZos kg{]
Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf 5 . xfdL lgj]bsx
;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 e};s]kZrft\ ;ftf}+ txdf
u/]sf] ;]jf cjlw sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg, sfo{
Ifdtf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4
x'g kfpg] of]Uotf k'u]sf] 5 . xfdL lgj]bsx
;/x 5}7f}+ txdf tx ldnfg ePsf sd{rf/Lxsf]
cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 x'g kfpg] xsflwsf/
/x]sf] s'/f o;} ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 lgj]bs
/fds[kfn l;+x ;d]t lj?4 :jf:Yo dGqfno
;d]t ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= **%
sf] k/dfb]z d'2fdf ldlt @)^^.#.!@ ut] 5}7f}+
txdf tx ldnfg ePsf sd{rf/Lxsf] clws[t
cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 egL
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ePaf6 ;d]t b]lvG5 . o;/L
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%#
sf] bkmf (-!_, &-@_, g] k fn :jf:Yo ;] j f
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod !% / cg';"rL &
tyf ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] pQm cfb]zaf6 ;d]t
xfdLxsf] cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 x'g ;Sg]
k|fjwfg ePtf klg cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ul/g]
591
zt{x /fVg] qmddf g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf -t];|f]

;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf (-@_-#_, (-&s_
sf] v08 -r_ / bkmf @^s-@_ df Jojl:yt
k|fjwfgn] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmoff/f 5}7f}+
txdf lgo'lQm kfPsf sd{rf/Lx dfq cf7f}+
txdf :t/j[l4 x'g] e} 5}7f}+ txdf tx ldnfg
ePsf xfdL sd{rf/Lx cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4
x'g g;Sg] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sfn] pQm k|fjwfgn]
xfdL lgj]bsx ;ftf}+ txd} ;Lldt /xL dflyNnf]
txdf :t/j[l4 x'gaf6 ;bfsf] nflu jl~rt x'g'kg]{
cj:yf l;h{gf x'g cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn]
xfdLxnfO{ cGofo kg{ uPsf] 5 . t;y{ Gofosf]
nflu o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0fIf]q cGtu{tsf]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ /
!)&-!_-@_ adf]lhd of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf 5f}+ .
ctM sd{ r f/Lxsf] nflu s' g } k] z f
/f]huf/sf] :jtGqtf / /f]huf/Lsf] xs k|fKt
ug'{, ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff tyf a9'jfsf] cj;/ k|fKt
ug'{, sd{rf/Lxsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@#-r_, !* f/f k|Tofe"t df}lns
xs xf] eg] ;dfg of]Uotf tx / x}l;otsf
sd{rf/Lx aLr s;}nfO{ To:tf] ljz]if ;'ljwf
/ ;+/If0f k|bfg u/L a9'jfsf] cj;/ lbOg' /
s;}nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf / ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt u/L
a9'jfsf] cj;/af6 ;bfsf] nflu jl~rt ug{]
u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{'n] ;dfgtfsf] xs png
ub{ 5 . ;+ j } w flgs k| f jwfgx ljk/Ltsf
sfg"gnfO{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] dfGg'kg{] xG5 .
;dfg of]Uotf, tx kb / tnj eQf ;d]t ;dfg
/x]sf sd{rf/Lx aLr vl08t / lje]b ug{] u/L
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]gdf ;+zf]wg u/L ;f] P]gsf] bkmf
(-@_ df Jojl:yt z'? lgo'lQm e} kbf:yfkgf
ePsf eGg] jfSof+z, P]= bkmf (-&s_ sf] v08
-r_ df Jojl:yt nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof
k"/f u/L eGg] jfSof+z / P]= bkmf @^-s_ sf]
v08 -@_ df Jojl:yt nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
k|lqmof k"/f u/L eGg] jfSof+zn] xfdL 5}7f}+
txdf tx ldnfg e} ;ftf} + txdf sfo{ / t
sd{rf/LxnfO{ dflyNn] cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4
x' g af6 jl~rt ul/Psf] x' F b f o;/L

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
sd{ r f/LxnfO{ cfkm\ g f] j[ l Q ljsf; ug{ /

j9'jfsf] cj;/ k|fKt ug{af6 aGb]h nufpg]
u/L lgdf{0f ePsf] plNnlvt Joj:yf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_ /
wf/f !* f/f k|bQ /f]huf/Lsf] xs k|lts"n
/x]sf] k|i6 5 . ;dfg of]Uotf tx kb / tnj
eQf ;d]t ;dfg /x]sf sd{rf/LaLr s]xLnfO{
cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4sf] cj;/ lbg] / s;}nfO{
To:tf] cj;/af6 jl~rt ug{] sfo{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_ Pj+
!# f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xssf] k|lts"n x''Fbf
To;/L ;+ljwfgk|lts"n /x]sf] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf
P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf (-@_ df Jojl:yt z'?
lgo'lQm e} kb:yfkgf ePsf eGg] jfSof+z, P]=
bkmf (-&s_ sf] v08 -r_ df Jojl:yt nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L eGg] jfSof+z / P]=
bkmf @^-s_-@_ df Jojl:yt nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
k|lqmof k"/f u/L eGg] jfSof+z g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#, !* f/f
k|bQ df}lns xs;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf aflemg uPsf]n]
/ ;f] aflemPsf] sfg"gdf plNnlvt Joj:yf o;}
cbfntaf6 :yflkt ghL/ l;4fGtljk/Lt ;d]t
x'Fbf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
#@ / !)&-!_ adf]lhd k|f/DetM cdfGo / ab/
3f]lift u/L lgj]bsxsf] df}lns xssf] ;+/If0f
Pj+ k|rng ul/kfpFm . ;fy} xfdL lgj]bs ;/x
;dfg ;]jf, ;d"x tx, kb / tnj eQf ;d]t
;dfg /x]sf / h;sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfdL
lgj]bsx eGbf tNnf] /x]sf sd{rf/Lx, hf]
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmoff/f 5}7f}}+ txdf j9'jf
eO{ Pp6} ldltdf ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ePsf
sd{ r f/LxnfO{ ldlt @)^%.!@.@* sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 u/L ;lsPsf]n]
lghx ;dfg xfdL lgj]bsx ;d]t ;f]xL
cfwf/df cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
/x]sf] / xfdLxsf] 5}7f}}+ txdf /x]sf] ;]jf cjlw
!) jif{ / ;ftf}+ txdf u/]sf] ;]jf cjlw b'O{
jif{eGbf j9L e};s]sf], j9'jfsf] cf7f+} txb]lv
P3f/f}+ tx;Ddsf] nflu cfjZos z}lIfs of]Uotf
/ sfo{ ; Dkfbg d" N ofgdf pQd c /x] s f]
cfwf/df ;d]t ;dfg xssf] xsbf/ 5f}+ . ;fy}

xfdL lgj]bsx ;/x ;dfg sd{rf/LxnfO{
;ftf} + txdf j9' j f -:t/j[ l 4_ kfPsf oL
lgj]bsxsf] xsdf pQm ;ftf+} txdf /xL b'u{d
If]qdf a;L sfd ug'{kg{] eGg] ls6fgL Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvg gcfPsf]n] ;ftf}+ txdf u/]sf] ;]jfsf]
b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf sDtLdf
pQd c k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] cf7f}+ txdf
:t/j[ l 4 ug' { egL ldlt @)^^.&.!! ut]
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L eO{ ;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf
xfdL lgj]bsx ;d]t ;f]xL ;]jf ;d"x, :t/sf
;dfg sd{rf/L ePsf]n] ;f]xL cfwf/df xfdL
lgj]bsxnfO{ ;d]t cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ug'{
u/fpg' egL k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg] pko'Qm
cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{ hf/L u/L cf3fltt df}lns
xssf] k|rng u/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ljhoqmflGt zfSo
;d]t hgf !) sf] ldlt @)^&.$.!* sf] l/6
lgj]bg .
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{] xf] <
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;" r gf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.$.@) sf]
cfb]z .
o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd, sf/jfxL
jf lg0f{ o af6 lgj] b sxsf] s] s:tf] xs
clwsf/df cf3ft k/]sf] xf] eGg] :ki6 pNn]v
ug{ g;Sg' s f cltl/Qm k| r lnt g] k fn
sfg"gadf]lhd sfo{ ug{] clVtof/ k|fKt cGo
lgsfoaf6 eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxL Pj+ lg0f{ox
pk/ ;d]t o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ l/6
lgj]bg bfo/ ug{ ldNg] xf]Og, hxfF;Dd g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;]jf -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
(-@_-#_, (-&s_ sf] k| f jwfgn] lgj] b ssf]
;dfgtfsf] xsdf cf3ft kf/]sf]n] pQm k|fjwfg
ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfLn] lnPsf] lhsL/
5, ;f] ;DaGwdf s] s:tf] P]g lgdf{0f jf ;+zf]wg
ug{] eGg] s'/f ljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/If]q
592
-Exclusive Power_ leq kg{] ljifo ePsf] / To:tf]

ljifo o; sfof{non] lgoldt ug{] ljifo gePsf]n]
o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg{] s'g} sf/0f
/ cfwf/ 5}g . t;y{ c;DalGwt ljifonfO{ lnP/
o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{Psf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^&.%.@$
sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g] k fn :jf:Yo ;] j fdf sfo{ / t
sd{rf/LxnfO{ s] s:tf] / s'g cfwf/df slt
xb;Dd :t/j[ l 4 ug{ ] eGg] ljifo ;DalGwt
dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qleq kg]{ ljifo xf] . ljkIfL
lgj]bsxn] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gdf ePsf]
;+zf]wgaf6 ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ePsf] syg
cfkm\gf] l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
h' g P] g df ePsf] ;+ z f] w gsf] kl/0ffd:j?k
:t/j[l4 eO{ lgj]bsxn] kb gfd ;d]tsf] ;'ljwf
k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] 5, ;f]xL P]gsf] ;'ljwf cGo
JolQmn] k| f Kt u/] s f] d f To;sf] pko' Q mtfsf
;DaGwdf k|Zg ug{] clwsf/ ljlwzf:qsf] :yflkt
dfGotf kmfObf lng]n] j]kmfObf klg ;xg' k5{
- Quem sequuntur commoda enudem, et
incommode sequuntur) eGg] l;4fGtsf] ;d]t
ljk/Lt 5 . g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] t];|f]
;+zf]wgf/f ul/Psf] ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ePsf
sd{rf/Lx cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 x'g g;Sg]
eGg] Joj:yf g] k fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg;F u
aflemPsf] eGg] lgjb] g lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf
lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] :t/j[l4
x'g] Joj:yf ;f] P]gdf ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;f] sfo{nfO{
;+ l jwfgf/f k| b Q :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf]
xsljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] lhsL/ ts{;+ut b]lvb}g .
t;y{ lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] sfg"g tyf
Gofo dGqfno sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^&.%.!& sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bsx lghfdtL ;]jf P]g adf]lhd
/f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm e}
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# nfu" ePkl5 P]gsf]
k|yd ;+zf]wgcg';f/ x]=O{= ;d"xsf] 5}7f}+ txdf
tx ldnfg eO{ @)%( ;fndf hg:jf:Yo lg/LIfs
593
kbgfd k|fKt u/]sf b]lvG5g\ . :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g,

@)%# sf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgkZrft\ P]gsf] bkmf (
sf] pkbkmf -&v_ adf]lhd l/Qm k'n b/jGbLdf
/xg] u/L ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ul/Psf]df ;f]
;dokZrft\ cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ug{] sfg"gL
Joj:yf P]gsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] ;d]t gu/L s]jn
P]gsf] bkmf ( n] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f
u/L 5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/LxnfO{
dfq cf7f+} txdf :t/j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf
u/]sf]df lgj]bsx ;f] adf]lhd lgo'lQm x'g'
ePsf] xf]Og . k|:t't lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bsxn]
cfkm"x :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf ( sf]
pkbkmf -&s_ sf] v08 -r_ sf] cfwf/df cf7f}+
txdf :t/j[l4 ul/kfpFm egL dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
pQm P]gsf] bkmf (-&s_ v08 -r_ df of] bkmf
k|f/De x'g'cl3 nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f
u/L 5} 7 f} + / ;ftf} txdf lgo' l Qm ePsf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] ;ftf}+ / cf7f}+
txdf :t/j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvFbf
pQm bkmf k|f/De ePsf] ldlt @)^#.*.@! k"j{
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L 5}7f}+ tyf
;ftf}+ txdf lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq ;ftf}+
tyf cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] b]lvPsf]df
lgj]bsx pQm P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -&v_
adf]lhd ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ePsf]n] lghx
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L 5}7f+} txsf
kbdf lgo'lQm ge} :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# nfu"
ePkl5 /f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fLsf] kbxaf6 :jf:Yo
;]jfsf] 5}7f+} txsf kbdf lgo'lQm ge} :jf:Yo
;]jf P]g, @)%# nfu" ePkl5 /f=k=cg+= k|yd
>]0fLsf] kbxaf6 :jf:Yo ;]jf 5}7f}+ txdf tx
ldnfg ePsf] x'Fbf lgj]bsxn] :jf:Yo ;]jf
P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -&s_ sf]
v08 -r_ adf] l hd cf7f} + txsf] :t/j[ l 4
kfpFb}gg\ .
lgj]bsxn] xfdL ;/xsf sd{rf/Lx
cfGtl/s k/LIffaf6 5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm e} xfn
cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ePsf] egL bfjL lnPsf]
b]lvP klg P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -&s_ sf]
v08 -r_ n] :ki6 ?kdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
k|lqmof k"/f u/L 5}7f}+ tyf ;ftf}+ txdf lgo'lQm

ePsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ dfq :t/j[l4 ug{ ;lsg]
egL ls6fgL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;fwf/0ftof
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L eGgfn]
cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt lj1fkgadf]lhdsf] k/LIffdf
;dfj]z eO{ k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sf] jf cfof]uaf6
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g] sfo{Ifdtfsf]
j9' j fnfO{ a' l emg] u/] s f] d f lgj] b sx pQm
k|lqmofaf6 nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L
5}7f}}+ tx sfod ePsf] gb]lvPsf] / lgj]bgdf
pNn]v u/]sf] sd{rf/Lx nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfaf6 k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L 5}7f}+
txdf lgo'lQm ePsf]n] lghxsf] cf7f}+ txdf
ePsf] :t/j[l4sf] cfwf/ k|:t't d'2fdf nfu" x'g
;Sb}g . lgj]bsx xfn sfod /x]sf] :jf:Yo
;]jf P]g, @)%# n] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwf k|of]u
u/L @)^$ ;fndf g} ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 e} tL
k|fjwfgnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L j;L ;s]kl5 xfn tLg
jif{kl5 cfP/ cGo bkmf cfslif{t u/L clwsf/
xgg\ eof] egL bfjL lng' pko'Qm 5}g . ;fy}
pQm Joj:yf g] k fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg;F u
aflemPsf] eP t'?Gt vf/]h ug{ dfu ug'{kg{]df
;f] gu/L a;]sf] x'Fbf xfn vf/]hLsf] dfu lng'
ljjGwgo' Q m 5 . dflysf sfg" g L cfwf/af6
lgj]bsx dflyNnf] txdf :t/j[l4 x'g g;Sg]
b]lvPsf] / xfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 lghxsf]
df}lns xsdf s] s;/L c;/ u/]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f
:ki6 ?kdf lgj]bgdf v'nfpg ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd P]gsf] bkmf vf/]h x'g'kg{]
Pj+ cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg{] xf]Og . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/, :jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] @)^&.%.@& sf] / :jf:Yo
;]jf ljefusf] ldlt @)^&.^.% sf] Ps} Joxf]/fsf]
5'f5'} lnlvt hjfkm .
g] k fn :jf:Yo ;] j fdf sfo{ / t
sd{rf/LxnfO{ s] s:tf] / s'g cfwf/df :t/j[l4
ug{] eGg] ljifo o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qleq kg{]
ljifo xf] O g . ;fy} o; dGqfnosf] s' g
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfLsf] xs xgg\ ePsf] xf]
;f] ;d]t ljkIfLn] v'nfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g .
ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL

agfpg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo g} b]lvb}g . g]kfn :jf:Yo
;]jf P]g, @)%# ;DalGwt ;a} sd{rf/Lxdf
;dfg ?kn] nfu" x'g] sfg"g eO{ ;f]xL sfg"gn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08adf]lhd :t/j[l4 x'g]
ePsf]n] P]gadf]lhd ePsf] sfo{ cfkm\gf]cg's"n
ePg eGb} d f P] g sf] Joj:yf c;dfg /
e]befjsf/L 5 eGg ldNb}g . t;y{, l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;+l3o dfldnf
;+ l jwfg;ef, ;+ ; lbo Joj:yf tyf ;+ : s[ l t
dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^&.^.!# sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg
cWoog u/L lgj]bsxsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L afns[i0f g]pkfg], ;+hos'df/ s]=;L=
/ ;Gtf]if a:g]tn] lgj]bsx lghfdtL ;]jfsf
/f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fLaf6 :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g nfu"
x'Fbf kfrf} txdf / !) jif{ k'u]sf] sf/0f P]gsf]
Joj:yfg';f/ kfFrf}af6 5}7f}+ txdf tx ldnfg e}
5}7f}+af6 ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ePsf sd{rf/L
x'g\ . ;ftf}+ txdf P]gn] tf]s]sf] zt{ k"/f ePkl5
cf7f+} txdf :t/j[l4 kfpg' kg{]df 5}7f}+ txdf
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmofaf6 k|j]z u/]sf]nfO{
dfq cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 ul/g] / ;f] k|lqmof
k"/f gu/L 5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm ePsfnfO{ ;ftf}+
tx;Dd dfq :t/j[l4 ug{] u/L P]gdf ;+zf]wg
u/L ;dfg kb ;ftf} + :t/df sfd ug{ ]
sd{ r f/LaLr lje] b ug{ ] u/L P] g df s] x L
lje] b sf/L k| f jwfg th' { d f u/] s f] 5 . ;f]
lje] b sf/L k| f jwfg ;+ l jwfgsf] /f] h uf/ /
;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf aflemPsf]
k|fjwfgx k|f/Deb]lv g} pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn]
ab/ 3f]if0ff u/L e}/x]sf sfg"gadf]lhd xfd|f]
kIfsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] cj:yfdf lghxnfO{ ;d]t
cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ug'{ egL k/dfb]z ;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
;xGofoflwjQmf >L /fh] G b| s ' d f/ kf] v /] n n]
lgj]bsx lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]
kfFrf} txdf tx ldnfg ePsf / !) jif{ ;]jf
cjlw k'u]sf] sf/0f 5}7f}+ txdf tx ldnfg e} ;f]
kbaf6 ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ePsf sd{rf/L
594
x'g\ . 5}7f}+ txdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmofaf6

lgo'Qm ePsf xf]Ogg\ . ;ftf}+ txdf ;dfg ?kdf
sfo{/t /x]sf sd{rf/Lx dWo] 5}7f}+ txdf s'g
k|lqmofaf6 lgo'lQm ePsf] xf] eGg] cfwf/df
sd{rf/LxnfO{ juL{s/0f u/L ;d"xsf] cfwf/df
;ftf}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 ug{] / cf7f}+ tx;Dd
:t/j[l4 ug{] egL juL{s/0f u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f
ePsf] xf] . /fHon] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf
cfjZostfg';f/ ;d"x / ju{ ljefhg u/L a]Unf
j]Un} ;]jf zt{ nfu" ug{ ;S5 . ;d"x agfO{ csf{]
To:t} ;d"xnfO{ km/s Joj:yf u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f
ug'{n] ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 5}g eGg ldNb}g .
k|j]z jf lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmof g} km/skm/s /x]
ePsf] cj:yfdf km/s ;] j f zt{ /fVg' n ]
;dfgtfsf] xs pNn+3g gx'g] ePsf]n] c;dfg
sfg"g eof] eGg ldNb}g . sfg"g ab/ x'g] /
lgj]bsxn] a9'jf kfpg] l:ylt gx'Fbf l/6 vf/]h
x''gk5{ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, xfdL lgj]bsx
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] Joj:yf cGtu{t /f=k=cg+=
k|yd >]0fLdf ljleGg ldltdf k|j]z u/L g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# nfu" ePkl5 :jf:Yo
;]jfcGtu{tsf] ;xfos kfFrf}+ txsf] x]Ny cl;i6]G6
kbdf tx ldnfg ePsf]df :jf:Yo ;]jfdf !)
jif{ s f] ;] j f cjlw k' u ] s f] sf/0f P] g sf]
Joj:yfg';f/ ldlt @)%$.@.!$ b]lv nfu" x'g]
u/L kfFrf} txaf6 5}7f}+ txdf tx ldnfg e} ldlt
@)%(.!.@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ hg:jf:Yo lg/LIfssf]
kbgfd k|fKt u/L sfo{/t /x]sf lyof}+ . ;f]xL
;dodf g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# df ldlt
@)^#.*.@@ df ;+zf]wg eof] . ;f] ;+zf]lwt
Joj:yfcg';f/ ldlt @)^$.$.!! df xfd|f] 5}7f}+
txaf6 ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 eof] / xfn ;ftf}+
txdf g} sfo{/t 5f}+ . P]gdf @)^#.*.@@ df
;+zf]wg x'g'k"j{ P]gsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd 5}7f}+
txaf6 ;ftf}+ / cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 x'g] Joj:yf
lyof] . xfd|f] :t/j[l4 x'g] ;DaGwdf 9'Ss lyof}+ .
To:t}df g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# df ldlt
@)^#.*.@@ Dff t];|f] ;+zf]wg u/L ;f] P]gsf]
bkmf (-@_-#_, (-&s_ sf] v08 -r_ / bkmf @^
595
-s_ -@_ df :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] 5}7f}+ txaf6 ;ftf}+ /

cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 ul/g] Joj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g
u/L nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L 5}7f}+ /
;ftf} + txdf lgo' l Qm ePsf sd{ r f/LxnfO{
qmdzM ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] ;ftf}+ / cf7f}+ txdf
:t/j[l4 ul/g] / nf]s;]jfsf] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L
5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm ePsfnfO{ ;ftf}+ tx;Dd
dfq :t/j[l4 ug{] / cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 gx'g]
u/L e]befj Joj:yf /fvL xfdLn] cf7f}+ txdf
:t/j[l4 gkfpg] u/L Joj:yf ul/of] . ;ftf}+ txdf
;dfg ?kdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx dWo] s;}n]
:t/j[l4 kfpg] / s;}n] gkfpg] u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f
ug'{ c;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn]
gful/sxsf aLrdf c;dfg Jojxf/ gu/L
;dfg Jojxf/ / ;+ / If0f ug' { k g{ ] d f ldlt
@)^#.*.@@ df g]kfn :jf:y ;]jf P]g, @)%# df
u/]sf] ;+zf]wgn] xfdLxnfO{ c;dfg Jojxf/
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf (-@_ df /x]sf] z'? lgo'lQm e} kb:yfkg
ePsf eGg] zAb, bkmf (-&s_-r_ df / bkmf @^
-s_ -@_ df /x]sf] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof
k"/f u/L eGg] zAbn] xfdLxsf] cf7f}+ txdf
:t/j[l4 x'g /f]s nufPsf] / ;dfg ;ftf}+ txsf
cGo sd{rf/Ln] :t/j[l4 kfpg] u/L c;dfg
Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] Joj:yfx ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] k|f/De b]lv
g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L xfdLxnfO{ cf7f}+
txdf :t/j[l4 ug'{ egL k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] / /fHon] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/LxnfO{ s;}nfO{
sfvf / s;}nfO{ kfvf ug'{ x'Fb}g . /fHon] cfkm\gf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ pgLxsf] sfd, st{Jo dfq
xf] O g ls k| j ] z sf] cfwf/ ;d] t af6 pko' Q m
juL{s/0f ug{ ;S5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# n]
nf]s;]jfsf] k|lqmofaf6 5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm ePsf
sd{rf/L / ;f] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L 5}7f}+ txdf
lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/Lxsf] ljefhg u/L a]Unf
a]Un} k4lt / k|lqmofaf6 5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm
ePsfnfO{ km/skm/s Jojxf/ ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 .
;ftf}+ txdf sfo{/tdWo] klg 5}7f}+ txdf s;/L
lgo'lQm eof] eGg] cfwf/df ;d"x juL{s/0f u/L

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
;f] cfwf/df j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{]

u/L u/] s f] sfg" g L Joj:yfn] ;+ l jwfg k| b Q
;dfgtfsf] xssf] pNn+3g u/]sf] 5}g . ;dfgtf
;dfgdf x'g] xf] . oxfF c;dfgaLr c;dfg
Jojxf/ u/L ;dfgtf sfod ug{ vf]h]sf] x'Fbf
;+zf]lwt P]g ab/ x'g'kg{] l:ylt 5}g . sfg"g g}
ab/ x'g] cj:yf gx'Fbf oL lgj]bsxn] cf7f}+
txdf :t/j[l4 k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lnlvt hjfkm ePsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf p7]sf lgDg lnlvt ljjflbt k|Zgdf
ljj]rgf u/L lgj]bssf] dfucg';f/sf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g] xf] jf xf]Og < egL lg0f{o lbg'kg{] x'g
cfPsf] 5 .
-s_ g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# df ePsf]
t];|f] ;+zf]wgsf] bkmf (-@_, (-&s_ -r_ /
wf/f @^ -s_-@_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf]
;dfgtfsf] xs / k]zf /f]huf/sf] xs;Fu
aflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g <
-v_ lgj]bsxn] cf7f+} txdf :t/j[l4 kfpg]
x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ <
@= g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# df
ePsf] t] ; | f ] ;+ z f] w gsf] bkmf (-@_, bkmf (
-&s_-r_ / bkmf @^s-@_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf]
;dfgtfsf] xs / k] z f /f] h uf/sf] xs;F u
jflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g < eGg] k|yd k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ lgj]bsx sfo{/t kb / txdf s] s;/L
lgo'lQm jf :t/j[l4 eP / pgLxn] cfkm"k|lt
c;dfg Jojxf/ eof] egL lnPsf] ts{ sfg"g /
l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 jf 5}g x]g{'kg{] b]lvg
cfof] .
#= lgj]bsx lghfdtL ;]jf P]gcg';f/
ljleGg ldlt / ;dodf lghfdtL ;] j fsf]
/f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fLsf] c=x]=j= kbdf ;]jf k|j]z
u/]sf / g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# hf/L e}
nfu" ePkl5 :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
*( n] ;]jf kl/jt{g ug{' kg{] Joj:yf / bkmf ()
df tx ldnfg ug{] Joj:yfcg';f/ lgj]bsx
k|f/Dedf kfFrf} txdf tx ldnfg e} :jf:Yo
;]jfdf !) jif{ k'lu;s]sf] sf/0f ;f] P]gsf] bkmf
()-s_-*_ adf]lhd @)%$.@.!$ df 5}7f}+ txdf
tx ldnfg e} hg:jf:Yo lg/LIfs kbdf

kb:yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf
-t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%# ldlt @)^#.*.@@ df
;+zf]wg x'g'k"j{ sfod /x]sf] P]gsf] bkmf *( /
() df ;]jf kl/jt{g e} tx ldnfg ug{] / bkmf
(-#_ n] cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf]df g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# df ePsf]
t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] ;f] P]gsf] bkmf (-@_, (-&s_-r_
/ bkmf @^-s_-@_ ;+zf]wg u/L klxn] e} /x]sf]
Joj:yf kl/jt{ g u/L nf] s ;] j f cfof] u sf]
k|lqmoff/f 5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/Lx
dfq cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 x'g] / nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L 5}7f}+ txdf :jtM
:t/j[l4 ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;ftf}+ tx;Dd dfq
:t/j[l4 ug{] Joj:yf u/L, 5}7f}+ txdf ePsf]
lgo'lQmsf] cfwf/df cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ug]{ /
gug{] u/L km/skm/s Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg
cfof] .
$= Pp6} kb / txdf sfo{ / t
sd{rf/LxnfO{ km/skm/s Joj:yf u/L sfg"g
lgdf{0f ug{ / ;f]sf] cfwf/df s;}nfO{ ;ftf}+
tx;Dd / s;}nfO{ cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 ug{]
u/L Joj:yf ug{ kfpg] xf] jf xf]Og . o:tf]
sfg"g lje]bsf/L x'G5 jf x'Fb}g < / of] ;+zf]wg
ab/ x'g'kg{] xf] ls xf]Og < eGg] ljifo g} k|d'v
ljj]rgfsf] ljifo aGg cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_n] k| T o] s
gful/snfO{ s'g} k]zf /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/
ug{] :jtGqtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] wf/f !#-!_ /
-@_ df ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg
x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6
jl~rt ul/g] 5}g ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf
s'g} klg gful/s dfly wd{ j0f{, ln hfthflt
pTklQ efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g}
s' / fsf] cfwf/df e] b efj ul/g] 5} g egL
sfg"gsf] b[li6df / ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] xs k|bfg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGotof ;dfg eGgfn] ;a}
a/f]j/ eGg] a'lemG5 . k/Dk/fut zf;g k2ltdf
/fhf dxf/fhf / kbLo ?kdf /fHosf] dflyNnf]
txdf cfl;g JolQmnfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt x'g]
596
ePsf] n ] cfd gful/snfO{ / ljz] i f kbsf

JolQmaLr /fHon] km/skm/s Jojxf/ ckgfpg]
ub{Yof] . Ps} s;"/df ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt JolQmnfO{
;hfo gx'g] / eP klg sd x'g] tyf ;fdfGo
JolQmnfO{ ;hfo x'g] / ;hfo ubf{ klg j9L
;hfo ug{] k4lt x'g'sf] ;fy} ;dfg cj:yfsfx
aLr e]befj / c;dfg Jojxf/ x'g] u/]sf] sf/0f
;g\ !@!% sf] Magna carta, Universal
declaration of Human Rights, 1948 (UDHR),
tyf International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, 1966 (ICCPR) nufot dfgj clwsf/
;DaGwL ljleGg If]qLo Instrument xn] klg
;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ egL Equity Before
Law sf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg eof] . t/ ;w} / ;a}
cj:yfdf ;a} gful/sx aLr Pp6} sfg"g nfu"

u/L ;dfgtf sfod ug{ ;lsbf] /x]g5 eGg]
dx;"; kl5NNff] ;dodf x'g yfn]kl5 ;dfg
cj:yfsf JolQmx aLr dfq ;dfg Jojxf/
ul/g' k 5{ . ;dfg / c;dfgaLr j] U nfj] U n}
Jojxf/ x'g ;S5 eGg] wf/0ff ljsf; eof] .
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ lg/k] I f ?kdf gx] / L
;fk]Iftfdf x]g'{ kb{5 . ;dfgtf ;dfg JolQm,
;d"x jf ju{sf aLrdf vf]Hg' kb{5 . c;dfg
JolQm ;d"x jf ju{sf aLrdf ;dfg Jojxf/
ul/Pdf ;dfgtf ge} c;dfg Jojxf/ x'g hfG5 .
;kf / ckfsf aLr ;dfg Jojxf/ u/]df
;dfgtf xf]Og ls c;dfg x'g hfG5 . To;}n]
slxn]sfxL ;dfg / c;dfg ju{aLr c;dfg
Jojxf/ u/L ;dfgtf sfod ug' { k g{ ] x' G 5 .
o;} n fO{ g} ;sf/fTds lje] b - Positive
Discrimination_ elgG5 . xfdLsxfF dlxnf, ckf
blnt cflbjf;L, hghfltnfO{ o;} l;4fGtcGtu{t
ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
%= To;}u/L /fHodf ljleGg ju{ ;d"xsf
JolQmx /xg] ePsf]n] tL ;a}nfO{ jf:tljs
?kdf ;dfg Jojxf/ u/L ;dfgtf sfod ug{
vf]Hg' ;Dej ljifo geP klg Tof] Hofb} g} hl6n
ljifoj:t' xf] t/ klg ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{] k|ToTg
hf/L /fVg' kb{ 5 . Psftkm{ ;dfhdf /x] s f
sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ ljz]if Joj:yf u/L cyf{t\ ;+/If0f
597
k| b fg u/L alnof] / ;' l jwf ;DkGg ju{ ; F u

k|ltikwf{ ug{ ;Sg] Empower u/L ;dfgtf sfod
ug'{kg{] x'G5 eg] csf{]tkm{ ;dfhdf ePsf cg]s
ju{ ;d"xnfO{ ;dfg ?kdf ;+/If0f klg lbg'kg{]
x'G5 . ;dfhdf ePsf ljleGg ;d"x ju{sf] Pp6}
x}l;ot / k|s[lt Pp6} x'Fb}g . ;a}nfO{ Pp6}
(Basket) 8fnf] d f /fvL Jojxf/ ubf{ km/s
k|s[ltsf ju{ ;d"xnfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf ;dfg
gePsf] x'g ;S5 . To;}n] ;dfgtf sfod ug{
/fHoleq /x]sf ljleGg ;d"x ju{nfO{ Pp6} sfg"g
;dfg ?kdf nfu" ug'{k5{ eGg] klg xf]Og .
;dfhdf w]/} ju{ ;d"x x'G5g\, tL ;a}nfO{ ;dfg
Jojxf/ ug{ k"0f{tM ;Dej geP klg c;dfg
Jojxf/ gug{ k| T oTg ug' { k b{ 5 . ;dfgtfsf]
l;4fGtn] s;/L ;dfg ug{ ;lsG5 egL
;}4flGts/0f ug{] / k|of]u ug{] ub{5 . ;w} / ;a}
cj:yfdf ;dfgtfsf] Pp6} :j?k x'Fb}g . To;
sf/0f ;dfhnfO{ jf gful/snfO{ s] s;/L
juL{s/0f ug{] / s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{] eGg] s'/f
/fHosf] gLltut ljifo xf] . juL{s/0f ug{ /
jlu{s[t ;d"xnfO{ s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{] eGg] s'/f
/fHon] g} to ug{] ub{5 . /fHon] sfg"g agfO{
s'g} p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu Intelligible Differentia
sf] cfwf/df ;dfg / ;dfgnfO{ Ps Jojxf/ /
c;dfg / c;dfgnfO{ csf{] k|sf/sf] Jojxf/
ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] ug{ kfpg] /fHosf] k"0f{ clwsf/
xf] . /fHon] u/] s f] juL{ s /0f pko' Q mtf /
cf} l rTotfdf cfwfl/t 5 jf 5} g < To:tf]
juL{ s /0f / ju{ ;d" x ;F u ul/g] Jojxf/
;dfgtftkm{ pGd"v 5 jf 5}g eGg] ljifo dfq
Goflos k/LIf0fsf] ljifo aGg ;Sb5 .
^= g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# ;+zf]wg
x'g'k"j{ g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jfsf 5}7f}+ txsf ;a}
sd{rf/LxnfO{ cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 kfpg]
Joj:yf /x]sf]df t];|f] z+;f]wgn] To;df ;+zf]wg
u/L nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmofaf6 5}7f}+ txdf
lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4
kfpg] / nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L
5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ ;ftf}+
tx;Dd dfq :t/j[l4 ug{] Joj:yf u/]sf] sf/0f

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
s;}n] cf7f}+ tx;Dd :t/j[l4 kfpg] / s;}n]

;ftf}+ tx;Dddf ;Lldt /xg' kg{] u/L sfg"g
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . h;af6 ;ftf}+ txdf, Pp6}
tnj eQf ;'ljwf lnO{ cfPsf sd{rf/LaLr
lje]bsf/L sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L c;dfg Jojxf/
x'g uPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;dfgtfsf]
xs lj?4 :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g lgdf{0f ePsf] x'bf
:t/j[l4sf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] ;+zf]wg ab/ x'g'k5{
egL lnPsf] lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%#
df t] ; | f ] ;+ z f] w g u/L 5} 7 f} + txdf nf] s ;] j f
cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgo'Qm ePsf / ;f]
k|lqmof k"/f gu/L lgo'Qm ePsf sd{rf/LaLr
juL{s/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf]nfO{ / ;f] k|lqmof
k"/f gu/L :jtM :t/j[l4 ePsfnfO{ Pp6} ;d"xdf
/fVg / ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPg .
;/sf/n] s'g} Pp6f sd{rf/LnfO{ 5'} Jojxf/
u/]sf] ge} lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df s'g}
;d"xnfO{ cf7f}+ tx;Dd / s'g} ;d"xnfO{ ;ftf}+
tx;Dd :t/j[l4 lbg] Joj:yf u/L ;dfgtf sfod
ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ vf]Hg'nfO{
cg'lrt eGg ldNg] 7fpF b]lvb}g . nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgo'lQm ePsf / ;f]
k|lqmof k"/f gu/L :jtM :t/j[l4 ePsfxnfO{
;dfg ?kdf /fVg' klg cf} l rTok" 0 f{ x' F b } g .
c:ktfndf sd{ r f/Lsf] t' n gfdf lj1
8fS6/xsf] cfjZostf Hofbf x'G5 . of]Uo, ;Ifd
/ bIf 8fS6/x ePdf lj/fdLn] plrt pkrf/
kfpg ;S5g\ . w]/}eGbf w]/} 8fS6/sf] cfjZostf
x'g] ;+:yfdf, :jtM :t/j[l4 jf j9'jf ub{} dflyNnf]]
kb;Dd k|zf;lgs sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof j9fpb}
n}hfg] xf] eg] ;/sf/n] :jf:Yo If]qdf 5'6\ofPsf]
ah]6sf] ;f]r]cg';f/sf] ;xL ;b'kof]u x'g ;Sb}g .
u'0f:t/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgo'Qm ePsf / k|lqmof / k4lt
cjnDag gx' g ] u/L :jtM :t/j[ l 4 ePsf
sd{rf/LaLr km/s l:ylt x'g] g} x'G5 . To;nfO{
dWogh/ u/L g] k fn ;/sf/n] cfkm\ g f]
sd{rf/LnfO{ cf}lrTotfsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f
ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof

k"/f u/L lgo'lQm ePsf / nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
k| l qmof k" / f gu/L :jtM :t/j[ l 4 ePsf
sd{rf/LaLr leGgtf sfod ug{] u/L sfg"gdf
u/]sf] ;+zf]wgnfO{ cg'ko'Qm eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
/fHoleqsf gful/sx / /fHosf] sd{ r f/L
k|zf;gsf] s'g} ;]jf leqsf sd{rf/LxnfO{
sfdsf] k|s[lt, ;]jf k|j]zsf] cfwf/ jf s'g}
;do l;dfsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L To;sf
cfwf/df s]xL zt{ ;]jf ;'ljwf km/s ug{ ;Sb}g
eGg] b]lvPg . Resonable Classification Theory
n] klg ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt leq pko'Qmtfsf]
cfwf/df s'g} ju{ ;d"x tof/ u/L ;f] ;d"xnfO{
j]Un} Joj:yf u/L ;dfg ;+/If0f lbg ;Sg] s'/fnfO{
:jLsf/ ub{5 . :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] 5}7f} txdf lgo'lQm
ePsf] k| l qmofsf] cfwf/df :jf:Yo ;] j fsf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ juL{s/0f u/L juL{s/0f ul/Psf]
j]Unfj]Un} ;d"xnfO{ j]Un} Jojxf/ ug{'nfO{ c;dfg
Jojxf/ u/]sf] dfGg ldNb}g . To;sf/0f 5}7f}+
txdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgo'lQm
ePsf / k|lqmof k"/f gu/L :jtM :t/j[l4 ePsf
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
:t/j[l4sf] Joj:yf c;dfg eof] jf s;}nfO{
ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt eof] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
&= g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf 5}7f}+
kbdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgo'lQm
ePsf jf gePsf eGg] cfwf/df sd{rf/LxnfO{
juL{s/0f u/L nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f
u/L lgo'lQm ePsfnfO{ ;ftf}+ / cf7f}+ tx;Dd
:t/j[l4 ug{] / k|lqmof k"/f gu/L :jtM :t/j[l4
ePsfnfO{ ;ftf}+ tx;Dd dfq :t/j[l4 ug{] cj;/
k| b fg ug{ ] u/L P] g df u/] s f] ;+ z f] w gn]
sd{rf/LnfO{ lje]bsf/L Jojxf/ u/]sf] ge} 5}7f}+
txdf ePsf] lgo' l Qmsf] k| l qmofsf] cfwf/df
;d"xs[t u/L lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df
c;dfg ?kdf /x] s f sd{ r f/LxnfO{ Pp6}
Jojxf/ ubf{ c;dfg x'g] ePsf]n] b'j} ;d"xnfO{
leGbfleGb} :t/j[l4sf] Joj:yf u/L ;dfg ;+/If0f
cGtu{t ;dfgtf sfod ug{ vf]hs
] f] b]lvFbf c;dfg
Jojxf/ x'g] u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f eof] eGg ldn]g .
598
5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df c;dfg

b]lvPsf sd{rf/Lx aLr leGbfleGb} Jojxf/
u/L ;dfgtf sfod ug{] u/L g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf
P]g, @)%# df t];|f] ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lvFbf P]gsf]
bkmf (-@_ , (-&s_ -r_ / @^s-@_ ;+ljwfg k|bQ
;dfgtfsf] / /f]huf/ k]zf ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtfsf]
xs;Fu aflemPsf] gb]lvbf ;+zf]lwt pQm bkmfx
ab/ ug'{kg{] b]lvg cfPg .
*= hxfF;Dd ;dfg ;]jf, ;d"x, tx /
;dfg kbdf cyf{t\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ;ftf}+ txdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/LdWo] s;}n] :t/j[l4 kfpg] /
s;}n] gkfpg] eof] . ;dfg tx / kbsf ;fyLx
cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 kfO;s] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/
5 ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ tL sd{rf/Lx
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfaf6 5}7f}+
txdf k|j]z u/]sf] sf/0f cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4
ePsf x'g\ egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf]
/ lgj] b sxn] lgj] b gdf tL sd{ r f/Lx
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmofaf6 5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm
ePsf xf] O gg\ egL pNn] v ug{ g;s] a f6
lgj]bsxn] eg]sf sd{rf/Lx / oL lgj]bsx
;dfg k2lt / k|lqmofaf6 5}7f}+ txdf cfPsf] xf]
eGg] b]lvb}g . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmofaf6
5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm kfPsfx cf7f+} tx;Dd
:t/j[ l 4 x' g ] P] g df g} Joj:yf ePsf] x' F b f
lgj]bsx nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmofaf6 5}7f}+
txdf lgo'lQm gePsf] x'Fbf cf7f} txdf hfg
kfOPg egL c;dfg eof] egL eGg ldNg]
b]lvb}g . lgj]bsxn] o; cbfntaf6 ljleGg
d'2fdf ;dfgtf / :t/j[l4 ;DaGwL lg0f{o ePsf
5g ;f] ghL/ kfng ePg egL k]z u/]sf] ghL/
cWoog ubf{ g]sfk @)^@ lg=g+= &^)# sf]
lgj]bgdf ;+:s[t 5fqfjf; df hghflt ;d]tnfO{
k|j]z lbg] glbg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5 .
To;} u/L g]sfk @)^^, lg=g+= *)%@ df l;g]df
xndf ;j} >]0fLsf] s'n l;6 Ifdtfsf] pRrtd
b/n] u0fgf u/L x' g cfpg] /sdsf] aL;
k|ltztdWo] h'g j9L x'G5 ;f] cfwf/df l;g]df
3/df s/ nufpg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5 .
To;} u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfnt j'n]l6g -@)^$, jif{
599
!^, c !(, k"0ff{ #&#, k[=!(_ df z}lIfs

of]Uotfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f / ;DalGwt ;]jf ;d"x;Fu
;Da4tf ePsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xf] jf xf]Og,
To:tf] z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotf
dfGg] ls gdfGg] / j9'jfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu c
k|fKt x'g] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL ljifonfO{ :ki6 ug{] qmddf
Service Jurisprudece sf] s' / f p7fpF b }
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff, kof{Kt kfl/>lds /
j9'jfsf] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 egL JofVof u/] klg
j9'jf sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/lwleq /xg]
x'Fbf sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq :t/j[l4 x'g] cj;/af6
oL lgj]bsxnfO{ jl~rt u/]sf] gb]lvbf ;f]
ghL/ ;d]t k|:t't d'2fdf cfslif{t x'g] b]lvPg .
;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #@%@ df 5}7f}
txdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] ;dfg txdf nf]s;]jf
cfof]udf k|lt:k{wf ug{ lbPg eGg] ljifo ePsf]
b]lvG5 eg] ;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] )**% g+= sf]
l/6 lgj]bgdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k'ofO{
5}7f} txdf lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/Ln] ;ftf} txdf
:t/j[l4 x'Fbf ;d]t plrt gfd, kb k|fKt ePg
eGg] k|Zg p7]sf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L g]sfk @)^$,
lg=g+=&*&^ sf] d'2fdf g]kfn gful/s p8\8og
k| f lwsf/0fn] lgodfjnLdf ;+ z f] w g u/] s f] /
lgodfjnLadf]lhd ljz]if j9'jf;DaGwL sfo{ljlw
lgb{]lzsf jgfO{ klxnf] txsf] kl/r/ / bf];|f]
txsf] ;jf/L rfnsnfO{ ljz]if j9'jfaf6 afx]s
u/]sf] sf/0f ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/Pg eGg] /x]sf]
kfOG5 . ;f] k|s[ltsf] ljjfb oxFf gePsf]n] oxfF
cfslif{t x'g] b]lvb}g . a? ;f] km};nfdf /fHof/f
gful/ssf ;DaGwdf ul/g] Jojxf/, pknJw x'g]
;'ljwf, cj;/ cflbdf ;fdfGotM lje]b ul/g'
x'Gg . olb ju{ ljefhg ug{} kg{] cj:yf ePdf,
ljefhg ug{'sf] jf]wuDo cfwf/ / ljj]sk/s
;DaGw 5 / ;f] s'/f Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtxsf]
ljk/Lt 5} g jf x' b } g eg] dfq gful/snfO{
;dfgxsf aLrdf ;dfg / c;dfgxsf
aLrdf c;dfg Jojxf/ ug{' kb{5 . o; cy{df
ljlw ljj]s / j:t'k/s 9+un] ju{ ljefhg u/L
To:tf] Ps ju{ / csf{] ju{aLr c;dfg t/

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
;DalGwt ju{sf k|To]s JolQm jf j:t'aLr ;dfg

?kdf nfu" x'g] u/L sfg"g agfpg ;lsG5
eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df klg ju{ ljefhg u/L c;dfg ju{sf
aLrdf c;dfg Jojxf/ u/L ju{ ju{sf aLrdf
;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ / k|of]u
ug{ ;lsg] g} b]lvG5 . ;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/6
g+= )%(! sf] lgj]bgdf ;f] lgj]bgsf lgj]bsx
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zadf]lhd clws[t
5}7f} txdf @)^#.#.@% df j9'jf lgo'lQm e}
@)^$.$.!! b]lv ;ftf} txdf :t/j[l4 ePsf]
b]lvbf P]gsf] (-@_-#_ adf]lhd of]Uotf k'u]sf]
/x]5 eg] cf7f} txdf :t/j[l4 ug{' egL cfb]z
ePsf] b]lvFbf oL lgj]bsxn] eg] h:tf] 5}7f}
txdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof gk'ofO{ :jtM
:t/j[l4 ePsfnfO{ cf7f} txdf :t/j[l4 ug{'
egL cfb]z ePsf] b]lvPg . lgj]bsn] pNn]v
u/]sf dfly j0f{g ul/Psf] ghL/af6 nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] k|lqmof gk'ofO{ :jtM :t/j[l4 e} 5}7f}+
txdf lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ cf7f+} txdf
:t/j[l4 ug'{kg{] eGg] gePsf] sf/0f dfly pNn]v
ul/Psf ghL/xn] lgj]bsnfO{ d2t ug{ ;Sg]
b]lvPg .
(= ca lgj] b sxn] g] k fn :jf:Yo
;]jfsf] cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 kfpg' kg{] xf] ls
xf]Og < eGg] csf]{ k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ lgj] b sx g] k fn lghfdtL ;] j fsf]
/f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fLdf k|j]z u/L :jf:Yo ;]jf
P]g, @)%# hf/L ePkl5 ;f] P]gsf] Joj:yfg';f/
k|f/Dedf ;]jf kl/jt{g e} tx ldnfgaf6 kfFrf}
/ P] g sf] ()-s_-*_ cg' ; f/ !) jif{ k' u ] s f]
sf/0f 5}7f} txdf tx ldnfg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsx nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof -cyf{t\
sfo{Ifdtf d"Nofg, cfGtl/s k|ltik{wf / v'nf
k|ltof]lutf_ k"/f u/L 5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm ePsf]
b]lvb}g . lgj]bsx 5}7f}+ txdf sfo{/t /x]sf]
;dodf g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# ldlt
@)^#.*.@@ df ;+ z f] w g ePsf] b] l vG5 .
;+zf]wgn] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L
5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/Lxn] cf7f}+
tx;Dd :t/j[l4 kfpg] / ;f] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L

5}7f} txdf lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/Lxn] ;ftf}+
tx;Dd dfq :t/j[ l 4 kfpg] Joj:yf u/] s f]
b] l vof] . P] g sf] ;+ z f] l wt Joj:yfg' ; f/
lgj]bsx 5}7f}+af6 ;ftf}+ txdf :t/j[l4 ;d]t
e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf ;ftf}+ txsf
s;}n] cf7f}+ txdf hfg kfpg] / s;}n] gkfpg]
ubf{ ;dfgtf ePg, xfdLxn] klg cf7f}+ tx;Dd
hfg kfpg] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 eGg] lgj]bsxsf]
dfu b]lvG5 .
!)= g] k fn :jf:Yo ;] j f P] g , @)%#
df @)^# df t] ; | f ] ;+ z f] w g x' g ' k " j { ;f] P] g sf]
bkmf *, (-!_-#_ cg' ; f/ 5} 7 f} + txsf ;a}
sd{ r f/L ;ftf} + / cf7f} + tx;Dd :t/j[ l 4 x' g
kfpg] / bkmf @^s n] ;] j fdf k| j ] z u/] k l5sf]
;dfg kb / :t/sf] b' u { d :yfgdf u/] s f] ;] j f
cjlwnfO{ u0fgf ug{ ] Joj:yf u/] s f] b] l vG5 .
;f] Joj:yfnfO{ @)^#.*.@@ df ePsf] t] ; | f ]
;+ z f] w gn] kl/jt{ g u/L nf] s ;] j f cfof] u sf]
k| l qmof k" / f u/L 5} 7 f} + / ;ftf} + txdf lgo' l Qm
ePsf sd{ r f/Lxsf] ;f] txdf u/] s f] ;] j f
cjlw dfq dflyNnf] txdf :t/j[ l 4 jf j9' j f
x' g u0fgf ul/g] / nf] s ;] j f cfof] u sf] k| l qmof
k" / f u/L 5} 7 f} + txdf lgo' l Qm ePsfn] dfq
cf7f} + tx;Dd :t/j[ l 4 kfpg] Joj:yf u/] a f6
lgj]bsxn] ;ftf}+ tx;Dd dfq :t/j[l4 kfpg]
Joj:yf u/] s f] b] l vg cfof] . ;+ z f] w g k" j { s f]
P] g sf] Joj:yfn] lgj] b sxn] cf7f} + tx;Dd
:t/j[ l 4 kfpg ;Sg] eP klg ;f] Joj:yf
;+ z f] w gaf6 kl/jt{ g e} ; s] s f] / ;+ z f] w g
Joj:yf c;dfgtf / k] z f /f] h uf/ Joj;fosf]
;+ j } w flgs xs;F u aflemPsf] gb] l vF b f ab/
x' g g;Sg] egL dfly ljj] r gf ePsf] ;Gbe{ d f
lgj] b sxsf] xsdf ;+ z f] w g k" j { P] g sf]
Joj:yf ge} ;+ z f] w g ePsf] P] g sf] Joj:yf g}
nfu" x' g ] b] l vof] . g] k fn :jf:Yo ;] j f -t] ; | f ]
;+ z f] w g_ P] g , @)%# n] nf] s ;] j f cfof] u sf]
k| l qmof k" / f u/L 5} 7 f} + txdf lgo' l Qm ePsf
sd{ r f/LxnfO{ dfq ;ftf} + / cf7f} + tx;Dd
:t/j[ l 4 x' g ] / nf] s ;] j f cfof] u sf] k| l qmof
600
*%(@ - sdnh+u s'jF / lj=jg tyf e";/+ If0f dGqfno ;d]t
k" / f gu/L 5} 7 f} + txdf lgo' l Qm ePsf

sd{ r f/Lx ;ftf} + tx;Dd dfq :t/j[ l 4 kfpg]
sfg" g L Joj:yf u/] s f] ;Gbe{ d f lgj] b sx
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L 5}7f}+ txdf
lgo' l Qm ePsf] ge} k| l qmof k" / f gu/L cyf{ t \
:jtM tx ldnfgaf6 5} 7 f} + txdf lgo' l Qm ePsf]
b] l vF b f lgj] b sxn] ;ftf} + tx;Dd dfq
:t/j[ l 4 kfpg] b] l vof] . ctM lgj] b sx
nf] s ;] j f cfof] u sf] k| l qmof k" / f gu/L 5} 7 f} +
txdf :t/j[ l 4 ePsf] sd{ r f/L ePsf] b] l vF b f
;+ z f] l wt P] g sf] Joj:yfg' ; f/ cf7f} + txdf
:t/j[ l 4 kfpg] b] l vPg .
!!= t;y{ pk/f]Qm ljj]rgf, sfg"gL /
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;] j f P] g , @)%# df ul/Psf] t] ; | f ]
;+zf]wgn] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L
:jf:Yo ;] j fsf] 5} 7 f} + txdf lgo' l Qm ePsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ / ;f] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L 5}7f+} txdf
lgo' l Qm ePsf jf :jtM :t/j[ l 4 ePsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ :t/j[l4sf ;DaGwdf km/skm/s
Joj:yf u/] klg ;f] Joj:yf 5}7f}+ txdf ePsf]
lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L
c;dfg ;d"xaLr ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ / k|To]s
;d"xnfO{ ;dfg ;+/If0f ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu
u/]sf] b]lvbf g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g @)%#
df t];|f] ;+zf]wg u/L P]gsf] bkmf (-@_, bkmf
(-&s_-r_ / bkmf @^s-@_ df ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg
;+ljwfgsf] ;dfgtfsf] xs / k]zf /f]huf/
Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] xs;Fu aflemPsf] gb]lvbf
tL Joj:yf ab/ ug'{kg{] b]lvPg . To;} u/L
lgj]bsx nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L
5}7f}+ txdf lgo'lQm ePsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
;+zf]lwt P]gsf] Joj:yfg';f/ lgj]bsxn] ;ftf}+
tx;Dd dfq :t/j[l4 kfpg] b]lvFbf cf7f}+ txdf
:t/j[l4 kfpg ;Sg] klg b]lvPg . P]gsf] ;+zf]wg
;+ l jwfg;F u gaflemPsf] / P] g adf] l hd
lgj]bsx cf7f}+ txdf :t/j[l4 kfpg g;Sg]
x'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd l/6 lgj]bg hf/L
x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
601
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/

a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f} .
Gof=df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* j}zfv * ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ==
Ohnf; clws[tM nLnf/fh clwsf/L
l
lg0f{o g+= *%(@
;jf{]Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO)##*
cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!@.@#.$
ljifoM pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM sf:sL lhNnf, x]Dhf uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
( 3/ e} xfn jg tyf e" ;+ / If0f
dGqfnodf ;xfos jftfj/0f clws[t
kbdf sfo{/t sdnh+u s'Fj/
lj?4
ljkIfLM jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno, ;d]t
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]
;hfo ls6fg gu/L sf/jfxLsf]
lgb{]zg;Dd ug{ kfpg] / clVtof/jfnfn]
JolQmnfO{ p;sf] lqmofsf] cfwf/df s'g
;hfo k|:tfj ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 ;f] ;hfo
k|:tfj u/L :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg] / ;hfo
ug{ kfpg] u/L clwsf/sf] ljefhg u/]sf]
xf] egL cy{ ug{' sfg"gL / Goflos x'g
cfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un],
cfkm" ;dIf cfPsf] ph"/Ldf 5fgaLg
cg';Gwfg txsLsft u/L ;fj{hlgs

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
kbdf cfl;g JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ u/L

clVtof/sf] b' ? kof] u u/] s f] b] v ] d f
ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ lgb{ ] z g lbg] /
e|i6frf/ ePsf] b]lvPdf e|i6frf/df
d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/L d'2f btf{ ug{'
kb{5 . cfof]u j:t'tM log} k|of]hgsf
nflu :yflkt ;+j}wflgs lgsfo xf] .
g]kfnn] k|ltGbfTds sfg"gL
k4lt
- Adversarial Legal System _
cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . of] k4lt cjnDag
u/]sf] d'n'sdf cleof]hg / cg';Gwfg
ug{] lgsfo jf kIfn] d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug{
g;Sg] .
cfof]un] ;hfo ls6fg u/L lgb{]zg lbg]
/ clVtof/jfnf To;sf] k|lqmof k'ofO{
sfof{Gjog ug]{;Ddsf] sfd ug{] lgsfo
dfGg] xf] eg] cg' ; Gwfgstf{ g}
lg0f{ostf{sf] ?kdf pleg] / jf:tljs
?kdf ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{] kbflwsf/L
lg0f{o sfof{Gjogstf{sf] ?kdf ;Lldt
/xg k'Ug] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
cg';Gwfg txsLsft / cleof]hg ug{]
lgsfo g} lg0f{ostf{ x'g l;4fGttM gldNg]
ePsf] sf/0f s'g} JolQmpk/ ph"/ k/]df
;f] JolQmn] s] s:tf] sfd u/L
clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] xf], 5fgaLg
cg';Gwfg u/L, clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u
u/]sf] b]lvPdf To;nfO{ k'li6 ug{] cfwf/
/ sf/0f vf]nL ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{
lgb{]zg lbg;Dd kfpg] x'Fbf clVtof/
b' ? kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u n] g}
;hfo;DaGwL sfg"gsf] bkmf / ;hfo
ls6fg u/L ;hfo ug{ lgb{]zg ug{ kfpF5
eGg ldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgj]bssf] tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb
pk|]tL
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /d]z
zdf{ kf}8]n
cjnlDat ghL/Mg]sfk @)^$, lg=g+=&*)@, k[=!
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f !@) -!_, -#_, -$_
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_, -@_,!@-!_
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
%(-s_-#_, ^)s-u_
cfb]z
Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
/ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bs @)$*.$.!@ df g]kfn jg
;]jf hg/n km/]i6L ;d"xsf] /f=k=cg+=k|yd k|f=_ >]0fLsf] /]~h/ kbdf ;]jf k|j]z u/L sfd
sfh ub{} cfPsf]df ldlt @)%^.&.!@ b]lv v'nf
k|ltof]lutfaf6 ;f]xL ;]jf,g]zgn kfS;{ P08
jfON8 nfO{ k m ;d" x sf] /f=k=t[ = -k| f _ >] 0 fLsf]
;xfos ;+/If0f clws[tdf lgo'lQm kfO{ ljleGg
sfof{nox x'Fb} xfn jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno
cGtu{t sfo{/t /x]sf] 5' . oxL qmddf d tTsfn
lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~hsf] sfof{nosf] sfod
d'sfod k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[tsf] ?kdf sfo{/t
/x]sf jvt ;f] sfof{nodf /x]sf] u}8fsf] vfu
x/fPsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;f] vfu d ;d]tsf
sd{ r f/Ln] ldn] d tf] u/L ljqmL u/] s f] eGg]
ph"/Lsf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg ug{ aofgsf] nflu
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ldlt
@)^$.!!.% df kq k7fO{ ;Dks{ /fVgsf] nflu
hfgsf/L u/fPsf] n ] d clVtof/ b' ? kof] u
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf pkl:yt eO{ cfkm\gf] hf]
ePsf] ;xL ;To Joxf]/fsf] aofg u/]sf] lyPF .
d] / f] aofg lnO{ ;s] k l5 clVtof/ b' ? kof] u
cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ldlt @)^%.*.!) sf] kqaf6
:ki6Ls/0f dfu u/] s f] d f ;f] :ki6Ls/0fsf]
o'lQmo'Qm hjfkm ldlt @)^%.*.!^ df cfof]u
;dIf k]z u/]sf] lyPF . To;kl5 ;f] cfof]un]
ldlt @)^%.!@.@* sf] kqaf6 jg tyf e";+/If0f
602
dGqfnonfO{ hfgsf/L Pj+ cfjZos sfof{y{ egL

dnfO{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf #-v_ / -5_ cg';f/ s'g} lg0f{o
jf cfb]z ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] sfo{ljlwsf] kfngf
gu/]sf] tyf cfkm\gf] kbsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ kfngf
ug'{kg{] s'g} kbLo st{Jo kfngf gu/L cg'lrt
sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvbf lghnfO{ tTsfn lghfdtL
;]jf -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ ;lxtsf] P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf ^)s sf] b]xfo -u_ sf] s;"/df P]= P]gsf]
bkmf %( sf] v08 -s_ sf] -$_ cg';f/ ljefuLo
sf/jfxL ug{sf] nflu n]vL k7fPsf] /x]5 . ;f]
kqadf]lhd sf/jfxL gx'Fb}sf] cj:yfdf clVtof/
b' ? kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u n] k' g M ldlt
@)^^.$.@% df csf{] kq k7fO{ klxn] k7fPsf]
kqdf pNn] v ePsf sfg" g sf] bkmfxnfO{
;RrfpFb} lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf %( sf]
v08 -s_ sf] -#_ cg';f/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{
lgb{]zg lbPsf] /x]5 .
cfof] u sf] lgb{ ] z gadf] l hd dGqfnon]
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf %( sf] v08 -s_ sf]
-#_ cg';f/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL lsg gug{] egL
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]wL dnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL /
;hfo ug{ nfu] s f] 5 . ;hfo ls6fg u/] /
ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg] clwsf/
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ cGtl/d
;+ljwfg Pj+ k|rlnt cGo s'g} sfg"gn] klg
k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . cfkm"nfO{ clwsf/ g} gePsf]
ljifodf hj/\ h :tL clwsf/If] q sfod u/L
ljefuLo sf/jfxL / ;hfo ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/Lsf]
clwsf/If] q dfly g} cltqmd0f x' g ] u/L kq
n] l vPsf] 5 . clVtof/ b' ? kof] u cg' ; Gwfg
cfof]un] jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnonfO{ k7fpFbf
dnfO{ h'g sfg"gadf]lhd h] h:tf] ;hfo ug{
lgb{]zg lbPsf] xf], ;f] dGqfnon] klg ToxL
sfg" g adf] l hd To:t} ;hfo ug] { u/L pQm
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] 5 .
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
P]gsf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df clVtof/
b' ? kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u af6 n] v L cfPdf
clVtof/jfnfn] pko'Qm ;hfo k|:tfj u/L tLg
603
dlxgfleq k| r lnt sfg" g adf] l hd ljefuLo

sf/jfxL u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L cfof]unfO{ lbg'
kg{]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] / pkbkmf -#_ df
dgfl;a sf/0f k/]df afx]s clVtof/jfnfn]
ljefuLo sf/jfxL gu/]df ljefuLo sf/jfxL
gug{] clwsf/LnfO{ g} cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf] egL
cfof]un] sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] x'Fbf jg dGqfnosf ;lrjn] cfkm}pk/
sf/jfxL x'g ;Sg] 7fgL pQm :ki6Ls/0f ;f]wL
sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fPsf] b] l vG5 . clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] d lgj]bspk/
Psflt/ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
P]gsf] bkmf # sf] v08 -v_ / -5_ sf] cg'lrt
sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k nufPsf] 5 eg] csf{]lt/
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf ^)s sf] b]xfo -s_
sf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k nufPsf] 5 . j:t'tM
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]gsf] bkmf
# sf] v08 -v_ df s'g} lg0f{o jf cfb]z ubf{
afWofTds ?kn] ckgfpg' kg{] sfo{ljlwsf] kfngf
gu/]sf] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/ dnfO{ pQm
cf/f]k nufOPsf] eP klg d}n] s] s'g cfb]z jf
lg0f{o ubf{ afWofTds ?kn] ckgfpg' kg{] s]
s' g sfo{ l jlwsf] kfngf u/] g eGg] ljj/0f
v'nfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . To;/L g} v08 5_ df cfkm\gf] kbsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ kbLo st{Jo
kfngf gu/]sf] eGg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5, ;f] cf/f]k
:yflkt x'g] j:t'lgi7 / kf/bzL{ cfwf/ ljkIfL
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] b]vfpg
;s]sf] 5}g . cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf] egL lnPsf
pQm b'O{ cfwf/x / lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf
^)s sf] b]xfo -s_ sf] cfwf/ Ps csf{df ldNg]
k|s[ltsf gx'Fbf hj/\h:tL cf/f]kx nufO{ pQm
ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof cufl8 j9fpg'
lglZrt klg sfg"g;Ddt x'g ;Sb}g .
d}n] k]z u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0fsf] ;DaGwdf
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] dnfO{
s'g} k|ltlqmof g} glbO{ jg dGqfnonfO{ ljefuLo
sf/jfxLsf nflu n]vL k7fpg] lg0f{o ubf{ olt
7" n f] ck/] z gdf vl6PkZrft\ eP u/] s f]
sfdsf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f] dflyNnf]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
lgsfodf hfx]/ ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f v'nfpg

g;s]sf], rf]/L lzsf/L lgoGq0fsf] sfddf k|of]u
ePsf] Psl;Fu] u}8fsf] ;SsnL vfu sfof{nosf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ e/kfO{ u/L k7fPsf] egL klG5g
vf]h]sf], a/fdb ePsf ;/;fdfgx dWo] gub
?=^ nfv sfof{nodf a'emfP tfklg j/fdb ePsf]
ofrf{u'Daf * s]=hL=, $ k|sf/sf] w'nf] kbfy{ !*
s]=hL=, z+sf:kb vfusf] w'nf] # s]=hL=;d]t
k/LIf0fsf] nflu ;dodfg} ljlw lj1fg
k| o f] u zfnfdf gk7fpg' s f] sf/0f :ki6 x' g
g;s]sf], /fli6o lgs'Gh tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f
P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf #) adf]lhd P]gcGtu{tsf
cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf] hfgsf/L s'g} lgsfonfO{
lbg' kg{]5 egL pNn]v gePsf] egL st{Joaf6
klG5g vf]h]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ;f]xL
Joxf]/f /fvL jg dGqfnodf k7fPsf] 5 . t/
pQm ljifodf dnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;kmfO k]z ug{]
df}sf g} lbOPsf] 5}g .
dfly k|s/0fxdf plNnlvt tYo /
sfg" g sf] cfwf/df ljkIfLxsf] pQm
sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{ o af6 dnfO{ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#-!_ / !(-!_ f/f
k|bQ df}lns xs Pj+ dfly plNnlvt lghfdtL
;]jf P]g / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLf/f k|bQ
sfg"gL xsxsf] ;d]t xgg\ x'g uPsf]n] ljkIfL
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt
@)^%.!@.@% sf] lg0f{ o / cfof] u sf] ldlt
@)^%.!@.@* / ldlt @)^^.$.@% sf] kqadf]lhd
jg dGqfnon] ldlt @)^^.^.! sf] kqaf6 ;f]lwPsf]
:ki6Ls/0fnufot dpk/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{
nfluPsf] ;Dk" 0 f{ sfdsf/jfxL Pj+ lg0f{ o
;d]tnfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L d
lgj]bsnfO{ ug{ nfluPsf] ljefuLo sf/jfxL gug'{
gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k|ltif]wsf]
cfb]znufot cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f
cfb]z hf/L u/L k"0f{ Gofo kfpFm . k|:t't d'2fsf]
clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd ljkIfLxaf6 dnfO{ ug{
nfluPsf] ljefuLo ;hfo ;DaGwL sf/jfxL
cufl8 ga9fpg' oyfl:yltdf /xg lbg' egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] sdnh+u s'Fj/sf] ldlt @)^^.&.(

sf] lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgjb]ssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{] xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5
jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . cGtl/d
cfb] z df 5nkmn ug{ ] k| o f] h gsf nflu
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ ldlt @)^^.&.!* df
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.&.!)
sf] cfb]z .
cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt
@)^%.!@.@% sf] lg0f{ o af6 oL lgj] b snfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %( sf] v08
-s_ sf] -#_ adf]lhdsf] ljefuLo ;hfo ug'{
egL ls6fg u/L n]vL k7fPsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yf
x'Fbf tTsfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L gePdf l/6
lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ljjfbsf] ljifo lgik|of]hg
x'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgjb]gsf]
clGtd 6' f] gnfu] ; Dd clVtof/ b' ? kof] u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] pQm ldlt @)^%.!@.@%
sf] lg0f{ o adf] l hd ug{ nfluPsf] ljefuLo
;hfosf] sf/jfxL ;d]t xfn gug'{ gu/fpg'
egL ;jf{]Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
$!-!_ adf]lhd ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^^.&.!* sf] cfb]z .
lgj]bs ;d]tn] clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/L
;+/lIft aGohGt' Psl;Fu] u}8fsf] vfu u}/sfg"gL
tj/n] ljqmL ljt/0f u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg]
ph"/Lsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos cg';Gwfg u/L
cfof]usf] ldlt @)^%.!@.@% sf] a}7saf6 lghn]
olt 7"nf] ck/]zgdf vl6PkZrft\ eP u/]sf]
sfdsf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f] dflyNnf]
lgsfodf hfx]/ ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f v'nfpg
g;s]sf], rf]/L lzsf/L lgoGq0fsf] qmddf k|of]u
ePsf] Psl;Fu] u}+8fsf] ;SsnL vfu sfof{nosf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ e/kfO{ u/L k7fPsf] egL klG5g
604
vf]h]sf], a/fdb ;/;fdfgx dWo] gub ?=^

nfv sfof{ n odf a' e mfP klg j/fdb ePsf]
ofrf{u'Daf * s]=hL=, $ k|sf/sf w'nf] kbfy{ !*
s] = hL= / z+ s f:kb vfusf] w' n f] # s] = hL=
k/LIf0fsf nflu ;dodfg} ljlwlj1fg k|of]uzfnf
gk7fpg'sf] sf/0fsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 x'g g;s]sf],
/fli6o lgs'Gh tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf #) adf]lhd P]gcGtu{tsf] cg';Gwfg
txsLsftsf] hfgsf/L s'g} lgsfonfO{ lbg'kg{]5
egL pNn]v gePsf] egL klG5g vf]h]sf] b]lvbf
lghn] k] z u/] s f] :ki6Ls/0fsf] hjfkm
;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] b]lvPg . t;y{ lghn] u/]sf]
;f] sfo{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #-v_ / #-5_ cg';f/ s'g}
lg0f{o jf cfb]z ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] sfo{ljlwsf]
kfngf gu/]sf] tyf cfkm\gf] kbsf] k|s[ltcg';f/
kfngf ug'k{ g{] s'g} kbLo st{Jo kfng gu/L cg'lrt
sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvbf lghnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL
ug{sf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
P] g , @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ adf] l hd
clVtof/jfnfnfO{ n]vL k7fpg]==== eGg] ;d]tsf]
lg0f{o e} cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu jg tyf e"
;+/If0f dGqfnodf n]vL k7fPsf] xf] .
lgj] b ssf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 clVtof/
b'?kof]u u/]sf] b]lvg cfO{ :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{]
df}sf k|bfg u/L :ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs gnfu]df
cfof]un] ;r]t u/fpg jf s;"/sf] dfqfcg';f/
sf/0f / cfwf/ v'nfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ug{
clVtof/jfnfnfO{ n]vL k7fpg ;Sg] clwsf/
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf !@-!_ n] cfof]unfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] nflu jg dGqfnodf n]vL
k7fpFbf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %(s_ sf] -#_ adf]lhd ;hfo lsg gug{] egL
:ki6Ls/0f dfluPsf]df 6fOksf] q'l6n] %(-s_
-$_ x'g uPsf]df @)^^.$.@% df ;Rrfpg] kq
n]v]sf] xf] . ;f] sfo{af6 lgj]bssf] xsdf cf3ft
gk'Ug] x'Fbf @ k6s ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ n]vL
k7fPsf] eGg ldNb}g . lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] sfo{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^) sf] -s_
605
/ -3_ adf]lhd gl;xt lbg];Ddsf] egL :jLsf/

u/]sf] cj:yfdf cfof]un] ^)s sf] b]xfo -s_
sf] cfwf/ Ps csf{]df ldNg] k|s[ltsf x'Fbf ;f]
sf/jfxL cGoyf xf] eGg ldNb}g . kIfn] k]z
u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0fdf k|ltlqmof lbg'kg{] sfg"gL
Joj:yf ;d]t gePsf] x'Fbf k|ltlqmof glbPsf]
eGg] cfwf/ sfg"gljk/Lt 5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #%-u_
cg' ; f/ cfof] u sf] lg0f{ o df k' g /fj] b g nfUg]
Joj:yf ePsf]df l/6 If]qdf k|j]z ug{ ;d]t
ldNb}g . t;y{ lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / cfkm\gf]
tkm{af6 cfof]usf ;lrj eujtLs'df/ sfkm\n]n]
k]z u/]sf] ldlt @)^^.*.$ sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bs /fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt'
;+/If0f ljefu cGtu{tsf] /fli6o lgs'~hsf]
sfod d'sfod k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[tsf] kbdf
sfo{/t /xFbf rf]/L lzsf/L lgoGq0fsf] sfo{df
k| o f] u ePsf] u} 8 fsf] ;SsnL vfu x/fPsf]
;DaGwdf ph"/kbf{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]un] ;f] ;DaGwdf 5fgaLg u/L clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!@ adf]lhd sdnh+u s'Fj/nfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo
ug{ n] v L cfPd' t fljs o; dGqfnoaf6
lgj] b snfO{ ;kmfO k] z ug{ nufpg ldlt
@)^^.%.!$ df lg0f{o e} :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf]
xf] . cfof]unfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ n]vL
k7fpg] clVtof/ ePsf] / ;f]cg';f/ sfjfxLsf]
k|lqmof z'? u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt 5 . o;af6
lgj]bssf] xsdf cf3ft gk'Ug] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno
/ cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj o'j/fh e';fnn]
ldlt @)^^.(.@ df k]z ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf] l hd k] z ePsf] k| : t' t
lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb pk|]tLn] d]/f] kIfn] ck/fwL
kQf nufpg] k|of]hgsf nflu u}8fsf] ;SsnL
vfu k|of]u u/]sf lyP . vfu csf{] sd{rf/Ln]
a'em]sf] e} vfusf ;DaGwdf ;ts{ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
;f] vfu x/fpg k'u]sf] lyof] . To:tf] l:yltdf

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
ph"/ k/]sf]df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg

cfof]un] d]/f] kIfnfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ lgb{]zg lbPsf]
5 . ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug'{kg{]{ b]v]sf] cj:yfdf
klg lgb{ ] z g lbg] clwsf/cGtu{ t ljefuLo
sf/jfxL ug{ lgb{]zg lbbf cfof]u n] ;hfo
ls6fg u/L lgb{]zg ug{ kfpb}g . ;hfo ls6fg
u/L lgb{ ] z g lbPdf clVtof/jfnfn] cfkm\ g f]
clwsf/ / ljj]s k|of]u u/L ;hfo k|:tfj ug{
/ ;hfo ug{ kfpF b } g . o;af6 ;DalGwt
ljefusf] clwsf/ cltqmd0f x' G 5 eg]
sd{rf/LnfO{ cGofo kg{ hfG5 . cfof]un] ;hfo
ls6fg u/L lgb{]zg lbg gkfpg] ePsfn] ;hfo
ls6fg u/L sf/jfxL ug{ u/]sf] clVtof/sf] lg0f{o,
lgb{]zg / ;f]cg';f/ ;hfo ug{ jg tyf e"
;+/If0f dGqfnon] dfu]sf] :ki6Ls/0f nufotsf]
sfdsf/jfxL q' l 6k" 0 f{ x' F b f ;f] lg0f{ o / ;f]
adf]lhdsf kqfrf/ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
x'g'k5{ eGg] / ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /d]z zdf{
kf}8]nn] lgj]bspk/ k/]sf] ph"/Ldf 5fgaLg
ubf{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug'{kg{] b]vL cfof]un]
cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ljefuLo
sf/jfxL ug{ ;DalGwt dGqfnodf n]vL k7fPsf]
xf] . sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sf/jfxL u/]sf] xf] s'g}
q'l6 ePsf] 5}g . cfof]usf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]
lgj]bsn] ljz]if cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg{]df
l/6 If]q k|j]z u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g, l/6 vf/]h
x'g'k5{ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d lgj]bs
lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h sfof{nosf] sf=d'=;+/If0f
clws[tsf] ?kdf sfo{/t /x]sf] ;dodf ck/fwL
kQf nufpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu sfof{noaf6 u}8fsf]
vfu lgsfn]sf]df ;f]] vfu x/fPsf] ljifonfO{
lnP/ d ;d]tsf sd{rf/Ln] ldn]dtf] u/L ljqmL
u/]sf] eGg] ph"/Lsf] ;DaGwdf cfof]un] 5fgaLg
u/L d}n] lg0f{o jf cfb]z ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{]
sfo{ljlw kfngf gu/]sf] jf kbLo st{Jo kfngf
gu/L cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvbf egL clVtof/
!@-!_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^)s sf] b]xfo-u_ sf]

cleof]udf P] P]gsf] bkmf %(-s_ sf] -#_ cg';f/
clVtof/jfnf jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnonfO{
ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ lgb{]zg lbPsf] /x]5 .
dnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^)s
sf] b]xfo -u_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] egL bf]if nufOPsf]
5 . d}n] jGohGt'sf] rf]/L lzsf/L,8s}tL ug{]nfO{
sf/jfxL u/L cfPsf], To;} ljifodf ck/fwLnfO{
km;fO{ ck/flwnfO{ kqmfp ug{] ck/]zgcGtu{t
u}8fsf] vfu lnO{ uPsf]df, vfu rf]/L ePsf] jf
5'6]sf] sf/0f x/fPsf] egL ljj/0f k]z ubf{ub{}
klg ;f] s'/fnfO{ g;'gL dpk/ cg'lrt sfo{
u/]sf] egL ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ cfof]un] lgb{]zg
u/]sf] 5 . dpk/ sf/jfxL ug{] cj:yf g} 5}g
egL d}n] eg]sf] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ gu/L cfof]un]
sf/jfxL ug{ lgb{]zg lbg'kg{] b]v]df klg ljefuLo
sf/jfxL ug{ clVtof/jfnfnfO{ ;fdfGo lgb{]zg
ug{;Dd ;Sg] xf] . bkmf / ;hfo ls6fg u/L
lgb{]zg ug{ kfpg] xf]Og . bkmf g} ls6fg u/L
lgb{]zg lbPsf] cfwf/df jg tyf e";+/If0f
dGqfnon] sfg"gtM cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ k|of]u
ug{ g;sL cfof]usf] lgb{]zgsf] cfwf/df sf/jfxL
k|f/De u/]sf] 5 . cfof]usf] q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o, lgb{]zg
/ ;f]sf] cfwf/df ug{ nfu]sf] sf/jfxL q'l6k'0f{
x'Fbf, tL ;j} sfdsf/jfxL ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zn] ab/ u/L dpk/ ug{ nfu]sf] sf/jfxL
gug{ ' gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf
k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg /
lgj]bsn] ck/fwL kQf nufO{ kqmfp ug{] p2]Zon]
sfof{nodf ePsf] u}8fsf] vfu sfof{noaf6
lgsfnL nu]sf]df ;f] vfu ;d]t x/fO{ jf rf]/L
u/fO{ gf]S;fg u/]sf]df lgj]bspk/ e|i6frf/sf]
ph" / k/] s f] sf/0f 5fgaLg ubf{ lgj] b sn]
cg'lrt sfo{ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf]
b]lvbf lghnfO{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ cg';f/
clVtof/ k|fKt clwsf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL
ug{ n]vL k7fPsf] / ;f] cg';f/ jg dGqfnon]
sf/jfxL k|f/De u/]sf] xf] . clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u n] lgj] b snfO{ ljefuLo
606
sf/jfxL ug{ u/]sf] lg0f{o Pj+ lgb{]zg / ;f]cg';f/

jg dGqfnon] dfu u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f sfg"g;Ddt
x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] lnlvt hjfkm
ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bsnfO{ ljefuLo
sf/jfxL ug{ ;hfo ls6fg u/L n]vL k7fpg]
lg0f{o ug{ / ;f] cg';f/ jg tyf e";+/If0f
dGqfnon] sf/jfxL ug{ ldNg] xf] ls xf]Og <
eGg] ljifodf ljj] r gf u/L lgj] b ssf]
dfucg' ; f/sf] cfb] z hf/L ug' { k g{ ] xf] ls
xf]Og < egL lg0f{o lbg'kg{] x'g cfPsf] 5 .
#= k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bspk/ clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ljefuLo sf/jfxL
ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(n] Joj:yf u/]sf]
ljefuLo ;hfosf] bkmf ls6fg u/L sf/jfxL
ug'{ egL jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnonfO{ lgb{]zg
lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lg0f{o / lgb{]zgsf] cfwf/df
;f]xL bkmf cg';f/sf] sf/jfxL lsg gug{] egL
jg tyf e" ;+ / If0f dGqfnon] lgj] b snfO{
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] cfof]un]
olb dnfO{ sf/jfxL ug{] b]v]sf] xf] eg] klg
;fdfGo ?kdf cyf{t\ ;DalGwt clVtof/jfnfn]
:jtGq ?kdf clwsf/ k|of]u u/L sf/jfxL ug{
kfpg] u/L ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ lgb{]zg;Dd lbg
kfpg] xf], clVtof/jfnfn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|of]u
ug{ gkfpg] u/L ;hfo ls6fg u/L sf/jfxL ug{
lgb{ ] z g ug{ kfpg] xf] O g / To;/L lbPsf]
lgb{]zgsf] cfwf/df sf/jfxL ug'{ Gofof]lrt
;d]t x'Fb}g egL cfof]usf] lg0f{o / sf/jfxLnfO{
r'gf}tL lbPsf] b]lvG5 . cfof]unfO{ ljefuLo
sf/jfxL ug{ lgb{ ] z g lbg] clwsf/ cGtu{ t
clVtof/jfnfnfO{ s:tf] k|s[ltsf] cfb]z lbg
kfpg] xf] < / To;s} cfwf/df ljefu jf dGqfnon]
lgb{]zgsf] x'ax' cfwf/df sf/jfxL ug{'{kg{] xf]
jf xf]Og < eGg] ljifodf p7]sf] ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{df
cfof]unfO{ s] s:tf] lgb{]zg lbg kfpg] clwsf/
/x]5 egL ljj]rgf ug{' {kg{] b]lvg cfof] .
$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] efu !! df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !@)-!_ df s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f
607
u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L

clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/
b' ? kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u n] sfg" g adf] l hd
cg';Gwfg / txsLsft ug{ u/fpg ;Sg] /
wf/f !@)-$_df e|i6frf/ dflgg] s'g} sfd
u/]sf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]un] To:tf] JolQm / ck/fwdf ;+nUg cGo
JolQmpk/ sfg" g adf] l hd clwsf/k| f Kt
cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L wf/f !@)-#_ df===
;fj{ h lgs kb wf/0f u/] s f] s' g } JolQmn]
sfg"gadf]lhd cg'lrt sfo{ dflgg] s'g} sfd
u/L clVtof/sf] b' ? kof] u u/] s f] b] l vPdf
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] lghnfO{
;r]t u/fpg jf ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf sfg"gdf
Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cGo cfjZos sf/jfxLsf]
nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg] /
wf/f !@)-%_df ===;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf]
JolQmsf] sfdsf/jfxL cGo clwsf/L jf
lgsfosf] clwsf/If] q cGtu{ t kg{ ] k| s [ l tsf]
b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]
cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu ;DalGwt clwsf/L
jf lgsfo;dIf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm Joj:yfaf6 cfof]un]
e|i6frf/ u/]sf]df cg';Gwfg txsLsft u/L
d'2f rnfpg] / cg'lrt sfo{ u/L clVtof/sf]
b'?kof]u u/]sf] b]lvPdf ;r]t u/fpg, ljefuLo
sf/jfxL jf sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cGo
sf/jfxL ug{ clVtof/jfnfnfO{ n]vL k7fpg
;Sg] u/L d'ntM @ j6f clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
b]lvg cfof] .
%= cfof]un] sf/jfxL ug{ n]vL k7fpg]
ljifosf] ;Gbe{df cfof]un] ;hfo ls6fg u/L
n]]Vg kfpg] xf] ls xf]Og < sf/jfxL ug{ kq
k7fpbf slt xb;Dd n]Vg kfpg] xf] <eGg] ljifog}
k|:t't d'2fsf] k|d'v ljifo b]lvbf ;f] ;DaGwdf
ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]t cWoog ug{'kg{]
b]lvof] . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ df cfof]un] u/]sf]
cg';Gwfgaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvPdf jf ljZjf; ug'{kg{]

dgfl;a sf/0f ePdf cfof]un] To:tf] JolQmnfO{
lghpk/ k/]sf] ph"/Lsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt
ljj/0f pNn]v u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf :ki6Ls/0f
k]z ug{ dgfl;a Dofb tf]sL ;"rgf lbg'kg{] /
bkmf !! -@_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;"rgf
lbbf ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQm pk/
k/]sf] ph"/L / ;f] ;DaGwdf ePsf] cg';Gwfg
af6 k|fKt ljj/0f / lgh pk/sf] cf/f]k s'g s'g
s'/f / sf/0fdf cfwfl/t 5 / ;f] cf/f]k 7xl/Pdf
s] s:tf] ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf ;hfo x'g] xf],
;f] ;d]t v'nfpg' kg{]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 To;}u/L, bkmf !@-!_ df ===:ki6Ls/0f
k]z gu/]df jf lghn] k]z u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f
cfof] u nfO{ ;Gtf] i fhgs gnfu] d f cfof] u n]
lghnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg jf s;"/sf] dfqfcg';f/
sf/0f / cfwf/ v'nfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ug{
clVtof/jfnfnfO{ n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 eGg]]
k|jwfg /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . pNn]v ul/Psf] k|fjwfg
dfq x]g{] xf] eg], cfof]un] ph"/ k/]sf] JolQmnfO{
ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf ;hfo ug{ lgb{]zg lbbf
;hfo ls6fg u/L ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf ;hfo
ug{ n]lvk7fpg' kg{] b]lvG5 . t/ pk/f]Qm P]gsf]
bkmf !@-@_ ;d]tnfO{ x]bf{ To:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
xf] eGg] b]lvg cfpb}g . ;+ljwfg jf P]gsf] s'g}
wf/f jf bkmfdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] cy{ ubf{
s'g} Ps bkmf jf wf/fsf] dfq cy{ gu/L To;;Fu
;DalGwt ;j} wf/f jf bkmfnfO{ ;du|Dff x]g{'
kb{5 . To;sf/0f P] P]gsf] bkmf !!-!_, !!-@_ /
!@-!_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ bkmf !@-@_ ;Fu ldnfP/
x]g{'kg{] x'g cfp5 . P] P]gsf] bkmf !@-@_ df
pkbkmf ! adf]lhd n]vL cfPdf ;DalGwt
clVtof/jfnfn] pko'Qm ;hfo k|:tfj u/L tLg
dlxgfleq k| r lnt sfg" g adf] l hd ljefuLo
sf/jfxL u/L ;f] s f] hfgsf/L cfof] u nfO{
lbg'kg{]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFbf s'g ;hfo
ug{] eGg] 5gf}6 ug{] clwsf/ clVtof/jfnfnfO{
lbPsf] b] l vG5 . pko' Q m ;hfo k| : tfj u/L
ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug] { clVtof/L
clVtof/jfnfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf olb
cfof]un] g} ;hfosf] bkmf / ;hfo g} ls6fg

u/L lgb{]zg lbg] xf] eg] pko'Qm ;hfo k|:tfj
ug{ kfpg] clVtof/jfnfsf] clwsf/ ;dfKt e}
bkmf !@-@_ sf] Joj:yf lgliqmo x'g k'Ub5 .
^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@)-#_ n] cfof] u n] = ==;r] t u/fpg,
ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf sfg" g df Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd cGo cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu
clVtof/jfnf ;dIf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 eGg]
dfq Joj:yf u/]sf] / To;} u/L clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g @)$*sf] bkmf !@-@_df
cfof]un] clVtof/jfnfnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL
jf ;hfo ug{ n] v L cfPdf ;DalGwt
clVtof/jfnfn] pko'Qm ;hfo k|:tfj u/L ===
ljefuLo ;hfo u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L cfof]unfO{
lbg' kg{]5 eGg] Joj:yf nfO{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g @)$* sf] bkmf !!-@_,
!@-!_ ;Fu ldnfO{ x]bf{ cfof]un] ;hfo ls6fg
gu/L sf/jfxLsf] lgb{ ] z g;Dd ug{ kfpg] /
clVtof/jfnfn] JolQmnfO{ p;sf] lqmofsf]
cfwf/df s'g ;hfo k|:tfj ug{ pko'Qm x'G5
;f] ;hfo k|:tfj u/L :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg] / ;hfo
ug{ kfpg] u/L clwsf/sf] ljefhg u/]sf] xf]
egL cy{ ug{' sfg"gL / Goflos x'g cfpF5 .
pk/f]Qm ljj]rgfaf6 ;hfo rog ug{ kfpg]
clwsf/ clVtof/jfnfnfO{ dfq ePsf] b]lvFbf
;hfosf] lgwf{/0fstf{ clVof/jfnf g} xf] eGg]
b]lvg cfp5 .
&= ;fj{ h lgs kbdf /x] s f JolQmn]
cg'lrt sfo{u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] jf
e|i6frf/ u/]sf] ;DaGwdf ph"/ k/]sf] cj:yfdf,
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un], cfkm"
;dIf cfPsf] ph" / Ldf 5fgaLg cg' ; Gwfg
txsLsft u/L ;fj{hlgs kbdf cfl;g JolQmn]
cg'lrt sfo{u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf]
b] v ] d f ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ lgb{ ] z g lbg] /
e| i 6frf/ ePsf] b] l vPdf e| i 6frf/df d' 2 f
rnfpg] lg0f{o u/L d'2f btf{ ug{' kb{5 . cfof]u
j:t'tM log} k|of]hgsf nflu :yflkt ;+j}wflgs
lgsfo xf] . g]kfnn] k|lt4GbfTds sfg"gL k4lt
608
-Adversarial Legal System_ cjnDag u/]sf]

5 . of] k4lt cjnDag u/]sf] d'n'sdf cleof]hg
/ cg';Gwfg ug{] lgsfo jf kIfn] d'2fsf] lg0f{o
ug{ ;Sb} g . cfof] u d' 2 fsf] lg0f{ o stf{ ge}
cg';Gwfg, txsLsft / cleof]hgstf{ ;Dd
xf] . To;sf/0f cfof]un] s;}pk/ ljefuLo ;hfo
ug{ lgb{]zg lbbf ;hfosf] lg0f{ostf{sf] ?kdf
g/xL ljefuLo ;hfo ug{' eGg];Ddsf] lgb{]zg
lbg' k g{ ] x' G 5 . To;/L lgb{ ] z g cfPdf
clVtof/jfnn] g} cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt ljefuLo ;hfo
ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ulNtsf] cfwf/df
pko'Qm ;hfo k|:tfj u/L sf/jfxL ug{'kg{] x'G5 .
olb To;f] gu/L cfof]un] ;hfo ls6fg u/L
lgb{]zg lbg] / clVtof/jfnf To;sf] k|lqmof
k'ofO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{;Ddsf] sfd ug{] lgsfo
dfGg] xf] eg] cg';Gwfgstf{ g} lg0f{ostf{sf]
?kdf pleg] / jf:tljs ?kdf ljefuLo sf/jfxL
ug{] kbflwsf/L lg0f{o sfof{Gjogstf{sf] ?kdf
;Lldt /xg k'Ub5 . ;+ljwfg / clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]gsf] wf/0ff / dd{ o:tf]
xf]Og . gt dfGo sfg"gsf] l;4fGtn] g} To;f]
ug{ ldNb5 . ctM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@)-#_, -$_/-%_, clVtof/
!!-@_, bkmf !@-!_ / !@-@_ ;d]tnfO{ ;du|df
x]bf{ clVtof/jfnfsf] clwsf/ g} ;dfKt x'g] /
cg';Gwfg txsLsft / cleof]hg ug{] lgsfo
g} lg0f{ostf{ x'g l;4fGttM gldNg] ePsf] sf/0f
s'g} JolQmpk/ ph"/ k/]df ;f] JolQmn] s] s:tf]
sfd u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] xf], 5fgaLg
cg' ; Gwfg u/L, clVtof/sf] b' ? kof] u u/] s f]
b]lvPdf To;nfO{ k'li6 ug{] cfwf/ / sf/0f vf]ln
ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ lgb{]zg lbg;Dd kfpg]
b]lvbf, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]
g} ;hfo;DaGwL sfg"gsf] bkmf / ;hfo ls6fg
u/L ;hfo ug{ lgb{]zg ug{ kfp5 eGg ldNg]
b]lvPg .
*= t;y{ pk/f]Qm ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0f
/ g]sfk @)^$, lg=g+= &*)@, k[= !, ?b|s'df/
>]i7 lj= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
609
sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0fsf] lgj]bgdf

k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] cfwf/df clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ u/L clVtof/sf]
b'?kof]u u/]sf] b]v]df lghpk/ ;f] tYosf] cfwf/
sf/0f vf]nL ;DalGwt clVtof/jfnfnfO{ ljefuLo
sf/jfxL ug{ n] v L k7fpg ;Sg] eP klg
clVtof/jfnfn] cfkm\gf] ljj]s k|of]u u/L pko'Qm
;hfo 5gf]6 u/L ;hfo / lg0f{o ug{ kfpg]
clwsf/ cltqmd0f u/L b08 ;hfosf] bkmf ;d]t
ls6fg u/L lgb{]zg lbg;Sg] gb]lvFbf ;fdfGo
?kaf6 ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ n]lvk7fpg' kg{]df
cfof]un] lgj]bsnfO{ ug{] ;hfo -bkmf_ ls6fg
u/L sf/jfxL ug{ lbPsf] ldlt @)^%.!@.@% sf]
lg0f{o, ;f] lg0f{ocg';f/ n]v]sf] hfgsf/L Pj+
cfjZos sfof{y{ kq / ;f]cg';f/ dGqfnon]
ldlt @)^^.^.! df ;f]w]sf] :ki6Ls/0f ;d]t
sfg"g;Ddt b]lvPg . ctM clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ;hfo ls6fg u/L lgj]bsnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^)s sf]
b]xfo -u_ sf] s;"/df P]= P]gsf] bkmf %( sf]
-s_-#_ cg';f/ ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ jg tyf e"
;+/If0f dGqfnodf n]vL k7fpg] egL u/]sf] ldlt
@)^%.!@.@% sf] lg0f{o, ;f] lg0f{ocg';f/ ug{
egL cfof]un] jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnonfO{
n]v]sf] ldlt @)^%.!@.@* sf] hfgsf/L Pj+
cfjZos sfof{y{ kq, cfof]un] ;hfosf] bkmf
;+zf]wg ug{ n]v]sf] kq / ;f] lg0f{o / kq cg';f/
jg tyf e" ;+ / If0f dGqfnon] lgj] b s;F u
sf/jfxL ug{] qmddf ;kmfO k]z ug'{ egL ldlt
@)^^.^.! df n]v]sf] :ki6Ls/0f kq ;d]tsf
sfdsf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L lbPsf]
5 . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
j'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& r}t @# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ =
Ohnf; clws[tM nLnf/fh clwsf/L

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
lje"if0f kfpg] h'g;'s} JolQm lgisn+lst

x'g'k5{ / To:tf JolQmpk/ s'g} cleof]u
nfu]sf] x'g gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
sd{ r f/Lnufot x/] s /fi6 ; ] j sn]
Odfgbfl/k"j{s sfd ug'{ sfg"gL st{Jo
g} ePsf] x'Fbf Odfgbfl/k"j{s sfd ug'{
g} lje"if0f kfpg] cfwf/ jGg ;Sb}g .
Odfgbfl/tf /fi6 ; ] j s sd{ r f/Lsf]
cfjZos / Go" g td\ of] U otf xf] .
/fi6;]js sd{rf/L Odfgbf/ ge} j]Odfg
eP sf/jfxL ug'k5{ . To;}n] Odfgbfl/tf
dfq lje"if0fsf] nflu of]Uotf x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!*_
lje"if0f sf] JolQmn] kfpg] jf gkfpg]
eGg] s'/f Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] ljifo
gePsfn] ;f] ljifo sfo{ k flnsfsf]
Domein leq kg{] .
-k|s/0f g+=@@_
lg0f{o g+= *%(#

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=
dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] l/6 g+ )^^WO !!^@
cfb]z ldltM @)^&.*.!(.!
ljifoM pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj] b sM nlntk' / lhNnf nlntk' /
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ @ l:yt
OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn ;d]tsf tkm{af6
cWoIf 8f=uf]kfns[i0f lzjfsf]6L ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM ;DdfggLo /fi6klt, /fi6kltsf]
sfof{no ;d]t
lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{ /fHosf] clwsf/ xf] .
hjls lje"lift ul/kfpg] s;}sf] klg
clwsf/ xf] O g . lje" i f0f lbg] g] k fn
;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
ubf{ lje"if0f kfpg] JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf
Judicially Managable Standard sf]
ljifo aGg plrt gxf]nf . t/ lje"if0f
k| b fg ug] { lg0f{ o / k| l qmofsf] o;
cbfntn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg eg] ug{ ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lje"if0f kfpg] g t df}lns xs xf] g t
sfg"gL xs g} xf] . lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{
lg0f{o u/L k|bfg ul/;s]sf] lje"if0f
;/sf/n] lkmtf{ lng klg ;S5 . lae"lift
ug]{ lg0f{o u/] klg pQm lg0f{o ;/sf/n]
;+zf]wg ug{ jf gug{ klg ;S5 . o;df
;/sf/nfO{ ljjGwg nfu" gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx >L uf]ljGb

zdf{, >L xl/s[i0f sfsL{, >L /d0fs'df/
>]i7, >L lbgdl0f kf]v/]n, >L /ljGb|
e6[/fO{, 8f=>L eLdfh'{g cfrfo{
ljkIfL tkm{af6M pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
>L o'j/fh ;'j]bL tyf pkGofolwjQmf
>L ls/0f uf}td
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f !)& -@_, !%@-!_
lje"if0f P]g @)^$sf] bkmf $, $-!_
-u_, #, ^, *, !@ / !^
cfb]z
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / wf/f !)&-@_
610
*%(# - OGx'/8] OG6/g]zgn lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t
cGtu{t o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't

l/6sf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5 M
lgj] b sx ;Da4 ;+ : yf cGt/f{ l i6 o
dfgj clwsf/, jftfj/0f tyf ljsf; k|lti7fg
-OGx' / ] 8 OG6/g] z gn_ / ;fj{ h lgs ;/f] s f/
jsfnt s]Gb| g]kfn -Litigation Nepal_, dfgj
clwsf/, ;dfgtf / ;LdfGts[t ju{ Pj+ If]qsf
gful/sxsf] xs clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf ljifoxdf jsfnt ub{} cfPsf ;+:yf
x'g\ . lgj]bsx clwjQmfsf x}l;otaf6 ljut
!) jif{b]lv sfg"g, dfgj clwsf/ / ;fj{hlgs
;/f] s f/sf] ljifodf lg/Gt/ jsfnt ub} } {
cfO/x]sf 5f}+ .
o; k| l /k| ] I fdf @)^&.@.!% ut] s f]
uf] / vfkqdf g] k fn ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6 k ltaf6 cGtl/d ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !%@
adf]lhd lgDglnlvt JolQmxnfO{ kbs tyf
lje"if0faf6 ;Ddflgt ul/Psf] egL ;dfrf/
k|sflzt ePsf]df kbs tyf lje"if0faf6 ;Ddflgt
x'g]xdf w]/}h;f] JolQmx pk/ s'g} ljjfb
geP tfklg pQm lje"if0f k|fKt ug]{ gfdfjnLleq
g] k fnL ;] g fsf cjsfz k| f Kt k| w fg;] g fklt
?Sdfb s6'jfn, k|=gf=d=gL, If]=k|=sf=kf]v/fsf
s'Fj]/ l;+x /fgf / ;=k|=gf=d=lg=/fli6o k|lzIf0f
k|lti7fgsf b'h{s'df/ /fO{ ;d]tsf] gfd pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
g] k fnL hgtfn] u/] s f] hgcfGbf] n g
@)^@.)^# df tTsfnLg ;/sf/af6 hgtfdfly
bdg ubf{ dfgj clwsf/sf] Jofks pNn+3g
ePsf sf/0f s[i0fh+ /fodfemLsf] cWoIftfdf
ul7t 5fgaLg cfof]uf/f plNnlvt tLg} hgf
JolQmx dfgj clwsf/ pNn+ 3 gdf bf] i fL
b]lvPsf]n] sf/jfxLsf nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf
JolQmx x'g\ .
/fHosf] tkm{af6 k|bfg ul/g] s'g} klg
;Ddfg jf lje"if0f /fi6sf nflu of]ubfg u/]sf
gful/snfO{ /fi6k|lt u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] k'/:sf/
;d]t xf] . l;4fGttM k'/:sf/ /fd|f] sfd ug]{n]
dfq kfpF5 t/ bl08t ug'{kg]{ JolQmnfO{ k'/:s[t
611
ul/g' ;+ l jwfgsf] k| : tfjgfsf] efjgfljk/Lt

ePsf] k|i6 5 .
dfly plNnlvt JolQmx afx]s cGo
JolQmxsf xsdf ;d]t k|lqmof gk'ofO{ ;Ddflgt
ul/Psf], ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ g;f]wL cfkm"v'zL
k' / :sf/ k| b fg ul/Psf] n ] ;Ddflgt ;jf] { R r
cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz ;d]taf6 c;Gt'li6
hfx]/ ePsf], pkk|wfgdGqLf/f ;d]t lj/f]w
ul/Psf], ;Ddfgsf nflu 3f]if0ff ul/Psf s]xL
JolQmxn] lje"if0f lngaf6 OGsf/ u/]sf] /
hgcfGbf]ngsf kLl8t tyf kLl8t kl/jf/hg
;d] t af6 pQm ;Ddfgx hgcfGbf] n gsf
;lxbxnfO{ /fi6n] u/]sf] ckdfg xf] egL Jofks
lj/f]w ul/Psf] tYoxn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pQm
lje"if0fx k|bfg ul/g] 3f]if0ff ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf
/ wf/f $# ;d]tsf] dd{ / efjgfljk/Lt 5 .
o;/L ;DalGwt lgsfoxaf6
sfg" g adf] l hd l;kmfl/z ;d] t glnO{ /
;+ljwfgsf] efjgfljk/Lt hgcfGbf]ngsf bf]ifL
7x/ ePsf JolQmx ;d] t ;Ddflgt x' g '
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%@-!_ s} dd{ljk/Lt 5 . t;y{,
pQm lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o
clGtd ;'g'jfOsf avt pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ ul/kfpFm . tTsfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
u/L cu|flwsf/ k|bfg u/L lgj]bgsf] 6'f] nufO{
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
;f]sf] sf/0f / cfwf/ ;d]t v'nfO{ of] cfb]zk|fKt
ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k|:t't ug'x{ f]nf
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdF f ;"rgf k7fO{ lbg' .
ljjflbt lje"if0f;DaGwL ;"rgf a}w 5,
5}g egL o; cbfntn] Goflos ?kdf ljrf/
u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . t/, lgj]bgsf] clGtd
lg0f{o gx'Fb} lje"if0f ;'zf]eg ;df/f]x ;DkGg
ePdf l/6 lgj]bg k|of]hglxg x'ghfg] x'gfn]
o;df clGtd lg0f{ o geP;Dd ldlt
@)^&.@.!%df k| s flzt lje" i f0f;DaGwL
;"rgfcg';f/sf] lje"if0f k|bfg gu/L oyfl:yltdf

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
/fVg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z

hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . ljkIfLaf6 lnlvt hjfkm cfP
jf cjlw gf3]kl5 cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg]
;d]t o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] lje"if0f k|bfgsf
;DaGwdf o; sfof{ n osf] s] s:tf] sfd,
sf/jfxL jf lg0f{o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] k|:tfjgfsf] efjgf / wf/f $# Pj+
!%@ k| l ts" n x' g uPsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
lgj]bgdf :ki6;Fu pNn]v ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ l/6 lgj]bg
lbg'kg]{ xf]Og . hxfF;Dd ldlt @)^&.@.!% df
k|bfg ul/Psf] lje"if0fsf] k|Zg 5 . tT;DaGwdf
wf/f !%@ -!_ df dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6kltaf6 /fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg] pkflw, ;Ddfg
/ lje"if0fx k|bfg x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] / d'n'ssf
tkm{ a f6 sb/ tyf ;Ddfg:j?k dfgkbjL,
cnf/ tyf kbs h:tf lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{
Joj:yfsf nflu lje"if0f P]g, @)^$ n] k|bfg
u/] s f] clwsf/adf] l hd dlGqkl/ifb\ n ]
a} + = ;+ = @)^& ldlt @)^&.!.* sf] lg0f{ o af6
P]=P]gsf] bkmf $ adf]lhdsf] lje"if0f ;ldlt
u7g ePsf] / ;ldltaf6 l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf
JolQmxnfO{ @)^& .@. !% ut] u0ftGq lbj;sf
lbg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%@ adf]lhd lje"if0f k|bfg
ug{ ;DdfggLo /fi6klt ;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{
lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfsf] dd{, efjgf /
k|fjwfg Pj+ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] dd{ /
k|fjwfgnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ k|ltj4 /x]sf] Joxf]/f
cjut u/fpFb} lgj]bgdf dfu ePadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg gePsf]n]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t g]kfn
;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
wf/f !%@-!_ n] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6kltaf6 /fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg] pkflw, ;Ddfg
/ lje"if0fx k|bfg x'g]5g\ egL ;+a}wflgs
Joj:yf u/]cg'k g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
612
l;kmfl/zadf] l hd u0ftGq lbj;, @)^& sf]

cj;/df ljleGg dxfg' e fjxnfO{ ljleGg
pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0fx k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o
ePsf] Joxf]/f ;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5' eGg] ;d]t
/fi6kltsf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
wf/f !%@-!_ df dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6kltaf6 /fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg] pkflw ;Ddfg
/ lje"if0fx k|bfg x'g]5g\ egL pNn]v ePsf] /
;f]xLadf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf k/]sf
JolQmxsf] gfdfjnL k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf]
xf] . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu k|sflzt ul/Psf] ;"rgfnfO{
cGoyf elg/xg kg]{ gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t u[x dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf r9L
cfh o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf k|fKt ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0fxsf]
cWoog ul/of] . lgj] b s tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt
clwjQmfx >L uf]ljGb zdf{, >L xl/s[i0f sfsL{,
>L /d0fs'df/ >]i7, >L lbgdl0f kf]v/]n,>L
/ljGb| e6[ / fO{ , >L eLdfh' { g cfrfo{ ;d] t n]
P]ltxfl;s hg cfGbf]ng @)^@.)^# kZrft\
g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf / efjgfcg'k g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L eO{ hgtfnfO{
;fj{ef}d jgfpsf] 5 . h;cg'k ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf lgj]bsnfO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
ug]{ xsflwsf/ 5 .
pQm ;+ljwfgn] /fli6o of]ubfg k'ofpg]
JolQmTjxnfO{ lje"if0f / kbsaf6 ;Ddflgt
ug]{ Joj:yf u/]cg'k lje"if0f k|bfg gu/L
hgcfGbf] n gsf bf] i fL JolQmx / lje" i f0f
l;kmfl/z ;ldltdf /x] s f ;b:ox cfk" m n]
cfkm} n fO{ lje" i f0fsf] nflu l;kmfl/z u/] s f]
b] l vG5 . GofofwLzxnfO{ ;d] t :jtGq
Gofokflnsfsf] l;kmfl/z / ;xdltljgf lje"if0f
kfpg] ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]df Gofokflnsfaf6}
c;Gt' i 6L JoQm ePsf] 5 . lje" l ift x' g ]
gfdfjnLdf tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\ s f jl/i7
pkk| w fgdGqLsf] ;d] t c;Gt' l i6 /x] s f] s' / f

;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . o;/L sfg"gL Joj:yf,
hgefjgf / j:t' l gi7 cfwf/ljgf ul/Psf]
lje"if0f ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ctM
plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0fxaf6 lje"if0f P]g,
@)^$ sf] bkmf #, $, %, ^ / & ;d]tsf] ;du|
k|fjwfgsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ul/Psf] ljkIfLxsf]
;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL ab/ u/L ljkIfLxnfO{
hjfkmb]xL jgfpg cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
egL ax; ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bL tyf
pkGofolwjQmf >L ls/0f uf} t dn] ;/sf/n]
lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{ JolQmxsf] 5gf}6 ug{ lje"if0f
P]gsf] bkmf $ adf]lhd l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g
u/] s f] 5 eg] lje" l ift x' g ] JolQmxsf]
l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/x klg ;f]xL lje"lift x'g]
gfdfjnL;F u } k| s flzt u/] s f] cj:yf 5 .
sfg"gadf]lhd l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ePsf] /
ul7t ;ldltaf6 e} cfPsf] l;kmfl/zcg';f/
u[ x dGqfnon] dlGqkl/ifb\ d f k| : tfj nuL
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o ePcg'k lje"lift x'g]
JolQmxsf] gfdfjnL k| s flzt ePsf] xf] .
l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/x l;kmfl/z ;ldltn] lg0f{o
ug]{ xf] / ;f] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L sfg"gadf]lhd
;ldlt u7g eO{ ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/L ul/Psf]
lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt g} ePsf] 5 . To;df klg
sltko q'l6 ePsf] eP ;/sf/ cfkm}n] gfdfjnL
;Rofpg tof/ 5 / s]xL ;RofPsf] cj:yf klg
5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf l/6 If]qaf6 tYodf k|j]z
u/L lje"lift x'g] l;kmfl/zdf sf] JolQm k/] jf
k/]gg egL x]g]{ xf]Og . l/6af6 s]jn lg0f{o
k|lqmof;Dd x]g]{ xf], h'g sfg"gcg'k g} eP
u/]sf] 5 . sfg"g;Ddt ePsf sfd sf/jfxLdf
l/6 hf/L x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] .
plNnlvt ax; ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ k| : t' t l/6df lgj] b sxsf]
dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf] xf]Og <
egL lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] .
613
o;df lgj] b ssf] d' V o dfu

b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5 M
-s_ lje"if0f P]gdf plNnlvt k|lqmof gk'ofO{
;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ g;f]wL cfkm"v'zL
k'/:sf/ lje"if0f k|bfg ul/Psf] /
-v_ s[i0fh+u /fodfemLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t
5fgaLg cfof]uf/f lbPsf] k|ltj]bgdf bf]ifL
b]lvPsf JolQmxnfO{ klg lae"if0f k|bfg
ul/Psf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^&.@.!%
sf] lg0f{o Pj+ ;"rgf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
d'Vo dfu lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
@= klxnf] k|Zg cyf{t\ k|lqmof gk'ofO{
lae" i f0f k| b fg ul/Psf] eGg] ;DaGwdf x] b f{
lje"if0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $ df lje"if0f
;ldlt u7g x'g] Joj:yf 5 . h;df jl/i7
pkk|wfgdGqL jf jl/i7dGqL cWoIf, u[xdGqL
;b:o, /fli6 o hLjgdf pNn] v gLo of] u bfg
k'ofPsf JolQmx dWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df dlxnf;lxt 5 hgf ;b:o / u[x ;lrj
;b:o ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf ePsf] b] l vG5 .
;/sf/L jsLnaf6 k|fKt lje"if0f l;kmfl/z ;ldlt
u7g;DaGwL kmfOn x] b f{ g] k fn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^&.!.* sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
b]xfoadf]lhd cWoIf / ;b:ox /xg] u/L ;ldlt
u7g ePsf] b]lvof]M
s, pk k|=d=>L lahos'df/ uR5bf/ -cWoIf
v, u[xdGqL
-;b:o
u, -!_ >L kBd/fh ;'jb] L
- ;b:o
-@_ 8f=;f]dgfy cof{n
- ;b:o
-#_ >L Cl4afaf k|wfg
- ;b:o
-$_ 8f=bLkaxfb'/ :jfF/
- ;b:o
-%_ 8f=/fd:j?k l;Gxf
- ;b:o
-^_ 8f=uf]ljGbk|;fb yfkf
- ;b:o
-3_ u[x;lrj
- ;b:o;lrj
#= lgj]bsn] lje"if0f ;ldlt lje"if0f P]g,
@)^$ sf] bkmf $ sf] Joj:yfljk/Lt ;dfj]zL
l;4fGt cg';f/sf] JolQm / dlxnf Pp6f klg
;dfj]z gu/L P]gsf] bkmf $-!_ sf] -u_ ljk/Lt
u7g ePsf]n] sfg"gljk/Ltsf] To:tf] lje"if0f
;ldltn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/zsf] s'g} dfGotf x'Fb}g .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
lje"if0f ;ldltsf] u7g g} q'l6k"0f{ ePsf] x'Fbf

lae"if0f k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lhsL/
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwL ;/sf/L jsLnaf6
k|fKt kmfOn x]bf{ lje"if0f ;ldlt plNnlvt P]gsf]
bkmf $-!_-u_ cg';f/ dlxnf;lxt u7g ePsf]
b]lvof] . ;ldlt u7g;DaGwL lg0f{o lgj]bsnfO{
;d]t b]vfOof] . t;y{ lje"if0f ;ldltsf] u7g g}
q'l6k"0f{ ePsf] eGg] lgj]bgsf] klxnf] lhsL/
cfwf/lxg b]lvof] . t;y{ ;f] ;DaGwdf c? yk
ljj]rgf ul//xg k/]g .
$= ca bf];|f] dfusf ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ tTsfnLg k| w fg ;] g fklt ?Sdfb
s6'jfnnufot s[i0fh+u /fodfemL cfof]un] bf]ifL
7xofPsf JolQmxnfO{ ;d]t k|bfg ul/Psf]
lje"if0f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] dfusf ;DaGwdf
lje"if0f lbg] clwsf/;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf
x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . k|To]s ;fj{ef}d ;DkGg /fi6n]
cfk\ m gf gful/s, ljb] z L gful/s jf ljb] z L
g]tfnfO{ lje"if0ff/f ;Ddfg ug{ ;S5 . gful/s,
;dfh;]jL, v]nf8L, ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf]
JolQmnufot ;dfhsf ljleGg If]q -Sector)
df / /fli6 o hLjgdf pTs[ i 6 of] u bfg
-Outstanding Contribution_ k'ofPafkt To:tf
JolQmTjnfO{ lje"if0ff/f ;Ddfg ug{' /fHosf]
xs clwsf/ xf] . o;df ljjfb ePg . g]kfn jf
g] k fnLsf] nflu g] k fnL gful/s jf ljb] z L
gful/sn] ljleGg If]q jf kIfdf ct'ngLo of]ubfg
-Outstanding Contribution_ k'ofPdf /fHon]
To:tf] JolQmTjnfO{ lje"if0ff/f ;Ddfg ug{
;S5 . lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ k|To]s /fi6sf]
;fj{ef}d ;Qf ;DkGgtf -Sovereignty_ sf] Ps
klxrfg ;d]t xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !%@-!_ sf] oxL Joj:yf xf] .
wf/f !%@ sf] pkwf/f ! df dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/zdf /fi6kltaf6 /fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg]
pkflw,;Ddfg / lje"if0fx k|bfg x'g]5g\ eGg]
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .
%= wf/f !%@ -!_ df s] s:tf, pkflw,
;Ddfg / lje"if0fx x'g] / s] s:tf JolQmTjnfO{
lje"if0f k|bfg x'g] eGg] s'/fsf] pNn]v gu/L
s] j n pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje" i f0f k| b fg ug] {

clwsf/ /fi6kltdf x'g] dfq Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . o:tf s'/fx ;+ljwfgdf /xg] s'/f
x}Ogg\ klg . lje"lift ul/gsf] nflu of]Uotf jf
cfwf/, lje"if0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf # / bkmf ^
df tf]lsPsf] / lje"if0fsf k|sf/x bkmf *,
bkmf !@ / bkmf !^ df tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 .
^= k|:t't l/6df lgj]bsn], tTsfnLg
k|wfg ;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfn / k|=gf=d=lg=
s'j]/ l;+x /fgfnufotsf cGo JolQmx s[i0fh+u
/fodfemL cfof] u sf] 5fgaLg k| l tj] b gdf
sf/jfxLdf k/]sf] cflb sf/0f To:tf JolQmxnfO{
k|bfg ePsf] lje"if0f lkmtf{ u/fO{ kfpFm egL dfu
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
&= lje"if0fsf] nflu Quota lgwf{/0f ug]{
/ Quota leq k/]sf ;j}nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ s'/f xf]Og .
lje"if0f /fi6sf] s'g} If]qdf ljz]if of]ubfg lbPsf]
jf s'g} k]zf jf Joj;fodf Invention, Innovation,
Study, Research, Dedication cflb h:tf s'/fdf
of]ubfg lbPdf To:tf JolQmnfO{ sb/ :j?k k|bfg
ul/G5 . s;}nfO{ lje"if0f k|bfg ug{ p;sf] of]ubfg
ct'ngLo / pTs[i6 x'g'k5{ . g]kfndf P]ltxfl;s
/ /fhgLlts kl/j{ t g ePkl5 u0ftGqfTds
Joj:yf nfu" eP klg u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf cem}
k|f/lDes r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . /fhtGqaf6 u0ftGqdf
k|j]z u/]kl5 of] klxnf] lje"if0f k|bfg ePsf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . lje"if0f k|fKt ug]{ JolQmTjxsf] gfdfjnL
x]bf{ e"=k'= k|wfgdGqL lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnf,
dgdf]xg clwsf/L / g]kfndf k|hftGq Nofpg]
sfddf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg] u0f]zdfg l;+x
h:tf k|a'4 JolQmx klg k/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
To:tf JolQmxnfO{ lghxsf] hLjgsfnd] }
;Ddfg u/L lje"lift ug'{kg]{ lyof] t/ l9n} eP
klg Post Humously eP klg lje"lift u/]sf]
b]lvof] . ;f]sf] cnfjf ;dfhdf ljleGg If]qdf
of]ubfg k'ofpg] h:t} k"j{ ;efd'v tyf dfgj
clwsf/sdL{ bdggfy 9'fgf, lrlsT;s 8f=eujfg
sf] O /fnf h:tf cfcfgf] If] q af6 ;dfhdf
pTs[i6 of]ubfg lbg] JolQmTjxnfO{ klg lje"lift
u/]sf] b]lvof] .
614
*= lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{ /fHosf] clwsf/

xf] . hjls lje"lift u/Lkfpg] s;}sf] klg clwsf/
xf]Og . lje"if0f lbg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf]
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ lje"if0f kfpg] JolQmsf]
;DaGwdf Judicially Managable Standard sf]
ljifo aGg plrt gxf]nf t/ lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{
lg0f{o / k|lqmofsf] o; cbfntn] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg eg]
ug{ ;S5 . xfd|f] h:tf] sfg"gsf] zf;g ePsf]
b]zdf s:tf] JolQmnfO{ lje"if0fn] ;DdfgLt ug]{
eGg] cfwf/ lje"if0f P]gsf] bkmf ^ df :ki6
tf]lsPsf] x'Fbf P]= bkmf $ adf]lhd ul7t ;ldltn]
l;kmfl/z ubf{ slt klg Biased geO{ Objective
Standard sf] cfwf/df l;kmfl/z ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
;f] xb;Dd dfq o; cbfntn] wf/f !)&-@_
cGtu{t Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;S5 .
(= lje"if0f kfpg] g t df}lns xs xf] g
t sfg"gL xs g} xf] . lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o
u/L k|bfg ul/;s]sf] lje"if0f ;/sf/n] lkmtf{
lng klg ;S5 . lae"lift ug]{ lg0f{o u/] klg
pQm lg0f{o ;/sf/n] ;+zf]wg ug{ jf gug{ klg
;S5 . o;df ;/sf/nfO{ ljjGwg nfu" x'Fb}g .
lje"if0f P]g / lgod, @)^$ nfu" ePkl5 /
u0ftflGqs Joj:yf nfu' ePkl5 klxnf] k6s ;f]
lje"if0f k|bfg ePsf] sf/0fn] xf]nf o; k6s
k|bfg ul/Psf] lje"if0f ljjflbt aGg uO{ s]xL
JolQmxsf] xsdf lj/f]w x'g uPsf] b]lvof] .
o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f s]xL JolQmxn] ;'zf]eg
g} ge} lje"if0f lnGg egL lj1lKt lgsfNg', s]xL
JolQmxsf lj?4 hfF r j' e m cfof] u n] bf] i fL
b]vfPsf] egL k|:t't l/6nufot cfh} k]z ePsf
cGo l/6 kg'{ cflb s'/fxn] o; k6ssf] lje"if0f
ljjflbt aGg uPsf]df ljjfb ePg .
!)= ;Dk"0f{ Gofokflnsfsf] k|d'v k|wfg
GofofwLznfO{ hfgsf/L;Dd klg glbO{ :jtGq
Gofokflnsfsf GofofwLzxnfO{ klg lje"if0f
k|bfg ug'{ klg plrt xf]Og .
!!= @)!( ;fnsf] ;+ l jwfgcGtu{ t
k~rfotL Joj:yfdf klg /fhfsf] hGdf]T;jdf
lje"if0f lbOGYof] . Toltj]nf lje"if0f kfpg]xn]
615
/fli6o hLjgdf k'/\ofPsf] of]ubfg, JolQmut

efjgfsf] Tofu / l;f] /fi6 / ;dfhsf] enfO
h:tf lje"if0fsf] nflu rflxg]] of]Uotf zfob x]l/b}g
lyof] . Toltj]nf /fhf / /fhkl/jf/sf] glhs,
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;dy{s, k~rx, dGqLsf
glhssf AolQmx / sd{rf/Lxn] Dffq lje"if0f
kfpg] ub{y] . plNnlvt au{df kg]{ JolQmx afx]s
cGo ;j{ ; fwf/0f jf ;dfh;] j Lx lje" i f0f
;ldltsf] Radar df g} kb}{glyof] eg] klg x'G5 .
lje"if0f kfpg] cfwf/ zlQms]Gb|sf] glhssf] lyof] .
Toltj] n fsf] lghfdtL ;] j f P] g n] lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jfdf lje"if0fsf] c k|bfg ugf{n]
zlQms]Gb| glhs x'g] k|yfsf] ljs[ltnfO{ emg}
r/d;Ldfdf k'ofof] . lghfdtL sd{rf/L dfq
xf] O g g] k fnsf tTsfnLg Gofokflnsfsf
GofofwLzxnfO{ klg o;n] k|efjdf kfof] .
o;sf] k|df0f k~rfotLsfndf tSdf kfpg]sf]
/fhkqdf k|sflzt gfdfjnLaf6 k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
GofofwLz h:tf] ;+a]bgzLn kbdf a;]sf] JolQm
tSdfsf] k5fl8 nfUg' lj8Dagf xf] . log} sf/0fxn]
ubf{ lje"if0fsf] dfGotf / dxTj g} cjd"Nog x'g
uof] . lje"if0f kfpgsf] nflu Merit eGg] s'/fsf]
gfd lg;fgf /x]g . ljb]zL /fi6xdf lje"lift
x'g' / ug'{nfO{ gful/sxn] /fi6n] cfkm"nfO{
OHht / sb/ u/]sf] dfGb5g\ / /fli6o ;df/f]xdf
uf}/jsf] ;fy klxl/G5g\ t/ g]kfndf ljutdf
ePsf] cg'ej x]bf{ lje"lift x'g] vfnsf] s'g}
sfd g} gu/L /fhfsf] hGdf]T;jdf dfly plNnlvt
sf/0fxn] lje"lift ePsf / x'g] x'Fbf tL lje"lift
x'g]x cfh cfkm" lje"lift ePsf] s'/f eGg klg
cfkm} ;+sf]r dfG5g\ . ca nf]stGqdf To:tf]
36gf bf]xf]l/g x'Gg .
!@= g]kfndf u0ftGq :yfkgf eO{ k"0f{
k|hftGq jxfn eO;Sof] . lae"if0f k|bfg ug]{
;DaGwdf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] plNnlvt Criteria
sf] Hang over x'gx'Fb}g . lje"if0f k|bfg ubf{
lje"if0f ;ldltn] b]xfosf] If]q ;d]t ;d]6\g'
k5{M
-s_ /fli6 o hLjgdf cfcfk\ m gf] If] q af6
k'ofPsf] pNn]Vo of]ubfg -Out standing

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
Contribution), h'g s'/f] ;DalGwt
Contribution af6 b]lvg' k5{ .
JolQmsf]
-v_
lje"if0f l;kmfl/z ubf{ lgikIf cfwf/df

ug'{k5{ / ubf{ sd{rf/L s]lGb|t x'g' x'Fb}g .
-u_
lje"if0f k|bfg ubf{ ;dfhsf] ;Dk"0f{ If]q
;d]l6g' k5{ h:t} M
-!_ dlxnf hfu/0f / zlQms/0fdf k'ofPsf]
of]ubfg,
-@_ lk5l8Psf] / ;LdfGts[ t ju{ s f]
pTyfgsf] nflu k'ofPsf] ;]jf,
-#_ pTkLl8t / zf]lift ju{sf] d'lQmsf] nflu
k'ofPsf] ;]jf,
-$_ ;fIf/tf tyf hgr]tgf clea[l4sf] nflu
k'ofPsf] ;]jf,
-%_ ;fdflhs ;]jfdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfg,
-^_ lzIff If]qdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfg,
-&_ :jf:Yo If]qdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfg,
-*_ /fi6 lgdf{0fdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfg,
-(_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|rngsf]
If]qdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfg,
-!)_ sfg" g L /fhsf] :yfkgfdf k' ofPsf]
of]ubfg,
-!!_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf k'ofPsf]
of]ubfg,
-!@_ jg / jGohGt' ;+/If0f ;]jfdf k'ofPsf]
of]ubfg ,
-!#_ ufpF ufpFdf ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] nflu
k'ofPsf] ;]jf,
-!$_ v]ns'b, snf / ;+:s[lt If]qdf k'ofPsf]
;]jf,
-!%_ g] k fnnfO{ ljb] z df lrgfpg] sfo{ d f
k'ofPsf] of]ubfg,
-!^_ s'g} ljifodf cfljisf/, vf]h cflb,
-!&_ s;}n] cfk\mgf] Hofg hf]lvddf kf/]/
c?sf] enfOsf] nflu b]vfPsf] axfb'/L,
-!*_ Corporate Nepal sf] pBf]ukltn] /fi6sf]
pBf] u ljsf;df v] n ] s f] pNn] v gLo
e"ldsf / lbPsf] of]ubfg,
616
-!(_ ;'zf;gdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfg,

-@)_ kqsfl/tf / cfd;~rf/ cflbdf
k'ofPsf] of]ubfg .
!#= o:tf If]q olt g} x'g'k5{ egL ls6fg
ug{ ;lsb}g . lje"if0f k|bfg ubf{ / lje"if0f
kfpg] AolQmn] dfly plNnlvt If]q afx]s b]z /
;dfhsf] cGo If]qdf of]ubfg k'ofPsf] JolQm
klg ;d]l6g' k5{ .
!$= To;} u /L s' g } ljb] z L JolQmn]
g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] nflu k'ofPsf] of]ubfg jf
;fdflhs ;]jf,;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] nflu u/]sf]]
of]ubfg h:tf cflb cflb ljifo klg ;d]l6g'
k5{ .
!%= lje" i f0f kfpg] h' g ;' s } JolQm
lgisn+lst x'g'k5{ / To:tf JolQmpk/ s'g}
cleof]u nfu]sf] x'g'x'Fb}g . ;fy} To;df s'g}
bnut :jfy{ klg /fVg' x'Fb}g . t/ k|:t't lje"if0f
ljt/0f To:tf] :jR5 b]lvPg .
!^= ;'g'jfOsf] qmddf ;/sf/L jsLnaf6
k|fKt lg0f{o / lje"if0f k|fKt ug]{ JolQmxn]
lje" i f0f k| f Kt u/] s f] of] u bfg / sf/0f x] b f{
b]xfoadf]lhd b]lvof]M
!&= lje"if0f P]g @)^$ sf] bkmf $ sf]
;ldltdf u[x ;lrj ;b:o;lrj /xg] Joj:yf
b]lvG5 . k|fKt kmfOnaf6 u[x ;lrj
;d]t eO{ ljleGg JolQmnfO{ lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{
lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;df u[x ;lrj :jo+n]
lje"if0f kfPsf] b]lvG5 . k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf]
dfGo l;4fGtcg' ; f/ gftfnufotsf] ljleGg
sf/0fn] lg0f{ o stf{ jf l;kmfl/zstf{ d f
lgikIftfsf] k|Zg lrGx cfpg] cj:yf pTkGg
eof] eg] To:tf] lg0f{odf To:tf] ;b:o pkl:yt
x' g ] ul/b} g . t/ tTsfnLg u[ x ;lrj klg
lje"lift ePsf] / ldlt @)^&.@.!% sf] lg0f{odf
u[x ;lrjsf] pkl:ylt b]lvFbf cfk"mnfO{ cfkm}n]
l;kmfl/z u/]sf] b]lvof] eGg'kg]{ x'g cfof] . o:tf]
cj:yfnfO{ lgikIftf/lxt eGg ;lsg] b]lvb}g .
!*= o;sf] ;fy} lghfdtL
sd{ r f/Lnufot cGo /fi6 ; ] j sxsf] xsdf
lje"if0f kfpg] l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df Odfgbf/

/ st{Jo lgi7 e} lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] eGg]
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sd{rf/Lnufot x/]s
/fi6;]jsn] Odfgbfl/k"j{s sfd ug'{ pgLxsf]
sfg"gL st{Jo g} ePsf] x'Fbf Odfgbfl/k"j{s sfd
ug' { g} lje" i f0f kfpg] cfwf/ jGg ;Sb} g .
Odfgbfl/tf /fi6;]js sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZos /
Go" g td\ of] U otf xf] . /fi6 ; ] j s sd{ r f/L
Odfgbf/ geO j]Odfg eP sf/jfxL ug'{k5{ .
To;}n] Odfgbfl/tf dfq lje"if0fsf] nflu of]Uotf
x'g ;Sb}g .
!(= lje" i f0f kfpg] GofofwLzxsf]
xsdf k|wfg GofofwLzsf] ;xdlt jf l;kmfl/z
glnOsg lje"if0f ;ldltn] dfq lje"if0f l;kmfl/z
ug]{ sfd u/]sf] o:tf] sfo{n] Gofokflnsfsf]
:jtGqtfdf c;/ k5{ .
@)= dfly elgof], lje"if0f kfpg] s;]}sf]
klg sfg" g L / ;+ j } w flgs xs xf] O g .
lje"if0f,/fHon] cfwf/ / sf/0f;lxtsf] pko'Qm
7xofPsf] JolQmnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ljifo xf] . sf]
JolQmn] lje"if0f kfpg' kb{Yof] / sf] JolQmn]
lje"if0f kfpg x'Fb}gYof] ;f] ljifo cyf{t\ JolQm
ljz]if wf/f !)& -@_ cGtu{t Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
ug]{ ljifo xf]Og .
@!= lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{ ljifodf lje"if0f
P]g, @)^$ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf lje"if0f k|bfg
ug] { sfo{ lje" i f0f P] g lgodn] lgwf{ / 0f
u/]adflhdsf] ;ldltn] l;kmfl/z u/]cg';f/ eof]
ePg, ;f] s'/f dfq wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;S5 . ;f] eof] ePg egL x]bf{
lje"if0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd ul7t
;ldltaf6 l;kmfl/z ePsf] b]lvof] . t/ To;/L
l;kmfl/z ubf{ u[x ;lrj :jo+sf] klg l;kmfl/z
ePsf] b]lvof], cfgf] xsdf l;kmfl/z x'Fbf u[x
;lrj aflxl/g' kg]{df ;f] ePsf] b]lvPg . ;f]
afx]s ;ldltsf] agf]6 sfg"gadf]lhd ldn]s}
b]lvof] / l;kmfl/z ;ldltdf clwsf/If]qsf] cefj
jf s' g } Malafidness cflb gb] l vPsf] n ]
@)^&.@.!% sf] l;kmfl/z, lg0f{o / ;"rgf ab/
u/L /xg k/]g . t;y{ lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o
617
g} ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/;Fu ;xdt

x'g ;lsPg . t;y{ lgj]bssf] dfu k"/f x'g
;Sb}g .
@@= lje"if0f sf] JolQmn] kfpg' kYof]{ sf]
JolQmn] kfpg x' F b } Y of] eGg] s' / f Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] ljifo xf]Og . ;f] ljifo, /fHo
;~rfng ug]{ ;/sf/n], lje"if0f eg]sf] pNn]Vo
of]ubfg -Out Standing_ sfd u/]afkt /fHon]
;Ddfg ug{ k|bfg ul/g] ljifo xf] eGg] s'/f
dx;" ; u/L ;Ddfg ug{ n fos sfd ug] {
JolQmxnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ljifo x'Fbf sf] s;n]
tSdf jf lje"if0f kfpg] jf gkfpg] eGg] s'/f
;/sf/n] lg0f{o ug]{ ljifo ePsf]n] sfo{kflnsfsf]
Domein leq kg{] o:tf] gLltut ljifo cbfntn]
lg0f{o ug]{ ljifo xf]Og .
@#= lje"lift ug]{ sfo{ ;Ddflgt ug]{
sfo{ xf] . lje"lift ul/kfpg] AolQmn] lje"lift
ul/g nfos sfd u/] s f] x' g ' k 5{ . k| T o] s
lgsfonfO{ lje"if0fsf] Quota 5'6\ofO{ Quota
5'6\ofPsf] cfwf/df Quota leq kfg]{ xf]Og .
olb o:tf] ul/G5 eg] To:tf] sfo{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# sf] Equality
clause ;d]t ljk/Lt x'g uO{ Quota sf] cfwf/df
pNn] V o of] u bfg gk' ofPsf] JolQmnfO{ klg
;Ddflgt ug'{ eg]sf] Rule of Law sf] ljk/Lt
x'g hfG5 . To:tf] sfo{ /fHok|lts} a]OdfgL /
lje"if0fs} c;Ddfg u/]sf] dfGg' k5{ . lje"if0f
k|bfg ubf{ l;kmfl/z x'g] JolQm / ;f] JolQmn]
u/]sf] sfo{ / k'ofPsf] of]ubfg lghsf] pQm
sfo{af6 b]lvg' k5{ . lje"if0f ;ldltn] lje"if0f
k|bfg ug{ Identify u/]sf] JolQm / p;sf] sfd
Objective Standard sf] x'g'k5{ .
@$= lje"lift ug]{ eGgfn] s'g} JolQmnfO{
p;n] u/] s f] axfb' / L Bravery, pknlJw
Achivement cyjf /fi6k|lt u/]sf] ;]jfsf] nflu
;Ddfg ug]{ Joj:yf xf] . o;nfO{ tLg k|sf/n]
gfdfs/0f ul/G5M
Honors:
Honours are used to recognise
merit in terms of achievement
and service.

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
Decoration:
Decorations tend to be used

to recognise specific deeds.
Medals:
Medals are used to recognise

bravery. long and/ or valuable
service and /or good conduct.
Honors, Decorations, Medals sf]

pTklQ x]bf{ j]nfotdf Anglo Saxon /fhfxn]
cfk\mgf akmfbf/ eQmxnfO{ cf}7L jf c? s'g}
lrGxf/f ;Ddflgt ug] { u/] a f6 ;' ? ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
a]nfotdf x]bf{ s;}nfO{ ;'zf]eg ug]{
clwsf/ /fhfdf lgxLt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ /fhfdf
ePsf] ;'zf]eg ug]{ clwsf/sf] cfhsn Jofks
kl/j{tg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
xfn j]nfotdf lae"if0f /fhfaf6 lbOb}g .
ljleGg If]qdf ;'zf]eg ug]{ ljleGg ljif]if1 ;ldlt
agL Jofks 5nkmn u/L ;dfhsf s'grflxF If]qsf
dflg;xnfO{ lje"if0f k|bfg ug{ of]Uo b]lvG5
p;}nfO{ ;'zf]eg ug{ 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o x'G5 .
To:tf] ;ldltn] ug]{ l;kmfl/z ToxfF klg
ljns"n Subjective x'gkg]{ eGg] b]lvG5 . ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/x Public jf Private lgsfoaf6 jf
;/sf/L lgsfo jf ljefuaf6 l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .
;DalGwt JolQmn] k'/\ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df
;ldltn] 5gf}6 u/L gfdfjnL k|wfgdGqL ;dIf
k]z ul/G5 .
j]nfotsL dxf/fgLsf] hGdf]T;jsf lbg
jf gofF aif{sf] lbg ;'zf]eg x'g] s/Lj !$))
JolQmxsf] gfdfjnL k|sfzg x'G5 . j]nfotdf
klg k|To]s aif{ s]xL JolQmn] JolQmut sf/0f
b]vfO{ kfPsf] lje"if0f u|x0f ug{ OGsf/ ub{5g\
eg] lje"if0fsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf] JolQmx
dWo] s]xL kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf ;hfo kfPsf jf
s'g} /fhgLlts sf/0f k/]df 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf]
lje"if0f ;/sf/n] lkmtf{ lnG5 / rfx]df hf];'s}n]
cfkm"n] kfPsf] lae"if0f u|x0f gu/L lkmtf{ ug{
;S5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;g !(!% df /ljGb|gfy
6}uf]/n] Knighthood OGsf/ u/]sf], /f]dflgofsf
tTsfnLg g]tf lgsf]nfO{ rfpr]:sf]n] OGsf/
u/] / ;g\ @))* df lhDjfj]sf g]tfnfO{ k|bfg
ul/Psf] Honorary G.C.B. j]nfot ;/sf/n] Strip

u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@%= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!%@-!_ df pkflw ;Ddfg / lae"if0fx k|bfg
ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . lje"if0f P]g, @)^$ df dfgkbjL,
cn+sf/, kbssf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 t/ P]gdf
pkflw / ;Ddfgsf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvFb}g .
pkflw / ;Ddfg /fhfn] lbg;Sg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f *% df lyof], kl5
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !@#
df ToxL Joj:yf sfod /x]sf] lyof] / jt{dfg
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df /fi6kltn] pkflw /
;Ddfg klg lbg] Joj:yf ;/]/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
@^= pkflw / ;Ddfg "Title / Nobility"
/fhtGqsf] pkh xf] . z'? z'?df /fhfx ;+ljwfg
eGbf klg dfly x'g] / ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf] afx]s
cGo calzi6 clwsf/ /fhfdf x' g ] sf/0f
/fhfxaf6 dL/;'Aaf, sfhL, ;/bf/, /fhf cflb
pkflw lbOg] rng lyof] t/ ca g] k fndf
u0ftGqdf cfO{;Sof] / u0ftGqdf sfg"geGbf
dfly sf]lx JolQm x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf u0ftGqdf
s;}nfO{ klg pkflw / ;Ddfg k|bfg x'g ;Sb}g,
lje"if0f dfq k|bfg x'g ;S5 . u0ftGq eO{ ;s]kl5
klg /fi6kltaf6 s;}nfO{ pkflw / ;Ddfg lbO{bf
To:tf] sfo{ ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt x'g ;S5 .
a] n fotL pklgj] z ePsf s] x L u0ftGqfTds
b]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf pkflw / ;Ddfgsf] Joj:yf
eP klg cd]l/sf, k|mfG; h:tf u0ftGqfTds
/fi6df Medal f/f lje"lift ul/G5 t/ Tittle /
Nobility k| b fg ul/b} g . g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf] wf/f $ cg';f/ g]kfn ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo ePsf] sf/0f
u0ftGqfTds /fi6sf] /fi6kltn] pkflw / ;Ddfg
k|bfg ug]{ eGg] s'/f Mutually Exclusive Joj:yf
x'g hfG5 . t;y{ lgdf{0ffwLg ;+ljwfgdf Tittle
/ Nobility sf] Joj:yf /fVg gx'g] xf] .
@&= k|:t't l/6 / l/=g+ !#@* / !!^^ df
pNn]v ePsf l;kmfl/z g} x'g gx'g] JolQmxsf]
gfd l;kmfl/z ePsf] eGg] dfu eP tfklg dfly
plNnlvt ljj]rgfsf] cfwf/df o; cbfntaf6
618
*%($ - k|f=8f=eLd/fh clwsf/L lj=/fli6o ;"rgf cfof]u ;d]t
tL JolQmxsf] l;kmfl/z ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]

dfusf ;DaGwdf lje"if0f k|fKt ug]{ JolQmxsf
xsdf, lje"if0f kfpg] JolQm ljz]ifsf] ;DaGwdf
Judicial Review -Goflos k' g /fjnf] s g_ ug{
plrt x'Fb}g . lje"if0f kfpg s:tf] JolQmof]Uo /
nfos x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;fwf/0f ;dem -Common
Sense_ n] klg lgb]{lzt -Guide_ ug]{ s'/f ePsf]
/ lje"if0f s:tf] JolQmn] kfpg k5{ eGg] s'/f
lae"if0f;DaGwL g]kfn sfg"gdf k|i6 ePsf] x'Fbf
dfly ljj] r gf ul/Pcg' ; f/ g] k fn ;/sf/n]
rfx]df cem} klg tL ;DalGwt JolQmxnfO{
l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] lje"if0f k'g/fjnf]sg u/L lkmtf{
lng ;Sg] g} x'Fbf To;tkm{ s'g} cfb]z ul//xg
k/]g . t/ cj eljiodf lae"if0fn] ;DdfgLt
ubf{ axfnjfnf GofofwLzsf] xsdf k| w fg
GofofwLzsf] ;xdlt lnP/ dfq lje"lift ug{'
egL ljkIfLsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fOPsf] 5 .
@*= ctM plNnlvt cfwf/ /
sf/0fxaf6 k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'G5 .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d
cfb]z :jtM vf/]h x'G5 . cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofolwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLxnfO{
lbg" . l/6 bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L lgodfg';f/
u/L j'emfO{lbg" .
Gof=df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn d+l;/ !( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td
l
lg0f{o g+= *%($
dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^^wo)#^(
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.@.$.$
619
laifoM pTk|]if0fo'Qm k|ltif]w ;d]t .

lgj]bsM lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf /lhi6f/ Pj+
lq=lj= s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;+rfns ;ldltsf
cWoIf k|f=8f= eLd/fh clwsf/L
lj?4
ljkIfLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=
!) l:yt /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]u ;d]t
k| h ftflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf x/] s
;/sf/L sfd sf/jfxLsf] hgtfn]
h:tfsf] t:t} Censor gu/L yfxf kfpg]
xs /fVb5g\ / yfxf kfPsf] x'g'k5{ .
;/sf/n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxLsf]
k| l tlqmof (Feedback) hgtfaf6
cleJoQm ljrf/af6 g} yfxf kfpg] x'Fbf
hgtf ;';"lrt x'g clt cfjZos x'G5 .
k|hftflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf uf]Kotf
- Secrecy), Exception / ;" r gf
;Dk| ] i f0f Rule x' g ' k 5{ . k| h ftGq
v'nfkgdf cfwfl/t x'g] x'Fbf /fi6 lxt /
;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu uf]Kotf g/fvL
gx' g ] s] x L ljifoafx] s cGo ljifo
;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug'{kg]{ .
u'kr'k / uf]Ko /fVg gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
cfkm\gf] pQ/k'l:tsfdf k|fKt k|fKtfdf

lrQ ga'em] Retotalling u/fpg ;Sg]
xs lqe' j g ljZjljBfnosf] cfkm\ g }
sfg"gn] klg k|To]s kl/IffyL{nfO{ k|bfg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf] ljifodf ;"rgf
dfUg] xs k|To]s gful/snfO{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @&-!_
n] df}lns xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf]
xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-#_
sf] k| l tjlGwt ;" r Ldf pQ/k' l :tsf
;dfj]z gePsf] / ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL
P] g , @)^$ cg' ; f/ k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n of/f hf/L
;"rgfsf] juL{s/0fdf klg pQ/k'l:tsf

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
gk/]sfn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @& cGtu{t

cfkm\gf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk dfu
ug{] / pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk kfpg]
k|To]s kl/IffyL{sf] xs ePsf] x'Fbf lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnon] tf]s]sf] zt{df cfkm\gf]
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk kfpg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!*_
lgj] b s tkm{ a f6M ljfg clwjQmfx? 8f=>L
cDa/k| ; fb kGt, >L gf/fo0fk| ; fb

b] j sf] 6 f, >L u' 0 flglw Gof} k fg] , >L
rGb| s fGt 1jfnL, >L ;Gts' d f/
af:sf]6f / >L 6+s b'nfn
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh
kf}8]n tyf ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L tyf clwjQmfx? >L
/d0fs'df/ >]i7, >L s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f,
>L Clif/fd l3ld/],
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f @&, #*
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf #-!_, #-#_,
cfb]z
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6sf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
lqe' j g ljZjljBfno P] g , @)$(
adf]lhd lqe'jg ljZjljBfno Ps :jzfl;t /
;+ul7t ;+:yf xf] / o;n] ljleGg lgodx agfO{
ljleGg lgsfox jf ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf u/]sf]
5 . h;dWo] k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no klg Ps
xf], h;n] lq=lj=sf cf+lus tyf ;DaGwg k|fKt
SofDk;df ljleGg txsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmddf
;+ n Ug ljBfyL{ x sf] k/LIff lng] ;f] s f
pQ/k' l :tsf ;DalGwt ljifosf ljz] i f1
k/LIfsxaf6 k/LIf0f, ;Dk/LIf0f u/fO{ s]Gb|Lo
k/LIff ;+rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ glthf

k|sflzt ug]{ Joj:yf cg';f/ @)^$ ;fn efb|df
lnOPsf] BBS k|yd jif{sf] glthf @)^% ;fn
h]i7 @! df k|sflzt ul/Psf] / lq=lj= ;+u7g
tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf]
lgod @#% df k/LIffsf] k/LIffkmn k|sflzt
ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf gf3]kl5 pQ/k'l:tsfx
w'Nofpg ;lsg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]df Tof]
;dosf pQm pQ/k'l:tsfx w'NofO{ ;lsPsf]
lyof] .
o;} jLr ljkIfL ljho cof{ n eGg]
ljBfyL{n] Business Statistics & English ljifosf]
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk kfpFm egL
k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbPsf]df
s'g} klg ;+:yf jf lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng x'g]
k/LIffx Tof] ;+ : yf jf lgsfosf] cToGt}
;+ j ] b gzLn, uf] K o / dxTjk" 0 f{ x' G 5g\ .
sfg"gadf]lhd uf]Ko /xg] To:tf pQ/k'l:tsf
k/LIf0f / ;Dk/LIf0f ug{] ljz]if1sf] hLp Hofgsf]
;'/Iff ;d]tsf] ;jfn x'g] x'Fbf To:tf ;+j]bgzLn
sfuhkqx pknAw u/fpg Psftkm{ gldNg] /
csf{]tkm{ ;f] pQ/k'l:tsf w'NofO{ ;lsPsf]n]
To;tk{m s'g} sf/jfxL ug{] k|Zg} ePg, h;sf]
af/] d f ljkIfLnfO{ /fd| } ; F u hfgsf/L ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;f] pQ/k' l :tsf kfpg k' g /fj] b g
lbPsf]df k/LIffsf] uf]kgLotf / ;+j]bgzLntf
k|lt s'g} jf:tf gu/L pQ/k'l:tsf ;"rgfsf]
xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-#_ cGtu{t
lbgkg{ ] ljifo leq kg{ ] b] l vPsf] x' F b f
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk w'Nofpg'eGbf k"j{ dfUg
cfPdf k/LIfssf] gfd gfd];L gv'Ng] Joj:yf
u/L To:tf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk
lbg'kg{] egL ldlt @)^^.%.@( df lg0f{o u/]sf]
s'/f ldlt @)^^.&.( df k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk lnO{
x]bf{ yfxf x'g cfof] .
s'g s'g ;"rgf uf]Ko /fVg], ;f]sf] gLltut
lgwf{/0f / juL{s/0f ug{] clwsf/ ;"rgfsf] xs
;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf #-#_ n] ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . olb pQm bkmf #-#_ / @& sf] cfwf/df
ul/Psf] gLltut juL{s/0fdf lrQ ga'em]df P]=
620
bkmf @&-#_ adf] l hd ljkIfL cfof] u ;dIf

k' g /fjnf] s gsf] lgj] b g lbPkl5 ;f]
k' g /fjnf] s gdf lg0f{ o u/] k l5 dfq lg0f{ o
ug'{kg{]df ;f] k|lqmof g} cjnDag gu/L k|of]u
ug{ } gldNg] / ljkIfLnfO{ clwsf/ g} k| b fg
gu/]sf] bkmf !) sf] k|of]u u/L k'g/fj]bg lng]
lbg] / lg0f{o ug{] sfo{ k|f/Dedf g} bkmf @&-#_
ljk/Lt eO{ ljkIfL cfof]usf] lg0f{odf clwsf/
If]qsf] q'l6 5 .
lq=lj= ;+ u 7g tyf z} l Ifs k| z f;g
;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf] kl/R5]b ^! adf]lhd
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] d"Nofg sfo{df nfk/jfxL jf
cGo u} / lhDd] j f/L sfo{ JolQmnfO{ sf/jfxL
ug'{kg{] x'Fbf pQ/k'l:tsf d"Nofg / ;Dk/LIf0f
ug{] JolQmxsf] gfd, y/ jtg kb;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{
ljj/0f pQ/k'l:tsfdf v'nfpg' kb{5 . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @& df sfg"gf/f
uf]Ko /fVg' kg{] ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{
s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf / ;"rgfsf]
xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] k|:tfjgf, P]gsf] bkmf
#-#_-_ sf] JolQmut uf] k gLotf, JolQmsf]
hLpHofg, ;DklQ, :jf:Yo jf ;'/Iffdf vt/f
k'ofpg] ljifo ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|jfx ul/g] 5}g
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yfk|lt k"0f{tM j]jf:tf u/L ePsf]
cfof]usf] lg0f{o :jtM u}/sfg"gL /x]sf] k|i6 5 .
t;y{ dfly k| s /0fxdf pNn] v
u/]adf]lhd ljkIfL cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^^.%.@(
df ePsf] lg0f{ o ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f @& sf]
k|ltjGwfTds afSof+z, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL
P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-#_, &, (, !)-#_-v_, @&,
#&, ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] lgod
%, ^ / &, lq=lj= ;+u7g tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g
;DaGwL lgod @)%) sf] kl/R5]b\ ^! / ^$ df
plNnlvt lgod / ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g,
@)^$ sf] bkmf @& adf]lhd ul7t ;ldltn]
u/]sf] ;"rgfsf] juL{s/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]
;d]t ljk/Lt eO{ lq=lj= sf] sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft
k/]sf]n] pkrf/ dfUg lgj]bg u/]sf] 5' . ctM
ljkIfL cfof]un] lq=lj= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no
jNv'n] lnPsf] k/LIffsf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk
621
lbgkg]{ u/L ldlt @)^^.%.@( df u/]sf] lg0f{o /

;f];Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL pTk]|if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L ljkIfL cfof]udf ljrf/fwLg
/x]sf] k/LIffsf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk kfpg
lbPsf] k'g/fj]bglgj]bgx / ;f]xL lsl;dsf
kl5 k|fKt x'g] k'g/fj]bglgj]bgx ;d]tdf
cj pk|fGt pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk pknAw ug'{
u/fpg' eGg] s'g} lsl;dsf] lg0f{o gug'{ gu/fpg'
egL ljkIfLsf gfddf k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpFm .
;fy} xfn ljkIfL cfof] u df
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk kfpFm eGg] cGo
k'g/fj]bglgj]bg ;d]t btf{ eO{ ljrf/fwLg
/x] s f] x' F b f P] g sf] bkmf !) adf] l hdsf]
k' g /fj] b gxdf s' g } sfd sf/jfxL cufl8
ga9fpg', lg0f{o gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfL
cfof]usf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] jf6fsf Dofb jfx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k] z ug' { egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgodadf]lhd u/L
k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
k| : t' t lgj] b gdf xfn tTsfnsf]
cj:yfdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yfsf]
ljBdfgtf b] l vPg . lnlvt hjfkm k/] k l5
cu|flwsf/ lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t
o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
g]kfndf klxnf] k6s tTsfnLg g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !^ n]
;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf]
?kdf :yflkt u/]sf]df xfn cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f @& n] To;sf] bfo/f lj:t[t u/L
k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfkm\gf] s'g} klg ljifosf]
;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xsnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ;+/If0f
k|bfg u/L df}lns xssf] ?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . pQm wf/f @& sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zn]
sfg"gf/f uf]Ko /fVg' kg{] ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L
lbg s;}nfO{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g egL ul/Psf]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
Joj:yf :jo+ sfg"gn] uf]Ko /fVg' kg{] egL tf]s]sf]

;"rgf afx]s cGo ;"rgf k|To]s gful/sn] k|fKt
ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg' kg{]df
s'g} ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .
d}n] @)^$ ;fndf lbPsf] lj=lj=P;=
k|yd jif{sf] ljhg]z :6fl6l:6S; / c+u|]hL ljifosf]
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk ldlt @)^^.@.#! df
;"rgf clwsf/L;Fu dfu u/]sf] / @)^^.#.!^ df
lq=lj= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] k|d'v;Fu klg
pQm ;"rgf dfu ubf{ s'g} hfgsf/L glbPsf]n]
dfuadf]lhd ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ kfpFm egL
/fli6o ;"rgf cfof]u;dIf lbPsf] k'g/fj]bgdf
dfu u/]sf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk kfpg] xsnfO{
;'rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-#_
n] /f]s gnufPsf] Pj+ ;"rgfsf] juL{s/0fdf
;d]t uf]Ko /fVg'kg{] juL{s/0f u/]sf] gb]lvbf
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk lbg'kg{] u/L cfof]uaf6
ePsf] ldlt @)^^.%.@( sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt
g} /x]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf @-s_ n] kl/efiff u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs
lgsfoleq lqe'jg ljZjljBfno klg kg{] tYodf
ljjfb 5}g . To:tf] lgsfo;Fu gful/ssf] xssf]
;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{], u/fpg] bfloTj /x]sf]
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf $-!_ n] :ki6 ub{5 . P]gsf]
bkmf @& cg';f/ ul7t elgPsf] ;ldltn] u/]sf]
;"rgfsf] juL{s/0f xfn;Dd slx st} k|sflzt
ePsf] yfxf 5}g . P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] To:tf]
s'g} juL{s/0f u/]sf] klg 5}g . s'g} klg sfg"g
;fj{ h lgs ?kdf k| s fzg geP;Dd
;/f]sf/jfnfn] yfxf kfPsf] cg'dfg ug{ ldNb}g .
P]gsf] bkmf #)-@_ n] s'g} ;/f]sf/jfnf
JolQmn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] cfkm";Fu
;DalGwt ljifosf] ;"rgf dfu u/]df lghnfO{
;f] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg' kg{] Joj:yfcg'k
d}n] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk dfu u/]sf] x'Fbf
o; ;DaGwdf cfof]usf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt g}
5 . pQm lg0f{ o n] l/6 lgj] b ssf] s' g } xs
clwsf/df cf3ft k'ofPsf] 5}g . w]/} d'n'sxdf
ljBfyL{ n ] cfkm\ g f] pQ/k' l :tsf x] g { kfpg]
clwsf/nfO{ :ki6 ?kdf :jLsf/ u/L ;lsPsf]
622
5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu University College Cork

n] cfkm\ g f] j] j ;fO{ 6 http:www.ucc.ie/en/
exams/results/scripts/ To:tf] pQ/k'l:tsf x]g{]
sfo{ljlw / ;dotflnsf tf]s]sf] 5 . ctM pk/f]Qm
cfwf/ k|df0fxsf cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL
ljho cof{nsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfndf klxnf] k6s tTsfnLg g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !^ n]
k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] s'g} klg
;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf]
?kdf :yflkt u/]sf]df xfn k|rlnt g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @& n] To;sf]
bfo/f lj:t[t u/L k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfkm\gf]
s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xsnfO{
;+j}wflgs ;+/If0f k|bfg u/L df}lns xssf] ?kdf
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm wf/f @& sf] k|ltjGwfTds
jfSof+zn] sfg"gf/f uf]Ko /fVg'kg{] ;"rgfsf]
hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g
egL ul/Psf] Joj:yf :jo+ sfg"gn] uf]Ko /fVg'
kg{] egL tf]s]sf] ;"rgf afx]s cGo ;"rgf k|To]s
gful/sn] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf] ;"rgf pknAw
u/fpg' kg{]df s'g} ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .
/fHosf sfd sf/jfxL nf] s tflGqs
k2ltcg';f/ v'nf / kf/bzL{ agfO{ gful/sk|lt
hjfkmb] x L / lhDd] j f/ agfpg, ;fj{ h lgs
dxTjsf] ;"rgfdf cfd gful/ssf] kx'FrnfO{
;/n / ;xh agfpg] Pj+ gful/ssf] ;';"lrt
x'g] xsnfO{ ;+/If0f / k|rng u/fpg] p2]Zon]
nfu" ePsf] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf #-!_ n] k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ o;
P]gsf] clwgdf /xL ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f,
;Dj4{g Pj+ k|rng ug{] sfo{sf] nflu cfof]usf]
:yfkgf ePsf] tYo ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !! n] k|i6
ub{5 .
z+ s /b] j SofDk;sf k/LIffyL{ ljho
cof{nn] @)^$ ;fndf lbPsf] lj=lj=P;= k|yd
jif{sf] ljhg]; :6fl6l:6S; / c+u|]hL ljifosf]
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk ldlt @)^^.@.#! df
;"rgf clwsf/L;Fu dfu u/]sf] / @)^^.#.!^ df
lq=lj= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] k|d'v;Fu klg

pQm ;"rgf dfu ubf{ s'g} hfgsf/L glbPsf]n]
ljho cof{nn] o; /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]u ;dIf
lbPsf] k'g/fj]bgdf pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk
kfpg] xsnfO{ ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf #-#_ n] To:tf] ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ /f]s
gnufPsf] Pj+ ;' r gfsf] juL{ s /0fdf ;d] t
lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlknfO{
uf]Ko /fVg' kg{] u/L juL{s/0f u/]sf] gb]lvbf
lgh ljho cof{nn] dfu u/]sf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf]
k|ltlnlk lbg'kg{] u/L o; cfof]uaf6 ePsf] ldlt
@)^^.%.@( sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt g} /x]sf] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf #)-@_ n] s'g} ;/f]sf/jfnf
JolQmn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] cfkm";Fu
;DalGwt ljifosf] ;"rgf dfu u/]df lghnfO{
;f] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg' kg{] afWofTds Joj:yf
u/]sf]df ljho cof{nsf] k'g/fj]bgdf lgh;Fu
;DalGwt lgh cfkm} + n ] lbPsf] k/LIffsf]
pQ/k''l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk dfu ul/Psf] b]lvPaf6
To:tf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk pknAw u/fpg'
egL ePsf] cfof]usf] lg0f{on] l/6 lgj]bssf]
s'g} xs clwsf/df c3ft gk'ofPsf] x'Fbf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
l/6 lgj]bsn] pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIffkmn
k|sflzt ePsf] ldltaf6 ^ dlxgf kl5 w'Nofpg]
eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;+ljwfgf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] ;"rgfsf] xs
;DaGwL df}lns xs / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu
cfPsf] P]gf/f lbOPsf] ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ s'g}
P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodsf] cfwf/df /f]s nufpg]
u/L ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] u/]sf] bfjL :jo+df
pQm lgodljk/Lt 5 . pQm lgod @#% n]
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk lbgaf6 /f]s nufPsf]
b]lvb}g . To;} u/L s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs lgsfon]
Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ts{ b]vfP/
;+ljwfg k|bQ xs clwsf/ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lQmg
eGg] bfjL lng kfpFb}g . cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf]
Ps efusf ?kdf ljsl;t ;"rgfsf] xssf]
;DaGwdf ljlwzf:qLxaf6 ljleGg l;4fGtx
k| l tkfbg ePsf 5g\ . To:tf l;4fGtxdf
623
cToflws v' n fkgsf] l;4fGt - Principle of

Maximum
Disclosure _,
;lqmo
;fj{ h lgsLs/0fsf] l;4fGt - Principle of
Proactive Disclosure_, ;fj{hlgs lxt sfod
/xg] l;4fGt - Principle of Public Interest
Overriding _ k| d ' v 5g\ . g] k fnsf] ;" r gfsf]
xs;DaGwL P]gn] klg bkmf %-#_ df To;/L :jo+
k|sflzt ug'{kg{] ;"rgfsf] af/]df Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . w] / } h ;f] d' n ' s xdf ljBfyL{ n ] cfkm\ g f]
pQ/k'l:tsf x]g{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ :ki6 ?kdf
:jLsf/ u/L ;lsPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
University College Cork n] cfkm\gf] j]jf;fO6
http:www.ucc.ie/en/exams/results/scripts/ To:tf]
pQ/k'l:tsf x]g{] sfo{ljlw / ;dotflnsf tf]s]sf]
5 . ljBfyL{n] pQ/k'l:tsf x]g{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{
sfg"gL clwsf/s} ?kdf n]vj4 u/L :jLsf/
ug]{ k|rng klg z'? e} ;s]sf] s'/f Oh/fonsf]
ljBfyL{ clwsf/ P]g, @))& -Students Rights
Act, 2007_ sf] bkmf !%-u_ df pNn]v 5 . ctPj
pk/f]Qm k|sf/0fxdf jl0f{t cfwf/ k|df0fxaf6
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w 5
eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]usf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
ldl;n ;+ n Ug sfuh k| d f0fxsf] cWoog
ul/of] . l/6 lgj]bs k|f=8f=eLd/fh clwsf/Lsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx 8f= >L
cDa/k|;fb kGt, >L gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f, >L
u' 0 flglw Gof} k fg] , >L rGb| s fGt 1jfnL, >L
;Gts'df/ af:sf]6f / >L 6+s b'nfnn] lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno P]g, @)$(, cGtu{t lgod agfO{
:yflkt lq=lj=lj= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non]
ljBfyL{ x sf] k/LIff lng] , ;f] s f] k/LIf0f /
;Dk/LIf0f u/fO{ glthf k|sfzg ug{] ;d]tsf
sfo{x ub{5 .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf @&
adf]lhd ul7t ;ldltn] P]gsf] bkmf #-#_ ;Fu
;DalGwt uf] K o /fVg' k g{ ] ;" r gfsf] gLltut
juL{s/0f u/L k|s/0f # df k/LIffsf] k|Zgkq

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
lgdf0f{ s tf{ s f] gfd gfd] ; L, k/LIfssf] gfd

gfd];L, sL sf]8 h:tf k/LIff;DaGwL ljifox
#) jif{;Dd uf]Ko /fVg' kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf]df
ljkIfL cfof]usf] lg0f{o ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL
P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf # / @& sf] k|lts"n x'g'sf]
;fy} P]= bkmf !) n] clwsf/If]qljxLg ;d]t 5 .
t;y{ ljkIfL cfof]usf] lg0f{o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @& sf] k|ltjGwfTds
jfSof+z, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf #-#_, &, (, !)-#_-v_, @& / #& ;"rgfsf]
xs ;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] lgod %, ^ / & tyf
lq=lj= ;+u7g tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgod
@)%) sf] kl/R5]b ^! / ^$ ljk/Lt ePsf]n]
ljkIfL cfof]usf] @)^^.%.@( sf] pQm lg0f{o
ab/ u/L cj pk|fGt pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk
pknAw ug'{ u/fpg' eGg] s'g} lsl;dsf] lg0f{o
gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLsf gfddf k|ltif]wsf]
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm egL jx; ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]usf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh kf}8]n
tyf ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L
tyf clwjQmfx >L /d0fs' d f/ >] i 7, >L
s[ i 0fk| ; fb ;fksf] 6 fn] ;" r gfsf] xs;DaGwL
P]gsf] bkmf @-s_-@_ cg';f/ ljkIfL lq=lj=lj=
;fj{hlgs lgsfo ePsf] x'Fbf bkmf $ adf]lhd
gful/ssf] ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f ug{ afWo
5 . cfof]un] lg0f{o ubf{ k/LIfssf] gfd gfd];L
uf]Ko /fvL pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk;Dd lbg'kg{]
u/L lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . o;af6 k/LIfssf] ;'/Iffdf
c;/ kg{] x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gn] ;"rgfsf]
xssf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] cj:yfdf of] jf Tof]
Jofjxfl/s sl7gfO{ b]vfO{ sfg"gsf] cj1f ug{
ldNb}g . ;"rgf ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf #)-@_ n]
s'g} ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf
/x] s f] cfk" m ;F u ;Dalwt ;" r gf dfu u/] d f
lghnfO{ ;f] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg' kg{] afWofTds
Joj:yf u/] s f] 5 eg] P] = bkmf #-#_ n]
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk kfpg] xsnfO{ /f]s
gnufPsf] / bkmf @& cg';f/ ul/Psf] uf]Ko
/fVg' kg{ ] ;" r gfsf] juL{ s /0fdf klg
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlknfO{ uf]Ko /fVg' kg{]

juL{s/0fdf g/fv]sf] x'Fbf k/LIffyL{xn] cfkm\gf]
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk kfpg' kg{] s'/fdf ljjfb
x'Fg} ;Sb}g . t;y{ /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]un] u/]sf]
lg0f{odf s'g} q'l6 gePsf]n] pQm lg0f{o ab/
x''gkg{] xf]Og . ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL ljho cof{nsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmf >L Clif/fd l3ld/]n] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @& n] ;"rgfsf] xssf]
k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . lq=lj=lj= ;fj{hlgs lgsfo
ePsf] x'Fbf ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg' p;sf] bfloTj
klg xf] . oL ljho cof{nn] cfkm"n] lbPsf] cfkm\gf]
k/LIff;Fu ;DalGwt k/LIffsf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf]
k|ltlnlk kfpg] clwsf/df ljkIfL lq=lj=lj= n]
c'z nufpg kfpg] clwsf/ s'g} sfg"gn] lbPsf]
5}g . s'g} klg P]g lgodn] pQ/k'l:tsf uf]Ko
/fVg kg{] egL To:tf] ;"rgf kfpg lgoGq0f
u/] s f] 5} g . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fli6 o ;" r gf
cfof]usf] lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 gx'Fbf pQm
lg0f{o ab/ x'g'kg{] gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm egL jx; ug'{eof] .
plNnlvt jx; ;d]t ;'lg cfh lg0f{o
;' g fpgsf] nflu tf] l sPsf] k| : t' t d' 2 fdf
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't ljjfbdf l/6 lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg{] xf] xf]Og <
egL lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof] .
@= o;df lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu lgj]bs
;+:yf lq=lj= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no jNv'n]
@)^$ ;fn efb|df lnPsf] BBS k|yd jif{sf]
k/LIffsf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk k/LIffyL{ ljho
cof{nnfO{ lbg' kg{] u/L ljkIfL /fli6o ;"rgf
cfof]un] u/]sf] ldlt @)^^.%.@( sf] lg0f{o /
pQm lg0f{o;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm egL k|:t't
lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] b]lvof] .
#= k/LIffsf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk
;DalGwt k/LIffyL{nfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ u/L
lg0f{o ug]{ ljkIfL /fli6o ;"rgf cfof]usf] lnlvt
hjfkm x]bf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
624
sf] wf/f @& n] k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfkm\gf] s'g}

ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] xs df}lns xssf] ?kdf
Joj:yf ePsf] / wf/f @& sf] k|ltjGwfTds
jfSof+ z cg' ; f/ sfg" g n] uf] K o /fVg' k g{ ] egL
tf] s ] s f] afx] s cGo s' / fsf] ;" r gf k| T o] s
gful/sn] k|fKt ug{'sf ;fy} ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL
P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-#_ cg';f/ klg lgj]bssf]
dfusf] ljifo uf] K o /fVg gkg{ ] x' F b f ldlt
@)^^.*.!^ sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] b]lvG5 .
$= ljkIfLdWo] s f] ljho cof{ n n]
lj=lj=P;= k|yd jif{sf] ljlhg]; :6fl6l:6S; /
cu|]hL ljifosf] cfkm\gf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk
dfu ubf{ l/6 lgj]bs lq=lj=lj=n] pQ/k'l:tsfsf]
k|ltlnlk pknAw u/fpg OGsf/ u/]sf] sf/0f
ljkIfL ljho cof{nn] ljkIfL /fli6o ;"rgf
cfof] u df ph" / ubf{ ljkIfL /fli6 o ;" r gf
cfof]uaf6 k|ltlnlk lbgkg{] u/L lg0f{o ePsf]
sf/0f k|:t't ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvof] .
%= ;" r gfsf] xs ;DaGwdf ljBdfg
sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ xfn vf/]h ePsf] g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& nfu" x'g' cufl8
g] k fndf ;" r gfsf] xs;DaGwL s' g } sfg" g L
Joj:yf lyPg . ;"rgfsf ;DaGwdf g]kfndf
klxnf] k6s lnvtxsf] uf]Kotf;DaGwL P]g,
@)#( ag]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]g, @)#( ;fndf
ag] klg @)^% h]i7 !% b]lv dfq nfu" ePsf]
b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] gfd g} lnvtxsf] uf]Kotf
;DaGwL P]g ePsf] sf/0f pQm P]g ;"rgf k|jfx
ug{ ag]sf] ge} uf]Ko /fVg ag]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm
P]gsf] bkmf #-!_ sf] v08 -s_-v_ / -u_ df
lnvtx tLg k|sf/n] uf]Ko /xg] u/L juL{s/0f
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . bkmf #-!_ -s_-v_ / -u_ df
plNnlvt ju{sf lnvtx dfq uf]Ko lnvt
dflgg] cGo lnvt uf]Ko gdflgg] eGg] bkmf @
sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] Joj:yfaf6 b]lvG5 .
o;sf] yk k'i6\ofO{ bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -$_ af6
x'G5 .
^= ;" r gfsf] xs ;DaGwdf sfg" g L
Joj:yf g]kfndf klxnf] k6s g]kfn clw/fHosf]
625
;+ljwfg, @)$& nfu" ePkl5 ePsf] xf] . pQm

;+ljwfgn] efu # df ljleGg df}lns xsxsf]
Joj:yf uof] . pQm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^ df
k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] s'g} klg
ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs x'g]5 egL
Joj:yf u/L k| l tjGwfTds jfSof+ z f/f
sfg"gadf]lhd uf]Ko /fVg' kg{] ;"rgf afx]s
;fj{ h lgs dxTjsf] ljifosf] ;" r gf k| T o] s
gful/sn] kfpg] u/L ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns
xs agfOof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
vf/]h eO{ xfn g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
nfu" 5 . jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] klg wf/f
@& df ;"rgfsf] xs k|To]s gful/snfO{ df}lns
xssf] ?kdf k|fKt 5 . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn]
gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ljifodf dfq
;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ;"rgfsf] xssf] Joj:yf
u/]sf]df jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] cfkm\gf] jf ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] b'j} ljifosf] ;"rgf Pj+ hfgsf/L
k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ wf/f !)&@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntaf6 Enforce u/L k|rng
u/fpg] u/L Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . wf/f @&
o; k|sf/ 5M
wf/f @&M ;"rgfsf] xsM k|To]s gful/snfO{
cfkm\gf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g}
klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] jf kfpg] xs
x'g]5 .
t/ sfg"gf/f uf]Ko /fVg' kg{] ;"rgfsf]
hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
&= ;"rgfsf] xs dxTjk"0f{ xs xf] .
;" r gfsf] xs k| T o] s gful/snfO{ /fHo jf
;/sf/sf] lj?4 dfq k|fKt x'g] xs xf] . /fHo
eGgfn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f #* f/f ul7t / wf/f #& cGtu{tsf]
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|of]u ug{] k|wfgdGqLsf]
cWoIftfdf ul7t dlGqkl/ifb\ tyf cGo
dGqfnonfO{ dfq geO{ ;+ l jwfg Pj+
sfg"gadf]lhd ul7t cGo lgsfox h;nfO{
State jf Instrumentalities of the State elgG5,
tL ;a} lgsfox klg wf/f @& sf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu /fHo cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
wf/f @& sf] xs dxTjk"0f{ xs xf] .

wf/f @& n] k|To]s gful/snfO{ b'O{ k|sf/sf]
ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] xs k|bfg ub{5 .
-s_ cfkm\gf] ljifodf /
-v_ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf .
*= ;"rgfsf] xssf ;DaGwdf g]kfndf
sfg"gL xssf] ?kdf / olb ;"rgf k|bfg ug{
OGsf/ ul/Pdf To;nfO{ k|rng u/fpg] u/L
@)$& ;fndf dfq z'? ePklg o;sf] ljsf;qmd
x]bf{ g]kfndf Pre Constitutional days df klg
zf;sxn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] dxTjk"0f{ sfdx
cfkm\gf hgtf cyf{t Tolt a]nfsf /}ltxnfO{
hfgsf/L ug{] u/fpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ztflJbof}}+
cufl8 g]kfn hgsNof0fsf/L /fHo lyPg . Tolt
a]nf ;/sf/sf] sfd eg]sf] dfnkf]t p7fpg] /
zflGt ;'/Iff ug{] sfddf dfq ;Lldt lyof] .
Tolt a]nf clxn]sf] h:tf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfdn]
Jofkstf kfPsf] lyPg . ;+ljwfg g} gePsf]n]
Tolta]nf df}lns xs jf sfg"gL xs eGg] g}
lyPg . cfly{s ljsf;sf] gfddf af6f] 3f6f],
k|fylds ljBfno, d7 dlGb/, kf6L kf}jf, rf}tf/f,
wf/f ;Qn, u'7L :yfkgf cflb lgdf{0fdf ;Lldt
lyof] . o:tf] sfndf klg s;}n] s'g} sfo{ ubf{
s;sf] kfnfdf s;n] lsg s;/L slxn] s] lgdf{0f
sfo{ jf :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] ;f] s'/fx kf6L,
;Qn, d7, dlGb/sf] 306Ldf jf lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfdf, 9'+ufdf, s'g} wft'df jf
sf7df s'bL cyf{t\ Inscription u/L /fVg] k|rng
lyof] . Tolt a]nfsf] o:tf] sfo{ eg]sf] hgtfnfO{
;';"lrt u/]sf] xf] . ;"rgfsf] xs} gegf} zf;sn]
Tolt a]nf klg cfkm\gf /}tLgful/snfO{ cfkm"n]
u/]sf] sfdsf] ;';"lrt ug{] ub{y] . Tolt a]nfsf]
o:tf sfo{g} ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf ljifo lyof]
eg] ;';"lrt x'g] xs ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] df}lns
xs;lxtsf] lnlvt ;+ l jwfg ePsf] cfhsf]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @&
sf] dxTjsf] af/]df oxFf ljj]rgf x'g cfjZos
b]lvof] .
(= ;"rgfsf] c+u]|hLdf Information xf] .
Information Latin word Informore af6 cfPsf]
626
xf] . ;"rgf eGgfn] s'g} ljifodf ePsf] sfd

sf/jfxL jf s'g} ljrf/nfO{ af]n]/ jf n]v]/ jf
s'g} b[io jf Image af6 ;a}n] jf w]/}n] yfxf
kfpg] u/L k|sflzt, k|rf/ / k|;f/ ug{] sfo{
xf] . cfhsf] k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL ePsf]
/fi6xdf ;"rgfsf] xssf] clt g} dxTj x'G5 .
k|hftGqdf ;dfh v'nf x'G5 . v'nf ;dfhdf
;/sf/n] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL jf cGo h'g;'s}
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ;a}nfO{ yfxf
kfpg] / 5nkmn u/L cfcfkm\gf] wf/0ff / ljrf/
JoQm ug{] clwsf/ k|fKt x'G5 . k|hftGqdf cfjlws
r'gfjsf] dfWodf/f x/]s rf/ jif{ jf kfFr
jif{df hgtfxn] cfkm\gf] dxTjk"0f{ dtbfg ug{]
xsdfkm{t\ ;/sf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] jf abNg]
sfd ub{ 5 g\ . ;/sf/n] ug{ ] k| T o] s sfd
cfdgful/s / /fi6 lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL u/]sf]
x'g'k5{ . cfhsf] hgsNof0fsf/L /fHodf k|To]s
lbg ;/sf/n] w]/} / dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox u/]sf]
x'G5 . o:tf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf] af/]df gful/sn]
;';"lrt x'g] xs /fVb5 . hgtf / ;+ljwfgk|lt
Accountable ;/sf/n] cfkm\ g f] g} l tstf,
hjfkmb]lxtf / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ sfd
ug{'k5{ . To;}n] ;/sf/n] jf c? ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] s] s:tf lg0f{o jf gLlt lgdf{0f jf
cGo sfd u/] o:tf s'/fx yfxf kfpg] k|To]s
gful/ssf] df}lns xs xf] .
!)= k|hftGqdf ;/sf/ agfpg] sfddf
dtbfg ug{ kfpg] pd]/ k'u]sf] Ps Ps JolQmsf]
cfcfkm\gf] of]ubfg / e"ldsf x'G5 . To;}n] cfkm"n]
r'g]/ k7fPsf] cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwn] s] ub{}5 s]
s:tf] of] u bfg lbPsf] 5 eGg] s' / f k| T o] s
dtbftfn] yfxf kfpg] xs /fVb5g\ . ;/sf/
cfkm}n] ;DkGg u/]sf sfdx /fhkqdfkm{t\
;"rgf k|sflzt u/]/ jf cfkm\gf] k|jQmff/f jf
s'g} Media sf] dfWodf/f hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt
u/fpg] ub{5 .
!!= k| h ftGq eg] s f] v' n f ;dfhdf
ljZjf; /fVg] /fhgLlts Joj:yf xf] . sfg"gn]
uf] K o /fVg kg{ ] ;+ j ] b gzLn s' / fx afx] s
k|hftGqdf cGo ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx v'Nnf x'G5 .
k|hftGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf kf/bzL{tf xf] .

;';"lrt gful/s g} k|hftflGqs ;/sf/sf] zlQm
/ an xf] . k|hftflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf x/]s
;/sf/L sfd sf/jfxLsf] hgtfn] h:tfsf] t:t}
Censor gu/L yfxf kfpg] xs /fVb5g\ / yfxf
kfPsf] x'g'k5{ . ;/sf/n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfd
sf/jfxLsf] k| l tlqmof (Feedback) hgtfaf6
cleJoQm ljrf/af6 g} yfxf kfpg] x'Fbf hgtf
;';"lrt x'g clt cfjZos x'G5 . k|hftflGqs
/fHo Joj:yfdf uf]Kotf -Secrecy), Exception
/ ;" r gf ;Dk| ] i f0f Rule x' g ' k 5{ . k| h ftGq
v' n fkgdf cfwfl/t x' g ] x' F b f /fi6 lxt /
;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu uf]Kotf g/fvL gx'g]
s]xL ljifo afx]s cGo ljifo ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{
;';"lrt ug{'k5{, u'kr'k / uf]Ko /fVg' x'Fb}g .
!@= ;';"lrt x'g] xs k|To]s gful/ssf]
df}lns xs egL cfh ljZjJofkL ?kdf dflgPsf]
5 . ;';"lrt x'g] xs k|To]s ;fj{ef}d /fi6sf]
gful/ssf] df}lns xs dfq geO{ k|To]s dfgjsf]
dfgj clwsf/ ;d]t dflgPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n]
;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ Inclusive / patricipatory
Democracy df ;'zf;g / ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfk|lt
Accountable agfpg] alnof] dfWod dfGg'k5{ .
;/sf/L sfddf hgtf, cfdgful/ssf] hlt kx'Fr
x'G5, Tolt g} ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfk|lt Accountable
x'g 3R3RofO{ /xG5 . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwdf
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
3f]if0ff x'g' eGbf cufl8 ;g\ !($^ df ;+o'Qm

/fi6;+3n] k|:tfj g+= 59(1) kfl/t u/L Freedom
of information is a fundamental human right
and the touchstone of all the freedoms to
which the UN is consecrated eg]sf] b]lvG5 .
;g\ !($* df ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn]

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),
1948 adopt uof] / UDHR sf] wf/f !( df "
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion
and expression; this right includes freedom to
hold opinions without interference and to seek,
receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers."
627
egL ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqttfsf] ;fydf

;"rgf / ljrf/ dfu ug]{ / cfbfg k|bfg ug{] xs
klg k|To]s dfgjsf] Regardless of frontiers
dfgj clwsf/ x'G5 egL Adopt ul/Psf] 5 .
!#= ;g\ !(^^ df ;fwf/0f ;efn]
International Covenant on civil and Political
Rights, 1966 nfO{ Treaty Body
?kdf Adopt
uof] . g]kfn ;f] Covenant df kIf ag]sf] 5 .
kIf ag]sf] sf/0f ICCPR g]kfndf sfg"g;/x
nfu" x'G5 . ;f] Covenant n] klg ;';"lrt x'g]
sf]
dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf wf/f !( df,

1.
Everyone shall have the right to hold

opinions without interference.
2.
Everyone shall have the right to

freedom of expression; this right shall
include freedom to seek, receive and
impart information and ideas of all kinds,
regardless of frontiers, either orally, in
writing or in print, in the form of art, or
through any other media of his choice.
3.
The exercise of the rights provided for

in paragraph 2 of this article carries with
it special duties and responsibilities. It
may therefore be subject to certain
restrictions, but these shall only be such
as are provided by law and are
necessary:
(a) For respect of the rights or reputations
of others;
(b) For the protection of national security
or of public order (ordre public), or of
public health or morals. egL pkwf/f
# cg';f/ c?sf] Reputation / Right
/Iff ug{] / national Security / Public
Order, Public Health / Public Moral
sf] nflu /f]s nufpg' kg{] cj:yfdf

afx]s ;a} dfgjnfO{ cfkm\gf] ljrf/
cleJoQm ug{] :jtGqtf / ;"rgf /
hfgsf/L dfUg] dfgj clwsf/ x'g]
egL kIf /fi6n] Derogate ug{ gkfpg]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

sf] wf/f @& nfO{ Reinforce ug{ ]
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .
!$= wf/f @& sf] ;" r gfsf] xs
;DaGwdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$
ag]sf] xf] . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$
sf] k|:tfjgfdf wf/f @& sf] dg;fo / efjgf
emNs]sf] b]lvG5 . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g,
@)^$ sf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f @& sf] Essence
xf] . ;/sf/n] ug{] x/]s sfd, x/]s lg0f{o /
lgdf{0f ug{] x/]s gLltdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/
;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n] P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf
;/sf/sf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ v'nf / kf/bzL{
agfpg], ;/sf/nfO{ gful/s k|lt lhDd]jf/ /
hjfkmb] x L agfpg] / ;fj{ h lgs dxTjsf]
ljifosf] ;"rgfdf cfdgful/ssf] kx'Fr ;/n
/ ;xh agfpg] p2]Zon] pQm P]g ag]sf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . k|:tfjgfaf6 P]gsf] dd{, efjgf /
p2]Zo b]lvG5 . P]gsf] k|:tfjgf x]bf{ j[xQ/
/fli6o lxtdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg{] ;Dj]bgzLn
ljifoxdf afx] s ;/sf/sf] cGo sfd
sf/jfxLdf ;/sf/ pbf/ / kf/bzL{ eP/ ;/n
tl/sfn] gful/snfO{ ;" l rt ug{ ' k g{ ] :ki6
Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . P]gsf] bkmf #-#_ sf]
v08 -s_ b]lv -_ ;Ddsf ljifodf afx]s cGo
ljifodf ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf bkmf
# af6 b]lvG5 eg] bkmf #-#_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv
-_ ;Ddsf Joj:yf wf/f @& sf] xsdf
Reasonable Restriction dfGg'k5{ . P]gsf] bkmf
#-#_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -_ ;Ddsf ljifodf
gful/ssf] kx'Fr gx'g] bkmf # df :ki6 x'Fbf
x'Fb} ;f] afx]s cGo ljifodf ;"rgf dfUg] xs
k|To]s gful/sdf ;'/lIft 5 / olb cGo ljifodf
;/sf/n] gful/snfO{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ OGsf/
u5{ eg] To:tf] ljifo o; cbfntsf] wf/f
!)&-@_ cGtu{t Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] ljifo
aG5 .
!%= wf/f @& df b'O{ ljifo ;dfj]z
5g\ . Ps ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf
;"rgf dfUg] ljifo, csf{] ljifo cfkm\gf] ljifodf
;"rgf dfUg] ljifo . lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] ljifo

;fj{ h lgs ;/f] s f/sf] ljifo ge} cfkm\ g f]
ljifodf ;"rgf dfu u/]sf] lgtfGt JolQmut
ljifosf] ;"rgf dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs
k/LIffyL{ ePsf] sf/0f cfkm"n] lbPsf] k/LIffdf
pQ/k'l:tsf hfFr x'Fbf hfFr ug{] JolQmaf6 s]
slt c k| b fg eP5 ;f] hfGgsf] nflu
pQ/k'l:tsfs} k|ltlnlk dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!^= lzIff k|fKt ug{] k|To]s JolQmsf]
df}lns xs xf] . lzIfff/f g} dfgjsf] JolQmTj
ljsf; x'G5 . lzIff k|fKt JolQmn] ag]sf] ;dfh,
/fi6sf] jf}l4s ;DklQ xf] . lzlIft ;dfh /
lzlIft hgtfaf6 /fi6sf] b'|tt/ cfly{s ljsf;
x'G5 . lzlIft ;dfh / lzlIft hgtfaf6 dfq
zf] i f0f/xLt ;dfh / hgsNof0fsf/L /fHo
lgdf{0f ;Dej x'G5 . To;}n] cfhsf] ljZjdf
k|To]s ;/sf/n] lzIffnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . lzIffn] gful/snfO{ Empower u5{ .
xfd|f] lzIff k2lt Basically a]nfotL Model
af6 k|efljt b]lvG5 . tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs jif{;q
e/L sIffdf u'?xn] n]Sr/ -Lecture_, ;]ldgf/
cflb dfkm{ t k9fPsf] , l;sfPsf] cfwf/df
;~rflnt k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt eO{ k/LIffdf
ljBfyL{sf] Performence sf] hfFr x'Fbf k|fKtfsf]
cfwf/df pQL0f{{ / cg'QL0f{ d"Nofg ul/G5 .
k/LIff lnlvt x'G5 . k/LIffyL{ cyjf ljBfyL{n]
k/LIffdf j;L p;n] cfkm\gf] slkdf lnlvt
pQ/ lbPkl5 p;sf] hjfkmb]lxtf Pj+ st{Jo
k"/f x'G5 . k|To]s ljBfyL{n] pQL0f{{ x'g] cfsf+Iff
/ cfzn] k/LIffsf] nflu tof/ eO{ cfcfkm\gf]
Ifdtf / j'l4cg';f/ k/LIffdf pQ/ lbG5g\ .
ljBfyL{sf] JolQmut af}l4s Ifdtfcg';f/ Pp6}
ljifodf s;}n] Hofb} w]/} c k|fKt ug{] / s;}n]
Average c k| f Kt ug{ ] , sf] x L pQL0f{ { g} gx' g '
k/LIffdf o:tf s'/fx eO{ g} /xG5g\ . To;}u/L
k/LIffyL{ n ] k/LIff lbPkl5 pQ/k' l :tsfsf]
jf}l4s k/LIf0f klg Tolt g} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
k/LIffyL{n] k/LIff lbPkl5 ca Ball txtx
x'Fb} pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIfssf] Court df k'Ub5 .
k/LIfs :jefj}n] ljfg / lzIfs x'G5 . lzIfs
628
ePkl5 :jefj / k]zf b'j}n] cfkm}n] k9fPsf]

ljBfyL{xsf] pQ/k'l:tsf cfkm\gf] 1fg / ;Lk
nufP/ hfFr x'g] s'/fdf klg ljjfb x'Fb}g .
pQ/k'l:tsf hfFr ug{]n] e]befj / nfk/jfxL
u5{ eGg] ljZjf; ug{} ;lsb}g . ljgf k|df0f
lzIfs k]zfdf nfu]sf af}l4s JolQmTjnfO{ o:tf]
cf/f]k nufpg' x'Fb}g . lzIfs jf k/LIfssf]
pQ/k' l :tsfdf s' g } JolQmut :jfy{ x' F b } g .
cfkm}n] k9fPsf] ljBfyL{ kf; ePsf] b]Vg] Ps
dfq rfxgf x/]s lzIfssf] x'G5 . pQ/k'l:tsf
hfFr xf];\ jf cGo s'g} klg cj:yfdf xf];\
lzIfs jf lzIf0f ;+ : yfsf lj?4 nfk/jfxL
zAbsf] k|of]u;Dd klg k/LIfs jf lzIfsdfly
cGofo x'g hfG5 . lzIfsdfly To:tf] zAbsf]
k|of]u xf]nf eg]/ o; cbfntn] sNkgf;Dd
klg ub{ } g . a? Ps lzIfsaf6 x' g ] Ps
n]Sr/af6 Ps sf]7fleq x'g] ;a} ljBfyL{ To;
ljifodf Enlighten x' g ] s' / fdf o; cbfnt
ljZjf; /fVb5 . To;}n] k/LIffyL{sf
pQ/k' l :tsf / pQ/k' l :tsf hfF R g] ljifo
;DalGwt ljBfyL{, ;DalGwt k/LIfs / ;DalGwt
ljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . o:tf] ljifo
s] x L xb;Dd ljBfyL{ s f] cljefjs;F u klg
;/f]sf/ kg{] ljifo x'g;S5 . o:tf] ljifonfO{
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] Domain leq
kb{}g eGg] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsb}g . To;}n]
lgj] b ssf] dfucg' ; f/ lgj] b ssf] cfkm\ g f]
pQ/k' l :tsf ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f @&-!_ sf]
;fj{ h lgs ;/f] s f/sf] ljifo;F u c;DalGwt
gePsf] ljifo, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf #-#_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -_ ;Ddsf]
;"rgf k|jfx ug{ sfg"gn] /f]s nufPsf] ljifoleq
klg gkg{] / lgj]bs lqe'jg ljZjljBfno cfkm}n]
agfPsf] ;+u7g tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g;DaGwL
lgod, @)%) n] klg /f]s nufPsf] gb]lvPsf]
x'Fbf ljkIfL ljho cof{nsf] dfucg';f/ lghsf]
cfkm\gf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk lgh}nfO{ pknAw
u/fpg gkg{] s'g} sf/0f b]lvb}g .
!&= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
n] ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;DaGwdf @)$& ;fnsf]
629
;+ljwfgsf] ;"rgfsf] xsdf s]xL ;'wf/ u/]sf]

b]lvG5 . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^ df
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljifodf dfq ;"rgf
dfUg] / kfpg] xs lyof] eg] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f @& df ;fj{ h lgs ;/f] s f/sf] ljifosf]
cltl/Qm cfkm\gf] ljifosf] klg ;"rgf dfUg] /
kfpg] u/L cfkm\gf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf
klg yk]sf] b]lvG5 . dfly elgof], ;"rgf dfUg] /
;"rgf k|bfg ug{] sfo{n] kf/bzL{tf NofpF5 .
;';l" rt x'g] xs / kf/bzL{tfn] ;"rgf k|bfg ug{k' g{]
kIfnfO{ Accountable rgfvf] / ;zQm agfpF5 .
Accountable, ;zQm / rgfvf] ePkl5 ;Dkfbg
ug{] sfdk|lt j9L xf]lzof/L agfpF5 . a9L xf]lzof/L
ePkl5 x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt dfgjLo e"n / uNtL
klg ;'wfl/g ;S5 . pQ/k'l:tsf hFfr ubf{
dfgljo e"n x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/f lq=lj=lj= sf]
sfg"gdf ePsf] ;Dk/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf / Retotalling
sf] Joj:yfaf6 klg b]lvG5 .
!*= cfkm\ g f] pQ/k' l :tsfdf k| f Kt
k|fKtfdf lrQ ga'em] Retotalling u/fpg ;Sg]
xs lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] cfkm\g} sfg"gn] klg
k|To]s kl/IffyL{nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf]
ljifodf ;"rgf dfUg] xs k|To]s gful/snfO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @&
-!_ n] df}lns xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf]
xs ;DaGwL P] g , @)^$ sf] bkmf #-#_ sf]
k|ltjlGwt ;"rLdf pQ/k'l:tsf ;dfj]z ePsf]
b]lvb}g / ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$
cg' ; f/ k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ s f]
sfof{nof/f hf/L ;"rgfsf] juL{s/0fdf klg
pQ/k'l:tsf k/]sf] b]lvb}g . t;y{ ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f @& cGtu{ t cfkm\ g f] pQ/k' l :tsfsf]
k|ltlnlk dfu ug{] / pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk
kfpg] k| T o] s kl/IffyL{ s f] xs ePsf] x' F b f
kl/IffyL{ n ] lgj] b s lqe' j g ljZjljBfnon]
tf]s]sf] zt{df cfkm\gf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk
kfpg' k5{ . To;}n] ljkIfL ;"rgf cfof]usf]
ldlt @)^^.%.@( sf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ k/]g .
t;y{ ;f] xb;Dd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
!(= t/ b]xfosf zt{sf cfwf/df ljkIfL

k/LIffyL{nfO{ cfkm\gf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk
pknAw u/fpg' egL lgj]bssf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z
hf/L x'G5 .
-s_ pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk dfu ug{] k|To]s
k/LIffyL{n] cfkm\gf] dfq pQ/k'l:tsfsf]
k|ltlnlk dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-v_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
eP klg jf/];dfkm{t\ jf c? JolQmsf]
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk dfu ug{ kfOg]
5}g .
-u_ ljZjljBfnon] pknAw u/fPsf] k|j]z
kq (Admission Card) sf] cfwf/df dfq
/ ;DalGwt k/LIffyL{nfO{ dfq k|ltlnlk
pknAw u/fpg' kg{] .
-3_ k|ltlnlk b:t"/ slt lng] tyf dfu u/]sf]
slt lbgleq pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk sxfF
pknAw u/fpg] eGg] s' / f lgj] b s
ljZjljBfno cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-_ pQ/k'l:tsfdf k|fKt c sfg"gadf]lhd
Retotalling x'g ;Sg]df / pQ/k'l:tsfdf
e"nj; s'g} c g} k|bfg ePsf] /x]g5
eg] To:tf] d f sfg" g adf] l hd lgj] b s
ljZjljBfnoaf6} k/LIf0f x'g]df afx]s
cGoq jf c? s;}af6 k'gM pQ/k'l:tsf
k/LIf0f x'g ;Sg] 5}g .
-r_ cGo cj:yfdf pQ/k' l :tsf k/LIf0f
cyf{t\ hfFr ug{] JolQmsf] klxrfg uf]Ko
/fVg]5 .
lg0f{o g+= *%(%

dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] l/6 g+=)^^wo!#^&
cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!@.(.$
ljifo M pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+ !), s[i0f6fj/
l:yt sfof{no /x]sf] :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=
sf clwsf/k|fKt JolQm 6dL xnf]kfOg]g
;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM >d cbfnt ;d]t
@)= of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfL /fli6o

;"rgf cfof]unfO{ lbO{ k|:t't l/6 bfo/Lsf] nut
sf6L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ ug"{ .
Gof=cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn h]7 $ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnfz clws[tM pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td
l
630
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !% cg';f/

clgjfo{ cjsfz lb+ b f s' g } lglZrt
k|lqmof k"/f ug'{kg]{ egL s'g} sfo{ljlwsf]
Joj:yf gu/] s f] cj:yfdf clgjfo{
cjsfz eGg] pQm bkmfdf k|of]u ePsf]
zAbaf6} %% jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePkl5 :jtM
cjsfz x' g ] eGg] b] l vG5 . o:tf]
cjsfznfO{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
%@ cGtu{tsf] sf/jfxL u/]sf] / bkmf
%# sf] sfo{ljlw k"/f gu/]sf] egL cy{
ug{ gldNg] .
bkmf %# sf] sfo{ljlw bkmf %@ cg';f/sf]
;hfo ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ afWofTds
sfo{ljlwcg';f/ lbPsf] cjsfz bkmf
%@ cg';f/ sf/jfxL u/]sf] geO{ bkmf
!% cg';f/ clgjfo{ cjsfz lbPsf] x'Fbf
o:tf] cjsfzpk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg]
Joj:yf >d P]gn] u/]sf] gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
k|lti7fgsf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] lgldQ
geO{ gx'g] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf
cjlw c? % jif{;Ddsf] nflu yk ug{
*%(% - :kfO; g]kfn ;d]t lj=>d cbfnt ;d]t
;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yfcg';f/ s'g} sDkgLn]

%% jif{ k"/f u/L clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg]
cj:yfsf] sd{ r f/LnfO{ klg c? %
jif{;Dd ;]jf cjlw yk ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
ePsf]df To;/L ;]jf cjlw yk u/]sf]
eGg] gb] l vPsf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{
afWofTds ?kdf % jif{ yk x'g] egL
cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
% jif{;Dd eGg'sf] cy{ % jif{eGbf a9L
;] j f cjlw yk ug{ gkfOg] , t/ %
jif{eGbf sd hlt;'s} ;]jf cjlw yk
ug{ ;lsg] eGg] xf] . t;y{ pQm
Joj:yfnfO{ % jif{ g} yKg kg]{ afWofTds
Joj:yf xf] egL cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
Confirmation Letter lbO{ Ps jif{ ;]jf
k"/f ePsf] egL n]lvPsf] Joxf]/fnfO{
;]jf cjlw yk ul/Psf] egL cy{ ug{
gldNg] .
;]jf cjlw yk ubf{ b'j} kIfsf] d'v
ldn]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cjlw ls6fg
u/L ;]jf cjlw yk ul/Psf] s'/f :ki6
pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g'k5{, cGoyf ;]jf
cjlw yk ul/Psf] egL cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo >L

>Lxl/ cof{n, >L zDe' yfkf tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx >L lzj l/hfn, >L
ltnsljqmd kf08], >L cfO{axfb'/ u'?,
>L cg" k /fh pk| ] t L, >L sdnk| ; fb
vgfn
ljkIfL tkm{ a f6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L
/]jtL/fh lqkf7L Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx
>L uf]kfns[i0f l3ld/], >L ob'gfy vgfn,
>L afa' / fd s' F j /, >L s[ i 0fk| ; fb
;fksf]6f, >L b]j]Gb| emf, >L s0f{axfb'/
yfkf, >L kz'{/fd sf]O/fnf
cjnlDat ghL/M
631
;Da4 sfg"gM
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !%, %@, ^)
d'n'sL P]g, c=a+ *@ g
cfb]z
Gof=ts{ / fh e6[ M g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_ cGtu{t
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
xfdL l/6 lgj]bs :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=
-o;kl5 l/6 lgj]bs elgPsf] 5_ n] ljkIfLdWo]sf
;' j L/ vgfnnfO{ ;] K 6] D a/ !$, @))&
-@)^$.%.@*_ df Joj:yfks t];|f] txdf sfo{
ug]{ u/L ;]jfdf lnOPsf]df gf]e]Da/ !, @))&
-@)^$.&.!%_ df Joj:yfks bf];|f] tx, k|d'v
k|zf;sLo clws[t -Chief administrative officer_
sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf]df lghsf] ;]jf cfjZos
gePsf]n] lghsf] pd]/ %% jif{ k"/f e};s]sf]
s' / f ;d] t nfO{ b[ l i6ut u/L cGo ;' l jwfsf
cltl/Qm Ps dlxgfsf] tna ;d]t lbO{ clk|n
@^, @))( -@)^^.!.!#_ af6 clgjfo{ cjsfz
lbO ;f]sf] hfgsf/L tTsfn} lbO{ d] &, @))(@)^^.!.@$_ df lghn] sDkgLnfO{ pknAw
u/fPsf] kmf]g gDa/;lxtsf] lghsf] 3/ 7]ufgfdf
/lhi6L kq ;d]t k7fO{ hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] .
;f]sf] hfgsf/L sDkgLn] ldlt @)^^.!.@* df
>d sfof{no 6]s'nfO{ ;d]t lbPsf] lyof] . lghn]
pQm kq a'g gdfg]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v eO{ pQm
kq sDkgLdf lkmtf{ cfP klg clgjfo{ cjsfz
kfPsf] s'/fnfO{ ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnn] :jLsf/
u/L pQm ldltkZrft\ sDkgLdf s'g} ;Dks{
g/fvL a]vj/ a;]sf 5g\ . ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnn]
clk|n @^, @))( df clgjfo{ cjsfz lbPsf]
kqsf] !* cui6 @))( -@)^^.%.@_ sf] gf]6/fOH8
k|ltlnlksf cfwf/df ldlt @)^^.%.@* df >d
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgkq bfo/ u/]sf] ;DaGwdf
ljkIfL >d cbfntaf6 sDkgLnfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fOPsf] d f sDkgLaf6 ;f] af/] d f ePsf]
jf:tljs Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L lnlvt k|ltjfb
u/L k|df0f ;d]t k]z ul/Psf]df ;f] tYo, k|df0fsf]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
s'g} d"Nofg gu/L ljkIfL >d cbfntn] k"jf{u|xL

9+uaf6 >d P]g, @)$* sf] unt / q'l6k"0f{ tyf
u}/sfg"gL ts{ cl3 ;f/L lgh ljkIfL ;'jL/
vgfnsf] ;]jfn] lg/Gt/tf gkfpg] egL clk|n
@^, @))( df lbPsf] clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] kq,
;f] ; F u ;DalGwt lg0f{ o nufot ;Dk" 0 f{ sfd
sf/jfxL ab/ x'g] egL ldlt @)^&.#.!) df
km};nf u/]sf] /x]5 .
;'lj/ vgfn %% jif{ k"/f e};s]sf] /
lghsf] ;]jf sDkgLnfO{ cfjZos gk/L lghsf]
;]jfn] sDkgLdf lg/Gt/tf gkfpg] egL :ki6
pNn]v u/L >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd
clgjfo{ cjsfz lbPsf] cj:yfdf %% jif{ pd]/
k"/f ePkl5 klg sDkgLsf] ;]jfdf nufPsf]n]
lghsf] ;]jf % jif{;Dd :jtM ;'/lIft /x]sf]
egL ljkIfL >d cbfntn] u/]sf] pQm km};nf
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !%, / ^), d'n'sL P]g,
c=a+ *@ g+ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . clgjfo{
cjsfzsf] pd]/ k"/f ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf
cjlw yk ug]{ ;DaGwdf >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !% cg';f/ tLgj6f zt{ nfu" x'G5g\ . -!_
k|lti7fgsf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] lgldQ geO{ gx'g]
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cjlw dfq yk x'g ;Sb5 -@_
o;/L yk x'g] cjlw a9Ldf % -kfFr_ jif{sf] x'g
;S5 / -#_ o;/L ;]jf cjlw yk ug]{ jf gug]{
/ slt ;do;Dd yk ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f
ug]{ clwsf/ Joj:yfksnfO{ x'G5 . clgjfo{
cjsfzsf] pd] / k" / f ePsf] ljkIfL ;' j L/
vgfnsf] ;]jf sDkgLnfO{ cfjZos geO{ lghnfO{
clgjfo{ cjsfz lbOPsf] xf] .
lgh ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnnfO{ ;~rosf]if
;'ljwf lbOPsf] s'/f ;]K6]Da/ !&, @))* sf]
kqsf] Joxf]/faf6} :ki6 x'G5 . pQm kqdf ljkIfL
;'jL/ vgfnsf] ;]jf cjlw sDkgLn] % jif{ yk
u/]sf] eGg] slx+ st} pNn]v 5}g . ljkIfL >d
cbfntn] ;]K6]Da/ !&, @))* sf] pQm kqdf
x'Fb} gePsf] Joxf]/f 5 egL unt tYo / ts{
b]vfO{ cg'dfgsf e/df ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnsf]
;]jf cjlw % jif{ yk u/]sf] >d cbfntsf]
pQm km};nf u}/sfg"gL 5 .
632
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !% df %% jif{

pd]/ k"/f ePsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tTsfn clgjfo{
cjsfz glbO{ k"j{jt ;]jfdf nufPdf lghsf]
;]jf cjlw :jtM % jif{sf nflu yk x'g] Joj:yf
geO{ sDkgL :jo+n] cfgf] cfjZostf x]/L
lgwf{ / 0f ug] { clwsf/df cbfntnufot s' g }
lgsfoaf6 x:tIf]k x'g ;Sb}g .
clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] pd]/ k"/f ePkl5
sDkgLdf k"j{jt\ ;]jf ug{ kfpg' kg]{ sfg"gL xs
gx'g] egL ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;d]t
%% jif{ pd]/ k"/f eO{ cjsfz kfPsf] cj:yfdf
df}lns tyf sfg"gL xs xgg\ gx'g] egL /fdk|;fb
uf} t d lj=/fli6 o jfl0fHo a} + s ;d] t ePsf]
pTk|]if0f d'2fdf -l/=g+ @)^# wo))!%.@%^%
km} ; nf ldlt @)^^.$.#@_ l;4fGt k| l tkfbg
ul/Psf] 5 .
ljkIfL >d cbfntn] xsb} o fljxLg
k'g/fj]bg kqsf cfwf/df hj/\h:tL If]qflwsf/
u|x0f u/L pQm km};nf u/]sf] 5 . >d P]g, @)$*
sf] kl/R5]b\ * cGtu{t lbOPsf] ;hfopk/ dfq
P]=P]gsf] bkmf ^) adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;S5 .
clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] ljifodf >d P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf ^) cGtu{t >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg} ;Sb}g .
plNnlvt lhsL/xdf k|lts"n c;/
gkg]{ u/L yk lhsL/x lgDgadf]lhd 5g\ M
;j{k|ydtM clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] ljifodf
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ^) cGtu{t >d
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg} g;Sg]df k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] egL dfGg] xf] eg] klg >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf ^) cg';f/ #% lbgleq >d cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg]{df ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnn] clk|n
@^, @))(-@)^^.!.!#_ df clgjfo{ cjsfz
kfPsf]df To;sf] sl/j % dlxgfkZrft\ xbDofb
u'hf/L ldlt @)^^.%.@* df >d cbfntdf
k' g /fj] b gkq bfo/ u/] s f] cj:yf 5 . >d
cbfntn] ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfn sDkgLsf] clGtd
clVtof/L k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yfks gePsf]n] lghsf]
;]jfsf] xsdf ;d]t >d P]g, @)$* cfslif{t
x'g] egL u/]sf] km};nfdf ljkIfL h:tf] pRr
txsf] Joj:yfkssf] x} l ;otsf] sfo{ ug] {

sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf >d P]g cfslif{t gx'g] ePsf]n]
ljkIfL >d cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
ctM dfly ljleGg k|s/0fxdf pNn]v
ePadf]lhd ljkIfL >d cbfntn] cfgf] clwsf/
If]qleq gkg]{ ljifodf xbDofb ;d]t u'hf/L
k/]sf] xsb}ofljxLg k'g/fj]bgkqnfO{ u|x0f u/L
clgjfo{ cjsfz kfPsf] ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnsf]
;]jf ^) jif{;Dd ;'/lIft ePsf] egL unt /
u}/sfg"gL ts{ NofO{ ldlt @)^&.#.!) df u/]sf]
km};nf >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !% / ^), c=a=
*@ g+= nufot ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt eO{ lgj]bssf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#
/ !( f/f k|fKt ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ tyf cGo
sfg"gL xs s'l07t ug]{ ePsf]n] pQm u}/sfg"gL
km};nf / pQm km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ af/]sf]
ljkIfL >d ljefusf] ldlt @)^&.#.@# sf] kq
;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zaf6 ab/ u/L pQm km};nf
sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf
gfddf k/dfb]znufotsf] pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z
jf k"hL{ hf/L ul/kfpFm .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'+uf] gnfUb}
ljkIfLxaf6 pQm km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg]
k|jn ;Defjgf ePsf] s'/f >d ljefusf] ldlt
@)^&.#.@# sf] kqaf6 ;d]t :ki6 e}/x]sf]n] l/6
lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd pQm km};nf
nufot ljkIfL >d ljefusf] ldlt @)^&.#.@#
sf] kq ;d]t sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L k|:t't l/6nfO
cu|flwsf/ lbO{ x]/LkfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
l/6 lgj]bg .
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;" r gf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn
ug{ ldlt @)^&.$.!* sf] k] ; L tf] s L]
633
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf ;d]t lbO{ lgodfg';f/ ug'{

eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df >d ljefu sf7df8f}Fdf geO{
e};]kf6L nlntk'/df ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] cGtl/d
cfb] z ;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf] nflu ldlt
@)^&.$.@% sf] k];L tf]sL ljkIfL >d ljefusf
gfdsf] Dofb ;"rgf e};]kf6L nlntk'/df tfd]n
u/fO{ cGo ljkIfLx / lgj]bs ;d]tnfO{ ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L u/fO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj] b s 6dL xnf] k fOg] g >d P] g ,
@)$* sf] bkmf $-s_ adf] l hd >d ljefuaf6
sfd ug]{ :jLs[lt k|fKt u/L g]kfndf /x] a;]sf]
cj:yf gx' F b f sDkgLdf kbLo bfloTj lgjf{ x
ug{ kfpg] cflwsfl/s JolQm gePsf]n] lghnfO{
l/6 lgj] b g btf{ ug] { xsb} o f g} gePsf] n ]
k| : t' t l/6 lgj] b g vf/] h efuL 5 . l/6 lgj] b s
sDkgLn] df} l ns xs clwsf/ wf/0f ug{
;Sb} g . of] s' / f Tata E and L co. Ltd.VS
State of Bihar, AIR !(^% , Supreme court 40
sf] d' 2 fdf ;d] t l;4fGt k| l tkfbg ePsf] 5 .
df} l ns xs g} wf/0f gu/] s f] sDkgLn] df} l ns
xs pNn+ 3 g eof] egL km} ; nf ab/sf nflu
c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q k|of]u u/L l/6df cfpg
gldNg] ePsf] x' F b f klg l/6 lgj] b g vf/] h efuL
5.
>d cbfntaf6 dnfO{ ;]jfdf k'g{:yfkgf
ug]{ u/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^&.#.!)df ePsf] km};nf,
>d cbfnt sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL @)%@ sf] lgod
@% df ePsf] Joj:yfg' ; f/ >d ljefun]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{sfo{ u}/sfg"gL
x'g ;Sb}g . >d sfof{nosf] r=g+ !#!! sf]
kqdfkm{ t \ lgj] b s sDkgLnfO{ km} ; nf
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu kq k7fOPsf]df xfn;Dd
klg km};nf sfof{Gjog u/L dnfO{ k'gj{xfnL
ul/Psf] 5}g . ljwflosL sfg"gn] >d cbfntaf6
x'g] k'g/fj]bg txsf] km};nfnfO{ clGtd dfgL
>lds sd{ r f/LxnfO{ rfF 8 f] Gofo lbnfpg]
dg;foaf6 k|]l/t eO{ Justice delayed is justice
denied eGg] sfg" g sf] ;j{ d fGo l;4fGtnfO{

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
cfTd;fy u/] s f] d f lgj] b sn] k| : t' t l/6af6

Justice delayed ug{ vf]h]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
:kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=n] dfr{ @(, @))(
-@)^% r}q !^ ut]_ d]/f] tna a[l4 ubf{sf] kq
Aoxf]/faf6} %% jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f e};s]kl5 g}
sDkgLn] dnfO{ :yfoL u/]sf] cj:yf xf] . :yfoL
u/] s f] Ps dlxgf ljTg gkfpF b } ljgfsf/0f
Discontinue from service eGg] kqnfO{ ljkIfLn]
>d P]g, @)$* cg';f/ :ki6Ls/0fsf] df}sf;Dd
glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] tYonfO{ sfg"gL cfj/0f
lbgsf nflu dfq clgjfo{ cjsfz elgPsf] xf] .
Discontinue from service egL ldlt @)^^.!.!#
df dnfO{ n]lvPsf] elgPsf] tyfslyt kq >d
sfof{nodf :kfO{; g]kfnn] ldlt @)^^.!.@* df
k7fPsf] kq;fy ;+nUg ul/Psf] klg 5}g . pQm
kq dnfO{ ;f]xL ;dodf pknAw gu/fOPsf]af6
klg of] kq klxn]sf] ldlt /fvL kl5 tof/ ul/Psf]
xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .
l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;]K6]Da/ !&, @))*
-@)^%.&.!_ sf] Confirmation in service sf] kq
/ dfr{ @(, @))( sf] tna a[l4;DaGwL kq
k| : t' t gu/L cfg} lj?4df k| d f0f nfUg]
sfuhftx n'sfpg] l5kfpg] sfo{x u/]sf]
5 . o:tf ax' / fli6 o sDkgLxn] :jb] z sf]
sfg"gnfO{ Derailed u/fpg] kl/kf6Lsf] cGt ul/g'
kb{5 .
dnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] gf]6f]/fOh8
kqsf] kmf]6f]skL -@))( cui6 !* cyf{t\ @)^^
efb| @ ut] _ k| f Kt u/] k l5 sDkgLnfO{ ldlt
@)^^.%.# df hfgsf/L lbO{ cfkm" sfg" g L
pkrf/sf] nflu cbfnt ;dIf hfg] kq k7fPsf]
lyPF . dnfO{ tyfslyt gf]6f]/fOh8 skL pknAw
gu/fpFbf;Dd sDkgLn] dnfO{ k|of]usf] nflu
lbPsf] sDkgLsf] uf8L ;d]t k|of]u ug{ lbO{
/x]sf] cj:yf lyof] .
>d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod @^ df
:yfoL sd{rf/Lxsf] ;~rosf]if sf6\g] Joj:yf
cg';f/ d]/f] ;~ro sf]if sf6\g z'? u/]sf] /
dnfO{ ldlt @)^%.&.! df pknAw u/fPsf]
Confirmation in service sf] kqdf k|of]u ePsf]
;f] jfSof+zn] g} :yfoL u/]sf] cyf{t csf]{ % jif{

;]jf cjlw >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd
yk u/]sf] eGg] :ki6 5 . %% jif{ pd]/ k"/f
geP;Dd >d P]g, @)$* cg';f/ sd{rf/lsf]
;]jf ;'/lIft x'g] eP h:t} %% jif{ gf3]sf]
dlxgf} kl5 :yfoL u/]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ^)
jif{ gk'Ubf;Dd ;'/lIft x'g] klg lglZrt xf] .
t;y{ sDkgLn] d]/f] >d P]gf/f k|bQ clwsf/
k|lt cltqmd0f u/L df}lns clwsf/sf] xgg\
u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ pN6f] cfgf] df}lns xs xgg\
ePsf] egL sfg"gL cfj/0f cf]9\g] s'lT;t k|of;
u/]sf] x'bF f Promissory estoppel tyf Approbate
and Repprobate sf] doctrine nfu" e} l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 .
ljkIfL h:tf] pRr txsf] Joj:yfkssf]
x}l;otsf] sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf >d P]g
cfslif{t gx'g] eGg] lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf olb
>d P]g cfslif{t gx'g] xf] eg] P]= P]gsf] cfwf/df
clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] s'/f g} cfpg ;Sb}g gt %%
jif{ pd]/sf] k|fjwfg g} cfslif{t x'g ;S5 . cfgf]
:jfy{sf nflu bf]xf]/f] lhsL/ lng] s'/f ;Ddflgt
cbfntnfO{ ;Xo x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf Doctrine of
acquesence n] lbzf lgb]{z u/L /x]sf] ;':ki6
cj:yfdf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
ctM uf]nd6f]n ?kdf jf:tljs tYonfO{
n'sfP/ ;kmf xft glnO{ xr'jf lsl;dn] bfo/
ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L cnu km';{b lbnfO{
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bs 6dL xnf]kfOg]gn]
>d P]g, @)$* cg';f/ lng' kg]{ >d :jLs[lt
lnPsf] b]lvFb}g To:tf] ljb]zL gful/sn] s'g}
klg sDkgLdf kbLo bfloTj axg ug{ ldNb}g .
t;y{ lghn] >d P]g, @)$* cg';f/ c?n]
clwsf/ xgg\ u/] eg]/ l/6df cfpg kfpg]
gePsfn] of] l/6 vf/]hefuL 5 .
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf k'g/fj]bg
txaf6 cyf{t\ >d cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf g}
clGtd x'g] ePsf] sf/0f sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{
Gofo k|bfgdf l9nfO{ gug'{ ljwflosfsf] dg;fo
634
/x]sf]df ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] >d cbfntaf6

ePsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog x'gaf6 cNemfpg], ;do
nDjfpg] / >d cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ g} lgik|efjL
t'Nofpg] k|of; ul//fv]sf] sf/0f >d cbfnt
-sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod @%
cg';f/ >d cbfntsf]] km};nf sfof{Gjog u/fpg
;xof]u k'ofpg] bfloTj o; ljefusf] /x]sfn]
pQm km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu n]v]sf] kqaf6
ljkIfLsf] ;+a}wflgs xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg ldNg]
cj:yf g/x]sf] ca:yfdf o; ljefupk/ s'g}
k/dfb]z jf cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t >d ljefusf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf btf{
x'g cfPsf] k'g/fj]bs ;'jL/ vgfn k|ToyL{ :kfO;
g]kfn k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 ;d]t ePsf] ;]jfaf6
x6fPsf] d'2fdf ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0fsf]
cWoog u/L>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !% cg';f/
%% jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]kl5 clgjfo{ cjsfz lbg
;Sg]df glbO{ Dofb yk u/L ^) jif{ gk'u];Dd
P] = P] g sf] bkmf !) adf] l hd ;' / Iff k| f Kt
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] cjlw k"/f gx'Fb} sfg"n] afWofTds
?kn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ljlw k"/f gu/L ljgf
cfwf/ xr' j fsf e/df cjsfz lbPsf] sfo{
sfg" g k| l ts" n b] l vF b f @^ clk| n @))( sf]
k|lti7fgn] oL k'g/fj]bsnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf]
kq, ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{onufot ;Dk"0f{ sfd
sf/jfxL ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . k'g/fj]bs cfgf]
;fljssf] kbdf ;]jf 6'6]sf] cjlwsf] kfl/>lds
;d]t kfpg] u/L k'gj{xfnL x'g] 7x5{ . egL
sfg"gsf] JofVof u/L sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.#.!) sf] km};nf
>d sfg" g tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt Pj+
;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'k /x]sf] / ;f] km};nfaf6
l/6 lgj]bssf] sfg"gL Pj+ ;+a}wflgs xsdf
cf3ft k'u]sf] cj:yf ;d]t gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hof]Uo 5 . pQm d'2fdf ldlt @)^&.#.!)
sf] km};nf ;lxtsf]] ldl;n yfg ! o;} ;fy
;+nUg 5 eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL >d cbfntsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
635
o;df ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnnfO{ lgj]bs

sDkgLn] %% jif{ k'uL ;s]kl5 klg gf]s/Ldf
Confirmation u/L /fv]sf] / ;]jf cjlw ls6fg
u/L of] olt yk u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v gu/]sf]
cj:yf b]lvPsf], >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !%
cg';f/ clgjfo{ cjsfz lbOPsf] eGg] lgh
;' j L/ vgfnnfO{ lbOPsf] cjsfz kqaf6
gb]lvPsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ Pp6f
;Ifd cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfdf uDeL/ sfg"gL
q'l6 gb]lvFP;Dd sfof{lGjt x'gaf6 /f]Sg' Goflos
x'g] gb]lvFbf tTsfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g]
cj:yf b] l vPg, lgodfg' ; f/ ug' { eGg] o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
ldl;n ;+ n Ug sfuh k| d f0fxsf] cWoog
ul/of] . lgj]bs :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=;d]tsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx >L
>Lxl/ cof{n, >L zDe' yfkf tyf clwjQmfx
>L lzj l/hfn, >L ltnsljqmd kf08], >L
cfO{ a xfb' / u' ? , >L cg' k /fh pk| ] t L, >L
sdnk|;fb vgfnn] ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfn Chief
Administrative Officer eO{ Joj:yfks ePsf]df
ljjfb x' g ;Sb} g . o:tf] Joj:YffksnfO{
>ldsxsf] ;'ljwf nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . To;df
klg ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnsf] pd]/ %% jif{ k"/f
ePsf]n] lghnfO{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !%
adf] l hd lgj] b s sDkgLn] clgjfo{ cjsfz
lbPsf]df pQm >d P]gsf] bkmf !% / ^) sf]
unt JofVof u/L >d cbfntn] cjsfzsf] kq
/ ;f];Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{o nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfd
sf/jfxL ab/ x'g] egL km};nf u/]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't
l/6 If]qdf cfpg' k/]sf] xf] . lgh ;'jL/ vgfn
%% jif{ k'u]sf]n] clgjfo{ cjsfz lbPsf] x'Fbf
;kmfO{sf] df}sf lbgkg]{ cj:yf 5}g eg] clgjfo{
cjsfz kfPsf] JolQmn] >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
ug]{ xsb}of ;d]t x'Fb}g . To;df klg ljkIfL
;'jL/ vgfnnfO{ ldlt @)^^.!.!# af6 cjsfz
lbOPsf]df tt\kZrft\ lghn] sDkgLdf s'g} ;Dks{
gu/L nfdf] ;do JotLt ePkl5 ldlt

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
@)^^.%.@* df dfq >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf

^) sf] xbDofb g3fO{ >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
u/] s f] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lghsf]
k' g /fj] b g vf/] h ug' { kg] { d f xbDofb /
If]qflwsf/ljxLg k'g/fj]bg u|x0f u/L lgh ;'jL/
vgfnnfO{ Providend fund sf] nflu lbPsf] kqnfO{
cfwf/ dfgL lghsf] ;]jf ^) jif{;Dd ;'/lIft
/x]sf] egL ul/Psf] >d cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
/ k"jf{u|fxL x'Fbf pQm km};nf tyf ;f] km};nf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ af/]sf] ljkIfL >d ljefusf]
ldlt @)^&.#.@# sf] kq ;d] t pTk| ] i f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L pQm km};nf sfof{Gjog
gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]z
;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{ eof] .
ljkIfL >d cbfnt ;d]tsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh
lqkf7Ln] >d cbfnt, ljz]if P]gcGtu{t :yflkt
ePsf] n ] o;sf] lg0f{ o clGtd x' G 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'g] xf]Og . To;df
klg oL ;'jL/ vgfnsf] pd]/ %% jif{ gf3L;s]kl5
lgj]bs sDkgLn] lghnfO{ Confirmation Letter
lbO{ By Conduct lghsf] ;]jf cjlw yku/]sf]
x'Fbf ;f]xLcg';f/ >d cbfntaf6 u/]sf] km};nf
tyf ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu n]v]sf] kqdf
s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 gx'Fbf l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL
ax; ug'{eof] .
To;}u/L ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx >L uf]kfns[i0f l3ld/],
>L ob' g fy vgfn, >L afa' / fd s' F j /, >L
s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f, >L b]j]Gb| emf, >L s0f{axfb'/
yfkf, >L kz'{/fd sf]O/fnf ;d]tn] oL ;'jL/
vgfn ljkIfL sDkgLdf sfo{/t /x]sf] s'/fdf
ljjfb 5}g . lghnfO %% jif{ gf3]kl5 ldlt
@)^%.%.! df :yfoL ul/Psf] / sd{ r f/L
;~rosf]if ;d]t sl ul/Psf] lyof] eg] ldlt
@)^%.!@.!^ df tna a[l4 ;d]t ul/Psf]df
PSsf;L lghnfO{ ldlt @)^^.%.@ df cjsfz
kqsf] gf]6f]/fOH8 kmf]6f]skL lbOPsf] x'Fbf Dofbleq}
>d cbfntdf k' g /fj] b g u/L ePsf]
km} ; nfadf] l hd @)^&.#.@# df pQm km} ; nf
636
sfof{Gjogsf nflu >d ljefuaf6 kq k7fPsf]

xf] . o;/L ljkIfL sDkgLn] oL ;'jL/ vgfnnfO{
%% jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePkl5 :yfoL u/]sf] / tt\
kZrft\ tna a[l4 ;d]t lbPsf] cj:yfdf >d
P] g , @)$* sf] bkmf !% sf] k| l taGwfTds
jfSof+ z adf] l hd ^) jif{ gk' u ] ; Dd ;] j faf6
x6fpg gkfpg] x'Fbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
unt JofVof u/L cjsfz lbPsf] sfo{ q'l6k"0f{
x'Fbf >d cbfntaf6 ab/ ePsf] / >d cbfntsf]
km};nf clGtd x'g] x'Fbf pQm km};nf sfof{Gjog
x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . ljkIfLn] bfjL
u/]sf] cjsfz lbPsf] kqsf] hfgsf/L ldlt
@)^^.!.@$ df lbPsf] eGg] syg ;/f;/ em"7f
xf] . ctM plNnlvt cfwf/df >d cbfntsf]
km};nfdf s'g} q'l6 gx'Fbf ljkIfLsf] em"7f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] .
plNnlvt ax; ;d]t ;'lg lg0f{otkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ k| : t' t ljjfbdf l/6 lgj] b g
dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g kg]{ xf] xf]Og <
egL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= o;df >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !%
df %% jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{
Joj:yfksn] clgjfo{ cjsfz lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf
ePcg'k ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnsf] pd]/ %% jif{
k"/f ePsf]n] lghnfO{ clk|n @^, @))( df
clgjfo{ cjsfz lbOPsf] / ;f] s f] ;" r gf
@)^^.!.@$-& d], @))(_ df lghn] sDkgLnfO{
pknAw u/fPsf] kmf]g gDa/;lxt lghsf] 3/
7]ufgfdf k7fO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L >d sfof{nonfO{
;d]t lbOPsf] lyof] . ;f] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/L
ljkIfL pQm ldlt kZrft\ sDkgLsf] ;Dks{df
g/x]sf] :ki6 5 . o;/L lghnfO{ sf/jfxL gu/L
clgjfo{ cjsfz lbPsf] cj:yfdf >d cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg} ;Sb}g . To;df klg k'g/fj]bg
ug]{ xbDofb u'hf/L u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg af6 OG;fkm
ug{ ldNb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf >d cbfntaf6
ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnsf] k'g/fj]bg u|x0f u/L
clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] kq / ;f] ; F u ;DalGwt
lg0f{onufot ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL ab/ x'g]
egL ldlt @)^&.#.!) df ePsf] km};nfdf >d
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !% / ^) sf] unt JofVof

eO{ P]=bkmf !% / ^) tyf d'n'sL P]g, c=a+ *@
g+ sf] k|lts"n x'Fbf ab/efuL 5 . t;y{ >d
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.#.!) sf] plNnlvt km};nf
/ ;f] cg'k km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{] af/]sf] >d
ljefusf] ldlt @)^&.#.@# sf] kq ;d]t ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] g} d'Vo l/6 lgj]bg lhsL/ u/]sf]
b]lvof] .
#= ;f] ;DaGwdf ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnsf]
lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ lghsf] pd]/ %$ jif{ k'u]sf]
cj:yfdf lghnfO{ lgj] b s sDkgLn] ldlt
@)^$.%.@* df lgo'QmL u/]sf] / %% jif{ gf3]kl5
@)^%.%.!df :yfoL u/L sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if
;d]t sL ug{ z'? u/L ldlt @)^%.!@.!^ df
tna a[l4 ul/Psf]df tt\ kZrft\ sl/j ! dlxgf
;]jf u/L ;s]kl5 k|lti7fgdf lbgx"F h:tf] x8tfn
wgf{ tyf s;}nfO{ sfddf k|j]z ug{ glbg] e}/x]s}
cj:yfdf PSsf;L dnfO{ ldlt @)^^.%.@ -cui6
!*, @))(_ df Discontinuation of Employment
Services eGg] Joxf] / fsf] gf] 6 f] / fOH8 kqsf]
kmf]6f]skL pknAw u/fOPsf]df Dofb}leq >d
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ >d cbfntaf6 dnfO{
k'gj{xfnL ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^&.#.!) df km};nf
ePsf] 5 . ;f] km};nfcg'k >d sfof{non]
km} ; nf sfof{ G jog ug{ s f] nflu lgj] b s
sDkgLnfO{ kq k7fPsf] cj:yf 5 .
$= o;/L d]/f] pd]/ %% jif{ k'u]kl5
sDkgLn] dnfO{ :yfoL u/]sf] / ldlt @)^%.!@.!^
df d]/f] tna a[l4 u/]sf] kqaf6 ;d]t d]/f] ;]jf
sDkgLnfO{ cfjZos ePsf] k| i 6 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf d] / f] ;] j fsf] csf] { % jif{ s f]
cfjZostfnfO{ k|i6\ofPsf] 5 . dnfO{ pknAw
u/fOPsf] elgPsf] gf]6f]/fOH8 kqdf clgjfo{
cjsfzsf] s'/f pNn]v 5}g eg] ldlt @)^^.!.@$
df dnfO{ /lhi6L u/L k7fOPsf] elgPsf] kqsf]
dnfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L g} 5}g . o;/L %% jif{
pd]/ k'u]kl5 dnfO{ ldlt @)^%.&.! df pknAw
u/fOPsf] Confirmation in Service sf] kqaf6
klg >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd %
jif{ ;]jf cjlw yk u/]sf] :ki6 x'Fbfx'Fb} %% jif{
637
pd]/ k'u]sf] sf/0f clgjfo{ cjsfz lbPsf] egL

cy{ nufpg s'g} xfntdf ldNb}g . t;y{ dnfO{
k'gj{xfnL ug]{ u/L >d cbfntaf6 ul/Psf]
km};nf sfg"g;Ddt g} ePsf] x'Fbf jf:tljs
tYo n'sfO{, ;kmf xft glnO{ bfo/ u/]sf] l/6
lgj] b g vf/] h ul/kfpF m eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvG5 .
%= plNnlvt tYoxaf6 x]bf{ ljkIfL
;'jL/ vgfn lgj]bs sDkgLdf sfo{/t /x]sf] /
lghsf] pd]/ %% jif{ k"/f e};s]sf] eGg] tYodf
ljjfb b]lvPg . o;/L %% jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf]
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ Joj:yfksn] clgjfo{
cjsfz lbg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf >d P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf !% df u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL bkmfsf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf t/ k|lti7fgsf] sfo{
;~rfngsf lgldQ geO{ gx' g ] sfdbf/ jf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cjlw c? kfFr -%_ jif{ ;Ddsf]
nflu yk ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= k| : t' t ljjfbdf ljkIfL ;' j L/
vgfnnfO{ l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLn] clk|n @^, @))(
df cjsfz lbPpk/ lgh ;'jL/ vgfnn] >d
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ pQm cjsfz lbPsf]
kq / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{o nufotsf ;Dk"0f{
sfd sf/jfxL ab/ u/L lgh ;'jL/ vgfnnfO{
;fljssf] kbdf k'g{jxfnL u/]pk/ pQm km};nf
ab/ ul/kfpFm egL k|:t't l/6 kg{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
ca pQm km};nf ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og egL
ljrf/ ubf{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !% n] %%
jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ clgjfo{
cjsfz lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yfdf oL
ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnsf] pd]/ %% jif{ k"/f ePsf]
eGg] s'/fdf d'v ldn]s} b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnnfO{ clk|n @^, @))( df
Discontinuation of Employment Service egL
lgj] b s sDkgLn] cjsfz lbO{ lghsf] 3/
7]ufgfdf kq k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm 7]ufgfdf
k7fPsf] kq ;DalGwt JolQm 5}g eg]sf] / 3/
7]ufgfdf a'g gdfg]sf]n] lkmtf{ ePsf] eGg]
s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 . ;f]
kqsf] af]wfy{ hfgsf/L lgj]bs sDkgLn] >d

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
sfof{nodf ;d]t k7fPsf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bs

sDkgLsf] ldlt @)^^.!.@* sf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 .
o;/L ;'jL/ vgfnnfO{ cjsfz lbPsf] kq lghsf]
3/ 7]ufgfdf k7fPsf]df ;f] kq ljkIfL ;'jL/
vgfnsf] 3/ 7]ufgfaf6 lkmtf{ eO{ lghn] a'em]sf]
gb]lvP tfklg pQm cjsfz kqkZrft\ lgh
;'jL/ vgfn lgj]bs sDkgLdf xflh/ eO{ jf
cGo s' g } Joxf] / fn] hflu/df /lx/xg] u/L
;Dks{df /x]sf] tYo :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .
lghn] pQm cjsfz kqkZrft\ klg cfkm"
sDkgLdf xflh/ /x]sf] jf ;Dks{df /x]sf] egL
lhsL/ lng jf ;f]] tYo :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf]
b]lvFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgh ;'jL/ vgfnn]
cfkm"nfO{ lbPsf] cjsfz kqnfO{ tYout ?kdf
:jLsf/ ul/ lgj]bs sDkgLdf ;Dks{df g/x]sf]
-xflh/ ePsf]_ b]lvPg cfPg .
&= >d P]g, @)$* sf] plNnlvt bkmf
!% cg';f/ clgjfo{ cjsfz lb+bf s'g} lglZrt
k|s[of k"/f ug'{kg]{ egL s'g} sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvFb}g a? clgjfo{ cjsfz eGg] pQm
bkmfdf k|of]u ePsf] zAbaf6} %% jif{ pd]/ k"/f
ePkl5 :jtM cjsfz x'g] eGg] b]lvG5 . o:tf]
cjsfznfO{ >d P] g , @)$* sf] bkmf %@
cGtu{ t sf] sf/jfxL u/] s f] / bkmf %# sf]
sfo{ljlw k"/f gu/]sf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
bkmf %# sf] sfo{ljlw bkmf %@ cg';f/sf] ;hfo
ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ afWofTds sfo{ljlw xf] . k|:t't
ljjfbdf ;'jL/ vgfnnfO{ lbPsf] cjsfz bkmf
%@ cg';f/ sf/jfxL u/]sf] geO{ bkmf !% cg';f/
clgjfo{ cjsfz lbPsf] x'Fbf o:tf] cjsfzpk/
k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] Joj:yf >d P]gn] u/]sf]
b]lvFb}g .
*= hxfF;Dd ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnnfO{ %%
jif{ k'u]kl5 ;]K6]Da/ !&, @))* df Confirmation
Letter lbPsf]n] ;]jf cjlw % jif{ yk x'g] eGg]
;Gbe{ 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ pQm kqsf] Joxf]/faf6}
lghnfO{ Ps jif{ ;]jf k"/f u/]sf] egL pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !% sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf x]bf{ k|lti7fgsf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] lgldQ
geO{ gx'g] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cjlw

c? % jif{;Ddsf] nflu yk ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf
cg';f/ s'g} sDkgLn] %% jif{ k"/f u/L clgjfo{
cjsfz kfpg] cj:yfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ klg c? %
jif{;Dd ;]jf cjlw yk ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf /
k|:t't ljjfbdf To;/L ;]jf cjlw yk u/]sf] eGg]
gb]lv+bf To;nfO{ afWofTds ?kdf % jif{ yk x'g]
egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . To;df klg pQm yk ug{
;lsg] cjlw % jif{;Dd eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf
% jif{;Dd eGg'sf] cy{ % jif{eGbf a9L ;]jf
cjlw yk ug{ gkfOg] t/ % jif{ eGbf sd hlt;'s}
;]jf cjlw yk ug{ ;lsg] eGg] xf] . t;y{ pQm
Joj:yfnfO{ % jif{ g} yKg kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf
xf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfksnfO{ a9Ldf % jif{ ;]jf
cjlw yk ug{ ;Sg];Ddsf] clwsf/ lbPsf] x'Fbf
pQm Joj:yfnfO{ % jif{ ;]jf cjlw yk ug{'kg]{
afWofTds Joj:yf egL cy{ ug'{ Gofof]lrt /
ljj]s;Ddt x'Fb}g .
(= To;}u/L To;/L Confirmation Letter
lbO{ Ps jif{ ;]jf k"/f ePsf] egL n]lvPsf]
Joxf]/fnfO{ ;]jf cjlw yk ul/Psf] egL cy{ ug{
ldNb}g . ;]jf cjlw yk ubf{ b'j} kIfsf] d'v
ldn]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cjlw ls6fg u/L ;]jf
cjlw yk ul/Psf] s'/f :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf]
x'g'k5{, cGoyf ;]jf cjlw yk ul/Psf] egL cy{
ug{ ldNb}g . plNnlvt bkmf !% sf] k|ltaGwfTds
jfSof+zsf] % jif{;Dd ;]jf cjlw yk ug{ ;lsg]
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] klg a9Ldf % jif{eGbf
a9L rfx]/ klg yKg ;lsb}g t/ ;f] eGbf sd
eg] yKg ;lsG5 eGg] xf] . oL ljkIfL ;'jL/
vgfnnfO{ lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;]jf cjlw yk u/]sf]
eGg] :ki6 tYo slx st}af6 b]lvFb}g . lgh
;' j L/ vgfn s] j n Recommendation for
confirmation in services egL lbPsf] !& ;]K6]Da/
@))* sf] kqdf Ps jif{sf] ;]jf k"/f u/]sf]
- Successfully Completed one year _ egL
n]lvPsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ % jif{ ;]jf cjlw yk u/]sf]
egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
638
*%(^ - ljgf]bk|;fb kf7s lj=dx]Gb| pRr df=lj=;d]t
!)= ;fy} ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfn l/6 lgj]bs

k|f=ln= df k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t ePsf] tYodf
ljjfb b]lvFb}g . >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @-r_
df " J oj:yfks " eGgfn] s' g } k| l ti7fgsf]
lqmofsnfkdf clGtd lg0f{o lbg] JolQm ;Demg'
k5{ / ;f] zJbn] clGtd lhDd]jf/L jf clwsf/
k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L k|lti7fgsf] s'g} efu jf
OsfOsf] k|d'v kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf] JolQmnfO{
;d] t hgfpF 5 egL Joj:yfks, sd{ r f/L,
sfdbf/ k|jGwsnfO{ cnucnu u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
>d P] g , @)$* sfdbf/ tyf sd{ r f/Lsf]
xslxtsf] Joj:yf ug{ hf/L ul/Psf] s'/f pQm
P]gsf] k|:tfjgfaf6 b]lvG5 . oL ljkIfL ;'jL/
vgfn k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t ePsf] b]lvFbf
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/L ge} Joj:yfks ePsf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnsf]
xsdf >d P] g cfslif{ t x' g ;d] t g;Sg]
cj:yfdf lgh ;'jL/ vgfnsf] k'g/fj]bg u|x0f
u/L tYodf k|j]z u/L lghnfO{ k'g/:yfkgf ug]{
u/sf] >d cbfntsf] km};nfdf If]qflwsf/sf]
cefj b]lvFbf pQm km};nf q'l6k"0f{ b]lvof] .
!!= ctM plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0fxaf6
k|:t't ljjfbdf ljkIfL ;'jL/ vgfnnfO{ lgj]bs
sDkgLn] clgjfo{ cjsfz lbPsf]df ;f]pk/
k'g/fj]bg nfUg g;Sg] ca:yf x'Fbf lgh ;'jL/
vgfnsf] k'g/fj]bg vf/]h ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L
k'g/fj]bg u|x0f u/L tYoleq k|j]z u/L lghnfO{
lgj]bs sDkgLn] clgjfo{ cjsfz lbPsf] kq /
;f] ; F u ;DalGwt lg0f{ o nufot ;Dk" 0 f{ sfd
sf/jfxL ab/ u/L ljkIfL ;' j L/ vgfnnfO{
;fljssf] kbdf k'gMaxfnL ug]{ 7xofPsf] >d
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.#.!) sf] km} ; nf
If]qflwsf/ljxLg tyf >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!%, ^) sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n ePsf]
b]lvFbf pQm km};nf q'l6k"0f{ e} ab/ x'g] x'Fbf ab/
ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;f] km};nf ab/ ePsf] x'Fbf pQm
km};nf sfof{Gjog ug'{ egL ljkIfL >d ljefun]
lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ ldlt @)^&.#.@# df n]v]sf]
kq ;d]t :jtM ab/ x'G5 . ;fy} o;/L k'g/fj]bg
g} nfUg g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg u|x0f u/L
639
km} ; nf u/] s f] b] l vbf cfufdL lbgdf o;/L

If]qflwsf/ljxLg k'g/fj]bgdf lg0f{o ug{] sfo{
gug'{ egL >d cbfntsf tTsfnLg d'2f x]g{]
clwsf/LnfO{ Wofgfsif{0f ;d]t u/fO{ lbPsf] 5 .
k|:t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfL >d cbfnt ;d]tnfO{
lbg' . k|:t't l/6 bfo/Lsf] nut sf6L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ ug"{ .

Gof=an/fd s]=;L=
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn r}t ( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td
l
lg0f{o g+= *%(^
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L a}Bgfy pkfWofo
)^&W0 !#^!
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.#.!%.%
ljifoM pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM g'jfsf]6 lhNnf, yflG; uf=lj=;= j8f
g+ & j:g] ljgf]bk|;fb kf7s ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM g'jfsf]6 lhNnf, yflG; uf=lj=;= j8f
g+ @ l:yt dx]Gb| pRr df=lj=;d]t
ljBfnosf] ;~rfng /] v b] v /
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu k| r lnt
sfg" g adf] l hd ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] u7g ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf sfg"gsf]
plrt k|lqmof k"/f gu/L jf sfg"gf/f
lgwf{l/t of]Uotf tyf zt{sf] kl/kfng
gu/L u7g ul/Psf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltn] j}wtf kfpg g;Sg] .
cj} w flgs ?kdf u7g ePsf] jf
tf]lsPadf]lhd of]Uotf gePsf] ljBfno

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
Joj:Yffkg ;ldltn] ug] { sfo{

clwsf/ljxLg x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bssf tk{maf6 ljfg clwjQmf /fdk|;fb
cfrfo{
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /d]z
zdf{ kf}8]n, ljfg clwjQmf lji0f'axfb'/
u'?
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !@-!_-v_
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @#
-!_, -#_, @(-u_
cfb]z
Gof=/fds' d f/ k| ; fb zfxM g] k fnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_
n] o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bssf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M
ljkIfLdWo]sf] dx]Gb| pRr df=lj=@)!%
;fndf ldl8n :s"n -lg=df=lj_ sf] ?kdf :yflkt
eO{ @)$) ;fndf df=lj=/ @)^# ;fndf pRr
df=lj=sf] :jLs[ l t lnO{ ;~rfng eO/x] s f]
;fd'bflos ljBfno xf] . ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df
xfn o; ljBfnodf em08} %$& hgf
cleefjsx /x]sf 5g\ .
;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v,
lg/LIf0f Pj Joj:yfkgnufotsf sfo{x ug{
lzIff P]g tyf lzIff lgodfjnLn] Ps ljBfno
Joj:Yffkg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / To;
k| s f/sf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf
;b:ox cleefjsx dWo]af6 5gf}6 ul/g] /
5gf} 6 sf] k| l qmofdf ;d] t ;f] x L P] g tyf
lgodfjnLdf :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf]df ljkIfL pRr
df=lj=sf] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ egL ldlt
@)^&.@.@( ut] cfof] h gf ul/Psf]
cleefjsxsf] e] n fdf lzIff P] g tyf
lgodfjnLdf ;f] ;DaGwdf /x]sf] Joj:yfljk/Lt
em08} %$& hgf cleefjsx /x]sf] ljBfnosf]

Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ e]nfdf pkl:yt
!#@ hgfdWo] cleefjsx hDdf @% hgfeGbf
a9L g/x] s f] / pkl:yt @% hgfdWo] klg
lgj]bsnufotsf s]xL cleefjsnfO{ Y.C.L. n]
lgoGq0fdf lnO{ hj/\h:tL ?kdf Joj:yfkg
;ldlt u7g u/]sf]df sfg"gljk/Lt hj/\h:tL
?kdf u7g ul/Psf] To; k|sf/sf] cj}wflgs
;ldltnfO{ vf/] h u/L lzIff P] g ,
lgodfjnLcg' ; f/sf] k| l qmof k' ofO{ ljBfno
Joj:Yffkg ;ldlt u7g ul/of] ; \ egL xfdL
lgj]bsnufotsf cleefjsxn] lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no g'jfsf]6df ldlt @)^&.@.#) df lgj]bg
lbPsf]df xfn;DDf klg pQm lgj]bgpk/ s'g}
sf/jfxL gu/L cfn6fn ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
em08} %$& hgf cleefjs /x] s f]
ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ubf{
u}/cleefjsnfO{ pkl:yt u/fPsf] / @% hgf
hlt dfq cleefjs pkl:yt /x]sf]df cfk"m;Fu
c;xdlt hgfpg] cleefjsnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO{
cfgf] ljrf/;Fu ;xdlt hgfpg] JolQmxnfO{
dfq ;ldltdf /fVg] u/L lg0f{o ePsf] / pkl:yt
cleefjsx dWo]sf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] z}lIfs of]UotfeGbf klg dflyNnf]
tx;Ddsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf /x]sf] cleefjssf]
pkl:yt /xFbf /xFb} tf]lsPsf] P;=Pn=;L= z}lIfs
of]Uotf g} g/x]sf] JolQm wg]Gb|axfb'/ yfkfnfO{
cWoIfdf rog ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o lzIff
lgodfjnLsf] lgod @(-u_ ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 .
lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !@-!_-v_
d' t flas cleefjsxn] cfk" m x dWo] a f6
Pshgf dlxnf ;b:o 5fgL k7fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf
/x] s f] d f cleefjs g} g/x] s L ;' > L /] v f
e08f/LnfO{ dlxnf ;b:o egL ul/Psf] lg0f{o
pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfgljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 .
;fd' b flos ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;b:ox 5fGg] ;DaGwdf
ljBfno lg/LIfs ;d]t /xg] u/L tLg ;b:oLo
5gf}6 ;xof]u ;ldlt u7g ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf lzIff
lgodfjnLsf] lgod @# sf] pklgod -#_ df
640
/x]sf] / pQm Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g k|of]hgfy{

5gf}6 ;ldlt u7g ubf{ ljBfno lg/LIfssf]
gfd;Dd pNn]v u/L pkl:yt gu/fOPaf6 u7g
ul/Psf] elgPsf] 5gf}6 ;ldlt g} pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt 5 . ;|f]t JolQmnfO{ 5gf}6
;ldltdf /fVg] sfg" g L Joj:yf g/x] a f6
To;k|sf/sf] 5gf}6 ;ldltf/f u7g ul/Psf]
elgPsf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] j}wflgstf kfpg
;Sg] cj:yf Psftk{m 5}g eg] csf]{tk{m ;f] 5gf}6
;ldltn] cWoIf / ;b:ox 5gf}6 ;DaGwdf
s' g } klg sfo{ l jlw gagfPsf] , lgjf{ r gsf]
sfo{qmd k|sflzt gu/]sf] Pj+ ;j{;Ddt lg0f{o
klg gePsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;ldlt u7g ug]{ sfo{
lgod @#-#_ sf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 .
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g
k|of]hgsf nflu slDtdf & lbgsf] ;"rgf lbO{
cleefjssf] e]nf u/fpg' kg]{ lgod @#-!_ df
Joj:yf /x] s f] d f ;f] a df] l hd ;" r gf glbO{
@)^&.@.@^ ut] ;"rgf 6fF; u/L @)^&.@.@( df
cleefjssf] e]nf af]nfO{ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g
ul/Psf] n ] ;f] ;ldlt u7g ug] { sfo{ pQm
lgodljk/Lt 5 . o;/L lzIff P] g tyf
lgodfjnLn] lglb{i6 u/]d'tflas cleefjsxsf]
e] n f af] n fO{ cleefjsx dWo] a f6} sfg" g L
k|lqmof k"/f u/L of]Uotf k'u]sf JolQmnfO{ cWoIf
/ ;b:odf 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{df sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf]
s'g} klg k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g glbO{ pkl:yt
u}/cleefjs ;d]tsf JolQmn] lgoGq0fdf lnO{
hj/\h:tL ?kdf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g u/]
u/fPsf] / ljkIfLxsf] To;k| s f/sf] sfo{ n ]
lgj]bsnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !@-!_, -@_, -#_ -s_, -_, -r_ / wf/f
!#-!_ tyf lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !@-!_
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @#-!_ /
lgod @(-u_ ;d]tf/f k|bQ xs xgg\ ePsf] /
tL xs k| r ng u/fpg] cGo j} s lNks Pj+
k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] cefjdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ ;DDfflgt cbfnt ;dIf
pkl:yt ePsf 5f} .
641
ctM sfg" g ljk/Lt hj/\ h :tL;F u

ljkIfLxf/f u/]u/fPsf] ldlt @)^&.@.@( sf]
dx] G b| pRr df=lj=sf] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
u7g;DaGwL lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
u/L k'gM cleefjssf] e]nf af]nfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ;d]tsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]znufot hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg dfu bfjL .
ljBfno Joj:Yffkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{
qmddf lzIff P]g, @)@* / lzIff lgodfjnL,
@)%( n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgleq /xL
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ k|of]hgfy{
ldlt @)^&. @.!( ut] cleefjs e]nfsf nflu
;a} cleefjsnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ ljBfno k|f0fdf
lbgsf] !)M)) jh] lgdGq0ff ul/Psf]df s'n
cleefjs ;+Vof %$& /x]sf]df ;f] lbg #! hgf
cleefjs dfq pkl:yt ePsf lyP . oL #!
hgfdWo] lgj]bsdWo]sf lji0f'k|;fb kf7s ;d]t
pkl:yt eO{ ldlt @)^&.@.@( ut] k'gM ;Dk"0f{
cleefjsxnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldlt u7g ug] { u/L lg0f{ o ePsf] lyof] .
;f]xLadf]lhd kq sf6L @( ut]sf] cleefjs
e]nf ug]{ / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L;lxt lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no g'jfsf]6sf ljBfno lg/LIfs ;d]tnfO{
lgdGq0ff ul/Psf]df pkl:yt x'g] jrg lbg' ePsf]
lyof] / ;f]xLadf]lhd lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf lj=lg=
gfd /fv]sf lyof} . xfdLn] 5gf}6 ;ldltdf ;|f]t
JolQm / Ps hgf lzIfs dfwjk|;fb e08f/L
/fv]sf xf} . sf/0fjz ljBfno lg/LIfs ;f] lbg
pkl:yt x'g ;Sg' ePg . cleefjsx hlt
hDdf eP To;}nfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ ;j{;Ddt ?kdf
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ePsf] xf] tyf
:jo+ lgj]bsx klg pkl:yt eO{ x:tfIf/ u/]sf
lyP . Pp6f ljBfno h:tf] kljq ljBfsf]
dlGb/df ;fdflhs efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t eO{ z'4
z}lIfs If]qdf ;fdflhs sfo{ u5'{ egL pkl:yt
e]nfaf6 ;j{;Ddt ul7t ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldlt cWoIf / cGo ;b:ox k|lt cfklQ hgfO{
/fVg'kg]{ xf]Og . sfg"gL k|lqmofut ?kdf g} u7g

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
ePsf] ;ldlt ePsf]n] lgj]bsxn] k"jf{u|xL eO{

lbPsf] lgj] b g vf/] h ul/kfpF m eGg] ljkIfL
ljZjk|;fb clwsf/Lsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
dx]Gb| pRr df=lj= yflG; g'jfsf]6sf]
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug'{kg]{ egL
hfgsf/L cfPsf]df d ldlt @)^&.@.@( ut]sf
lbg ;f] ljBfno k'u]sf] lyPF . cGo ljBfnoxdf
klg Joj:Yffkg ;ldltsf] 5gf}6 ;ldltdf /fVg]
/ ;f] 5gf}6 ;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf] Joj:Yffkg
;ldlt af/] hfgsf/L lbO{ j}wtfk|fKt u/L tL
;ldltxn] sfo{ u/L /x] s f] Joxf] / f cjut
u/fpg rfxG5' . jf:tjdf ef}uf]lns ljs6tf /
Tof] ;dfhsf] j:t' l :ylt tyf d] g kfj/sf]
cefjnfO{ b[li6ut u/L xfdL ;|f]tJolQmdfk{mt\
ul/Psf sfdsfhnfO{ j}wtf lh=lz=sf=n] lbPsf]
5 . ;f] lbg cleefjsxsf] e]nfaf6 ;j{;Ddt
?kdf ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g
ePsf]n] ;ldltk|lt cfklQ hgfO{ /xg'kg]{ s'g}
sf/0f 5}g . lgj]bssf] l/6 vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL dx]Zj/ kf08]sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
dx]Gb| pRr df=lj yflG; g'jfsf]6sf]
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug'{kg]{ egL
ljBfnoaf6 ldlt @)^&.@.!! ut]sf lbg k|]lift
ePsf] kqadf]lhd ldlt @)^&.@.!( ut]sf lbg
ljBfnodf uPsf / ;f] lbg hDdf #@ hgf dfq
pkl:yt b] l vPsf] n ] dfOGo" 6 u/L csf] { !)
lbgkZrft\ k'gM ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf lbO{ cleefjs
e]nf ldlt @)^&.@.@( ut] ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ePsf]
lyof] . ldlt @)^&.@.@( ut] lbgsf] !@ jh];Dddf
!#@ hgf cleefjsx e]nf ePsf]n] ljBfno
lg/LIfs w'|jb]j u'?n] kmf]gdfk{mt\ g} ljBfno
k|=c=nfO{ sfo{qmd u/] x'G5, tkfO{xn] u/]sf]
lg0f{odf d]/f] ;xdlt 5 egL cfZjf;g lbPsf]
/ lh=lz=sf=sf k|ltlglw ;|f]tJolQmsf] ?kdf >L
dx]Zj/ kf08]sf] pkl:ylt eO;s]sf]n] ljBfno
Joj:yfkg 5gf}6 ;ldltn] cleefjsxnfO{
cWoIf / # ;b:o;lxt u/L $ hgf cleefjsx
5fGg] lhDdf nufOof] . h;cGtu{t ;j{;Ddt
?kdf qmdzM cWoIfdf wg] G b| a xfb' / yfkf,
;b:ox lbg]z kf08], lji0f'k|tfk kf7s / Ps

hgf dlxnf, k|ltlglwdf /]vf e08f/L rog eof] .
;f]xLcg';f/ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] 3f]if0ff ;d]t
5gf}6 ;ldltn] u/]sf] xf] .
lgj] b sx b' j } hgf ;xefuL eO{
lg0f{ o df x:tfIf/ u/] s f, lgj] b gdf pNn] v
u/]adf]lhd ePsf] geP cfklQ hgfpg' kg]{
tyf lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf xfd|f] c;xdlt 5 egL
gf]6ckm l8;]G6 n]Vg'kg]{ xf] . ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] cWoIf x'g lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
sf] lgod @(-u_ df z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 . tyflk ;f]xL lgod @(-u_ df g}
o:tf] of]Uotf k|fKt JolQm gePdf ;f]eGbf sd
z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] JolQm klg cWoIf x'g
;Sg] 5 egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . e]nf ePsf
cleefjsx dWo] sltko w]/} k9] n]v]sf lyP
t/ Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf a;L ;]jf ug{ / ;do
lbg clgR5's ePsf]n] g} dnfO{ cWoIf x'g
l;kmfl/z u/]sf] / ;f] l;kmfl/znfO{ ;j{;Ddt
?kdf cleefjs e]nfn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] xf] .
dlxnf k|ltlglwsf] xsdf !#@ hgfdf ! hgf
dfq dlxnf pkl:yt ePsf] / ;f] e]nfn] g}
;j{;Ddt rog u/]sf] x'Fbf ljjfb /xg] ljifo g}
/x]g . t;y{ ljkIfLxn] bfjL u/]sf] lgj]bg
cfk}mdf vf/]hefuL ePsf]n] vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
ljkIfL wg]Gb|axfb'/ yfkf ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj] b s;lxt cleefjsxsf]
ljBfnodf /x]sf] b:tvt gd"gf;lxtsf] ljj/0f
dfu ul/Psf], ;DalGwt If]qsf] ljBfno lg/LIfs
lj=Jo=;= u7g k|lqmofsf] kb]g ;b:o x'g]df lgh
pQm u7g k|lqmofdf ;+nUg ePsf] gb]lvPsfn]
;f] ;DaGwdf lj=lg=>L w'|jb]j u'?af6 k|ltj]bg
k]z gxF'b} ;Ddflgt cbfntdf ljkIfLxaf6 l/6
lgj]bg lbO;s]sf] x'Fbf ljkIfLxn] lbg' ePsf]
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgodfg';f/ x'g cg'/f]w 5 egL
ljkIfL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ;d]tsf]] tk{maf6
lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L lbJosnf >]i7sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n
642
cWoog u/L lgj]bssf tk{maf6 ljfg clwjQmf

/fdk|;fb cfrfo{n] ljkIfLxf/f lzIff P]g, @)@*
/ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof
gk'ofO{ / ;f] P]g lgodfjnLadf]lhd tf]lsPsf]
of]Uotf ;d]t gePsf JolQmxnfO{ PskIfLo
?Kfdf ;Lldt cleefjsxsf] e]nfaf6 dx]Gb|
pRr df=lj= yflG; g' j fsf] 6 sf] ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] / ;f]nfO{ ab/ ug]{
cGo j}slNks Pj+ k|efjsf/L pkrf/ gePsf]
x'Fbf ljkIfLxsf] pQm u}/sfg"gL sfo{ pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L k'gM cleefjsxsf] e]nf
u/L lzIff P]g, lgodfjnLn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof k'ofO{
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug' { egL
ljkIfLxsf gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm
egL / ljkIfL lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf tk{maf6
ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /d]z zdf{ kf}8n
] n] ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7gpk/ lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nodf lgj]bsxn] ;f] ab/ ug{ ph"/L u/]kl5
sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf lg0f{osf]
k| l tIff g} gu/L o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If] q df k| j ] z u/] s f] / lhNnf lzIff
sfof{ n osf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bsxsf] s] s'g ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs
xgg\ ePsf] xf] lgj]bgdf :ki6 gv'n]sfn] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'e
{ of] . To;}u/L
ljkIfL wg]Gb|axfb'/ yfkf ;d]tsf tk{maf6 ljfg
clwjQmf lji0f'axfb'/ u'?n] dx]Gb| pRr df=lj=sf]
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g lzIff P]g,
lgodfjnLsf] k|lqmof k'ofO{ u7g ul/Psf] xf] .
ldlt @)^&.@.!( ut] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
u7g ug{ cleefjs e]nf u/fOPsf]df ;f] lbg
Go"g pkl:ylt ePsf]n] ldlt @)^&.@.@( df
cleefjssf] e]nf u/L ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
u7g ug]{ ;xdlt ePcg';f/ pQm lbg e]nf ePsf
!#@ hgf cleefjsxsf] ;j{;xdltn] pkl:yt
Psdfq dlxnf /]vf e08f/LnfO{ ;ldltdf /fvL
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ePsf] / To;df
oL lgj] b sx ;d] t n] b:tvt u/] s f] x' F b f
cf}lrToxLg l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax;
ug'{eof] .
643
dfly plNnlvt ljfg sfg" g

Joj;foLxn] ug' { ePsf] ax; ;d] t ;' g L
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{
xf], xf]Og < ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] .
lgj]bsxn] dx]Gb| pRr df=lj= yflG;
g'jfsf]6df ldlt @)^&.@.@( df ljkIfLxf/f
u7g ul/Psf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt lzIff
P] g , @)@* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -v_ / lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @#-!_ / -#_ tyf
lgod @(-u_ sf] ljk/Lt z}lIfs of]Uotf gk'u]sf]
JolQmnfO{ cWoIf / cleefjs g} gePsf]
dlxnfnfO{ ;b:o egL dgf]lgt u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f]
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ u/L u/]sf]
lg0f{ o pTk| ] i f0fsf] cfb] z f/f ab/ u/L k' g M
cleefjsxsf] e] n f u/fO{ lzIff P] g ,
lgodfjnLn] tf]sL lbPsf] k|lqmof k'ofO{ of]Uotf
k'u]sf JolQmxnfO{ /fvL ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldlt u7g ug' { egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf
k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm egL dfu bfjL
lnPsf] kfOG5 . lzIff P]g, lgodfjnLn] tf]lsPsf]
k|lqmof k'ofO{ ;j{;xdltn] ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf] / To;df lgj]bsx
:jod\n] b:tvt u/]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpF m eGg] ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm
b]lvG5 .
@= lg0f{otk{m ljrf/ ubf{ dx]Gb| pRr
df=lj=yflG; g'jfsf]6 ;fd'bflos ljBfno ePsf]
/ ldlt @)^&.@.@( df u7g ul/Psf] ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt lzIff P]g, @)@* / lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( adf]lhd u7g gul/Psf] eGg]
lgj] b sxsf] bfjL 5 eg] ;f] P] g ,
lgodfjnLadf]lhd g} Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g
ul/Psf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf] syg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
;fd' b flos ljBfnosf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] u7g ;DaGwdf lzIff P]g, @)@* tyf
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !@ sf]
pkbkmf -!_ df ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] ;~rfng
/] v b] v / Joj:yfkg ug{ s f] nflu k| T o] s

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
ljBfnodf b]xfosf ;b:ox /x]sf] Ps ljBfno

Joj:yfkg ;ldlt /xg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x] s f] / b] x fo -s_ df cleefjsxn]
cfk"mdWo]af6 5fgL k7fPsf] Pshgf cWoIf /
-v_ df cleefjsxn] cfk"mx dWo]af6 5fgL
k7fPsf] Pshgf dlxnf;lxt tLg hgf ;b:o
/xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;} u/L lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @# sf] pklgod !_ df k|wfgfWofksn] P]gsf] bkmf !@ sf] v08
-s_ / -v_ adf] l hd ;fd' b flos ljBfnosf]
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;b:ox 5gf}6
ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu z}lIfs;q z'? ePsf] tL;
lbgleq sDtLdf ;ft lbgsf] ;" r gf lbO{
cleefjssf] e]nf u/fOg' kg]{5 egL / lgod
@# sf] pklgod -#_ df cWoIf / ;b:ox
5fGg] ;DaGwdf cleefjsxnfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf
nflu k| w fgfWofksn] cfgf] ;+ o f] h sTjdf
lg/LIfs / cGo ljBfnosf] Ps hgf lzIfs
/xg] u/L tLg ;b:oLo 5gf}6 ;xof]u ;ldlt
u7g ug]{5 / ;f] ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlwcg';f/
cleefjsxn] cWoIf / ;b:osf] 5gf}6 ug'{
kg]{5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
To;}u/L lgod @( df b]xfosf JolQm Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;b:o x'g ;Sg] 5}g elgPsf]
/ b]xfo -u_ df k|fylds ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] cWoIf x'gsf] nflu ;fdfGo n]vk9
ug{ ghfGg] , lgDg dfWolds ljBfnosf]
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf x'gsf] nflu sDtLdf
cf7 sIff pQL0f{ gu/]sf] / dfWolds ljBfnosf]
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf x'gsf] nflu sDtLdf
P;=Pn=;L jf ;f] ;/xsf] k/LIff pQL0f{ gu/]sf],
t/ lgDg dfWolds ljBfno / dfWolds
ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf x'gsf]
nflu To:tf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] JolQm gePdf
;f]eGbf sd z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] JolQm klg
cWoIf x'g ;Sg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOG5 .
#= ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd dfWolds
ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf x'g] JolQm
P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff pQL0f{ ePsf] x'g'kg]{ clgjfo{
/x]sf] t/ ;f] of]Uotf ePsf] cleefjs gePdf

dfq 36L of]Uotf ePsf] JolQm klg cWoIf x'g;Sg]
x'G5 .
$= dx]Gb| pRr df=lj= yflG; g'jfsf]6df
ldlt @)^&.@.@( df u7g ul/Psf] ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx dWo]
wg]Gb|axfb'/ yfkf cWoIf / /]vf e08f/L ;b:osf]
?Kfdf 5flgPsf / lghxsf] lzIff P] g
lgodfjnLadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf gePsf] /
;f]xL P]g, lgodfjnLadf]lhd cleefjs e]nfsf
nflu ;"rgf lb+bf kof{Kt ;do glbPsf] ;d]t
egL lgj] b sxn] bfjL lnPsf] kfOG5 .
ljBfnosf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
cWoIfdf 5flgPsf wg]Gb|axfb'/ yfkf cleefjs
gePsf] eGg] lgj]bsxsf] bfjL geO{ lghdf
dfWolds ljBfnosf] Joj:Yffkg ;ldltsf]
cWoIfdf x'g'kg]{ z}lIfs of]Uotf gePsf] eGg]
lgj]bsxsf] bfjL b]lvG5 . lzIff lgodfjnL,
@)%( sf] lgod @( sf] b]xfo -u_ cg';f/
dfWolds ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf
x'gsf] nflu sDtLdf P;=Pn=;L+ jf ;f] ;/xsf]
k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sf] JolQm x'g'kg]{ cfjZos
b]lvG5 . t/ wg]Gb||axfb'/ yfkfn] P;=Pn=;L= jf
;f] ;/xsf] k/LIff pQL0f{ gu/] s f] eGg]
lgj]bsxsf] bfjLnfO{ ljkIfLxn] v08g ug{
tyf ;f] c g' ksf] k| d f0f k] z ug{ g;s] a f6
pko'{Qmadf]lhdsf] of]Uotf lghdf g/x]sf] eGg]df
ljjfb b]lvb}g . lgoddf tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf ePsf cleefjsx e]nfdf pkl:yt
x'g cfPsf eP klg Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf a:g
lghxn] clgR5f JoQm u/]sf] x'Fbf ;j{;xdltn]
wg]Gb|axfb'/ yfkfnfO{ 5flgPsf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf]
syg 5 . t/ ;f] lhsL/nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ Joxf]/f
lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf hgfOPsf] gb]lvPsf] Psflt/
5 eg] ;f] lhsL/sf] cfwf/df dfq klg ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ cdfGo u/L tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
gePsf] JolQmnfO{ cWoIfdf 5fGg ldNg] x'b}g .
cleefjsxsf] e]nfdf pQm of]Uotf ePsf]
JolQm /x]sf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lv+bf lgod
@(-u_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds Joj:yfcg';f/ lgh
644
wg]Gb|axfb'/ yfkf cWoIfdf 5flgPsf x'g\ egL

/ tf] l sPsf] of] U otf gePsf] JolQmnfO{
sfg"g;+ut ?kdf 5gf}6 ePsf] egL dfGg ldNg]
cj:yf klg /x]g .
%= ca ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
;b:odf 5flgPsL /]vf e08f/Lsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g
ubf{ lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf
-!_ sf] b]xfo -v_ df cleefjsxn] cfk"mx
dWo]af6 5fgL k7fPsf] Pshgf dlxnf;lxt tLg
hgf ;b:o /xg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lgj]bsxn] dx]Gb| pRr df=lj=sf] Joj:yfkg
;ldltdf 5flgPsL /] v f e08f/L cleefjs
gePsf] egL bfjL lnPsf]df ;f]nfO{ ljkIfLxn]
v08g ug{ ;s] s f] kfOb} g . ljkIfLxn]
cleefjsxsf] e]nfdf pkl:yt !#@ hgfdf
Pshgf dlxnf /]vf e08f/L dfq dlxnf pkl:yt
ePsf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ ;b:odf 5flgPsf] egL
lnlvt hjfkm lbPsf] kfOG5 . t/ /]vf e08f/L
cleefjs ePsf] tyf s'g 5fq jf 5fqfsf] lgh
cleefjs /x] s f] eGg] ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt
hjfkmaf6 b]lvb}g . lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] pko'{Qm
bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] b]xfo -v_ cg';f/
5flgPsf ;b:ox cleefjsdWo] s } x' g ' k g] {
clgjfo{tf u/]sf] x'Fbf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] dlxnf
;b:odf 5flgPsL /]vf e08f/L cleefjs /x]sf]
gb]lvFbf lghdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] of]Uotf /x]
ePsf] b]lvPg .
^= To;} u/L lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
sf] lgod @# cg';f/ P]gsf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf
-!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ adf]lhd ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf tyf
;b:o 5gf}6 ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu k|wfgfWofksn]
z}lIfs ;q z'? ePsf] tL; lbgleq sDtLdf
;ft lbgsf] ;"rgf lbO{ cleefjssf] e]nf u/fpg'
kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf b]lvG5 . t/ dx]Gb| pRr
dfWolds ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf
tyf ;b:o 5gf} 6 ug{ ;f] ljBfnosf
k| w fgfWofksn] ldlt @)^&.@.@^ df ;" r gf
k| s flzt u/L ldlt @)^&.@.@( df
645
cleefjsxsf] e]nf u/fO{ Joj:Yffkg ;ldltsf

cWoIf / ;b:oxsf] 5gf}6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L lgodfjnLn] tf]lslbPsf] ;dofjlw cyf{t\
;ft lbgsf] ;"rgf cleefjsxnfO{ glbO{ ldlt
@)^&.@.@^ df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L ckl/kSj
cj:yfdf ldlt @)^&.@.@( df ;Lldt
cleefjsxsf] e]nf u/fO{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;b:o 5gf}6 u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . To:t} lgod @# sf] pklgod -#_ df
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;b:ox 5fGg]
;DaGwdf cleefjsxnfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu
k|wfgfWofksn] cfgf] +;of]hsTjdf lg/LIfs /
cGo ljBfnosf] Pshgf lzIfs /xg] u/L tLg
;b:oLo 5gf}6 ;xof]u ;ldlt u7g ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf u/]sf]df dx]Gb| pRr df=lj=sf] Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;b:odf 5gf}6 ug]{ ldlt
@)^&.@.@( sf] ;xof]u ;ldltdf ;f] ljBfnosf
lg/LIfs pkl:yt /x] ePsf] kfOb}g . o;/L lzIff
P]g, @)@* / lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( n] tf]lsPsf]
k|lqmof / sfo{ljlw k"/f gu/L P]g lgodn] tf]s]sf]
of] U otf;d] t gePsf JolQmxnfO{ ldlt
@)^&.@.@( df dx] G b| pRr df=lj= yflG;
g' j fsf] 6 sf] ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
cWoIf / ;b:odf 5gf}6 u/]sf] kfOPsf] x'Fbf
To:tf] u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ul/Psf] 5gf]6 sfo{n]
dfGotf kfpg] b]lvPg .
&= ljBfnosf] ;~rfng /] v b] v /
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu k| r lnt sfg" g adf] l hd
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf
sfg"gsf] plrt k|lqmof k"/f gu/L jf sfg"gf/f
lgwf{l/t of]Uotf tyf zt{sf] kl/kfng gu/L
u7g ul/Psf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] j}wtf
kfpg g;Sg] x'G5 . cj}wflgs ?kdf u7g ePsf]
jf tf]lsPadf]lhd of]Uotf gePsf] ljBfno
Joj:Yffkg ;ldltn] ug]{ sfo{ clwsf/ljxLg ;d]t
x'g hfg] x'G5 .
*= dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6 dx]Gb| pRr
df=lj= yflG;, g'jfsf]6sf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltdf ldlt @)^&.@.@( df 5gf}6 ePsf cWoIf
wg]Gb|axfb'/ yfkfdf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
sf] lgod @(-u_ adf]lhd dfWolds ljBfnosf]

nflu sDtLdf P;=Pn=;L+ jf ;f];/x pQL0f{
x'g'kg]{ of]Uotf /xg'kg]{df lghdf ;f] of]Uotf
gePsf] jf g/x]sf] / To:tf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQm
cleefjs e]nfdf gePsf] eGg] lg0f{odf pNn]v
klg gePsf], ;b:odf 5gf]6 ePsL /]vf e08f/L
cleefjs g} gePsfn] lzIff P]g, @)@* sf]
bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] of]Uotf lghdf klg
gePsf], lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @#
-!_ adf]lhd cleefjs e]nfsf nflu & lbg] ;"rgf
lbg'kg]{df ldlt @)^&.@.@^ df ;"rgf hf/L u/L
ckl/kSj cj:yfdf ldlt @)^&.@.@( df
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] / lgod @#-#_
adf]lhd 5gf}6 ;xof]u ;ldltdf ljBfno lg/LIfs
/fVg'kg]{df ;f] ;d]t g/fv]sf] x'Fbf pQm dx]Gb|
pRr df=lj=yflG; g'jfsf]6sf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] u7g sfg" g n] lgwf{ l /t u/] s f]
k|lqmofadf]lhd gu/L sfg"gadf]lhdsf] of]Uotf
gk'u]sf] JolQmxnfO{ cWoIf / ;b:odf 5gf]6
u/L u7g u/]sf] b]lvof] . t;y{ lzIff P]g, @)@*
/ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] k|lts"n ldlt
@)^&.@.@( df u7g ul/Psf] pQm dx]Gb| pRr
df=lj= yflG; g'jfsf]6sf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] u7g ug]{ lg0f{o tyf tT;DaGwL eP
u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxL ;d]t sfod /xg g;Sg] x'Fbf
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ca
sfg" g adf] l hd k' g M cleefjs e] n f u/fO{
P]glgodn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|lqmof k'ofO{ tf]lsPsf]
of] U otf ePsf] cleefjsx dWo] a f6
sfg"gadf]lhd ljBfno Joj:yf ;ldlt u7g ug'{
egL ljkIfL dx]Gb| pRr dfWolds ljBfno yflG;
g'jfsf]6 / P]=sf k|wfgfWofks tyf lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/L ;d]tsf gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L
x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{
lbO{ k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ j'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn c;f/ !% ut] /f]h % z'ed\==
Ohnf; clws[t M k'ik/fh yklnof
lg0f{o g+= *%(&

dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] CI)$*$
cfb]z ldltM @)^&.(.&.$
d'2f M c+z rng .
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLM sf7df8f} + lhNnf,
sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+ = #% sf] 6 ] Z j/ xfn
k]K;Lsf]nf a:g] ;fGgfgL eGg] dxs'df/L
uh'/]n ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf=j8f
g+ = #% 3/ eO{ e} xfn uf] 7 f6f/
uf=lj=;=j8f g+=( a:g] sfG5L uh'/]n
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L cf]dk|sfz ld>
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L uf]kfn k/fh'nL
df=Gof=>L ljZjDe/k|;fb >]i7
646
d'2f btf{ eO{ kIfn] xs kl/Tofu u/]sf]

jf cGo sltko sf/0fn] Gofoof] U o
gePsf] cj:yfdf klg d'2f km5\of}{6 x'g
k'Ub5 jf ;f] ug'{kg]{ x'G5 d'2fdf kIfn]
tf/]v u'hfg'{, bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg' /Lt
gk'ofO{ btf{ u/]sf] b]lvg', sf]6{kmL g}
gk'u x'g' jf ltg{ g;Sg' cflb sltko
cj:yfdf k|fljlws lsl;dn] d'2f km5\of}{6
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . tL ;a} cj:yf oyfy{df
km};nf xf]Ogg\ . km};nf ug'{ eg]sf] kIf
ljkIfaLrsf] d'v ldn] jf gldn]sf] s'/f
to u/L s] 7x5{ ;f] OG;fkmsf] /f]xdf
ljrf/ ul/g] l:ylt xf] egL a'g' kg]{ .
slDtdf klg Ps k6s lkm/fb k/]kl5
csf]{ k6s ;f]xL ljifodf bfjL ug{ g;Sg]
*%(& - ;fGgfgL eGg] dxs'df/L uh'/]n ;d]t lj=sflG5 uh'/]n
u/L cof]Uotf l;h{gf ug]{ u/L OG;fkm

af]n]sf] l:ylt ;'lglZrt ug'{ c=a+=*% g+=
cfslif{t x'gsf] nflu ;fGble{s b]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
c+z, sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt s'g} vf;
kl/jf/df hGds} cfwf/df k|fKt x'g]
g};lu{s xssf] ljifo ePsf]n] JolQmsf]
g};lu{s xsnfO{ k|f\Gofosf] l;4fGtsf]
xjfnf lbO{ lg:t]h ug{ gx'g] .
kl/jf/sf] ;b:o ePsf] gftfn]
sfg"gadf]lhd c+z kfPsf] jf kl/Tofu
u/]sf] 68\sf/f] l:ylta]u/ c+zsf] xs
u' d ] s f] cg' d flgt ts{ u/L c+ z sf]
xsnfO{ lg/y{s jf pkef]u cof]Uo x'g]
u/L s'g} JofVof ug{ ;d]t ldNg] b]lvGg .
cGoyf ;fdfGo sfo{ljlwut jf k|fljlws
sf/0fn] JolQmn] g};lu{s xs pkof]u
ug{af6 al~rt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg
;Sg] .
cl3 bfo/ u/]sf] c+z d'2fdf xfnnfO{
bfjL gk'Ug] u/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvP
tfklg ;f] lg0f{o clGtd k|s[ltsf] ge}
tfTsfnLs k|s[ltsf] ePsf] / d'2fdf
xf/hLtsf] km} ; nf gePsf] n ] c+ z sf]
g};lu{s xsnfO{ pkef]u ug{af6 /f]s
nufpg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf
zzLljgf]b Kofs'/]n
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
c=a+=#@ / *% g+=
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >] i 7M k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^^.!.* ut] ePsf] km};nfpk/
647
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd

o; cbfnt;dIf bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
;;' / f afns[ i 0f uh' / ] n / ;f;"
nIdLdfof uh' / ] n sf] k/nf] s e} ; s] s f] /
lghxsf] sf] v af6 Psdfq 5f] / f x] d k| ; fb
uh' n ] n sf] hfohGd ePsf] d f lgh x] d k| ; fb
uh' / ] n d] / f] klt x' g ' x ' G 5 . ljkIfL klt /
d]/f]aLrdf @)@# ;fndf k|]d ljjfx ePsf] xf] .
d]/f] ljjfx x'g' eGbf cufl8 g} lghsf] ;fGgfgL
uh'/]n;Fu ljjfx e};s]sf] s'/f dnfO{ ljjfx e}
3/ hfFbf dfq yfxf eof] . lj=;+=@)@% ;fndf
d] / f] sf] v af6 5f] / L sdnf uh' / ] n sf] hGd
ePkZrft\ ljkIfLsf] h] 7 L >LdtL ;fGgfgL
uh' / ] n af6 ;d] t hfohGd ePkZrft\
ljkIfLxsf] dk| l tsf] Jojxf/df PSsf;L
kl/jt{g cfO{ klt ;f;", ;;'/f;d]t e} s'6kL6,
ufnL u/L vfg nfpg;d]t glbO{ 3/af6 lgsfnf
u/L lbg' ePsfn] @)@* ;fnb]lv dfOtLdf g}
a:b} cfPsf 5f} . dfOtLs} tkm{af6 5f]/Lsf]
ljjfx;d]t e};s]sf] 5 . t;y{ lkm/fb k/]sf]
cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{ dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L
d'n'sL P]g c+za08fsf] @), @!, @@, @#, @$ /
@% g+=, nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] $ g+=adf]lhd ;Dk"0f{
rn crn ;DklQsf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/L dfu
u/L c+ z a08fsf] ! / @ g+ = adf] l hd ;Dk" 0 f{
;DklQnfO{ & efu nufO{ & v08sf] ! v08 d
lkm/fbLnfO{ lbnfO{ rng;d]t rnfO{ kfpFm eGg]
lkm/fb bfjL .
ljkIfL jfbL sfG5L uh' / ] n nfO{
ljjfxkrft\ d]/f] 3/df g} a:g af/Daf/ cg'/f]w
ubf{ klg gdfgL dfOtLdf g} a:b} cfPsL 5g\ .
dfOtLdf g} a:b} cfP tfklg d}n] cfgf] OHht
cfdbcg';f/ lghsf] x]/ ljrf/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5' .
d]/f] k}lqs ;DklQ 3/ hUuf @)$% ;fndf g}
clwu|x0fdf k/L d'cfJhf lbPsf]df lghn] pQm
d'cfJhf /f]Ssf /fvL d}n] c+zafktsf] ;DklQ
klxnf d]/f gfddf r]s sf6L afFsL ;DklQ d]/f]
nf]Ug] x]dk|;fb uh'/]nnfO{ lbPdf d~h"/ 5 egL
@)$^ ;fndf ?=%),))). a'emL sfuh;d]t

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
ul/lbPsL x'g\ . lgh sfG5L uh'/]nn] x}/fgL lbg]

lgotn] @)$( ;fndf o;} ;Ddflgt cbfntdf
c+z d'2f bfo/ u/]sL lyOg, h'g kl5 ;Nnfxaf6
lghn] tf/]v 5f]8L d'2f g} tf]dnLdf /x]sf] 5 .
ca d;Fu s'g} ;DklQ gePsfn] lghnfO{ d}n]
c+z lbO{ /xg' kg]{ xf]Og . @)$% ;fndf g}
c+zafkt ?=%),))). lbO{ ;s]sf] x'gfn] ljkIfLn]
k6sk6s c+z kfO{ /fVg] cj:yf gx'Fbf pQm
lkm/fb c=a+=!*) g+=adf]lhd vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|ltjfbLxsf] Pp6}
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
log} jfbLn] k|ltjfbL x]dk|;fb uh'/]nnfO{
k| l tjfbL agfO{ cGo c+ l zof/;d] t b] v fO{ &
efusf] ! efu c+z dfu u/L ldlt @)$*.#.@^
df o;} lhNnf cbfntdf lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf]df
c+ z df bfjL k' U g g;Sg] egL o; lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$(.!.@% df km};nf ePsf]
b]lvof] . o;/L c+zdf bfjL gk'Ug] km};nf ePkl5
jfbLn] ;f] km};nf ;DaGwdf s'g} lkm/fbdf pNn]v
gu/L km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg klg gu/L a;]sL /
xfn cfP/ k'gM c+zdf bfjL u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]
sfo{ d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] dxnsf]
*% sf] ljk/Lt ePaf6 jfbL bfjL vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ eGg] ;d]t sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^).^.@* df ePsf] km};nf .
pQm km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . d]/f] c+z
dfg{ ljleGg k|k~r ldnfO{ ljkIfLxn] cGofo
u/L k| d f0f agfPsf] d f pQm k| d f0f d] / f]
;lx5fka]u/ g} sLt]{ dflg; v8f u/]sf] / pQm
d]/f] ;xL hfFr a'em g} gu/L gfdfs/0f ug]{
df}sf g} glbOsg km};nf ug'{ Gofo;+ut 5}g .
z'? cbfntsf] km};nf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf #, %$ / c=a+=!*$-s_ / !*% sf] ljk/Lt
x'Fbf ab/ pN6L u/L jfbL bfjLadf]lhd ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
c+lzof/ gePsf] jf c+z kfO;s]sf] eGg]
cfwf/df @)$( ;fndf km};nf ePsf] geO{
d'2fdf sfo{ljlwut Pj+ k|fljlws sf/0faf6 bfjL
gk'Ug] 7x/]sf]] km};nfsf] cfwf/df jfbLsf] g};lu{s
xs clwsf/ s'l07t x'g] k|:t't km};nf km/s kg{

;Sg] b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjl3
gf3] k l5 lgodfg' ; f/ k] z ug' { eGg] ;d] t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt
@)^!.#.!! df ePsf] cfb]z .
k| : t' t d' 2 fdf log} ljkIfLx pk/
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf b]=ld=g+=$^&* sf]
km};nf ab/ d'2f / kmf}=ld=g+=!$$% sf] sLt]{
hfn;fhL d'2f bfo/ eO{ pQm d'2fx ljrf/fwLg
/x]sf] x'gfn] k|:t't d'2f d'NtjLdf /fvL kfpFm
eGg] ;d]tsf] lgj]lbsf sfG5L uh'/]nsf] ldlt
@)^!.!!.!! df lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
plNnlvt km};nf ab/ / sLt]{ hfn;fhL d'2f
lsgf/f geP;Dd k|:t't d'2f lg0f{o ug{ pko'Qm
gb]lvPsf]n] pQm d'2fx km};nf e} cfPkl5
hufpg] u/L k|:t't d'2f c=a+=!@ g+=adf]lhd
d'ntjL /fvL lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^!.!!.!! df ePsf]
cfb]z .
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf k/]sf] km};nf
ab/ / sLt]{ hfn;fhL d'2f km};nf ePkl5
hufpg] u/L d'NtjLdf /x]sf]df pQm d'2fx
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf eO{ ;f]sf]
k|ltlnlk;d]t ;fy} /fvL k'g/fj]lbsfn] lgj]bg
lbPsf] b]lvFbf k|:t't d'2f d'ntjLaf6 hufO{
lbPsf] 5 . d'NtjLaf6 nut sf u/L k'g/fj]bg
d"n bfo/Ldf btf{ u/L tTsfn xflh/ /x]sf
kIfxsf] gfpFFdf & -;ft_ lbg] Dofb hf/L u/L
Dofbdf xflh/ eP jf Dofb cjlw JotLt eP
kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^#.@.!% df ePsf] cfb]z .
k'g/fj]bs jfbL / k|ltjfbL gftfdf ljjfb
gePsf] / k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] sfg"gadf]lhd c+z
kfPsf] ;a"b k|df0f;d]t gePsf] cj:yfdf @)$*
;fndf ePsf] c+z d'2fdf tf/]v 5f8]sf] sf/0faf6
c+za08fsf] #@ g+=adf]lhd xfnnfO{ c+zsf] bfjL
gk'Ug] egL 7x/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] / sfg"gtM jfbLn]
c+z kfPsf] gb]lvFbf lkm/fb k/]sf] cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{
dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L ;f] lbg;Ddsf]
a08f ug'{kg]{ rn crn ;DklQsf] tfobftL
648
kmfF6jf/L k'g/fj]bs / k|ToyL{af6 bflvnf u/fO{

;s]sf] cfwf/df gk'u sf]6{kmL;d]t k'g/fj]bs
jfbLaf6 lnO{ k]z ePsf] kmfF6jf/Ldf pNn]v
ePsf] hUufdf btf{ ptf/ ;d]t ;DalGwt dfnkf]t
sfof{noaf6 lemsfO{ ldl;n ;fd]n /fvL nufpsf
d'2f;d]t ;fy} /fvL k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^#.!@.! df ePsf]
cfb]z .
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#.!@.! df
tfobftL kmfF 6 jf/L dfu e} k] z x' g cfPsf]
tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf pNn]v ePsf] ;DklQdWo]
ls=g+ = !$@* sf] 3/ hUuf k| l tjfbL p4j
uh'/]nsf] >LdtL dlGb/f ;'j]bL -uh'/]n_ dfgf]
5'lPsf] ldlt @)%(.!.* sfod ePkl5 ldlt
@)^).$.@ df v/Lb u/L lnPsf] b]lvFbf ;f] 3/
ls=g+=!$@* sf] 3/ hUuf a08f gnfUg] / afFsL
tfobftLdf plNnlvt ;DklQdf btf{ ;|]:tf ePsf
hUufxaf6 / btf{ ;|]:tf gePsf hUufxdf
sfg"gadf]lhd c+lzof/sf] gfpFFdf btf{ sfod
eO{ cfPsf avt ;f] ;DklQ;d] t af6 xfn
c+lzof/ ^ hgf b]lvg cfPsf]n] ^ efusf] ! efu
k'g/fj]bs jfbL sfG5L uh'/]nn] k|ltjfbLxaf6
c+z kfpg] 7x5{ . jfbL bfjL vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf]
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).^.@*
sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvO{ q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L
x'G5 eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6
ldlt @)^^.!.*.# df ePsf] km};nf .
xfdL k' g /fj] b s klt tyf lktfl;t
ljkIfLn] c+zafkt @)$* ;fndf g} ;Dk"0f{
;DklQ lqe'jg ljdfg:yndf clwu|x0fdf k/L
;f]af6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] /sddWo] ?=%),))).
c+zafkt lnO{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ;f] s'/fsf] lg:;f
sfuh;d] t u/L lbPaf6 k| i 6 5 . ldlt
@)$(.!.@% df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6
km};nf ePsf]df ;f] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg gu/L
ljkIfL r'k nfUg' ePsf] / kl5 k'gM c+zsf] bfjL
ug' { ePsf] d f jfbL c=a+ = *% g+ = n] ljjlGwt
x'g'x'G5 . c=a+=*% g+= ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ePsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ctM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nf c=a+=!*$-s_, !*%,
649
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$, #$ / c=a+=*%

g+=;d]t k|lts"n ePaf6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
ePsf] km};nf ab/ u/L z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^).^.@* df ePsf] km};nf
;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] k|ltjfbLxsf] o;
cbfnt;dIf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf zzLljgf]b Kofs'/]nn] ljkIfL jfbLn]
klxn] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf]
c+z d'2fdf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] ldlt
@)$(.!.@% df bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fO{ u/]sf]
km};nf clGtd ePsf] 5 . ;f] km};nfsf] k|lts"n
x'g] u/L pxL jfbLn] pg} k|ltjfbLx pk/ k'gM
c+z d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]n] k|:t't d'2f c=a+=*%
g+=k|lts"n x'Fbf sfg"gljk/Lt k/]sf] d'2f vf/]h
ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L jfbLn] c+z kfpg] 7x/fO{
u/] s f] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt kf6gsf] km} ; nfdf
sfg"gL q'l6 x'Fbf ;f] km};nf pN6L u/L z'?sf]
km};nf ;b/ x'g'kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'gL
ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0f cWoog u/L k|:t't
d'2fdf lgDg k|Zgxdf ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ b]lvg
cfof]M
-!_
Psk6s c+z d'2f bfo/ u/L ;f] d'2fdf
bfjL gk'Ug] km};nf ePkl5 pg} jfbLn]
pg} k|ltjfbLx pk/ k'gM c+z d'2f bfo/
ug{ ldN5 ldNb}g <
-@_
k' g /fj] b g cbfnt kf6gsf] km} ; nf
ldn]sf] 5 5}g <
@= plNnlvt k|ZgxdWo] klxnf] k|Zg
Psk6s c+z d'2f lbO{ ;f] c+z d'2fdf bfjL gk'Ug]
km};nf ePkl5 pxL jfbLn] pg} k|ltjfbLx pk/
k'gM c+z d'2f lbg ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] < eGg] tkm{
ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . d"ntM Ps k6s
d'2f bfo/ u/L ;f] d'2fdf km};nf eO{ ;s]kZrft\
;f] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg lbg] clwsf/afx]s pxL
kIfpk/ k'gM ;f]xL d'2f lbg] clwsf/ pxL kIfdf
/xFb}g . s'g} kIfn] s'g} ljkIfLx pk/ Pp6} d'2f
lbO{ af/Daf/ emd]nf gu/f];\ eGg] ;}4flGts
k[i7e"ld k|f\Gofosf] l;4fGtn] c+ufn]sf] kfOG5 .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
d'n'sL P]g c=a+=*% g+=sf] Joj:yf ;d]t ;f]xL

;}4flGts k[i7e"lddf cfwfl/t /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]
g+ = df cfdf d' 2 f k/L km} ; nf ePkl5 ;f]
km};nfpk/ P]g adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bg geO{ ;f]xL
d'2fdf p;} emul8ofsf gfpFFsf] lkm/fb kq lnO{
;'Gg x'Fb}g . lnPsf] eP klg vf/]h u/L lbg'k5{
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= pQm c=a+=*% g+=df k|o'Qm km};nfsf]
;Gbe{ oxfF g ] / larf/0fLo b] l vg cfpF 5 .
;fdfGotof km};nf eg]sf] kIf ljkIfsf] bfjL
lhsL/ / ;DalGwt kIfsf] ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"Nofg
u/L s'g} bfjL jf lhsL/ tYoo'Qm xf] jf xf]Og ;f]
adf]lhd s'g} bfjL jf lhsL/ k'Ug] xf] jf xf]Og
egL osLg u/L lg0f{o ul/Psf] cj:yf xf] . oBlk
oxfFsf] k|rngdf s'g} bfjL k/] kl5 sfg"gadf]lhd
km5\of}6{ ePsf] ;a} cj:yfdf ;d]t hgfpg vf]hs
] f]
kfOG5 . d'2f btf{ eO{ kIfn] xs kl/Tofu u/]sf]
jf cGo sltko sf/0fn] Gofoof]Uo gePsf]
cj:yfdf klg d'2f km5\of}{6 x'g k'Ub5 jf ;f]
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 d'2fdf kIfn] tf/]v u'hfg'{, bfjL k'Ug
;Sb}g eGg' /Lt gk'ofO{ btf{ u/]sf] b]lvg', sf]6{kmL
g} gk'u x'g' jf ltg{ g;Sg' cflb sltko cj:yfdf
k|fljlws lsl;dn] d'2f km5\of}{6 ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . tL
;a} cj:yf oyfy{df km};nf xf]Ogg\ . km};nf ug'{
eg]sf] kIf ljkIf aLrsf] d'v ldn] jf gldn]sf]
s'/f to u/L s] 7x5{ ;f] OG;fkmsf] /f]xdf ljrf/
ul/g] l:ylt xf] eGg a'g' kg]{ x'G5 . slDtdf klg
c=a+=*% g+=sf] ;Gbe{df Ps k6s lkm/fb k/]kl5
csf]{ k6s ;f]xL ljifodf bfjL ug{ g;Sg] u/L
cof]Uotf l;h{gf ug]{ xf] eg] pk/f]Qm lsl;dsf]
OG;fkm af]n]sf] l:ylt ;'lglZrt ug'{ c=a+=*% g+=
cfslif{t x'gsf] nflu ;fGble{s b]lvg cfpF5 .
$= pko' { Q m ;} 4 flGts Pj+ sfg" g L
k[i7e"ldsf] /f]xdf x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fsL jfbL sfG5L
uh'/]n jfbL eO{ lbPsf] ;+jt\ @)$* ;fnsf]
b]=ld=g+=@*^(.#&!( sf] c+z d'2fdf jfbLn] c+z
kfpg' kg]{ s'/fsf] tYoo'Qm ;a"b k|df0f s]xL klg
lbg g;s]sf] o; cj:yfdf lkm/fb bfjL ;dly{t
x'g g;s]sf]n] xfnnfO{ k|:t't lkm/fb kqs} e/df
c+z kfpFm eGg] ;d]t bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g egL
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$(.!.@%

df km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 km};nf eO{ ;s]kZrft\ ldlt @)%(.!.(
df k'gM cl3Nnf] c+z d'2fs} jfbL oL sfG5L uh'/n
] n]
& efusf] ! efu c+z kfpFm egL k|ltjfbLx pk/
c+z d'2f lbPsf]df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn]
c=a+=*% g+=adf]lhd egL k|:t't d'2f vf/]h
u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gn] sf7df8f}+
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbLn] c+z
kfpg] 7x/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= d'n'sL P]g c=j+=*% g+=n] Ps k6s
;Ifd cbfntdf d'2f k/L km};nf ePkl5 ;f]xL
ljifodf pg} emul8ofsf gfpFFdf k'gM d'2f bfo/
ug{ a f6 /f] s nufPsf] b] l vG5 . ;fdfGotof
k| f \ G ofosf] l;4fGtn] d' 2 fsf] clGtdtfsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ ;d] t ;d] 6 ] s f] x' G 5 . t/ x/] s
cj:yfdf k|f\Gofosf] gfpFFdf d'2fsf] hGdnfO{
cGTo ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;fwf/0ftof ;Ifd cbfntdf
d'2f k/L k|df0fsf] ljj]rgf;lxt lgikIf ;'g'jfO{
u/L ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ePsf] cj:yfdf k|f\Gofosf]
l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g ;S5 . ljjfbu|:t ljifodf
;Ifd cbfntf/f ljrf/ ul/Psf] / lg0f{o ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf k'gM d'2f lbg ldNb}g . k|f\Gofosf]
l;4fGt Pp6} ljifodf cgfjZos ?kdf d'2f lbg
;Sg] clwsf/nfO{ ;+s'lrt u/L ;fj{hlgs jf
JolQmut ;'/Iffsf] nflu :yflkt ePsf] dflgG5 .
ljkIfL jfbLn] cl3 bfo/ u/]sf] c+z d'2fdf
k|ltjfbLxn] k|ltpQ/ lkm/fPsf] b]lvFb}g . gt
;f] d'2fdf k|df0f a'emL ;+slnt k|df0fsf] ljj]rgf
eO{ 7x/ af]lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . bfo/ ePsf] lkm/fbs}
e/df jfbLn] c+ z kfpg] cj:yf g/x] s f] n ]
xfnnfO{ eGg] af]nL kf/L bfjL gk'Ug] u/L
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 @)$(.!.@% df
km};nf ePsf] b]lvFbf o:tf] k|ltpQ/ glkm/fPsf]
tyf k|df0fsf] ljj]rgf ;d]t geO{ tTsfnLg
cj:yfdf k|fljlws sf/0fn] dfq ePsf] km};nfnfO{
cfwf/dfgL jfbLn] k| : t' t d' 2 f k| f \ G ofosf]
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df lbg ;Sb}gg\ eGg ldNb}g .
To;}u/L d'n'sL P]g c+za08fsf] dxnsf] #@ g+=df
c+z d'2fdf jfbLn] tf/]v u'hf/] klg d'2f l8;ld;
650
ug{ x'bF g} , 7x/] adf]lhd km};nf ug'k{ 5{ eGg] sfg"gL

k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fsL jfbLn] cl3
bfo/ u/]sf] c+z d'2fdf tf]lsPsf] tf/]v u'hf/L
a;]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . o;/L tf/]v u'hf/]s} sf/0fn]
d'2f l8;ld; ug{ gx'g] 7x/]adf]lhd km};nf ug'k{ g]{
eGg] c+za08fsf] #@ g+=sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd
lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvP tfklg ;f] d'2fdf of] olt
sf/0fn] jfbLn] c+z kfpg g;Sg] jf of] olt
sf/0fn] k| l tjfbLxn] c+ z lbg gkg] { egL
ljj]rgf;lxt lg0f{o ePsf] gkfOFbf oL jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLxaf6 c+z kfpFm lnPsf] bfjLsf] xsdf
;a"b k|df0fsf] /f]xdf d"Nofg u/fO{ vf; lg0f{o
ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] egL lbPsf] k|:t't d'2fnfO{
k|fGofosf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df egL OGsf/ ug{
ldNg] b]lvPg .
^= c+z sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt s'g} vf;
kl/jf/df hGds} cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] g};lu{s xssf]
ljifo ePsf]n] JolQmsf] g};lu{s xsnfO{ k|f\Gofosf]
l;4fGtsf] xjfnf lbO{ lg:t]h ug{ x'Fb}g . kl/jf/sf]
;b:o ePsf] gftfn] JolQmn] sfg"gadf]lhd c+z
kfPsf] jf kl/Tofu u/]sf] 68\sf/f] l:ylta]u/ c+zsf]
xs u'd]sf] cg'dflgt ts{ u/L c+zsf] xsnfO{
lg/y{s jf pkef]u cof]Uo x'g] u/L s'g} JofVof
ug{ ;d] t ldNg] b] l vGg . cGoyf ;fdfGo
sfo{ljlwut jf k|fljlws sf/0fn] JolQmn] g};lu{s
xs pkof]u ug{af6 al~rt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg
;S5 . ctM cl3 jfbLn] bfo/ u/]sf] c+z d'2fdf
xfnnfO{ bfjL gk'Ug] u/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvP
tfklg ;f] lg0f{o clGtd k|s[ltsf] ge} tTsfnLs
k| s [ l tsf] ePsf] n ] d' 2 fdf xf/hLtsf] km} ; nf
gePsf]n] cfgf] g};lu{s xsnfO{ pkef]u ug{af6
jfbLnfO{ /f]s nufpg ldNg] ePg .
&= ca k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf
ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < eGg] clGtd k|Zgtkm{
x]bf{, jfbLn] @)$% ;fndf c+zafkt ?=%),))).
a' e mL lnPsLn] c+ z lbg' kg] { xf] O g egL
k|ltjfbLxn] lhsL/ lnPtf klg jfbLn] c+zafkt
egL /lhi6]zg kfl/t u/L c+z a'em]sf] gb]lvFbf
k|ltjfbLxn] c+z lbO{ ;s]sf] egL lnPsf] lhsL/
dgfl;a b]lvPg . jfbL / k|ltjfbLx aLr gftf
651
;DaGwdf s' g } ljjfb gb] l vPsf] / jfbLn]

k|ltjfbLxaf6 /Ltk"j{s c+z kfPsf] gb]lvFbf
jfbLn] k|ltjfbLxaf6 c+z kfpg] 7x/fO{ ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfdf s'g} q'l6
b]lvPg .
*= ctM plNnlvt ljj] l rt cfwf/
sf/0fxn] ubf{ k]z ePsf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf
plNnlvt ;DklQ dWo] ls=g+=!$@* sf] 3/ hUuf
k|ltjfbL p4j uh'/]nsL >LdtL dlGb/f ;'j]bL uh'/]n_ n] dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldltkl5 v/Lb u/L
lnPsf]n] ;f] 3/ hUufdf a08f gnfUg] 7x/fO{
afFsL tfobftL sf/jfxLdf plNnlvt ;DklQdf
btf{ ;|:] tf ePsf hUufxaf6 / btf{ ;|:] tf gePsf
hUufxdf sfg"gadf]lhd c+lzof/sf gfpFFdf btf{
;|:] tf sfod eO{ cfPsf avt ;f] ;DklQ ;d]taf6
xfn sfod ^ c+lzof/ b]lvPsf]n] ^ efusf] !
efu c+z jfbLn] k|ltjfbLxaf6 5'ofO{ lng
kfpg] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf
ldn] s } b] l vF b f ;b/ x' g ] 7x5{ . k| l tjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn k'; & ut] /f]h $ z'ed
Ohnf; clws[t M lai0f'k|;fb uf}td
l
lg0f{o g+= *%(*
;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] WO )^&&
cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!).!(.$
d'2fM pTk|]if0f ;d]t .
lgj]bsM sf7df8f}F lhNnf sf=d=g=kf=j8f g=!!
8fFkm]dfu{ @)) df l:yt pkef]Qmf lxt
;+ / If0f d~r g] k fnsf] tkm{ a f6

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
P] = sf] = clVtof/jfnf dxf;lrj tyf

cfkm\gf] xsdf ;d]t clwjQmf Hof]lt
afFlgof ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o dxf;+3
gofF jfg]Zj/ sf7df8f}F ;d]t
hgtfk| l t pQ/bfoL lgsfon]
cfdhgtfsf] lxtnfO{ dWogh/ u/L sfd
ug'{kg]{df ;f]sf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L tTsfn
l;lh{t ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ kl/l:yltnfO{
dfq} dWogh/ /fvL ;Demf} t f ug' {
sfg" g ;Ddt\ tyf ljlw;Ddt\ dfGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o dxf;+3 :jo+
;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd ;+:yflkt
e} j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] 9'jfgL Pj+ ofq'nfO{
;'ne tl/sfn] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ kljq
p2]Zo lnO{ ;+:yfkgf eO{ lqmofzLn /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;xdltsf] gfddf ;/sf/n]
sfg" g L k| l qmof k" / f ug' { k g] { lgofds
e"ldsfnfO{ ;d]t dxf;+3nfO{ lhDdf lbO{
cGo btf{jfnf ;+:yfxnfO{ ;d]t pQm
dxf;+3cGtu{tsf] k|lqmofaf6 u'h|g'kg]{
u/L cltl/Qm zt{ / k|lqmof tf]s]sf] sfo{
sfg"g;+ut gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6 o dxf;+ 3
cfkm} d f cfjZos ;] j f P] g , @)!$
cGtu{t zfl;t x'g'kg]{ ;+:yf ePsf] Pj+
;] j fk| b fossf ?kdf lqmofzLn pQm
;+:yfn] k|rlnt sfg"gljk/Lt x'g] u/L
Pj+ cfg} ljwfgljk/Lt x'g] u/L ul/Psf]
;xdlt sfg"gcg'ksf] dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf Hof]tL afFlgof
ljkIfL tkm{ a f6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L
wd{/fh kf}8]n / ljfg clwjQmf >L
z+s/ ;''j]bL
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f #@, !)&-@_
cfjZos ;]jf P]g, @)!$
;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >] i 7M g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ cGtu{t
o;} cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] cGtu{t
bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M
lgj]]bs ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd
@)%! ;fndf ;+:yflkt e} xfn;Dd pkef]Qmfsf]
xs lxt / clwsf/sf nflu sfo{/t clwsf/sdL{
;d]t xf} . o; ;+:yfnfO{ ;/sf/n] pkef]Qmf
;+/If0f kl/ifb\ / s]Gb|Lo cg'udg ;ldlt nufotdf
dgf] g og u/] s f] 5 . lgj] b s nufotsf
pkef]QmfnfO{ pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ sf]
bkmf ^ tyf United Nation Guideline for consumer
protection, 1985 adf]lhd pkef]QmfnfO{ hLp,
Hofg, :jf:Yo tyf ;DklQdf xflg k'ofpg] pkef]Uo
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljqmL ljt/0faf6 ;'/lIft x'g
kfpg] clwsf/, cg'lrt Jofkf/Ls lqmofsnfkaf6
pkef]Qmfxdf x'g] zf]if0f tyf dsf{sf] lj?4
;'g'jfO{ / Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] clwsf/ nufotsf
clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljkIfLdWo]sf] g]kfn
oftfoft Joj;foL dxf;+3 /fli6o lgb]{zg P]g,
@)!* adf]lhd btf{ e} ;~rflnt ;+:yf ePsf] /
g]kfne/ ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgx dfkm{t\
pkef]QmfnfO{ oftfoft ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t
e} pQm ;]jf cfjZos ;]jf ;~rfng P]g, @)!$
adf]lhd cfjZos ;]jfleq kg]{ ;]jf xf] . To;
;+:yfn] cTofjZos ;]jf nufot cfly{s If]qdf
uDeL/ c;/ k'Ug] vfnsf b:t"/ ;]jfsf If]qdf
aGb x8\tfn ug{ gkfOg] / To;/L jfWosf/L
;Demf}tf ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf >d P]g, @)$* df
/flvPsf] 5 .
652
*%(* - pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r ;d]t lj=g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o dxf;+3 ;d]t
o;} aLr ljkIfL dxf;+ 3 n] g] k fn

;/sf/;dIf crfgs !) ;"lqo dfu k|:t't u/L
@)^#.!).& / * ut] g]kfne/ rNg] ;Dk"0f{
;fj{hlgsnufot lghL ;jf/L ;fwg aGb u/L
cfd x8\tfnsf] cfof]hgf ug'{eof] ;f] cfdx8\tfn
aGb ug{ lgj]bsnufot g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'/f]w
;d]t ubf{ ;8s cj?4 u/L tf]8kmf]8 cfuhgLsf
sfd ;d]t eP . ;jf/L ;fwg rNg glbPsf
sf/0f pkef] Q mfn] ;f] @ lbg si6s/ ;do
ljtfpg'kof] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljkIfL dx;+3nfO{
jftf{df af]nfpbf ;d]t * ;"lqo dfu yk u/]sf]
hfgsf/L ljkIfL dxf;+3f/f g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
u/fOof] ] . o;} aLr g] k fn ;/sf/n] ljkIfL
dxf;+ 3 nfO{ jftf{ d f af] n fO{ @)^#.!).* df
ljleGg !* a'bfdf ;xdlt u/L cGtdf u[x,
cy{ dGqfno tyf oftfoft Joj:yf ljefusf]
k|ltlglw / g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o
dxf;+3sf aLr ePsf] o; ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df
xfn aGb ePsf] g]kfn e/sf] oftfoft t'?Gt
;"rf? ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ ;xdlt eof] egL
;xdltkqdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] /x]5 . ljkIfLxsf]
pQm ;xdlt ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-@_, !@-#_-_
-r_, cfjZos ;] j f ;~rfng P] g pkef] Q mf
;+/If0f P]g, ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g,
@)$( / P]=sf] lgodfjnL, @)%) ljk/Lt 5 .
ljkIfL dxf;+ 3 /fli6 o lgb] { z g P] g , @)!*
adf]lhd btf{ e} j:t' tyf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf
ePaf6 To:tf ;+:yfnfO{ Right to Strike sf]
clwsf/ /xg ;Sb} g . oftfoft ;] j f cfjZos
;] j f P] g , @)!$ adf] l hd cTofjZos ;] j f
leq kg] { x' g fn] ;f] cfjZos ;] j fleq k/] s f
s' g } klg j:t' / ;] j fsf If] q df x8\ t fn ug{
kfpg] xf]Og . ljkIfL j:t' tyf ;]jf k|bfosaf6
lgo' Q m sd{ r f/L sfdbf/n] klg cTofjZos
;] j fnufot cfly{ s If] q df uDeL/ c;/ k' U g]
nufotsf j:t' / ;] j fsf If] q df x8\ t fn aGb
ug{ gkfOg] / To;/L jfWosf/L ;Demf} t f ug{
gkfpg] Joj:yf >d P] g , @)$* sf] bkmf *)
df 5 . ;f] ljk/Lt u} unt ?kdf ul/Psf]
;Demf} t f ab/efuL 5 .
653
ljkIfLx aLr ;DkGg ldlt @)^#.!).*

sf] ;Demf} t fsf !* j' b fxsf clwsf+ z
Joj:yfx pkef] Q mf clwsf/ / k| r lnt
sfg"gljk/Lt 5g\ . aF'bf g+= # df ;jf/L b'3{6gf
e} dflg;sf] d[To' ePdf &%,))). ;Ddsf] /sd
aLdf sDkgL ;jf/LwgLaf6 e/fpg] eGg] Joj:yf
/flvPsf] /x]5 . t/ ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf
lgodfjnL @)%$ sf] lgod %% df To:tf]
cj:yfdf # nfv ?k}of j/fj/sf] aLdf u/fO{
;f] aLdf jf aLdf gu/fPsf] eP ;f] j/fj/sf]
/sd e/fO{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . To:t} ;Demf}tfsf]
j'bf g+= &-@_-s_-v_ df gofF ;jf/L btf{ ubf{ jf
?6kld{ 6 lnF b f ljkIfL dxf;+ 3 sf] clgjfo{
l;kmfl/z rflxg] ;xdlt klg pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f
P]g, @)%$ sf] bkmf & / lgod !^ ljk/Lt 5 .
To:t} ;fj{ h lgs ;jf/Ldf cfjthfjt ug] {
ljBfyL{xsf] ;x'lnotdf s6f}tL ug]{ / ;f]afkt
&% k|ltzt;Dd s/ 5"6 lbg] ;xdlt ;d]t
cGoflos ;d[l4 jf kmfObfsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt
5 . ctM dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf plNnlvt tYo
Pj+ sfg" g sf] cfwf/df ljkIfL dxf;+ 3 af6
cfof]lht clglZrtsfnLg ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs
;jf/L ;fwgx rNg / rnfpg glbg], x8\tfn
/ ;f] x8\tfn tf]8\g] qmddf ePsf] ljkIfLx
aLrsf] ldlt @)^#.!).)* sf] ;+o"Qm ;xdlt
u}/sfg"gL / q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
#@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
u/L ;fj{hlgs ;jf/Lnufot j:t' / ;]jf;Fu
;DalGwt If]qdf s'g} klg aGb x8\tfn gug{
gu/fpg, To:tf] aGb x8\tfn ug]{ j:t' tyf
;]jf k|bfos ;++:yfnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL
ug{ tTsfn cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof cufl8
a9fpg' / aGb x8\ t fnaf6 x' g ] Ifltk" l t{ s f]
;DalGwt cfof]hs tyf cfJxfgstf{af6 e/fpg'
eGg] ;d]tsf] k/dfb]z k|ltif]wnufotsf cGo
hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] lgj]bssf] l/6
lgj]bg Joxf]/f .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] lgj]bssf]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,

!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n /fvL
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfL >d oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnonfO{
;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] jf]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodf k7fO{lbg' . lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf
ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt
hjfkm lnO{ cfkm} jf cfgf] k|ltlglwf/f pkl:yt
x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfL g] k fn oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6 o
dxf;+ 3 nfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdfkm{ t \
;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjwL
gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb]z ;d]t dfu ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf
5nkmn ug{ & lbgsf] ;do lbO{ ljkIfLxnfO{
lemsfO{ k];L tf]Sg' / k|:t't lgj]bgdf pkef]Qmf
xssf] k|Zg pkl:yt u/L lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
^#-#_ -^_ adf]lhd cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
ljkIfLxn] bfjL lnPsf] ljifoj:t';Fu
;DalGwt ljifodf g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL
/fli6o dxf;+3;Fu o; sfof{non] s'g} k|sf/sf]
;Demf}tf gu/]sf] x'Fbf o; sfof{nonfO{ k|ToyL{
agfpg ldNg] xf]Og . hxfF;Dd ldlt @)^#.!).*
df !* j6f a'Fbfdf u[xdGqfno, cy{dGqfno /
oftfoft Joj:yf ljefusf k|ltlglw / g]kfn
oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o dxf;+3sf aLr ePsf]
;Demf}tf, ;xdlt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ / -#_ sf]
-_-r_ tyf cfjZos ;] j f ;~rfng P] g ,
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, ;jf/L tyf oftfoft
Joj:yf P]g @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%) ;d]tsf]
ljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] ljkIfLsf] bfjL 5, ;Demf}tf,
;xdltsf] s] s'g jF'bf jf efu ;+ljwfg jf P]g
jf lgodsf] s'g wf/f, bkmf jf lgod ljk/Lt
ePsf] xf] ;f] s'/f :ki6 pNn]v gu/L c:ki6
bfjL lnPsf] b]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n osf tkm{ a f6 o;
cbfnt;dIf k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ofq' dxfg'efjx tyf 9'jfgLsf] ;/n
Pj+ ;'ne tl/sfn] ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf]df
b]zdf /x]sf] ljBdfg hl6n ;d:ofsf sf/0f
oftfoft Joj;fodf kg{ cfPsf] Ifltsf ;DaGwdf
s'g} kIfaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5}g . l/6
lgj]bs :jo+n] xfd|f] xs lxtsf] ;jfndf cfjfh
p7fO lbg' k g] { d f u} / lhDd] j f/L 9+ u n] xfd| f ]
Joj;fodf kg{ uPsf] Ifltsf] s'g} d'Nof+sg
gu/L pN6} s'g} aGb x8\tfn gug{ / gu/fpg /
To:tf] aGb x8\tfn ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jf k|bfos
;+:yfnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxLsf] dfu ug'{
eGg] lgj]bg ug'{ cfkm}df q'l6k"0f{ 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/ / xfdLxsf aLr ;DkGg ldlt
@)^#.!).* df !* a'bF fdf cfk;L ;xdlt ePsf]df
g] k fn ;/sf/af6 xfdLxnfO{ k' U g uPsf]
Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t glbPsf], aGb x8\tfndf /fHo
kIfaf6 hj/\h:tL uf8L rnfpg jfWo u/fOPsf]
Pj+ uf8L rnfpFbfsf tf]8kmf]8 cfuhgL ePdf
/fHoaf6 Ifltk"lt{ kfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfsf sf/0f
t/fO{ If]qdf ePsf] lx+;fsf afjh"b oftfoft
;]jf aGb ug{df xfd|f] xft geO{ /fHo kIfsf]
sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f ePsf] xf] . @)^#.!).* df
xfdL / /fHo kIfaLr ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug{sf
nflu ;Def}tf ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/] h efuL 5 vf/] h ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t
Joxf] / fsf] ljkIfL oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6 o
dxf;+3 sf7df8f}F tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k/]sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o dxf;+3 /
;/sf/L jftf{ 6 f] n Lsf ;b:ox aLr ldlt
@)^#.!).* df ePsf] ;xdlt ;fj{ h lgs
oftfoftsf ;fwgx ;'rf??kn] ;~rfng ug{,
pkef]Uo j:t' / ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt If]qdf s'g}
klg aGb x8\tfn gug{ , aGb x8\tfn ug]{ j:t'
tyf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfxnfO{ To:tf] lqmofsnfk
gug]{ u/L ePsf] ;xdlt sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf]
x'Fbf ljkIfLn] lnPsf] lhsL/ cfwf/lxg ePsf]n]
654
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

cy{ dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 o; cbfnt;dIf k/]sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf]
ljifodf ;xdltkZrft\ u[x dGqfnoaf6 n]vL
cfPcg' k ;Da4 ljifodf o; ljefuaf6
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu kqfrf/ dfq ePsf] xf] .
ljBdfg ;Da4 P]g lgoddf ePsf]eGbf k[Ifs
9+un] ePsf] ;xdltsf] j}wflgstfsf] ljifodf
k|ltikwf{tds jftfj/0fdf Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug]{ kIf, ljBdfg ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf
P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !^* sf] cfnf]kfnf];DaGwL
k|ltjGwfTds k|fjwfgsf] vf/]hL tyf sfg"gsf]
Joj:yf Pj+ dfGo l;4fGtcg'k Goflos lg?k0f
ug{ jfG5lgo ePaf6 plNnlvt ljifosf
;DaGwdf o; ljefu, ;/sf/ / oftfoft
Joj;foLaLr ePsf] ;xdltsf ;Da4 a' F b f
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Dks{ lgsfosf] e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug] { x' F b f dfly ljleGg k| s /0fdf pNn] v
ePadf]lhd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf]
ljkIfL oftfoft Joj:yf ljefusf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k];L ;"rLdf
r9L lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r
/ cfgf] xsdf ;d]t clwjQmf Hof]tL afFlgofn]
@)^#.!).* df g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn oftfoft
Joj;foL /fli6o dxf;+3aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf
sfg"gljk/Lt 5 . ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !^* df k|lt:kwf{Tds 9+uaf6
oftfoft ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf]df ;f]sf]
ljk/Lt x'g] u/L rlqmo k|0ffnLcGtu{t Ohfht
lbOg] 5}g eGg] k|Tofe"lt ;d]t ePsf] 5 . @)%)
;fndf pQm P] g df klxnf] ;+ z f] w g x' F b f
k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zdf cfnf]kfnf] u/L Joj:yf
ug{ jfwf k'ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf
ul/P klg @)^# ;fnsf] ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g
@)^#.(.#) df hf/L x'Fbf pQm k|ltjGwfTds
jfSof+z vf/]h ePsf] 5 . @)^#.!).$ df k"j{jt\
Joj:yfsf] nflu oftfoft Joj;foLxn] u/]sf]
655
cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f ljkIfLx aLr @)^#.!).*

df ljjflbt ;xdlt ePsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs v/Lb
P]gsf] Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L pQm ;xdlt
u/L ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]gsf] pk]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
sfg"gsf] pNn+3g u/L ;xdlt ug]{ / ;f] ;xdlt
sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{n] ahf/df clgoldt ?kdf
d"Noj[l4 x'g] / ;f]sf] c;/ cfd pkef]Qmfdf kg]{
kl/0ffd l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ >d
tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqLn] @)^%.*.#) df
@)^#.*.!) df ePsf] ;xdltcg'k gofF ?6
Ohfht hf/L ubf{ l;kmfl/z clgjfo{ ePsf]df
@)^%.*.#) df pQm Joj:yf vf/]h ePsf]df
;f] pk/ cfGbf]ng e} @)^%.(.@& df ePsf]
;xdlt ePsf] / ;f]xL ;xdlt sfof{Gjog ug{sf
nflu @)^%.(.@* df oftfoft Joj:yf ljefusf]
;a} oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{nonfO{ kl/kq u/]sf]
cj:yf 5 . h;sf] sf/0f cTofjZos ;]jfdf
k/] s f] oftfoft Joj;fonfO{ ljkIfLxsf]
a]nfa]nfdf x'g] aGb x8\tfnn] ;f] P]gsf] pkxf;
u/]sf] 5 eg] k|lt:kwf{ k|j{4g tyf jhf/ ;+/If0f
P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf # ljk/Lt k|lt:kwf{Tds
jftfj/0fsf] k|lts"n ahf/ k|j]zdf lgif]w u/L
jhf/df Psflwsf/ tyf c:j:y tl/sfaf6
ahf/ Joj;fo lgb]{lzt x'g] ePaf6 pQm ldlt
@)^#.!).* sf] ;xdlt ab/ u/L pkef]Qmfxsf]
;]jfdf aGb x8\tfn ul/g' x'Fb}g eGg] ;d]t
ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L
wd{ / fh kf} 8 ] n n] g] k fn oftfoft Joj;foL
/fli6o dxf;+3 / ;/sf/L jftf{ 6f]nLaLr ePsf]
ldlt @)^#.!).* sf] ;xdlt ;fj{ h lgs
oftfoftsf ;fwgx ;' r f? ?kn] ;~rfng
ug{, pkef]Uo j:t' / ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt If]qdf
s'g} klg aGb x8\tfn gug{, aGb x8\tfn ug]{
j:t' tyf ;] j f k| b fos ;+ : yfnfO{ To:tf]
lqmofsnfk gug{sf nflu ;f]xL p2]Zocg'k
ePsf] / ;f] ;xdlt sfg" g adf] l hd ePaf6
lgj] b ssf] dfuadf] l hd cfb] z hf/L x' g ' k g] {
cj:yf 5}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL
ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
To:t} ljkIfL g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o

dxf;+ 3 g] k fnsf tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L z+s/ ;''j]bLn] ;/sf/n] gLlt lgdf{0f
ug{ sfo{bn agfPsff] cj:yf 5 . nuflg Jojl:yt
ug{sf nflu sfo{ e}/x]sf] Pj+ ;f]xL k|of]hgs
nflu ;/sf/ / dxf;+ 3 aLr @)^%.(.@^ df
;xdlt ePsf] xf] . lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ;/sf/sf]
ePaf6 sfg"gn] lgoGq0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;/sf/nfO{
lbPsf] xf] . kIfsf] nufgL ePsf sf/0f nufgLnfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ ;xdlt ePsf] x'Fbf sfg"gadf]lhd
ePsf] ;xdltnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g t;y{
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
@= b'j}kIfsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL lgj]bssf]
dfuadf] l hdsf] cfb] z hf/L x' g ] xf] xf] O g
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bsn] d"ntM cfgf]
l/6 lgj] b gdf ljkIfL dxf;+ 3 af6 cfof] l ht
clglZrtsfnLg ;Dk" 0 f{ ;fj{ h lgs ;jf/L
;fwgx rNg / rnfpg glbg], x8\tfn / ;f]
x8\tfn tf]8\g] qmddf ePsf] ljkIfLx aLrsf]
ldlt @)^#.!).* sf] ;+o'Qm ;xdlt u}/sfg"gL /
q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_
adf] l hd pTk| ] i f0fsf] cfb] z f/f ab/ u/L
;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgnufot j:t' / ;]jf;Fu
;DalGwt If]qdf s'g} klg aGb x8\tfn gug{'
gu/fpg' To:tf] aGb x8\tfnaf6 x'g] Ifltk"lt{sf]
;DalGwt cfof]hs tyf cfXjfgstf{af6 e/fpg'
eGg] ;d]tsf] k/dfb]z k|ltif]wnufot cGo hf]
rflxg] cf1f jf cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpg d'Vo
lgj]bg lnO{ k||:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
#= ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{, g]kfn
oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o dxf;+3 / ;/sf/L
jftf{ 6f] l nsf ;b:ox aLr ePsf] ldlt
@)^#.!).* sf] ;xdlt ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf
;fwgx ;"rf? ?kn] ;~rfng ug{, pkef]Uo
j:t' / ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt If]qdf s'g} klg aGb
x8\tfn gug{, aGb x8\tfn ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jf
k|bfos ;+:yfxnfO{ To:tf] lqmofsnfk gug]{
656
u/L ePsf] ;xdlt ePsf] x' F b f ;f] ;xdlt

sfg"gcg'k ePsf] eGg] k|ltjfb u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= l/6 lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] ljifo
x]bf{ plNnlvt ljifon] lgj]bsn] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf]
pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r Pj+ cfgf] xsdf
;d] t dfq ge} cfd pkef] Q mfsf] xsdf
ljkIfLxf/f eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxLxaf6
k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ egL cfgf] l/6 lgj]bg bfo/
ug]{ xsb}of /x]sf] lhsL/ lng' ePsf] b]lvG5 .
j:t'tM oftfoft ;]jf h:tf] ;]jf / ;f] ;]jfsf]
;~rfngdf x'g] clgoldttf / ;]jf ;~rfngaf6
l;lh{t c:j:y k|lt:kwf{dfkm{t\ jhf/df cGo
k|lt:kwL{ oftfoft Joj;foLnfO{ jhf/ k|j]zdf
lgif]w ug]{, aGb x8\tfn nufotsf sfo{ ug]{
h:tf sfo{n] lgj]bs ;+:yf, lgj]bs Hof]tL jfFlgof
;d]tsf xsdf dfq k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ geO{
cfd pkef]Qmf / ;j{;fwf/0fdf c;/ kg]{ ePsf]
x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bsn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lbg kfpg]
xsb}of k|i6 5 .
%= ljkIfL g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o
dxf;+3 ;d]t / g]kfn ;/sf/aLr ;DkGg ldlt
@)^#.!).* sf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf]df ldlt
@)^#.!).* sf] ;Demf}tf x]bf{ g]kfn oftfoft
/fli6 o dxf;+ 3 af6 cfof] l ht x8\ t fnsf]
l;nl;nfdf k]z u/]sf dfusf ;DaGwdf pQm
;xdlt ePsf] / ;xdltdf !* j6f a'Fbfdf ;xdlt
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] ;Demf}tfsf] a'Fbf
&-@_-s_-v_ df ePsf] Joj:yf sfg" g ;Ddt
gePsf] eGg] s'/fdf cfklQ hgfO{ ;f] a'Fbf q'l6k"0f{
ePsf] ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fpg' ePsf] b]lvFbf pQm
a'Fbf g+=& nfO{ x]g'{kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . pQm a'Fbf g+=&
df oftfoft;DaGwL gofF ;+:yf btf{ / gjLs/0f
ubf{ lgj]bsn] g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL /li6o
dxf;+3sf] l;kmfl/zkqsf] ;fy} ;DalGwt lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ ;fy} gofF ?6
kld{6 hf/L ubf{ ;d]t dxf;+3sf] l;kmfl/z clgjfo{
?kdf nfu" ul/g' kg]{ tyf o;sf] hfgsf/L ;Dk"0f{
oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{nonfO{ ;DalGwtn] lbg'kg]{
eGg] a'Fbfdf ;xdlt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
^= ljkIfLdWo] s f g] k fn ;/sf/ u[ x
dGqfno / ljkIfL g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL
/fli6o dxf;+3sf aLrdf ePsf] elgPsf] ldlt
@)^#.!).* df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] k[i7e"ld x]bf{
ljkIfL dxf;+3n] g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf /fv]sf]
bz ;" l qo dfu;lxtsf ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/
@)^#.!).* / ( ut]sf lbg g]kfn /fHoe/
rNg] ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs nufot lghL ;jf/L
;fwg aGb u/L cfdx8\tfnsf] cfof]hgf ;d]t
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm cfdx8\tfnsf ;dodf
;d]t yk * ;"lqo dfusf] hfgsf/L g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ ljkIfL g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL
/fli6o dxf;+3n] lbPsf] / plNnlvt !* a'Fbfdf
cfwfl/t dfusf ;DaGwdf g] k fn ;/sf/ /
ljkIfL g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o dxf;+3,
cy{ dGqfno tyf oftfoft Joj:yf ljefusf]
k| l tlglw ;d] t sf aLrdf aGb :ylut u/L
oftfoft Joj:yf ;'rf? ug]{ u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf]
b] l vG5 .
&= plNnlvt ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/xnfO{
x]bf{ tTsfn l;lh{t ;d:ofnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljkIfL g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL
/fli6o dxf;+3sfaLrdf ePsf] pQm ;Demf}tfn]
b'j} kIfsf aLrdf tTsfn l;lh{t ;d:ofnfO{
;dfwfg ug] { b] l vPklg pQm ;Demf} t fsf
k|fjwfgx x]bf{ cfd pkef]Qmf tyf j:t' ;]jf
tyf cGo ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfoxsf] :j:y
tyf k|ltikwf{sf cfwf/df Joj;fo ug{ kfpg]
Pj+ sfg"gf/f lg;[t tyf Jojl:yt ePsf :ki6
k|fjwfgxsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf]
b] l vG5 . ;/sf/ h:tf] hgtfk| l t pQ/bfoL
lgsfon] cfdhgtfsf] lxtnfO{ dWogh/ u/L
s'g} klg sfd ug'{kg]{df ;f]sf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L
tTsfn l;lh{t ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{
kl/l:yltnfO{ dfq} dWogh/ /fvL ;Demf}tf ug'{
lgZro klg sfg"g;Ddt\ tyf ljlw;Ddt\ dfGg
ldNg] b]lvb}g .
*= ljkIfL g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL
/fli6o dxf;+3 :jo+\ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/L
tyf k|ltikwL{ tl/sfaf6 k|jfx u/L ;]jfu|fxLk|lt
657
cem j9L lhDd]jf/ tyf hjfkmb]xL x'g' kg]{df

;f] ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ;/sf/;Fu ;Demf}tf
ug]{ l;nl;nfdf :jR5 :j:y tyf k|ltikwL{
9+uaf6 Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ dfGo l;4fGtnfO{
;d]t kjf{x gu/L ;Demf}tf ug'{ pQm ;+3 :jo+\sf
nflu ;d]t ;f]egLo x'g] b]lvb}g .
(= ljkIfL g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL
/fli6o dxf;+3 :jo+ ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$
adf]lhd ;+:yflkt e} j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] 9'jfgL
Pj+ ofq'nfO{ ;'ne tl/sfn] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ kljq
p2]Zo lnO{ ;+:yfkgf eO{ lqmofzLn /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ df x]bf{ To:tf] s'g} zt{
jf k|fjwfg /fVg ;lsg] jf ldNg] Joj:yf sfg"gn]
/fv]sf] b]lvb}g . o;k|sf/ ljkIfL dxf;+3nfO{
;xdltsf] gfddf ;/sf/n] sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f
ug' { k g] { lgofds e" l dsfnfO{ ;d] t ljkIfL
dxf;+ 3 nfO{ lhDdf lbO{ cGo btf{ j fnf
;+:yfxnfO{ ;d]t pQm dxf;+3sf] k|lqmofaf6
u'h|g'kg]{ u/L cltl/Qm zt{ / k|lqmof tf]s]sf]
sfo{ sfg"g;+ut b]lvPg . o:tf] cj:yfdf tTsfn
l;lh{t ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ gfddf g]kfn
;/sf/ tyf ljkIfL g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL
/fli6 o dxf;+ 3 sf aLrdf ePsf] pQm ldlt
@)^#.!).* sf] ;xdlt, ;f] ;xdlt sfof{Gjogsf
nflu @)^%.(.@^ df ePsf] ;xdlt / @)^%.(.@^
sf] dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{o ;d]t sfg"gsf] k|lts"n
x'g] u/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lg0f{o, ;Demf}tf
tyf ;xdltn] sfg"gsf] k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;Sg]
;d]t x'Fb}g .
!)= To:t} plNnlvt ;Demf}tfdf Joj:yf
ul/Psf a'Fbfxsf] k|fjwfgcg'k ljkIfL g]kfn
oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6 o dxf;+ 3 nfO{ cGo
s' g } oftfoft ;] j f;F u ;DalGwt ;+ 3 /
dxf;+3sf] ;b:otf clgjfo{ ug]{ ;fwgsf] ?6
kld{ 6 , ;jf/L ;fwgsf] gljs/0f ;DaGwdf
l;kmfl/z ug] { lgsfosf ?kdf dfGotf lbO{
u/]sf] lg0f{o k|rlnt sfg"gdf cfwfl/t ge}
sfg"g k|lts"n ;d]t b]lvPsf]n] To:tf] sfg"g
k|lts"n lg0f{onfO{ jxfn /flv/xg ldNg] ePg .
oftfoft ;] j f ;~rfng ug] { p2] Z o ;lxt

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
;+:yflkt Pj+ ;~rflnt ljkIfL g]kfn oftfoft

Joj;foL /fli6o dxf;+3 cfkm}df cfjZos ;]jf
P]g, @)!$ cGtu{t zfl;t x'g'kg]{ ;+:yf ePsf]
Pj+ ;]jfk|bfossf ?kdf lqmofzLn pQm ;+:yfn]
k|rlnt sfg"gljk/Lt x'g] u/L Pj+ cfg} ljwfg
ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ;xdltsf] j'FbfnfO{ lg0f{odf
pNn]v u/L ul/Psf] ;xdlt sfg"gcg'ksf]
dfGg ldNg] ePg .
!!= ctM ljkIfL g] k fn oftfoft
Joj;foL /fli6 o dxf;+ 3 / ;/sf/aLr ;DkGg
ldlt @)^#.!).* sf] ;xdlt ;f] ;xdlt
sfof{ G jogsf nflu @)^%.(.@^ df ePsf]
;xdlt / @)^%.(.@^ sf] dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{ o
Pj+ ;f] sf cfwf/df hf/L ul/Psf kqfrf/
;d] t sf sfg" g n] gtf] s ] s f] cltl/Qm zt{ x
l;h{ g f u/L sfg" g n] clwsf/ glbPsf] ;+ : yfsf]
l;kmfl/z cfjZos jgfO{ ul/Psf lg0f{ o ;d] t
u} / sfg" g L b] l vPsf] n ] ;f] x L lg0f{ o Pj+
kqfrf/nufotsf ;Dk" 0 f{ sfo{ x pTkk| ] i f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . cj
sfg" g adf] l hd ;] j fx ;' r f? ug' { Psflwsf/
sfod x' g ] l;G8Ls] 6 sf6] { l n / To:tf cGo
s' g } ?k jf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng gug' { ,
gu/fpg', ;~rfng ug{ glbg' egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfddf k/dfb] z sf] cfb] z ;d] t hf/L x' g ]
7x5{ . ;fy} of] cfb] z sf] sfof{ G jogsf
l;nl;nfdf ;] j f k| b fos ;+ : yf jf JolQmxn]
s' g } k| s f/sf] jfwf, tyf cj/f] w gug' { eGg]
;d] t Joxf] / fsf] cfb] z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .
cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{ n odfkm{ t \ ljkIfLx nfO{ lbg' . k| : t' t
l/6 lgj] b gsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ld;Ln
lgodfg' ; f/ u/L a' e mfO{ l bg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
lg0f{o g+= *%((

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
@)^$ CR)$$!
km};nf ldltM @)^&.!).!*.#
d'2f M hj/\h:tL s/0fL .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM ss'df/Lsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn
;/sf/
lj4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM ef/t, k~hfj 3/ eO{ afFs]
lhNnf, g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf j8f g+=
% ;NofgLafudf 8]/f u/L a:g] xfn
sf/fuf/ sfof{no afFs]df s}bdf /x]sf
/fh]Gb|l;Fx l;v
z' km};nf ug]{ M
df=lh=Gof=>L k|sfz/fd ld>
df=Gof=>L lji0f'k|;fb 9sfn
df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb >]i7
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn df3 !( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[tM lji0f'k|;fb uf}td
l
658
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] jf/bft :yflkt x'g

of]gLsf] hfnL Rofltg} kg]{ k"j{zt{ /x]sf]
x'Fb}g . sGofhfnL RofltPsf] cj:yfn]
ck/fw :yflkt ug{ yk k'li6 ug]{;Dd
xf] . s/0fL ePsf] osLg;fy eGg g;lsg]
eGg] zf/Ll/s k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgn] pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvP klg ;f] k/LIf0f 36gf 36]sf]
!) lbgkl5 ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]
k|ltj]bgnfO{ dfq lg0f{ofwf/sf] kdf
u|x0f ug{ g;lsg] .
hfx]/L, hfx]/jfnfsf] egfO{, kLl8tsf]
egfO{ , a' l emPsf dflg;xsf] egfO{
;d] t cGo k| d f0fxn] cfk/flws
sfo{nfO{ :yflkt ul//x]sf]] cj:yfdf
*%(( - g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=/fh]Gb|l;Fx l;v
dgfl;a ;doleq gePsf] k/LIf0f

k|ltj]bgsf] /fo cGo k|df0fxeGbf leGg
ePsf] cj:yfdf s/0fLsf] nIf0f
gb] l vPsf] eGg] k/LIf0f k| l tj] b g
lg0ff{os k|df0fsf] kdf /xg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw / o;sf]
pBf] u sf aLrdf dg;fo / sfo{ s f]
b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ s'g} leGgtf /x]sf]
x'Fb}g . s]jn ck/fwn] k"0f{tf kfpg dfq
afFsL /x]sf] l:yltnfO{ pBf]usf] kdf
lrlqt ul/Psf] 5 . dg;fok"j{s ul/Psf]
ck/fwdf dg;fo, tof/L, pBf]u / k"0f{
ck/fwsf rf/ r/0fxdWo] dg;fo /
tof/L;Ddsf] r/0fdf To:tf] ck/fw ug{
rfxg] JolQmn] cfk/flws sfo{ 36fpgsf]
nflu s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] x'Fb}g . t;y{, of]
r/0f;Dd ck/fwsf] pBf] u sf] k| Z g
p7\b}g . t/ To:tf] ck/fw ug{ rfxg]
JolQmn] tof/Lsf] r/0fnfO{ kf/ u/L
cfk/flws sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvPdf Tof] sfo{
pBf] u ;Dd dfq ;Lldt /x] s f] dfGg
gldNg] .
s]jn k"0f{ ck/fwsf] nflu kl/eflift
cfk/flws sfo{ :yflkt x'g g;s]df
To:tf] sfo{ n fO{ dfq ;f] ck/fwsf]
pBf]usf] kdf u|x0f ug'{kg]{ .
cfk/flws sfo{ eO;s]sf] t/ k"0f{tf
gkfPsf] cj:yf ePdf dfq Tof] pBf]u
x'g] xf] . olb To:tf] sfo{n] k"0f{tf kfPsf]
cj:yf ePdf ;f] sfo{n] k"0f{ ck/fw g}
:yflkt x'g hfg] x'G5, o:tf] cj:yfnfO{
pBf]u dfq dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
PsfGt 3/ sf]7fdf nuL s/0fL u/]sf]
tYo :yflkt eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
sfo{nfO{ pBf]u dfq ePsf] egL dfGg
gldNg] . kLl8tsf] of]gLaf6 /ut aUg',
lghsf] sk8fdf nfUg' tyf o; s'/fsf]
659
k'li6 ;f] cj:yfsf k|ToIfbzL{af6 x'g'af6

ck/fwn] k"0f{tf kfPsf] :jLsf/ ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L of]u/fh a/fn
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLtkm{af6M ljfg j}tlgs
clwjQmf >L zfGtf ;]9fO{
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^#, c $, lg=g++ &^*@, k[= $^@
g]sfk @)^%, c !, lg=g++ &(@#, k[= !!)
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'n'sL P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf]
! g+=#-@_, !) g+=
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~haf6 ldlt
@)^#.#.!! df ePsf] km};nf bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm
egL jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf]
lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.^.!& df
d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf]
/f]xdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pjd\ 7x/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
o;df o; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^$.(.!).# - g] s fk @)^$, c (, lg=g+ +
&**) k[ i 7 !@)*_ df hf/L ePsf] ljz] i f
k| s [ l tsf d' 2 fxsf] sf/jfxLdf kIfxsf]
uf] k gLotf sfod /fVg] lgb] { l zsf, @)^$ sf]
bkmf #-!_ adf] l hd hfx] / jfnL kLl8tsf] cfdf
/ kLl8tsf] gfd kl/jt{ g u/L lghxsf]
jf:tljs gfd l;naGbL u/L ldl;n ;fd] n
ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] l;naGbL vfd km} ; nfsf]
cleGg c dfgL c=a++ @! g++ adf]lhd tfobftL
kmf/dsf] gd" g fsf] slxNo} g;8fpg] dxndf
pNn] v u/L clen] v /fVg' .
ldlt @)^).!).!( ut]sf lbgdf xfdL
3/ kl/jf/ 3/df gePsf cj:Yffdf d]/L ;':t

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
dgl:yltsL jif{ !$ sL 5f]/L vs'df/LnfO{ 3/

sf]7fdf af]nfO{ 8/, wfs, wDsL lbO{ hj/\h:tL
s/0fL u/]sf] /x]5g\, kl5 d 3/ cfOk'Ubf lgh
cln cK7\of/f] u/L lxF8]sLn] s] s;f] eof] egL
;f]wk'5 ubf{ 7"nf kfkfn] u/]sf] egL hfgsf/L
lbPkl5 yfxf kfO{ hfx]/ ug{ cfPsL 5' . lgh
hj/\ h :tL s/0fL ug] { /fh] G b| l ;F x l;vnfO{
sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] vs'df/Lsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .
lhNnf afFs,] g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf j8f
g+ = % l:yt k" j { s] z j >] i 7sf] 3/ klZrd
dl:hbsf] hdLg, pQ/ s]zj >]i7sf] 3/, blIf0f
uofk|;fb ;fxsf] 3/ olt rf/lsNnf aLrdf
/x]sf] O{fsf] b]jfn, l6gn] 5fPsf] tLg sf]7fdf
;'/hnfn e'hjfsf] 3/ sf]7f ef8fdf lnO{ a:g]
hfx]/jfnL ss'df/LsL 5f]/L vs'df/LnfO{ ;f]
3/ sf] 7 fsf] k" j { k l sf] 7 fdf sf] x L gePsf]
cj:yfdf k| l tjfbL /fh] G b| l ;F x l;vn] ldlt
@)^).!).!( ut] hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7Ls
;fF r f] xf] eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] 36gf:yn
d' r ' N sf .
ldlt @)^).!).!( ut]sf lbg d d]/f]
k;ndf PSn} lyPF . d]/f] a'jf gftf kg]{ /fh]Gb|l;Fx
l;v cfO{ 3/ sf]7fdf af]nfO{ lj:t/fdf uPkl5
lghn] k}06 vf]nL hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/], d}n] s/fpg
vf]Hbf d'v y'lglbP . s;}nfO{ eg] df/L lbG5'
eg]sf]n] xfn;Dd s;};Fu elgg, dnfO{ s/0fL
ubf{ lghsf] 5f]/Ln] b]v]sL lyOg\ . lghaf6 g} ;f]
s'/f v'Ng k'uL d]/f] cfdfn] yfxf kfO{ dnfO{
;f]wk'5 u/]af6 d}n] xfn dfq cfdfnfO{ eg]sL x'F
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] kLl8t vs'df/Lsf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^).!).!( ut]sf lbg d d]/f]
sfd ug]{ :yfg e]/L 6}S;6fOn /fgL tnfpdf
lyPF, hfx]/jfnL d]/f] ;fnL gftf kg]{ x'g\ . lghn]
d;Fu k};f ;fk6L dfu]sL / ;f] k};f d}n] glbPsf
sf/0fn] l/;OjL lnO{ dnfO{ km;fpg] p2]Zo lnO{
d]/f] 5f]/L gftf kg]{ ;':t dgl:yltsL kLl8tnfO{
dfWod agfPsL x' g \ . d} n ] kLl8tnfO{ s' g }
lsl;dsf] s/0fL u/]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vsf] aofg .
ldlt @)^).!).!( ut] d d]/f] 3/df g}

lyPF . k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn] hfx]/jfnLsL
5f]/LnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] t b]lvFg .
kLl8tn] hfx]/LjfnLnfO{ eg]kl5 hfx]/jfnLn]
kLl8t;Fu ;f]wk'5 ubf{ lgh k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx
l;vn] hj/\ h :tL s/0fL u/] s f] eGg] yfxf
hfgsf/L kfpFm . lgh k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;v
/fd|f] g}ltstf ePsf dflg; xf]Ogg\ . lghsf]
3/ ef/t eP klg g]kfndf lgjf{x u/L g]kfnu~h
gu/kflnsf j8f g+= % ;NofgLjfudf a:g] ub{5g\
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Ps}ldnfgsf] rGb|axfb'/
/fgf ;d]tsf] 36gf:yn ljj/0f d'r'Nsf .
;':t dgl:yltsL gfaflnsf kLl8tsf]
sdhf]/Lsf] kmfObf p7fpFb} lghnfO{ 8/, qf;,
;d] t b] v fO{ k| l tjfbL /fh] G b| l ;F x l;vn]
hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] b]lvFbf lghnfO{ d'n'sL
P]g hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= ljk/Lt
s;"/df ;f]xL dxnsf] #-@_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfosf]
;fy} P] = !) g+ = adf] l hd cfwf c+ z ;d] t
kLl8tnfO{ e/fO{ kfpg] dfu bfjL ub}{ ;Ssn
ldl;nsf ;fy} k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vnfO{ ;d]t
o;} ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
cleof]u dfu bfjL .
d]/f] kLl8t elgPsL s]6Lsf] a'jf / cfdf;Fu
emu8f l/;OjL /x]sf] sf/0f pgLxn] hfx]/L lbO{
;':t dgl:yltsf] 5f]/LnfO{ ;f]xLadf]lhd sfuh
u/fO{ l/;OjL ;fFWg o;f] u/]sf] x'g\ . 36gf ljj/0f
sfuh ug] { dflg; hfx] / jfnLsf ukmd] n sf
dflg;x x'g\ . To;}n] dnfO{ glrg] klg lrg] em}F
u/L em"7f cf/f]k nufPsf x'g\ . lghxn] deGbf
klxnf klg b'O{ hgfnfO{ o:tf] cf/f]k nufPsf
lyP . d}n] cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd hj/\h:tL s/0fL
gu/]sf] x'Fbf dnfO{ ;hfo x'g'kg]{ xf]Og, ;kmfO
kfpg' kg]{ xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx
l;vn] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
ldlt @)^).!).!( ut] k| l tjfbL
/fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn] d]/f] d'v y'g]/ sk8f vf]n]/
g]kfnu~hl:yt ;NofgLjfusf] 3/df hj/\h:tL
s/0fL u/]sf x'g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] kLl8t
vs'df/Ln] u/]sf] askq .
660
ldlt @)^).!!.!( ut] k| l tjfbLsf]

>LdtLn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ vfgf k'ofpg ;fy} hfpmF
eg]sfn] k|ltjfbLn] sk8f a'Gg] km}S6Ldf lgh
k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtLsf] ;fy uPsf]n] k|ltjfbL;Fu
lbgsf] ! ah] e]6 ePsf] lyof] . d # ah];Dd
km}S6Ldf a;]sf] lyPF . k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tnfO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] yfxf ePg, b]lvg eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL k'ikf s]=;L n]
u/]sf] askq .
ldlt @)^).!).!( ut] a]n'sL $ ah]sf]
;dodf hfx]/jfnfsf] k;ndf k'Ubf lghn] 3/df
/f]P, s/fPsf] h:tf] ;'g]/ bf]sfgdf uP/ kLl8tsf]
cfdf;Fu s] eof] egL ;f]Wbf pxfFn] d]/f] 5f]/LnfO{
/fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn] hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] eg]sfn]
s]6LnfO{+ x]g{ hfFbf s]6Lsf] xf]; g/x]sf] / n'uf
klg v/fa lyof] . n'ufdf /ut nfu]sf] lyof]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 36gf ljj/0fsf dflg;
agjf/Lnfn j}Zon] cbfntdf u/]sf] askq .
ldlt @)^).!).!( ut] k| l tjfbL
/fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn] leq tfgL r's'n nufO{ d'v
y'gL hj/\h:tL s/0fL uof] egL dnfO{ 5f]/Ln]
atfPsL lyOg\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnL
ss'df/Lsf] askq .
ldlt @)^).!).!( ut] laxfg * b]lv
a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;v e]/L
6} S ;6fondf 8\ o " 6 Ldf x' g ' x ' G Yof] eGg] ;d] t
Joxf]/fsf] a'lemPsL jif{ !$ sf] ;f]g' l;Fxn] u/]sf]
askq .
/fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn] kLl8tnfO{ hj/\h:tL
s/0fL u/]sf x'g\ . hj/\h:tL s/0fL ePsf] s'/f
kLl8t :jo+n] eg]kl5 yfxf kfPsL x'F eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] a'lemPsL jif{ !# sL /Iff la=s=n]
u/]sf] askq .
k|ltjfbLn] sf/fuf/ zfvf, afFs]dfkm{t\
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, g]kfnu~hdf c=j+= !& g+=
adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k|:t't u/]sf]df ;f] lgj]bgdf
ePsf] cfb] z fg' ; f/ afF s ] lhNnf cbfntaf6
s}lkmot k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul/Psf]df k'k{If lgldQ
y'gfdf /fv]sf] ldlt @)^).!!.@^ sf] cfb]z
kl/jt{ g u/L /xg k/] g eGg] k' g /fj] b g
661
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^!.@.* sf] cfb]z;lxtsf]

lgj]bg / s}lkmot k|ltj]bg ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
hfx] / jfnL cfdfn] jf/bftkl5 /ut
alu/x]sf] egL pNn]v ug'{sf] ;fy} agjf/Lnfn
j}Zon] klg jf/bft ePsf], /ut au]sf] lyof]
egL o; cbfntdf ;d]t kf]nL askq u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . t/, lgh k|ToIfbzL{ ;d]t xf]Ogg\ .
o:tf] cj:yfdf s/0fL u/]s} x'g\ eGg] k|dfl0ft
gePtf klg cfdf afj' gePsf] df}sfdf uO{
kLl8tnfO{ kL8f k'ofPsf] b]lvFbf hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Ddsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] oL
k| l tjfbL /fh] G b| l ;F x l;vnfO{ d' n ' s L P] g
hj/\h:tL s/0fL dxnsf] % g+=cg';f/ pQm
P]gsf] #-@_ g+= adf]lhd x'g;Sg] s}bsf] cfwf
$-rf/_ jif{ s}b x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
z' afFs] lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.(.@!
sf] km};nf .
jif{ !$ sL kLl8tn] k|ltjfbL 7"nf]a'af
gftfsf /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn] 3/df sf]xL gePsf]
df}sf kf/L sf]7fleq nuL d'v y'gL s/fpg glbO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] egL cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
/ cbfntdf ;d] t pkl:yt e} askq ubf{
k|ltjfbLpk/ ls6fgL u/]sf 5g\ . hfx]/LnfO{
a'lemPsf JolQmxn] ;dy{g u/L cbfntdf
askq u/]sf 5g\ . kLl8tsf] of]gLaf6 /ut au]sf]
/ sk8fdf nfu]sf] egL hfx]/jfnf tyf a'lemPsf
agjf/Lnfn j}Zon] cbfntdf askq ubf{ pNn]v
u/]sf 5g\ . To:tf] cj:yfdf /ut au]sf] s'/f
k|dfl0ft u/fpg g;s]sf] egL cfTdut ts{nfO{
cfwf/ lnO{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL s;"/df
;hfo gu/]sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/efuL
5 . k| l tjfbLn] clwsf/k| f Kt clwsf/L /
cbfnt;dIf aofg ubf{ ;d]t s;"/df OGsf/
/xL cGoq /x]sf] lhsL/ u/] klg k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf]
/ kLl8tn] cgfxsdf 7"nf]a'af ;fOgf]sf oL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ kf]n ug'{kg]{;Ddsf] sf/0f ldl;naf6
b]lvg gcfPsf] / cGoyf k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
o:tf] cj:yfdf kLl8tnfO{ 36gf:yndf uO{ kL8f
k'ofPsf] eGg] :jLsf/ ub}{ z' lg0f{ostf{n]
ldl;n sfuhaf6 hj/\ h :tL s/0fL u/] s f]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
b]lvPsf] cj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]

s;"/df ;hfo ug'{kg]{df pBf]u;Dd 7xofPsf]
km} ; nf q' l 6k" 0 f{ ePsf] n ] ab/ u/L k| l tjfbL
/fh] G b| l ;F x l;vnfO{ z' cleof] u kq dfu
bfjLadf] l hd ;hfo u/L cfwf c+ z ;d] t
kLl8tnfO{ lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
jfbL g] k fn ;/sf/sf] tkm{ a f6 kg{ cfPsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df kLl8tn] cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{
askq ubf{ ;d]t k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn]
d' v y' g L hj/\ h :tL s/0fL u/] s f] egL
ls6fgL;fy n]vfOlbPsf] / lghsf] of]gLaf6 /ut
alu/x]sf] egL tTsfn b]Vg] lghsL cfdfsf]
askq ;d]taf6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] pBf]udfq 7x/ u/]sf] z' afFs] lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.(.@! sf] km};nf k|df0f
d"Nofgsf] /f]xdf gldnL km/s kg{;Sg] b]lvFbf
k| T oyL{ lemsfO{ lgodfg' ; f/ k] z ug' { eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~hsf] ldlt @)^@.%.@!
ut]sf] cfb]z .
o;/L hfx]/jfnf tyf kLl8tn] k|ltjfbL
/fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn] hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] xf]
egL kf]n u/L askq ;d]t u/]sf] / ;f] jf/bftsf
ljifodf lghxn] eg]sf] df}sfdf ;'g]sf] eGg]
agjf/Lnfn j}Zo, /Iff la=s=cflbsf] askq egfO
/x]sf] ;d]t b]lvP klg ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] e]/L
c~rn c:ktfnaf6 k7fPsf] kLl8tsf] :jf:Yo
hfF r k/LIf0f k| l tj] b gsf] kmf] 6 f] s kL Pjd\
k| o f] u zfnfsf] k| l tj] b g Joxf] / f;d] t sf]
cfwf/af6 cleof] u bfjLadf] l hd hj/\ h :tL
s/0fL g} ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] tYoo'Qm kdf
k'li6 x'g] cGo 7f]; Pj+ k|ToIf k|df0f lbg u'hfg{
;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] ;d]tsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn]
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Ddsf] s;"/ u/]sf]
7xofO{ lghnfO{ $-rf/_ jif{ s}b ;hfo ug]{
u/L z' afF s ] lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^!.(.@! df ePsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt g] k fnu~hsf] ldlt @)^#.#.!! sf]
km} ; nf .
662
d]/L jif{ !$ sL 5f]/L k;ndf PSn}

/x]sL, sf]xL gePsf] df}sfdf 7"nf]a'af eGg]
/fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn] 8/ wfs b]vfO{ s/0fL u/]sf]
s'/f 5f]/Ln] eg]sf] egL hfx]/L k/]sf], kLl8tn]
df} s fdf sfuh ubf{ k;ndf PSn} ePsf]
cj:yfdf 7" n f] a ' a f /fh] G b| l ;F x l;vn] leq
lj:tf/fdf nuL d'v y'gL s/0fL u/]sf] / s;}nfO{
eg] df/L lbG5' eg]sfn] 8/n] s;}nfO{ eg]sL
lyOg . ;fgLcfdfsf] 5f]/LnfO{ eg]sL lyPF, kl5
cfdfn] yfxf kfpg' ePsf] xf] egL n]vfO{ lbPsL
/ ;f] s'/f cbfntdf ;d]t pkl:yt e} askq
u/L lbPsL 5g\ . a'lemPsf dflg;x jgjf/Lnfn
j}Zo / /Iff lj=s= ;d]tn] ls6fgL hfx]/L /
kLl8tsf] df}sfsf] sfuhnfO{ k'li6 x'g] u/L askq
ul/lbPsf] x'Fbf ;f] askq Joxf]/f ;d]tnfO{ k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !), bkmf !* adf]lhd
k| d f0fdf lnO{ k| l tjfbL /fh] G b| l ;F x l;vn]
kLl8tnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7xofpg'
kg]{df z' afFs] lhNnf cbfntaf6 hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Dd 7xofPsf] km};nf ;b/
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, g]kfnu~hsf] km};nf
k|ToIf k|df0fnfO{ u|x0f gu/L ePsf] / k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !), bkmf !* Pjd\ bkmf %$
sf] k|lts"n ePsf] x'Fbf pQm km};nf ;f] xb;Dd
q'l6k"0f{ eO{ ab/efuL 5 . k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fxn]
!$ jif{sL gfaflnsfnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf]
egL 5f]/Lsf] OHht, rl/q Pj+ ;'b"/ eljiodf
;d]t c;/ kg]{ u/L cfdfn] ls6fgL u/L hfx]/L
lbg' kg]{ cGoyf s'g} sf/0f / cj:yf b]lvFb}g
eg] cfgf] zf/Ll/s sdhf]/Lsf] kmfObf p7fO{
k|ltjfbLn] cfkm"nfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] egL
OHht / k|lti7fdf ;d]t cfFr cfpg] u/L df}sfdf
/ cbfnt;dIf cfO{ kLl8t gfaflnsfn] ls6fgL
askq u/]sf]nfO{ ;fdfGo / :jfefljs cj:yf
dfGg ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . Ps ;':t dgl:yltsf]
!$ jif]{ aflnsfnfO{ k6sk6s 8/, wfs, wDsL
b]vfO{ kLl8tnfO{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s c;/
kg]{ u/L k|ltjfbLn] hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] s'/f
kLl8tsf] ls6fgL Joxf]/f, kLl8tsf] of]gLaf6
/Qm>fj ePsf], of]gL kfs]sf] eGg] k'gM :jf:Yo
k/LIf0faf6 k'li6 ePsf] / hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]

pBf]udfq u/]sf] / hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] eGg]
s'/f sxLF st}af6 v'Ng, b]lvg gcfPsf] eGb}
cfTdut lx;fjn] k|ltjfbLn] hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
pBf]udfq u/]sf] 7xofPsf] z' km};nf ;b/
ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, g]kfnu~haf6 ePsf]
km};nfdf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !), bkmf
%$, d'n'sL P]g hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf]
#-@_ g+= / % g++= sf] uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 x'g'sf]
;fy} ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePsf] x'Fbf pQm km};nf ;f]
xb;Dd ab/ u/L k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vnfO{
cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo u/L k|ltjfbLsf]
cfwf c+z ;j{:j u/L kLl8tnfO{ lbnfO{ e/fO{
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df kLl8tn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf tyf
cbfntdf ;d]t k|ltjfbLpk/ lghn] hj/\h:tL
s/0fL u/]sf] egL askq ;d]t u/L ls6fgL
n]vfO{ b]vfO{ u/L /x]sf] / lghsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
;d]taf6 /Qm>fj ;d]t ePsf] k'li6 e} /x]sf]
cj:yfdf klg hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Dd
u/]sf] 7x/fPsf] z'sf] OG;fkm ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~hsf] OG;fkmdf ;a"b
k|df0fsf] d"Nofg unt 9+un] u/L k|df0f P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf %$ d'n'sL P]gsf] hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! / # g+ = sf] sfg" g sf]
JofVofTds q'l6 b]lvPsf]n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08
-s_ adf]lhd bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf]
5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^$.^.!& sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf] l hd k] ; L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs
g] k fn ;/sf/sf tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L of]u/fh a/fnn] kLl8t !$
jif{sL ;':t dgl:yltsL gfaflnsfnfO{ sf]xL
gePsf] df}sf kf/L oL k|ltjfbL hj/\h:tL s/0fL
u/]sf] egL ls6fgL hfx]/L k/]sf] 5 . kLl8tn]
df}sfdf / cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ askq ubf{
663
oL k|ltjfbLn] lj:t/fdf nuL d'v y'gL hj/\h:tL

s/0fL u/]sf] / s;}nfO{ eg] df/L lbG5' egL
eg]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f n]vfPsL l5g\ . a'lemPsf
dflg;x jgjf/Lnfn j}Zo / /Iff lj=s= ;d]tn]
hfx]/L tyf kLl8tsf] egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ u/L
askq u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . hfx]/L Pjd\ ;f]sf]
Joxf]/fnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ u/L ePsf askqxnfO{
k|df0fdf lng'kg]{ k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !*
n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . kLl8tsf] of]gLaf6 /Qm>fj
ePsf] cj:yfdf z' lhNnf cbfntn] dfu
bfjLadf]lhd hj/\h:tL s/0fL 7x/ ug'{kg]{df
;f] g7x/fO{ s/0fLsf] pBf]udfq 7x/fPsf] /
z'sf] km};nfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;b/
u/]sf] k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !), !*, %$
tyf hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-@_ g+= / %
g+= ;d]tsf] uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 ePsf]n] pQm
km};nfnfO{ pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u dfu
bfjLadf] l hd ;hfo u/L lghsf] cfwf c+ z
k|ltjfbLnfO{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax;
lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg j}tlgs clwjQmf >L zfGtf ;]9fO{n] oL
k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf tyf cbfntdf
ePsf] aofgdf s;"/ cleof]udf k"0f{tM OGsf/
/xL aofg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . 36gfsf] k|ToIfbzL{
sf]xL 5}g, ls6fgL elgPsf] hfx]/L eg] ;'g]sf]
cfwf/df lbOPsf] 5 . kLl8t elgPsL aflnsfsf]
a'jf cfdf;Fu oL k|ltjfbLsf] l/;OjL /x]sf]
sf/0f oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ kmF;fpg ;':t dgl:ylt
ePsL 5f]/LnfO{ k|of]u u/L hfx]/L lbPsf] cj:yf
x'Fbf hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Dd klg 7x/
x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . hfx]/L !) lbgkl5 k/]sf]
/ hfx] / jfnL cfdfn] cbfntdf askq ubf{
af/bftkl5 /ut alu/x]sf] lyof] egL n]vfPsf]
eP klg lgh k| T oIfbzL{ gePsf] cj:yfdf
cleof]u bfjL lnPs} cfwf/df ck/fw sfod
x' g g;Sg] x' F b f k' g /fj] b ssf] k' g /fj] b g
lhsL/adf] l hd oL k| l tjfbLnfO{ ;hfo x' g ]
cj:yf 5}g eGg] ;d]t ax; lhsL/ k|:t't
ug' { e of] .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0fsf] cWoog

u/L k'g/fj]bs tyf k|ToyL{sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't
ePsf ax; lhsL/ ;d] t ;' g L ljrf/ ubf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~haf6 ldlt @)^#.#.!!
df ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g / k'g/fj]bssf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf], xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt
@)^).!).!( ut] 3/df sf]xL gePsf] cj:yfdf
!$ jif{sL ;':t dgl:ylt ePsL d]/f] 5f]/LnfO{
sf]7fdf af]nfO{ 8/, wfs, wDsL lbO{ /fh]Gb|l;Fx
l;vn] hj/\h:tL sf/0fL u/]sf /x]5g\ . kl5 d
3/df cfOk'Ubf kLl8t 5f]/L cK7]/f] u/L lxF8]sfn]
;f]wk'5 ubf{ yfxf ePsf]n] lghnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd
sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm egL kLl8tsL cfdfn] lbPsf]
hfx]/Lsf] cfwf/af6 k|:t't d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg
k|f/De ePsf] b]lvG5 . kLl8tn] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L ;dIf sfuh ubf{ pQm jf/bft ldltdf
/fh]Gb|l;Fx l;v 3/df cfO{ 3/ sf]7fdf af]nfO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/], d}n] s/fpg vf]Hbf d'v
y'lglbP, s;}nfO{ eg] df/L lbG5' egL eg]sf]n]
d}n] s;}nfO{ elgg egL n]vfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
ePsf] lghsf] aofgdf 36gfdf OGsf/ /xL cfkm"n]
s;"/ gu/]sf], hfx]/jfnLn] k};f ;fk6L dfu]sf]df
;fk6L glbPsf] sf/0fn] kFm;fpg hfx]/L lbPsf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg]
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ePsf] 36gf:yn d'r'Nsfdf
k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vn] ldlt @)^).!).!(
df hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7Ls ;fFrf] xf] eGg]
Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= oL k|ltjfbLn] ;':t dgl:ylt ePsL
!$ jif{ s L gfaflnsf kLl8tnfO{ hj/\ h :tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+ = ljk/Lt hj/\ h :tL
s/0fLsf] s;"/ u/]sf]n] ;f]xL dxnsf] #-@_ g+=
adf]lhd ;hfosf ;fy} ;f]xL dxnsf] !) g+=
adf]lhd cfwf c+z ;d]t kLl8tnfO{ e/fO{ kfpg
dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
oL k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf aofg ubf{ cfkm"n] s;"/
gu/]sf] egL cleof]u bfjLdf k"0f{ OGsf/ /xL
jofg u/] s f] b] l vG5 eg] oL k| l tjfbLpk/

hfx] / LjfnLsf] ls6fgL hfx] / L ePsf] / ;f]
hfx]/LnfO{ ;dy{g x'g] u/L lghn] cbfntdf
cfO{ askq u/]sf] b]lvG5 . kLl8tn] cbfntdf
cfO{ u/]sf] askqdf cfkm"n] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
JoQm u/]sf] egfO{nfO{ ;dy{g x'g] u/L cleo'Qmn]
hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] xf] egL lghsf] Joxf]/f
n] v fO{ lbPsf] kfOG5 . a' l emPsf dflg;x
jgjf/Lnfn j}Zo / /Iff lj=s= n] cbfntdf
cfO{ askq ubf{ ls6fgL hfx]/L / kLl8tsf]
egfO{nfO{ ;dy{g x'g] u/L cfgf] egfO{ n]vfPsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
$= k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 z' lhNnf
cbfntn] k| l tjfbLn] hj/\ h :tL s/0fLsf]
pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] 7x/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] km};nfnfO{
;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] km};nfdf lg0f{ofwf/sf]
kdf plNnlvt k| d f0fxsf] ljj] r gf Pj+
d"Nofg u/L e]/L c~rn cbfntaf6 ePsf]
:jf:Yo k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ldl;n ;+nUg e]/L c~rn c:ktfnaf6
ldlt @)^).!).@( df ePsf] kLl8tsf] zf/Ll/s
k/LIf0f k| l tj] b gdf kLl8tsf] of] g Lsf] hfnL
gRofltPsf], s'g} ;+3if{sf] lrGx xfn gkfOPsf],
z'qmsL6 gkfOPsf] eGg] ;d]t cfwf/df s/0fL
ePsf] xf] egL osLg ;fy eGg g;lsg] egL
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . kLl8tsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
u/L sGofhfnL gRofltPsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/L ;f];DaGwL k|ltj]bg lbg] lrlsT;ssf]
cbfntdf askq ePsf] ;d] t ldl;naf6
b]lvPsf] 5}g . s/0fL cfkm}Fdf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf]
ck/fw eO{ k|foM PsfGt:yndf 3l6t x'g] k|s[ltsf]
ck/fw ePsf] x'gfn] To:tf] ck/fw k'li6 ug{
k|ToIfbzL{ cefj x'g' :jfefljs xf] . k|:t't d'2fdf
cfk/flws 36gf 3/ sf]7fdf g} ePsf] b]lvG5 .
kLl8tsf] pd]/ !$ jif{ /x]sf] / lgh dfgl;s
kdf ;':t /x]sL ;d]t ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf]
5 . dfgl;s kdf b'j{n /x]sf] kLl8t / To:tf]
kLl8tsf] cleefjsn] s] j n k| l tjfbLnfO{
km;fpgs} nflu sfNklgs jf/bft v8f u/]sf]
eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ egfOnfO{ lghn] k'li6
664
ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . k|ltjfbLsf] o:tf] egfO{

cfkm}Fdf ljZjf;gLo ;d]t /x]sf] 5}g .
%= k| : t' t d' 2 fdf jf/bft ldlt
@)^).!).!( df ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] kLl8t k/LIf0f
ldlt @)^).!).@( df dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 .
jf/bfteGbf !) lbgkl5 ePsf] k/LIf0fdf
s/0fLsf ;+s]tx gb]lvg' :jfefljs x'G5 .
k/LIf0f k| l tj] b gdf kLl8tsf] of] g Lsf] hfnL
gRofltPsf] eGg] pNn] v ePsf] b] l vG5 .
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] jf/bft :yflkt x'g of]gLsf]
hfnL Rofltg} kg]{ k"j{zt{ /x]sf] x'Fb}g . o:tf]
sGofhfnL RofltPsf] cj:yfn] ck/fw :yflkt
ug{ yk k'li6 ug]{;Dd xf] . s/0fL ePsf] osLg;fy
eGg g;lsg] eGg] zf/Ll/s k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgn]
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvP klg ;f] k/LIf0f 36gf 36]sf]
!) lbgkl5 ePsf] b]lvPaf6 ;f] k|ltj]bgnfO{
dfq lg0f{ofwf/sf] kdf u|x0f ug{;Sg] cj:yf
b] l vg cfPg . hfx] / L, hfx] / jfnfsf] egfO{ ,
kLl8tsf] egfO{, a'lemPsf dflg;xsf] egfO{
;d] t cGo k| d f0fxn] cfk/flws sfo{ n fO{
:yflkt ul//x]sf]] cj:yfdf dgfl;a ;doleq
gePsf] k/LIf0f k| l tj] b gsf] /fo cGo
k| d f0fxeGbf leGg ePsf] cj:yfdf cGo
k|df0fxeGbf leGg s/0fLsf] nIf0f gb]lvPsf]
eGg] k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg lg0ff{os k|df0fsf] kdf
/xg;Sg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg .
^= hj/\ h :tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwsf
tTjx s] s] x'g jf of] ck/fw :yflkt x'g s]
s:tf dfgj sfo{ x ePsf] x' g ' k b{ 5 eGg]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . k|:t't d'2fsf]
jf/bft ePsf] ldltdf k| r lnt hj/\ h :tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g++ df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
x]bf{, sGof, ljwjf jf csf{sL ;wjf :jf:gL
dflg;df ;f]x| jif{ d'lgsLnfO{ p;sf] d~h"/L
lnO{ jf glnO{ h'g;'s} Aoxf]/f;Fu s/0fL u/] klg
/ ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sLsf] /fhLv'zL lagf a]d~h"/Ln]
h'g;'s} t/x;Fu eP klg hf]/h'nd u/L jf
8/wfs b]vfO{ jf cg'lrt k|efjdf kf/L s/0fL
u/]sf] ;d]t hj/\h:tL s/0fL 7x5{ eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f]x| jif{ d'lgsL aflnsf jf s'g}
665
:jf:gL dflg;nfO{ p;sf] d~h"/L lnO{ jf glnO{

h'g;'s} Joxf]/f;Fu s/0fL u/] klg hj/\h:tL
s/0fL u/] s f] dflgg] eGg] pQm sfg" g L
Aoj:yfcg' ; f/ gfaflnsfsf] xsdf lghsf]
d~h"/Laf6 s/0fL ePdf klg hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
kl/efiffleq kg{ cfpg] b]lvG5 .
&= hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw / o;sf]
pBf]usf aLrdf dg;fo / sfo{sf] b[li6sf]0faf6
x]bf{ s'g} leGgtf /x]sf] x'Fb}g . s]jn ck/fwn]
k"0f{tf kfpg dfq afFsL /x]sf] l:yltnfO{ pBf]usf]
kdf lrlqt ul/Psf] 5 . dg;fok"j{s ul/Psf]
ck/fwdf dg;fo, tof/L, pBf]u / k"0f{ ck/fwsf
rf/ r/0fxdWo] dg;fo / tof/L;Ddsf]
r/0fdf To:tf] ck/fw ug{ rfxg] JolQmn]
cfk/flws sfo{ 36fpgsf] nflu s'g} sfo{ u/]sf]
x'Fb}g . t;y{, of] r/0f;Dd ck/fwsf] pBf]usf]
k|Zg p7\b}g . t/ To:tf] ck/fw ug{ rfxg] JolQmn]
tof/Lsf] r/0fnfO{ kf/ u/L cfk/flws sfo{
u/]sf] b]lvPdf Tof] sfo{ pBf]u;Dd dfq ;Lldt
/x]sf] dfGg ldNb}g . s]jn k"0f{ ck/fwsf] nflu
kl/eflift cfk/flws sfo{ :yflkt x'g g;s]df
To:tf] sfo{nfO{ dfq ;f] ck/fwsf] pBf]usf]
kdf u|x0f ug'{ kb{5 . d'n'sL P]g hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= n] hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
ck/fwsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] / ;f]xL dxnsf] % g+=
df ;f] ck/fwsf] pBf]unfO{ ;d]t ck/fwsf]
kdf u|x/0f u/L ;f]nfO{ ;d]t lgif]w ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . o;af6 hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw /
o;sf] pBf] u sf] aLrdf /x] s f] leGgtfnfO{
5'6\ofpgsf] nflu ck/fw ug{ rfxg] JolQmn]
cfk/flws sfo{ k|f/De ul/;s]kl5 ;f] cfk/flws
sfo{n] k"0f{tf k|fKt u/]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] cfwf/df
k"0f{ ck/fw / ;f]sf] pBf]unfO{ 5'6\ofpg' kg]{
x'g cfpF5 . olb cfk/flws sfo{ eO;s]sf] t/
k"0f{tf gkfPsf] cj:yf ePdf dfq Tof] pBf]u
x'g] xf] . olb To:tf] sfo{n] k"0f{tf kfPsf] cj:yf
ePdf ;f] sfo{n] k"0f{ ck/fw g} :yflkt x'g hfg]
x'G5, o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ pBf]u dfq dfGg ldNb}g .
*= z'sf] km};nfn] hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
pBf]u;Dd 7x/ u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
;f]xL km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't

d'2fdf ljjflbt jf/bftaf6 hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
ck/fw :yflkt x'g] xf] jf ;f]sf] pBf]u;Dd
sfod x'g] xf] egL ljrf/ ubf{ o:t} k|s[ltsf
d'2fxdf o; cbfntaf6 hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
ck/fw sfod x' g cfjZos x' g ] tTjxsf
;DaGwdf ljleGg l;fGtx k|ltkfbg ePsf
kfOG5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
s;"/ 7x/ x'gsf nflu ln / of]gLaLr ;fdfGo
3if{0f dfq klg kof{Kt x'g] -g]sfk @)^#, c
$, lg=g++ &^*@. k[i7 $^@_ k|ltjfbLsf] ln+usf]
k" 0 f{ k| j ] z / jLo{ of] g Ldf :vng gePsf]
cj:yfdf o;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ o;}sf] cefjdf
k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tpk/ s/0fL gu/]sf] / s/0fLsf]
pBf]u dfq u/]sf] egL 7x/ ug'{ Gofo;+ut
gb]lvg] -g]sfk @)^%, c !, lg=g++ &(@# k[i7
!!)_ egL l;fGt k|ltkfbg eO/x]sf b]lvG5 .
(= s:tf] cj:yfdf hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
s;"/ u/]sf] :yflkt x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf k|l;
ljlwzf:qL df]bL -Jaising P. Modi_ n] cfkm\gf]
k':ts -Medical jurisprudence and Toxicology_
sf] kGw|f} ;+:s/0fsf] k[i7 #@* df pNn]v u/]sf
5g\ . o;df elgPsf] 5 jLo{ :vng;lxt jf
/lxt of]gLsf] afx\o efuleq cf+lzs ln+u k|j]z
ug'{ jf ug]{ k|of; ug'{ klg sfg"gL k|of]hgsf]
nflu hj/\h:tL s/0fL sfod x'g kof{Kt x'G5
- Partial penetration of penis within the labia
majora of the vulva or pudeudum with or
without emission of semen or even an attempt
at penetrationis quite sufficient for the purpose
of the Law _ pgn] cufl8 eg] s f 5g\ k' ifsf]
ln+u :qLsf] of]gLsf] afx\o efudf 5'g'dfq klg

hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] nflu kof{Kt x'G5 - If the
penis touch the vulva, it is enough to constitute
rape. page 335 _ . Ps !$ jifL{ o cjf] w
gfaflnsfn] cfkm"dfly ePsf] qm'/ cdfgjLo

ck/fwsf] af/]df 36gfsf] oyfy{ lrq0f u/L
df}sfdf tyf cbfntdf ;d]t n]vfPsL b]lvG5 .
lgh kLl8tsf] egfOnfO{ cGo :jtGq k|df0fxn]
k' l i6 u/] s f] ;d] t b] l vG5 . oL k| l tjfbLn]
666
kLl8tnfO{ PsfGt 3/ sf]7fdf nuL s/0fL u/]sf]

tYo :yflkt eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sfo{nfO{
pBf] u dfq ePsf] egL dfGg ldNg] cj:yf
b] l vg cfPg . kLl8tsf] of] g Laf6 /ut aUg' ,
lghsf] sk8fdf nfUg' tyf o; s' / fsf] k' l i6
;f] cj:yfsf k| T oIfbzL{ a f6 x' g ' a f6 ck/fwn]
k" 0 f{ t f kfPsf] :jLsf/ ug' { k g] { x' G 5 . kLl8t
cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ askq ubf{ ;d] t
k| l tjfbLn] cfkm\ g f] d' v y' g L sk8f vf] n ] /
s;} n fO{ eg] d f dfl/lbg] wDsL lbPsf] s' / f
JoQm u/] s f] kfOG5 . ;' : t dgl:yltsL !$
jifL{ o aflnsfsf] of] sygnfO{ cGo JolQmsf]
sygn] k' l i6 ul//x] s f] 5 . csL{ jif{ !# sL
/Iff lj=s= n] ;d]t kLl8t lj4 ck/fw ePsf]
eg] s L 5g\ . hfx] / jfnL cfdfn] kLl8t
cK7\ o f/f] u/L lxF 8 ] s f] b] v L ;f] w k' 5 ubf{ ck/fw
v' n ] s f] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ s] j n hj/\ h :tL
s/0fLsf] pBf] u dfq dfGg ldNb} g .
!)= t;y{, plNnlvt ljj]lrt sf/0f /
cfwf/af6 oL k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tnfO{ hj/\h:tL
s/0fL u/] s f] b] l vPsf] cj:yfdf k| l tjfbLn]
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Ddsf] s;"/ u/]sf]
7xofO{ lghnfO{ rf/ jif{ s}b ug]{ 7x/ u/]sf]
z' afFs] lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ pN6L
u/L hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x/ ug'{kg]{df ;f]
gu/L pQm z'sf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ ug]{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt g]kfnu~hsf] ldlt @)^#.#.!! sf] km};nf
gldn]sf]n] pN6L x'G5 . oL k|ltjfbLn] hj/\h:tL
s/0fL u/] s f] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{ n ] lghnfO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= sf] b]xfo @
adf]lhd cf7 jif{ s}b x'g] 7x5{ . hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] !) g+= adf]lhd kLl8tnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf]
cfwf c+z ;j{:j u/L e/fOlbg] ;d]t 7x5{ .
c tk;Lnadf]lhd ug"{ .
tk;Ln
dfly OG;fkm v08df n] l vPadf] l hd
k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb|l;Fx l;vnfO{ jif{ *-cf7_ s}b
x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n] lgh ldlt @)^).!!.!@
b] l v k| x /L lx/f;tdf /x] s f] / z' lhNnf
*^)) - /fh]Gb|Wjh v8\sf lj=j'gd

' o} f v8\sf ;d]t
cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd sf/fuf/ sfof{no,

afFs]df ldlt @)^$.!!.@@ ;Dd s}bdf a;L
y'gfd'Qm ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] lghn] e'Qmfg ug'{kg]{
afFsL s}bsf] cjlw #.!!.@) nut s;L lghaf6
c;"npk/ ug'{ egL z' afFs] lhNnf cbfntdf
n]vL k7fpg"!
sfg" g adf] l hd k| l tjfbL /fh] G b| l ;F x
l;vsf] cfwf c+z ;j{:j u/L kLl8t vs'df/LnfO{
e/fO{ lbg' egL z' afFs] lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL
k7fOlbg" ===@
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" #
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn df3 !* ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk|]tL
l
lg0f{o g+= *^))
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{
;Djt\ @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )^$CI )(!@
km};nf ldltM @)^*.!.@*.$
d'2fM c+z bkf]6 xs sfod .
k' g /fj] b s jfbLM nlntk' / lhNnf, nlntk' /
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g==! a:g]
/fh]Gb|Wjh v8\sf
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM P]=P]= a:g] a'g'd}of v8\sf ;d]t
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
df=lh=Gof=>L t]haxfb'/ sfsL{
df=Gof=>L eLd]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
df=Gof=>L bLkss'df/ sfsL{
667
sfuh ug'{ eGg'sf] tfTko{ s'g} 3f]if0ff

ug'{ xf], csf]{ zAbdf s'g} s'/fdf cfgf]
k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ug'{ xf] . s'g} kIfn]
csf]{ kIf ;dIf s'g} sj'n ub{5 / Tof]
sj'n sfg"g;Ddt 5 eg] To;n] sfuh
ug]{ / u/fpg] b'j} kIfnfO{ s/f/Lo xs
/ bfloTj klg l;h{gf ub{5 . c+za08fsf]
@& g+= sf] k|of]hgfy{ bjfP 5kfPsf]
5} g egL ul/g] sfuhnfO{ s] j n
c+za08fsf] @! g+= ;Fu dfq cfj4 5
egL cyf{pg' sfg"g;+ut gx'g] .
tfobftLdf s'g} ;DklQ n'sfpg' c+z
bkf] 6 sf] ljifo aGb5 . t/, kfl/t
a08fkqdf klg ;DklQ gn' s fPsf]
gbafPsf] 36L a9L gkf/]sf] / o;f] u/]sf]
7x/] gbjfpg] gn'sfpg]n] Psnf}6L vfg'
eGg] afSo pNn]v x'G5 eg] o;nfO{
c+za08fsf] @& g+= sf] kl/lwleq kb}{
kb}{g eGg] cy{ ug'{ sfg"g / Gofo;+ut
gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
c+za08fsf] @& g+= b]jfgL ljifo eP/
klg s;"/ / b08sf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfg"g
xf] . c+za08f ubf{ c+z nfUg] ;a} ;DklQ
c+lzof/x ;a}sf ;dIf k|:t't x'g
s;}n] gbafcf];\, s;}n] g5'kfcf];\ olb
s;}n] of] bfloTj k"/f gu/L s;"/ u5{
eg] o;f] ug]{n] Tof] ;DklQaf6 cfgf]
efu u'dfpg] b08 kfpF5 eGg] cfzo
c+za08fsf] @& g+= sf] xf] . kf/Ljfl/s
Jojxf/df z'4tf / kf/blz{tf sfod
gx'g] / 5n sk6 x'g] b'is[ltnfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{ ljlwstf{n] NofPsf] of] k|fjwfgnfO{
s] j n c+ z a08fsf] @! g+ = df klg
sfuh eGg] zAb k/]sf] 5 / @& g+=
df klg sfuh zAb k/]sf] 5 eGg]
sf/0fn] ;+ s ' l rt cy{ d f u| x 0f ug{
gldNg] .
c+za08fsf] @& g+= cg';f/ sfuhsf
kdf JoQm ug'{kg]{ lnlvt k|ltj4tf

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
s'g} kIfn] JoQm u/]sf] 5 eg] To;n]

o; sfg"gsf] k|of]hg k"/f ug]{ x'Fbf Tof]
sfo{ bkf]6 xf] xf]Og eGg] k|fdfl0fs
k/LIf0fsf] ljifo aGb5 . bjfP 5kfPsf]
5}g, bjfP 5kfPsf] eP gbjfpg]n] vfg'
eGg] af]nL gk/]sf] a08fkq eg] c+z
bkf]6sf] kl/lwdf kg{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
;DklQ b]vfpg] st{Jo h;sf] gfddf
;DklQ 5 To;sf] x'g] x'Fbf ;DklQ cyf{t\
wgdfn bafpg]sf] cGo c+lzof/nfO{ ;f]
;DklQaf6 jl~rt u/fpg] b'/fzo 5
eg] dfq of] bkf]6sf] ljifo aGg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k' g /fj] b s jfbL tkm{ a f6M ljfg clwjQmf
ch'{gs'df/ af:sf]6f
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
/fdk|;fb l;6f}nf
cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)%^ lg=g+= ^^*@ k[i7
!*%
;Da4 sfg"gM
c+za08fsf] @!, @& g+=
km};nf
Gof=k| s fz j:tLM k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^$.*.@^ sf] km};nfpk/
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ cGtu{t
k' g /fj] b s jfbLsf] tkm{ a f6 o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
/ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
ljkIfL a'g'd}of d]/f] cfdf / ljgf]bWjh
d]/f] efO{ x'g\ . lktf g]qWjh v8\sfsf] d[To'kZrft\
ldlt @)%#.!).@ ;Dd xfdL Psf;uf]ndf g}
a;] s f lyof} F . pQm ldltdf nlntk' /
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=!-_ ls=g+=#@* sf]
@@)) hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf] 3/ efu a08f
u/L dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 c+za08f lnvt kfl/t
u/L cnu leGg e} al;cfPsf 5f}F . a08f ug'{kg]{
;DklQ olt g} xf] cGo a08f ug'{kg]{ ;DklQ 5}g

egL ljkIfLn] eg]sf] / a08f ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{
;DklQ ljkIfLsf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] x'Fbf ;DklQsf]
af/]df dnfO{ hfgsf/L lyPg . d]/f] ;d]t c+z
xs nfUg] k}t[s ;DklQ df]/ lhNnfdf /x]sf]
5 . pQm ;DklQ Psnf}6L vfg] lx;fjn] bjfO{
l5kfO{ /fv]sf 5g\ eGg] d]/f] cfkmGtn] eGbf
yfxf kfO{ vf]hL ubf{ a'g'd}of v8\sfsf] gfddf
lhNnf df]/ xf]Snfjf/L uf=lj=;= jf8 g+=$-s_
ls=g==&! sf] !!$!!), ls=g+=&^ sf] @!)
!), ls=g+=&& sf] @#!%, ls=g+=&* sf] )*)
;d]t hDdf ^!^!^ hUuf /x]sf] kQf nfUof] .
pQm hUuf ljqmL ug{ cfdfn] cfgf efO{
/fdhLaxfb'/ yfkfsf] gfpFdf clws[t jf/];gfdf
u/L lbg' ePsf] / lghn] ljqmL / js;kq u/]sf]
yfxf kfO{ cfh} ;f] ;DaGwdf 5'} lkm/fb bfo/
u/]sf] 5' . ldlt @)%#.!).@ sf] lnvtdf o;df
n]lvPsf]b]lv afx]s c xfd|f] a08f nfUg] ;DklQ
s;}n] bjfPsf] 5}g eP kQf nufpg] c+lzof/n]
Psnf}6L vfg' egL pNn]v ePsf] / c+za08fsf]
dxnsf] @& g+=n] ;d]t ;f]sf] k|i6 Joj:yf u/]sf]
x'Fbf of] lkm/fb lbg cfPsf] 5' . ctM ls=g+= &!,
&^, && / &* sf] plNnlvt hUufxdf d]/f]
Psnf}6L xs sfod u/L OG;fkm ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%&.^.!) sf] lkm/fbkq .
ljkIfL / xfdL k|ltjfbL ldlt @)%#.!).@
;Dd Psf;uf]ndf g} /x]a;]sf lyof}F . ljkIfL
zf/Ll/s kn] c:j:Yo ePsf]n] ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]jf/
xfdL k| l tjfbLn] ul/cfPsf / rn crn
;DklQ;d] t xfd| } lhDdfdf lyof] . ldlt
@)%#.!).@ df c+za08f e} ljkIfL 5'lO{ a;]sf
/ xfdL k|ltjfbL xfn;Dd ;uf]ndf g} al;cfPsf
5f}F . lkm/fbdf plNnlvt ls=g+= &!, &^, && /
&* sf hUuf xfd|f] k}t[s ;DklQ xf] . k}t[s
;DklQ eP klg pQm hUuf ljqmL ljt/0f ug{
d}n] ldlt @)$(.!.!* df /fdhLaxfb'/ yfkfnfO{
clws[t jf/];gfdf lbPsf] / d]/f gfpFsf] hUuf
x'Fbf ;f] ljifodf ljkIfLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOPsf]
lyPg . pQm hUuf a08f nfUg] k}t[s ;DklQ eP
tfklg ldlt @)$(.!.!* df clws[t jf/];gfdf
668

' o} f v8\sf ;d]t
ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf ldlt @)%#.!).@ sf] a08f kqdf

pQm hUuf pNn] v gul/Psf] xf] . ljkIfLsf]
c+zxs dfg]{ p2]Zon] pQm hUuf gb]vfOPsf]
xf]Og / ;DklQ bjfP n'sfPsf] klg xf]Og .
c+za08f ug'{eGbf klxnf g} ljqmL ug{sf] nfuL
clws[ t jf/] ; gfdf lbPsf] n ] a08f ubf{ s f]
cj:yfdf pQm ;DklQ gb]vfPsf] xf] . ljjflbt
;DklQ c+za08f eO{ ;s]kl5 xs x:tfGt/0f
ePsf]n] dfq ljkIfLn] k|:t't lkm/fb u/]sfn]
lkm/fb vf/] h efuL 5 eGg] ;d] t sf] ldlt
@)%&.(.!# sf] a'g'd}of v8\sfsf] k|ltpQ/kq .
k|ltjfbL ljgf]bWjh v8\sfsf] gfpFsf]
Otnfogfdf Dofb ldlt @)%&.*.!( df lghsL
cfdf a'g'd}of v8\sfn] a'emL tfd]n ePsf]df
lghn] k|ltpQ/ glkm/fO{ z'? Dofb u'hf/L a;]sf] .
jfbLsf] c+z dfg]{ p2]Zon] ljjflbt hUuf
c+za08fsf] lnvtdf gb]vfPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] ;fIfL uf]ljGbs'df/n] u/]sf]
jskq .
bfjLsf] hUuf k}t[s ;DklQ xf] . pQm
hUuf ldlt @)%#.!).@ sf] c+za08fsf] lnvtdf
b]vfPsf] 5}g eGg] ;d]tsf] k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL
lbnLk bfxfnn] u/]sf] jskq .
c+z bkf]6tkm{sf] lkm/fb bfjL k'Ug g;Sg]
eO{ bfjL hUufx dWo] a08fkq ubf{sf jvt
jfbLsL cfdf k|=a'g'd}of v8\sfsf] gfddf sfod}
/x]sf] ljjflbt clws[t jf/];gfdfsf] lhNnf
df]/ xf]Snfjf/L $ -s_ ls=g+=&^ sf] h=lj= @
!)!), P] ls=g+=&& sf] h=lj=@#!% / P]=
ls=g+=&* sf] )*), h=lj= )*) hUufdf
efuzflGt # v08sf] ! v08 hUuf jfbLsf] c+z
xs sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] df]/
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).!@.%.% sf] km};nf .
ljkIfLn] a08f ug'{kg]{ k}t[s ;DklQ bjfO{
l5kfO{ c+z bkf]6 u/]sfn] c+z bkf]6 7x/ u/L
;f] Psnf}6L xs sfod ug'{kg]{df ;f]ljk/Lt u/]sf]
lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 / d]/f] j}slNks k'g/fjb]g
bfjL s] 5 eg] ljkIfLdWo] a'g'd}of v8\sf ldlt
@)%(.!@.# df k/nf]s x'g'eof] lgh k/nf]s
ePkl5 ljkIfL ljgf]bWjh v8\sf / d b'O{ c+lzof/
669
dfq afFsL x'Fbf lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhdsf hUufsf]

@ efu hUufdf d]/f] c+z xs sfod x'g kg]{df
;f] ljk/Lt ePsf] z' km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L
u/L z' lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd Gofo OG;fkm kfpFm
eGg] ;dt]sf] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
o;df bkf]6df bfjL lnPsf] hUufx
k}t[s ;DklQ xf] eGg] ljifodf d'v ldn]sf]
cj:yfdf bkf]6df bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf] z'sf]
km};nf km/s kg]{ x'Fbf 5nkmn lgldQ k|ToyL{
lemsfO{ k] z ug' { eGg] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^#.!!.@& sf] cfb]z .
a' g ' d } o fn] /fdhLaxfb' / yfkfnfO{
n] l vlbPsf] clws[ t jf/] ; gfdf / ;f]
jf/];gfdfadf]lhd ePsf sfo{ / ;f] sfo{af6
l;lh{t Jojxf/nfO{ bkf]6 u/]sf] eGg' ljns'n}
o'lQm;Fut ePg . ;f] @)$( ;fnd} ePsf] clws[t
jf/] ; gfdfnfO{ hfn;fhLaf6 v8f u/] s f] n ]
hfn;fh 7x/fO{ clws[ t jf/] ; gfdf ab/
ul/kfpFm egL log} k'g/fj]bsn] bfo/ u/]sf]
d'2fdf z' lhNnf cbfntaf6 ;f] gx'g] u/L
ePsf] lg0f{ o dgfl;a 7x/fO{ k' g /fj] b g
cbfntaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvof] . ;f] clws[t
jf/];gfdf sfod /lx/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]adf]lhd
sfof{Gjog ;d]t e};s]sf] sfo{nfO{ bkf]6sf] ;+1f
lbg] s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ g} b]lvg cfPg . clws[t
jf/];gfdf sfod /lx/x]sf]df ;f] ab/ gePkl5
jfbLsf] bkf]6df ph"/ nfUg ;Sg] cj:yf g}
gb]lvFbf ;f] cfwf/af6 jfbLn] s'g} klg hUuf
c+zafkt egL kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPg . o:tf]
cj:yfdf tLg v08sf] Ps v08 c+zafkt kfpg]
eGg] lhNnf cbfntsf] lg0f{o k|rlnt sfg"gL
Joj:yf / tYout cfwf/df gldnL /x] s f]
kl/k|]Ifdf k"/} hUuf c+z bkf]6 7xl/g' kg]{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf]
ldlt @)^$.*.@^ sf] km};nf .
ljkIfL / d]/f]aLrdf @)%#.!).@ df
ePsf] a08fkq lnvtdf ;DklQ bafP l5kfPsf]
5}g eP 7x/] kQf nufpg] c+lzof/n] Psnf}6L
vfg' egL k|i6;Fu n]lvPsf] 5 . pQm a08fkq

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
lnvt cfaf6 kfl/t ePsf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf]

lnvt xf] . ljjflbt ls=g+= &!,&^,&&,&* sf]
hUuf a08fkq lnvt x'Fbfsf] ldlt;Dd ljkIfL
cfdf a'g'd}of v8\sfsf] gfddf btf{ ;|]:tf sfod
5 . c+za08f x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf a08f ug'{kg]{
k}lqs ;DklQ pQm ljjflbt hUuf gb]vfO{ ljkIfLn]
c+z bkf]6 u/]sf] s'/f k|df0faf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
pQm ljjflbt hUuf a08f nfUg] k}lqs ;DklQ
ePsf] s'/f ljkIfLn] ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
d]/f] c+z xs dfg]{ p2]Zon] ljkIfLxn] @)$(
;fndf hfn;fhaf6 v8f u/] s f] clws[ t
jf/];gfdf a08fkq lnvt ePkl5 @)%#.!@.*
df sfof{Gjog u/L hUuf x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf]
5 . c+ z a08f x' g ' cufj} clws[ t
jf/];gfdfadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] egL
cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf tYosf] d"Nofgdf ;d]t
uDeL/ q'l6 ePsf] 5 . c+lzof/sf aLrdf a08f
nfUg] k}t[s ;DklQ ljkIfLn] bkf]6 u/]sf] s'/f
tYo Pj+ k|df0f ;d]taf6 k'li6 ePsf] cj:yfdf
bkf]6 g7xg]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6
ePsf] km};nfdf d'n'sL P]g c+za08fsf] @& g+=
sf] JofVofdf uDeL/ q'l6 /x]sf] 5 .
ljkIfLn] d]/f] c+zxs dfg]{ p2]Zon] @)$(
;fndf clws[t jf/];gfdf v8f u/L @)%# ;fndf
ePsf] a08fkqdf pQm ljjflbt hUuf gb]vfO{
bkf]6 u/]sf] k|i6 5 . @)$( ;fndf tof/ u/]sf]
clws[t jf/];gfdfdf d]/f] s'g} ;xdlt d~h"/L
5}g . To:tf] clws[t jf/];gfdf d]/f lj4df
k|df0f nfUg ;Sb}g . pQm clws[t jf/];gfdf
a08fkqsf] lnvt ePkl5 dfq sfof{Gjog ul/Psf]
xf] . @)$( ;fndf tof/ u/] s f] clws[ t
jf/];gfdfadf]lhdsf] sfdsf/jfxL @)%# ;fndf
ug'{ eg]sf] g} ljkIfLn] pQm sfo{ v/fa lgot
/fv]/ hfn;fhLk"0f t/Lsfaf6 u/]sf] eGg] k|dfl0ft
ePsf] cj:yfdf bkf]6 g7xg]{ egL u/]sf] km};nf
uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] pQm q'l6k"0f{ km};nf pN6L u/L z'
lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd c+z bkf]6 7x/ u/L Gofo
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df k|ltjfbLdWo] a'g'd}of v8\sfn]

c+za08f x'g' cufl8 lbPsf] clws[t jf/];gfdf
sfof{Gjog e} g;s]sf] cj:yfdf jfbLsf] xs
gnfUg] 7x/ u/] s f] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^$.*.@^ sf] OG;fkm km/s
kg{;Sg] x'Fbf 5nkmnsf nflu ljkIfLnfO{ lemsfO
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^^.!!.!@ sf] cfb]z .
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k' g /fj] b s jfbLsf tkm{ a f6 ljfg clwjQmf
ch'{gs'df/ af:sf]6fn] xfdL c+lzof/sf aLrdf
a08f nfUg] k}t[s ;DklQ ljkIfLxn] bkf]6 u/]sf]
s'/f tYo Pj+ k|df0f ;d]taf6 k'li6 ePsf] cj:yf
5 . ljkIfLxn] a08fkqsf] cj:yfdf ljjflbt
hUuf b] v fPsf 5} g g\ / ljjflbt ;DklQ
a08fkqdf ;d]t k/]sf] 5}g . ljjflbt hUuf
k}t[s ;DklQ xf] eGg] s'/f k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/
u/]sf] tyf a08fkq lnvt tof/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf
klg pQm ljjflbt hUuf ljkIfL a'g'd}of v8\sfsf]
gfddf btf{ sfod g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf klg d'n'sL
P]g c+za08fsf] @& g+= adf]lhd bkf]6 7x/
x' g ' k g] { cj:yf x' F b f k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^$.*.@^ sf] km};nf pN6L
u/L z' lkm/fb bfjL tyf k' g /fj] b g
lhsL/adf]lhd c+zbkf]6 7x/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] ax; lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{eof] .
To;} u /L k| T oyL{ k| l tjfbLsf] tkm{ a f6
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf /fdk|;fb l;6f}nfn] k|:t't
a08fkq kfl/t eO{ ul/Psf] Jojxf/ c+za08fsf]
@& g+= cg';f/ bkf]6 x'g ;Sb}g . jfbLn] clws[t
jf/];gfdf ab/ u/fpg ;s]sf] cj:yf ;d]t
gx' F b f k' g /fj] b g cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt
@)^$.*.@^ sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ xf];\
eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] ax; lhsL/ k| : t' t
ug'{eof] .
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tyf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL
tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLHo"xsf] ax;
lhsL/ tyf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhft cWoog u/L
x]bf{ k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL a'g'd}of v8\sfsf] gfd btf{sf]
670

' o} f v8\sf ;d]t
lhNnf df]/ xf]Snfjf/L $-s_ ls=g+= &!,&^,&&

/ &* sf] hUuf h=lj= ^^!^ jfbL k|ltjfbLx
aLr @)%#.!).@ df a08fkq ubf{ s f avt
gb]vfO{ ljkIfLxsf] ldnf]dtf]af6 bjfO{ l5kfO{
pQm ;DklQaf6 jl~rt u/L bkf]6 u/]sf]n] c+z
bkf]6 7x/ u/L d]/f] xssfod ul/kfpFm eGg]
d'Vo lkm/fb bfjL /x]sf]df ljjflbt hUuf laqmL
ug{ @)$( ;fnd} /fdhLaxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ clws[t
jf/] ; gfdf lbO;s] s f] n ] a08fkqdf ;dfj] z
gePsf] xf] . clws[t jf/];gfdf lbgsf] nflu
5f]/fsf] d~h"/L lng'kg]{ sfg"gL jfWotf gePsf]
x'Fbf c+z bkf]6 u/]sf] eGg] em"7f bfjLaf6 km';{b
ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ /x]sf] k|:t't
d'2fdf ls=g+= &!,&^,&& / &* sf] hUufdf
efuzflGt tLg v08sf] Ps v08 hUuf jfbLsf]
c+zxs sfod x'g] / c+z bkf]6 7x/ gx'g] u/L
z'? df]/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfpk/
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 km};nf x'Fbf ;Dk"0f{ hUufs}
xsdf c+ z bkf] 6 g7xg] { u/L z' lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L ePpk/ k'g/fj]bs
jfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf]
ldlt @)^$.*.@^ sf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s]
xf], k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug
;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ larf/ ubf{ @)%#.!).@
sf] oL k'g/fj]bs jfbL / k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLsf
aLr ePsf] a08fkqdf lhNnf df]/ xf]Snfjf/L
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $-s_ ls=g+= &!,&^,&& / &*
sf] ^!^!^ If]qkmn hUuf gb]vfpg' c+z bkf]6
xf] eGg] lkm/fb bfjL kfOof] . t/, lkm/fb bfjLsf]
hUuf a'g'd}of v8\sfn] cfgf efO{ /fdhLaxfb'/
yfkfnfO{ ldlt @)%#.!).@ sf] a08fkq x'g'eGbf
cufj} ldlt @)$(.!.!* df g} ljqmL Jojxf/
ug{sf] nflu clws[t jf/];gfdf n]lvlbO{ ;s]sf]
/ ;f] clws[t jf/];gfdfdf pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf]
sfo{ ;d]t ldlt @)%&.^.!) df lkm/fb bfo/
ubf{ ;DkGg eO{ pQm hUufx ljleGg
671
JolQmxsf] gfddf lnvt kfl/t eO;s]sf] ;d]t

b] l vof] . t/, ldlt @)%#.!).@ df kfl/t
a08fkqeGbf kl5 ldlt @)%#.!@.* df Pp6f
lnvt ePaf6 a08fkq ubf{;Dd sfod hUuf
a08fkqdf gb]vfpg' bkf]6 x'g] k|Zg ljrf/0fLo
eO{ o; cbfntaf6 em=lem ePsf] kfOof] .
#= k|:t't ljjfb c+za08fsf] @& g+= nfO{
cufnL bfo/ x'g cfPsf] 5 . ldlt @)%#.!).@
df jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr a08fkq kfl/t x'g'k"j{
clws[tjf/];f/f s]xL ;DklQ ljqmL eO;s]sf
5g\ eg] s] x L ;DklQ ;f] kl5 cyf{ t \ ldlt
@)%#.!@.* df dfq x:tfGtl/t ePsf 5g\ .
o; l:yltdf a08fkq kfl/t x'g'k"j{ g} x:tfGtl/t
eO;sL cfgf] gfddf sfod} g/x]sf ;DklQ
a08fkqdf b]vfpg ldNg] l:ylt g} gx'Fbf tL
lsQfsf xsdf bkf]6 7xg'{ kg]{ s'g} sf/0f /
cfwf/ g} gx'Fbf ;f] xsdf larf/ ug{ cfjZos
ePg . a08fkq kfl/t x'Fbfsf lbg;Dd sfod
/x]sf] ;DklQnfO{ bkf]6 dfGg] jf gdfGg] k|Zg g}
o; ljjfbsf] s]Gb|Lo k|Zg xf] .
$= c+za08fsf] @& g+= n] bjfP 5kfPsf]
5}g\ egL sfuh ul/;s]kl5 bjfP 5kfPsf] 7xof]
eg] Tof] wgdfn bjfpg]n] kfpFb}g eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt
@)%#.!).@ sf] kfl/t a08fkqsf] sfuh x]bf{
a08f nfUg] ;DklQ s;}n] bjfPsf] 5}g eP kQf
nufpg] c+ l zof/n] Psnf} 6 L u/L vfg' egL
n]lvPsf] klg kfOG5 . a08fkqdf n]lvPsf] of]
jfSof+zn] c+za08fsf] @& g+= sf] bjfP 5kfPsf]
5}g egL sfuh ug'{kg]{ k|of]hgnfO{ k"/f ub{5 .
sfuh ug'{ eGg'sf] tfTko{ s'g} 3f]if0ff ug'{ xf],
csf]{ zAbdf s'g} s'/fdf cfgf] k|ltj4tf hfx]/
ug'{ xf] . s'g} kIfn] csf]{ kIf ;dIf s'g} sj'n
ub{5 / Tof] sj'n sfg"g;Ddt 5 eg] To;n]
sfuh ug]{ / u/fpg] b'j} kIfnfO{ s/f/Lo xs /
bfloTj klg l;h{gf ub{5 . c+za08fsf] @& g+=
sf] k|of]hgfy{ bjfP 5kfPsf] 5}g egL ul/g]
sfuhnfO{ s]jn c+za08fsf] @! g+= ;Fu dfq
cfj4 5 egL cyf{ p g' sfg" g ;+ u t x' F b } g .
c+za08fsf] @! g+= c+z d'2fk/]kl5 tfobftL

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
dfUg] lqmof;Fu ;Dj4 5 h;df sfuh ug]{

;Gbe{df elgPsf] 5, c+za08f ug{nfO{ P]gn]
kmfF6 lbg'kg]{n] kmfF6 glbO{ lwGofO u/L a:bf
y'lgPsf]df y'g]sf ldltn] b'O{ dlxgfdf b]pm eGg]
/ c+z kfpFm eGg]xnfO{ klg ltdLxn] klg
c+za08f ug'{kg]{ h] 5 ;a} 36L a9L gkf/L
kmfF6jf/L sfuh n]vL Nofp egL k"hL{ u/L e/kfO{
lng' k 5{ of] ;d] t sf sfg" g L Joj:yfsf]
kl/kfngf:jk tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf 36L a9L
5}g n'sfPsf] bjfPsf] 5}g eGg] tfobftL lbg]
kIfxaf6 k| l tj4tf vf] l hG5 . lgZro g}
tfobftLdf s'g} ;DklQ n'sfpg' c+z bkf]6sf]
ljifo aGb5 . o; ;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt ghL/;Fu c;xdlt hgfpg cfaZos
g} 5}g . t/, kfl/t a08fkqdf klg ;DklQ
gn'sfPsf] gbafPsf] 36L a9L gkf/]sf] / o;f]
u/]sf] 7x/] gbjfpg] gn'sfpg]n] Psnf}6L vfg'
eGg] afSo pNn]v x'G5 eg] o;nfO{ c+za08fsf]
@& g+= sf] kl/lwleq kb}{ kb}{g eGg] cy{ sfg"g /
Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g .
%= c+za08fsf] @& g+= b]jfgL ljifo eP/
klg s;"/ / b08sf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfg"g xf] .
c+za08f ubf{ c+z nfUg] ;a} ;DklQ c+lzof/x
;a}sf ;dIf k|:t't x'g s;}n] gbafcf];\, s;}n]
g5'kfcf];\ olb s;}n] of] bfloTj k"/f gu/L s;"/
u5{ eg] o;f] ug]{n] Tof] ;DklQaf6 cfgf] efu
u'dfpg] b08 kfpF5 eGg] cfzo c+za08fsf] @&
g+ = sf] xf] . kf/Ljfl/s Jojxf/df z' 4 tf /
kf/blz{tf sfod gx'g] / 5n sk6 x'g] b'is[ltnfO{
lgoGq0f ug{ ljlwstf{n] NofPsf] of] k|fjwfgnfO{
s]jn c+za08fsf] @! g+= df klg sfuh eGg]
zAb k/]sf] 5 / @& g+= df klg sfuh zAb
k/]sf] 5 eGg] sf/0fn] ;+s'lrt cy{df u|x0f ug{
ldNb}g . c+za08fsf] @! g+= / @& g+= b'a} :jtGq
k|of]hg af]s]sf sfg"g x'g\ . sfg"gsf] JofVof
ubf{ k|ToIftM cGt/\;DalGwt g} b]lvPdf afx]s
;a} k|fjwfgsf] :jtGq JofVof / k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
kfl/t a08fkqdf bjfP 5kfPsf] 5}g\, bjfP
5kfPsf] 7x/] cn] Psnf}6L vfg' eGg] cfzosf]
afSo kb{5 eg] ;f] a08fkq sfuh g} xf]Og eGg]
672
cy{ ubf{ c+za08fsf] @& g+= n] h'g b'is[lt /f]Sg

vf]h]sf] xf] To;sf] k|lts"n x'g k'Ub5 . kfl/t
a08fkqdf s'g} c+z nfUg' kg]{ ;DklQ n'sfP
l5kfPsf] 5}g o:tf] b]lvP kQf nufpg]n] vfg'
eGg] n]v]sf] cj:yfdf klg bjfP l5kfPsf] b]lvof]
eg] Tof] ;DklQ k|fKt ug{ cGo c+lzof/nfO{
;xh sfg"gL pkrf/ c+za08fsf] @& g+= afx]s
csf]{ 5}g . c+za08fsf] #% g+= o;sf nflu ;fy{s
pkrf/ gx' g klg ;Sb5 . c+ z a08fsf] @&
g+=cg';f/ sfuhsf kdf JoQm ug'{kg]{ lnlvt
k|ltj4tf s'g} kIfn] JoQm u/]sf] 5 eg] To;n]
o; sfg"gsf] k|of]hg k"/f ug]{ x'Fbf Tof] sfo{
bkf]6 xf] xf]Og eGg] k|fdfl0fs k/LIf0fsf] ljifo
aGb5 . bjfP 5kfPsf] 5}g eP gbjfpg]n] vfg'
eGg] af]nL gk/]sf] a08fkq eg] c+z bkf]6sf]
kl/lwdf kg{ ;Sb}g .
^= c+z nfUg] ;DklQ bjfP 5kfPsf] 5}g
eGg] sfuh b]lvP kl5 bjfP 5kfPsf] 7xg]{
cj:yf 5 5}g k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ csf]{ cxd k|Zg
cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt x'G5 . ;DklQ b]vfpg]
st{Jo h;sf] gfddf Tof] 5 To;sf] xf] . ;DklQ
cyf{t\ wgdfn bafpg]sf] cGo c+lzof/nfO{ ;f]
;DklQaf6 jl~rt u/fpg] b'/fzo 5 eg] dfq
of] bkf]6sf] ljifo aGb5 . ;Lw} bjfP 5kfPsf]
wgdfn c c+lzof/n] dfq kfpg] gegL bjfP
5kfPsf] 7xof] eg] bjfpg] n ] gkfpg]
c+za08fsf] @& g+= sf] Joj:yfn] o; sfo{df
bjfpg] 5kfpg] elgPsf] JolQmsf] b' / fzo
k|fdfl0fs kdf :yflkt x'g cfjZos dfg]sf]
5 . tYosf] e|dsf sf/0fn] ;DklQ b]vfpg 5"6
ePsf] /x]5 / Tof] a08f nfUg] k|s[ltsf] /x]5
eg] bkf] 6 df bfjL eP klg To; ;DklQdf
btf{jfnf ;d]tsf] efu lx:;f sfod /fVb} jfbLsf]
efu c+z ;/x lghnfO{ lbnfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;
dfGotfnfO{ k"0f{ Ohnf;n] g]sfk @)%^ lg=g+=
^^*@ k[i7 !*% df ;+:yflkt ghL/sf dfWodn]
cLsf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 .
&= k| : t' t ljjfbdf jfbL bfjL tyf
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd bkf]6 7xg]{ g7xg]{tkm{
larf/ ubf{ Pp6L cfdf / b'O{6f 5f]/f ePsf]

' o} f v8\sf ;d]t
;+o'Qm kl/jf/ 5, nlntk'/ lgjf;L o; kl/jf/sf]

df] / df /x] s f] cfdfsf] gfddf btf{ ;DklQ
x:tf+t/0f ug{ oL jfbLs} dfdfnfO{ @)$(.!.!*
df clws[t jf/];gfdf lbOPsf] 5 . laleGg
lnvtxsf dfWodn] hUuf laqmL ePsf 5g\,
s]jn s]xL ;DklQ ldlt @)%#.!).@ sf] jfbL
k|ltjfbLsf] a08fkqsf] s/La b'O{ dlxgf kl5
ldlt @)%#.!@.* df x:tf+t/0f ePsf] 5, df]/sf
;DklQ a08fkqdf gb]vfOPsf] j:t'l:ylt b]lvG5 .
cfdfsf] df]/sf] ;DklQaf6 5f]/fnfO{ jl~rt
u/fpg] b'/fzo s] lyof] lkm/fbLn] b]vfpg ;s]sf]
l:ylt 5}g . k|fljlws kdf j[4 cfdf kl/jf/sf]
d'Vo x'g] eP klg h]7f] 5f]/fsf gftfn] oL jfbL
df]/+usf] ;DklQsf af/]df cgle1 ePsf] / ljqmL
ug{ cfg} dfdfnfO{ clws[t jf/];gfdf lbOPsf]
/ laleGg lnvtaf6 hUufx ljqmL ePsf]
ljifodf cghfg ePsf] k|df0f jfbLn] lbg ;s]sf]
kfOGg . @)$( ;fnsf] clws[t jf/];gfdf, @)%#
;fnsf] a08f kqkl5 ldlt @)%&.^.!) df of]
lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf] 5 . olt nfdf] ;do;Dd
cfgf] ;DklQsf af/]df ;hu g/xg] / cgle1
/xg] ljifd kl/l:ylt s] lyof] Tof] lkm/fbdf
b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfOGg .
*= o;sf cltl/Qm k|ltjfbL
/fdhLaxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ a'g'd}of v8\sfn] ldlt
@)$(.!.!* df lbPsf] clws[t jf/];gfdfsf]
;DaGwdf df]/ lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf] @)%&
;fnsf] b]=g+= !))^ sf] oxL clws[t jf/];gfdf
ab/ d'2f / @)%& ;fnsf] kmf}=g+= @&^ sf] oxL
sfo{nfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ rn]sf] hfn;fhL d'2fdf
jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] z' lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^).!@.% df km};nf ePsf] kfOof] .
;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/af6 klg ldlt @)^$.*.@^ df lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] u/L km};nf eO{
clGtd eO{ a;]sf] klg kfOof] . jfbLn] pQm
clws[ t jf/] ; gfdfsf] lnvtnfO{ hfn;fh
3f]lift u/fpg ;s]sf] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPg, g
t ;f] clws[t jf/];gfdf ab/ u/fpg ;s]sf]
g} kfOof] .
673
(= o;/L a'g'd}of v8\sfn] /fdhLaxfb'/

yfkfnfO{ lbPsf] ldlt @)$(.!.!* sf] clws[t
jf/];gfdfsf] lnvt / ;f] clws[t jf/];gfdfsf]
lnvtadf]lhd ePsf] sfo{ / ;f] sfo{af6 l;lh{t
Joaxf/sf] ;DaGwdf k/]sf d'2fxdf jfbL bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] egL z'n] u/]sf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ;d] t ;b/ eO;s] s f] a f6 c+ z
bkf]6df bfjL ul/Psf ;a} ;DklQsf] x:tf+t/0fn]
j} w tf k| f Kt ul/;s] s f] kfOof] . ljlw;Ddt
k|lqmofaf6 s'g} d'2faf6 j}w 7x/]sf sfo{ ;f]xL
;DklQsf ljifodf csf]{ d'2faf6 cj}w 7xofpg
ldNb}g .
!)= lhNnf df]/ xf]Snfjf/L uf=lj=;=j8f
g+= $ ls=g+= &! sf] h=lj= !!$!! If]qkmn
hUuf lghxsf] c+ z a08f x' g ' k " j { g} ldlt
@)%).^.@& df lsQfsf6 eO{ ls=g+= #$( sf]
)!!$ / ls=g+= #%) sf] )!&!@ If]=km=ljqmL
eO;s]sf] tyf afFsL ls=g+= #%! sf] ls=sf eO{
ls=g+= #%^ sf] )#!^ df ljleGg JolQmxnfO{
/fhLgfdf kfl/t clws[t jf/];dfkm{t\ ePsf]
kfOG5 . pQm hUuf ljqmL ubf{ oL jfbL
k|ltjfbLx Psf;uf]ndf a;]sf] cj:yfdf g}
pQm hUuf /fhLgfdf kfl/t ePsf] b]lvFbf ;f]
sfo{nfO{ c+z bkf]6sf] ;+1f lbg] s'g} sfg"gL
cfwf/ /x]sf] b]lvg cfPg . cGo a08fkq kl5
x:tfGtl/t ;DklQsf xsdf klg dfly ljj]lrt
cfwf/af6 bkf]6 eGg ;lsg] l:ylt /x]g .
!!= o;y{ dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/
/ sf/0f ;d] t af6 oL jfbL k| l tjfbLx
Psf;uf]ndf /x]a;]sf] cj:yfdf @)$(.!.!*
df g} clws[t jf/];gfdf ul/lbPsf] / ;f] clws[t
jf/];gfdf ab/ tyf hfn;fhL d'2f z'? df]/
lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf]df jfbL bfjL gk'Ug]
7x/L km} ; nf ePpk/ k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
la/f6gu/af6 ;d]t z'sf] km};nf ;b/ x'g]
7x/L clGtd eO{ a;] s f] cj:yfdf clws[ t
jf/];gfdfsf] d"n lnvt g} ab/ gePsf] /
hfn;fhL ;d]t 7x/ gePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL
lnlvtaf6 l;lh{t eP u/]sf sfo{ ;d]tnfO{
c+z bkf]6sf] ;+1f lbg ;lsg] cj:yf ;d]t

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
as;kqsf] lnvtdf xs gePsf] eGg

gldNg] .
ljjflxt 5f]/Lx eP klg as;kq k|fKt
ubf{s} cj:yfdf bftfs} 3/df /xL a[4
lktfsf] ;]jf kfngtfng u/]sf] / lktfsf]
d[To'kZrft\ klg lg/Gt/?kdf bfg as;
kfPsf] ;f]xL 3/df a;L ef]urng u/L
cfPsf] kl/k|]Iodf ef]u} ug{ gkfPsf]
cj:yfdf @ aif{leq ef]u / rngsf
nflu gfln; lbg'kg]{ eGg] bfgas;sf]
% g+= sf] Jojl:yt xbDofb cfslif{t
x'G5 eGg gldNg] .
as;kqsf 3/ / hUufsf] If]qkmntkm{
osLg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu lkm/fb ug'{
:jfefljs} ePsf] / o:tf] l:yltdf
as;kqsf] lnvtsf] j}wtfdfly k|Zg
p7fpg kfOg] bfg as;sf] % g+= bkmfsf]
xbDofb cfslif{t x'G5 eGg sfg"g /
Gofosf] /f]xdf pko'Qm gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
gx'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 z'?sf]

km};nf s]xL pN6L eO{ c+zbkf]6 tkm{sf] bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^$.*.@^ sf]
km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs
jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't
d' 2 fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=k|]d zdf{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn j}zfv @* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM w|'j/fh lqkf7L
l
lg0f{o g+= *^)!
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] CI )@&!
km};nf ldltM @)^*.!.&.$
d'2fM afa'sf] c+z 5'6\ofO{ js;kqadf]lhd
rng ;d]t ul/kfpFm .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM eQmk'/ lhNnf, rfFu' uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= $ a:g] ;gdfnf tfdf ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM eQmk'/ lhNnf, rf+u' uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= $ a:g] ;'s'nIdL tfdf ;d]t
z'? km};nf ug]{M
df=lh=Gof= >L kb\d/fh e
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M
df=Gof=>L b]j]Gb|uf]kfn >]i7
df=Gof=>L 7fs'/k|;fb zdf{
as;kq kfPsf] / ef]u :jfldTjdf rng
u/]sf] s'/fdf c+lzof/fn] cGoyf egL
Dofbleq gfn]; ph"/ gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
k' g /fj] b s jfbLtkm{ a f6M ljfg clwjQmfo

/fdaxfb'/ uf}td tyf s'idfv/ ;fksf]6f
ljkIfL k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L
eLdk|;fb 9sfn
cjnlDat ghL/M ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lg0f{o ;+u|x
@)^#, efu !@, k[i7 @#@
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'n'sL P]g, bfgas;sf] % g+=
km};nf
Gof=k|]d zdf{M Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL lgj]bg
k/L o; cbfntsf cg'dtLn] k'g/fj]bgdf btf{
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;
k|sf/ 5M
lhh'afh] k"0f{ l;+sf Psdfq 5f]/f kf]t
l;= e} kf]t] l;+sftkm{af6 5f]/fx qmdzM h]7f
a'l4nfn, dflxnf df]ltnfn / sfG5f hLtnfn
674
*^)! - ;gdfnf tfdf ;d]t lj=;'s'nIdL tfdf ;d]t
tfdf eO{ h]7f a'l4nfnsf tkm{af6 # 5f]/f

qmdzM jnaxfb' / , bnaxfb' / / tnsaxfb' /
tfdf x'g\ . dflxnf df]ltnfnsf tkm{af6 b'O{
5f]/fx s'j]/ tfdf / sfG5f tfdf x'g\ .
To:t} sfG5f hLtnfn tkm{af6 huaxfb'/ / ej]
tfdf x'g\ . s'j]/ tfdfsf] tkm{af6 5f]/fx
qmdzM s'naxfb'/, d}t] / r]taxfb'/ tfdf x'g\ .
sfG5f tfdfsf] tkm{af6 5f]/Lx xfdL lkm/fbLsf]
dfq hfohGd eO{ 5f]/fx 5}gg\ . lhh'jfh]
k"0f{ l;+ lhh'aHo}, kf]t] l;+ tyf aHo}sf] cufl8 g}
d[To' eO{ df]ltnfn @)#^ / >LdtL gfgL tfdf
@)#% ;fndf a'l4nfn @)@* ;fndf / pxfFsf]
>LdtL cufl8 g} sfnultn] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 .
To:t} hLtnfnsf] @)^) / >LdtL kftnL
tfdfsf] @)^# / 5f]/fx hutaxfb'/ / s'j]/sf]
@)%^ ;fndf g} d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 . To:t}
a'l4nfnsf 5f]/fx hutaxfb'/ @)%! ;fndf
/ tnsaxfb'/ @)!) ;fndf cljjflxt cj:yf
e} d[To' e};s]sf] 5 eGg] xfd|f afa' sfG5f
tfdfsf] @)^! ;fndf d[To' ePsf] xf] . o;/L
afh], aHo} ;d]t k/nf]s eO{ afa' sfG5f, s'a]/,
hutaxfb' / eGg] bnaxfb' / , bnaxfb' /
tnsaxfb'/ hutaxfb'/ / ej] tfdf d'Vo
c+lzof/ eO{ tnsaxfb'/ lg;Gtfg cj:yf e}
d[ T o' ePsf] / cGo c+ l zof/sf] xs vfg]
c+lzof/x ePsfn] ^ efusf] ! efu d]/f] afa'sf]
tkm{af6 xs vfg] xfdL lkm/fbL ePsf]df ljjfb
5}g . xfn;Dd c+lzof/x aLrdf a08f gePsf]
/ Psf;uf]n s} /xFbfsf cj:yfdf afa'nfO{ cGo
c+lzof/xsf] x]/rf/ gu/]sf] x'Fbf klxnfb]lv g}
afa' s f] x] / rfx / cf} i flw pkrf/nufot
nfngkfng xfdL lkm/fbLxn] u/]sf] x'Fbf afa'n]
@)^!.$.@% ut] dfnkf]t sfof{no eQmk'/af6
/=g+= ^%) af6 lkm/fbLxnfO{ z]=j= u/L ;Dk"0f{
;DklQ ci6nf]x u/L z]ifkl5 vfg' egL kf; u/L
ljkIfLxsf] lhDdfdf x'Fbf xfdLn] ljkIfLnfO{
pQm z]=j= adf]lhd xfd|f] ;d]t xs nfUg] ;DklQ
5' 6 \ o fO{ lbg' egL eGbf t] / f] xs 5} g egL
hj/\ h :tL u/L z] = j=s} a] j f:tf u/] s f] x' F b f
c+za08fsf] !.@ / # g+= adf]lhd a08f nfUg]
675
;DklQ ljkIfLaf6 c+za08fsf] @), @!, @@, @#

g+= adf]lhd tfobftL dfUg nufO{ lkm/fb k/]sf]
cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{ dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L
afa' ;d]tsf c+lzof/aLr ^ efusf] ! efu c+z
d] / f] afa' s f] 5' 6 \ o fO{ z] = j= adf] l hd xfdL
lkm/fbLsf] efu lbnfO{ c}af6 rng ;d]t rnfO{
kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb bfjL .
afa'sf] c+z 5'6\ofO{ dfq ljjflxt 5f]/Ln]
lkm/fb lbg c=j+= *@ g+= sf] xsb}of cfjZos
kg]{ ;fy} bfg js;sf] ! g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
cfnL lkm/fb lb+bf P] % g+= adf]lhdsf] @ aif]{
xbDofb x'g'kg]{df k|:t't d'2fdf ldlt @)^!.$.@%
df lkm/fbLsf lktfsf] k/nf]skZrft\ @ aif]{ ;do
JotLt eO;s] k l5 k/] s f] k| : t' t zLif{ s sf]
lkm/fbsf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt e};s]sf] 5 . k|:t't
d'2fdf lnPsf] sfg"gL bkmf c+z d'2fdf afx]s
cGo d'2fdf nfu" x'Fb}g . ljkIfLsf lktfsf] gfpF+df
s'g} hUuf hldg gePsf], cfkm\gf] hLjgsfndf
c+z xs sfodtkm{ s'g} sfdsf/jfxL gu/]sf]
tyf k|:t't d'2f ljkIfLn] xs ;sf/ ug{ kfpg]
cj:yfsf] gePsf] ;d] t sf/0faf6 ghL/
l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt x' F b f k/nf] s eO{ ;s] s f
c+lzof/;Fu dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod ug'{kg]{
c+za08f ug'{kg]{ eGg] s'/f e|fds kl/sNkgf
afx]s s]xL xf]Og ;f] cfwf/df ;d]t ljkIfLsf]
lkm/fb vf/]hefuL x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpFm . d'2fsf]
;Da4 kIfsf] ;Gbe{df lkm/fb bfjL 7x/ ug'{kg]{
b] l vPdf klg xfdL k| l tjfbLdWo] k' m naxfb' /
r]taxfb'/ d}t] tfdf ;d]tn] ;DalGwt hUuf
wgLsf] hUuf xbjGbLdf k/L xfdLxsf lktf
s'j]/ tfdfn] df]lxsf x}l;otn] k|fKt u/]sf
hUufx e=k'=lh=rfu'F uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $-v_
ls=g+= !&!, @)$ / @)^ sf hUuf cGo s;}nfO{
c+za08f nfUg] xf]Og . ;fy} e=k'=lh=, rfFu'
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $-v_ ls=g+= $&% nufotsf
cGo ;Dk"0f{ hUufx xfn;Dd btf{ geO{ /x]sf]
cj:yfdf bfg as;sf] ! g+= adf]lhd ljkIfLsf
lktfsf] xs k'u]sf] /x]5 eGg] cg'dfg ug{;Dd
klg g;lsg] cj:yfdf lkm/fbL bfjLsf] cf}lrTo
gx'Fbf lkm/fb vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eg]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
;d]tsf] k|ltjfbL ;'s'nIdL km"naxfb'/, d}t],

ej], anaxfb'/ / r]taxfb'/ tfdfsf] ;+o'Qm
k|ltpQ/kq .
o;df cfb] z fg' ; f/ dfu ePsf btf{
;|]:tf pQf/, z]=j= lnvtsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk
lkmN8a's pQf/ ! g+= nut ptf/ / @ g+=
cg';"rLnufot hjfkm ;DalGwt sfof{noaf6
k|fKt eO{ ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf .
sfg" g n] lgwf{ / 0f u/] s f] xbDofbleq
k|:t't lkm/fb kg{ cfPsf] gb]lvFbf jfbLxsf]
lkm/fb c=j+= !*) g+= adf]lhd vf/]h x'g] 7x5{
eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] z' ? eQmk' / lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.@.@^.! sf] km};nf .
z] = j= sf] lnvt cGoyf k| d fl0ft
geP;Dd lnvtsf] sfg"gL cl:tTj oyfjt\ /xg]
g} x'Fbf sfg"gtM dfGo lnvtsf] cfwf/df k/]sf]
lkm/fbdf tYodf k|j]z u/L bfjL k'Ug] gk'Ug]
OG;fkm ug'{kg]{df xbDofbleq lkm/fb gk/]sf]
egL lkm/fb vf/]h x'g] 7x/fO{ ePsf] z'? km};nf
ab/ u/L xfd|f] lkm/fb bfjL adf]lhd ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
o;df k'g/fj]bs jfbLxn] cfkm\gf] lktf
sfG5f tfdfaf6 x]/larf/ cf}ifwf]pkrf/ vfg
nfpg / d[To'kZrft\ sfhlqmof lk08kfgL ug{
d]/f] ePe/sf] ;uf]n;d]tsf rn crn >L ;DklQ
ci6nf] x u} / cflb ;DklQ vfg' egL ldlt
@)^!.$.@% df z]ifkl5sf] as;kq k|fKt u/]sf]
b]lv+bf jfbLxsf] lktfsf] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQdf
pQm z]ifkl5sf] js;kqaf6 jfbLxsf] xs x'g]
gx'g] ljj]rgf g} gu/L jfbL bfjL vf/]h ug]{
u/]sf] z'? km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf k|ToyL{
lemsfO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^^.!.!) sf] cfb]z .
d'n'sL P]g c+za08fsf] !-s_ g+=adf]lhd
lghxn] cfkm\gf] lktfsf] efusf] c+z kfpFm egL
bfjL lng kfpg] b] l vPg . cj hxfF ; Dd
jfbLxn] lktfaf6 kfPsf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf]
cfwf/df lktfsf] efusf] ;DklQdf c+zdf bfjL
lnPsf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ 5 To;tkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ d'n'sL P]g bfg as;sf] % g+= df cfkm"n]
676
bfgas; kfPsf] s'/fdf cfkm\gf] xs k'u]sf] ldltn]

b'O{ aif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;Sb}g eGg] sfg"gL
k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . jfbLxn] cfkm\gf lktf
sfG5f tfdfaf6 ldlt @)^!.$.@% df z]ifkl5sf]
as;kqsf] lnvt kfl/t u/fO{ lnP kl5 lgh
sfG5f tfdfsf] d[To' ldlt @)^!.%.! df ePsf]
eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 jfbLxn] lkm/fb kq ;fy k]z
u/]sf ldlt @)^$.#.@* sf] d[To' btf{sf] k|df0f
kqsf] 5fof k|ltaf6 b]lvG5 . o;/L jfbLxsf
lktf sfG5f tfdfsf] d[To' @)^!.%.! df ePsf]
tYo lglj{jfb ?kn] k'li6 ePsf]df d'n'sL P]g,
bfgas;sf] % g+= adf]lhd cfkm\gf] xs k'u]sf
pQm ldltaf6 b'O{ aif{leq gfln; lbg' kg]{df
jfbLsf] lkm/fb ;f] xbDofb g3fO{ ldlt
@)^$.$.@* df dfq bfo/ ePsf] b]lv+bf z'?
eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ / o; cbfntaf6 k|ToyL{
lemsfpg] u/L ldlt @)^^.!.!).% df ePsf] cfb]z
Aoxf] / fl;t ;xdt x' g ;lsPg . k' g /fj] b s
jfbLtkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLn] pNn]v
ug'{ePsf] @)%^ ;fnsf] sfg"g klqsfsf] lg=g+=
^&@( sf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ pQm ghL/df z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq lbg] bftfsf] gfddf ;DklQ /x]sf] b]lvG5
eg] k|:t't d'2fsf] bftfsf] gfddf s'g} klg ;DklQ
/x] ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] pk/f]Qm ghL/ cfslif{t
x'g] cj:yf b]lvPg .
ctM dfly plNnlvt ljj]rgfsf cfwf/df
jfbLxnfO{ c+ztkm{ gfn]; ug]{ xsb}of ;d]t
gePsf] / k' g /fj] b s jfbLxsf] lkm/fb
xbDofbleq ;d]tsf] gb]lv+bf xbDofbleq lkm/fb
kg{ cfPsf] gb]lvPsf]n] jfbLxsf] lkm/fb c=j=
!*) g+= adf]lhd vf/]h x'g] 7x/fO{ z'? eQmk'/
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.@.@^ df ePsf]
km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt
@)^^.&.@# df ePsf] km};nf .
z] i fkl5sf] lnvtadf] l hd xfdLxn]
ef]urng u/L cfPsf] ;DklQ ;uf]nsf] ePsf] /
z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf] ;DklQ bftfsf] d[To'kZrft\
ef]u ul//x]sf] ;DklQnfO{ ef]u gu/]sf] egL
*^)! - ;gdfnf tfdf ;d]t lj=;'s'nIdL tfdf ;d]t
bfg as;sf] % g+= sf] Dofbleq gcfPsf] eGg

ldNb}g . ef]u ePsf] s'/fn] d'2f ug{ tTsfn
cfjZostf gk/]sf] / o:t} ;dfg tYo ePsf]
d'2fdf o; ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{
Ohnf;af6 ;=c= sf] lg0f{o ;Fu|x efu !@ sf]
k[i7 @#@ ;+jt\ @)#% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !& sf]
ldlt @)#%.!@.&.# df ePsf] km} ; nfdf
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbg sfg"gn] s'g} jfwf
glbPsf] / ;f] adf]lhd z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfO{
jfbL cfk"mn] as; kfPsf] ;DklQ as; lbg]
afj'sf] z]ifkl5 ef]u ug{ hfg' :jfefljs} x'G5 .
;f] adf] l hd as; lbg] s f] z] i fkl5 jfbLn]
ljjfbsf] 3/df ef] u u/] s f] b] l vPsf] d f bfg
as;sf] % g+= adf]lhd @ aif{leq ph"/ gk/]sf]
egL vf/]h u/]sf] ldNg] b]lvb}g egL km};nf
ePsf] x'Fbf pQm ghL/nfO{ cfTd;ft u/L bf]xofO{
x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg u/L Gofo kfpFm egL jfbLsf
tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg .
o;df lgj] b s jfbLxn] ldlt
@)^!.$.@% df z]ifkl5sf] as;kq k|fKt u/]sf]df
ljjfb 5}g . bftfsf] d[To'kl5 jfbLxn] pQm
z]ifkl5sf] as;kqadf]lhd kfpg] hUufdWo]af6
ef]u ul//x]sf] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvPsf] / pQm
as;kqadf]lhd hUuf 5fO{ kfpg dfu u/L
lkm/fb bfo/ u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df ljjflbt hUuf
/f]Ssf ePsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . jfbLn] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq kfpFbf bftfsf] ci6nf]x ;d]t ;Dk"0f{
xssf] as; kfPsf] eO{ To:tf] ;DklQ s] slt
xf] eGg] s'/fsf] ljj/0f k|fKt geP;Dd xs k'Ug]
;DklQsf] l:ylt k|i6 x'g} g;Sg] x'Fbf ef]u u/]sf]
egL bfjL lnPsf] ;DklQ ;d]tdf OG;fkm x'g]
/f]xdf ;a"b a'emL 5fgaLg g} gu/L bfjL g}
vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] z'?sf] vf/]h km};nfnfO{ ;b/
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf d'n'sL
P]g, c=j+= !*$, !*$s / !*% g+= k|df0f P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf # / %$ tyf jfbL lbndfof
dxh{g k|ltjfbL bzaxfb'/ dxh{g ePsf] 3/af6
p7fO{ rng rnfO{ kfpF m eGg] d' 2 fdf o;
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)#%.!@.& df ePsf] lg0f{osf]
k|lts"n ;d]t b]lvof] eGb} bf]xofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f
677
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.%.!& df k| b fg

ePsf] .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] b}lgs k];L;"rLdf
r9L Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg
;+nUg k|]lift ldl;n sfuhft cWoog ul/of] .
k' g /fj] b s jfbLtkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfo /fdaxfb' / uf} t d tyf s' i dfv/
;fksf]6fn] as;kqsf] lnvtn] jfbLn] bftfsf]
efusf] 3/ hUuf kfPsf]df ljjfb gePsf] /
ci6nf]x as;kqleqsf] 3/df g} jfbLxsf]
a;f]jf; x'Fbf :jtM xs :yflkt ePsf] s'/fdf
bfg as;sf] % g+= sf] xbDofb nufO{ vf/]h ug]{
7x/ ePsf lhNnf Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf ab/ u/L as;kqadf]lhd hUuf / 3/
osLg ul/of];\ egL tyf ljkIfL k|ltjfbL tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L eLdk|;fb 9sfnn]
as;kqsf] % g+= sf] ;Ldfleq as;cg';f/sf
hUuf 5'fpg gfn]; gk/]sf] l:yltdf lkm/fb g}
vf/] h ug] { 7x/ u/] s f] z' ? Pj+ k' g /fj] b g
cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] g} x'Fbf ;b/ ul/of];
egL k|:t't ug'{ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
lktf sfG5f tfdfn] xfdL jfbL
5f]/LxnfO{ ldlt @)^!.$.@% ut] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ
ci6nf]x u/L z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfl/t u/L
lbPsf]n] pQm lnvtadf]lhd ljkIfLxaf6 ;d]t
;DklQ bflvn ug{ nufO{ ^ efusf] ! efu afa'sf]
xssf] xfdLnfO{ lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL
tyf ljjflxt 5f]/LnfO{ c+z dfu ug{ xsb}of
gePsf] / as;kqsf] xsdf d' n ' s L P] g ,
bfgas;sf] % g+= sf] Dofb g3fO{ lkm/fb cfPsf]
x' F b f vf/] h ul/kfpF m egL k| l tpQ/ lhsL/
/x]sf]df, xbDofbsf] cfwf/ / sf/0fn] lkm/fb
vf/]h ug]{ 7x/ u/]sf] z'? km};nf ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfpk/ bf]xofO{
x]l/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg k/L as;kqsf] lnvtdf
ljjfb gePsf] / as;kq ePsf] 3/df g}
jfbLxsf] a;f]af; x'Fbf :jtM xs :yflkt ePsf]
s'/fdf d'n'sL P]g, bfg as;sf] % g+= sf] xbDofb
nufO{ vf/]h u/]sf] k'g/fa]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df o; cbfntsf]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
cfb] z af6 lgj] b g k' g /fj] b gdf btf{ ePsf]

b]lvof] .
plNnlvt tYo ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k' g /fj] b g Pj+ z' ? cbfntaf6 d' n ' s L P] g ,
bfgas;sf] % g+= adf]lhd kl/eflift xbDofbleq
lkm/fb btf{ gePsf] cfwf/df vf/]h ug]{ 7x/
ePsf z'? Pa+ k'g/fa]bg cbfntsf km};nf ldn],
gldn]sf] s] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
ljifo x'g cfof] .
@= o;df lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ jfbLxn]
bftfsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] ci6nf]x as;kq kfPsf]
tYonfO{ k|ltjfbLxn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
jfbLx clal5Gg ?kdf as;kqcGtu{tsf] 3/df
a;f]jf; u/]sf] s'/fdf klg k|ltjfbL tkm{af6 cGoyf
egL lhsL/ lng ;s] s f] kfOb} g .
as;kqcg';f/sf] ;DklQ jfbLn] ef]u u/]sf] s'/fdf
ljjfb gePsf] l:yltdf jfbLxsf] ef] u n]
lghxsf] :jfldTjdf k|Zg p7fpg] 7fpF b]lvg
cfpFbg} eg] csf]t{ km{ sfg"gadf]lhd bftfsf] ;Dk"0f{
;DklQ g} k|fKt ePsf] as;kqsf] 3/ hUuf bftfsf
c+lzof/aLr osLg jfF8kmfF8 gePsf sf/0fn]
cfkm\gf] xssf] ;DklQ :ki6 ?kdf osLg ug{
jfbLxnfO{ cK7f/f] k/L ToxL jfF8kmfF8sf nflu
;Dd jfbLxsf] lkm/fb ug'{sf] p2]Zo b]lvg
cfpF5 . o:tf] tYout l:ylt ePsf] k|:t't ljifodf
d'n'sL P]g, bfgas;sf] % g+= sf] xbDofb;DaGwL
sfg"gL Joj:yf ;fGble{s x'g] xf], xf]Og ;f]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L x]bf{ pQm % g+= df cfk"mn]
bfg as; kfPsf] s'/fdf cfkm\gf] xs k'u]sf] ldltn]
/ lbg gx'g] bfg as; lbPsf]df kfpg]sf] xs
k'uL ef]urng u/]sf] ldltn] b'O{ aif{leq gfln;
glbP nfUg ;St}g egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOof] .
d"n ?kdf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog ubf{
as;kq kfpg] / as;kq lbg] JolQmsf
xsbf/xsf ;DaGwdf as;kq kfPsf] / lbPsf]
;DklQsf] xs ;DaGwdf ljjfb eP b'a} kIfaf6
Ps csf]{pk/ gfln; lbg] ;DaGwdf @ aif{sf]
xbDofbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;df oL
jfbLxn] cfkm\gf lktfaf6 z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
kfO{ pQm as;kqcGtu{t s} 3/df j;f]jf; u/]sf]
kfOG5 . as;kq kfPsf] / ef]u :jfldTjdf rng

u/]sf] s'/fdf k|ltjfbLx c+lzof/fn] cGoyf egL
jfbLx pk/ Dofbleq gfn]; ph"/ gu/]af6
as;kqsf] lnvtdf jfbLxsf] xs gePsf] eGg
ldNg] b]lvb}g . bfgas;sf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
bfg as; kfPsf] s'/fdf cfkm\gf] xs k'u]sf] ldltn]
@ aif{leq gfln; lbg'kg]{ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf]
;Gbe{df x]bf{ jfbLx ljjflxt 5f]/Lx eP klg
as;kq k|fKt ubf{ s} cj:yfdf bftf lktf s}
3/df /xL a[4 lktfsf] ;]jf kfngtfng u/]sf] /
lktfsf] d[To'kZrft klg lg/Gt/?kdf bfg as;
kfPsf] ;f]xL 3/df a;L ef]urng u/L cfPsf]
kl/k|]Iodf ef]u} ug{ gkfPsf] cj:yfdf @ aif{leq
ef] u / rngsf nflu gfln; lbg' k g] { eGg]
bfgas;sf] % g+= sf] Jojl:yt xbDofbnfO{ k|:t't
tYodf cfslif{t x'G5 eGg ldNg] b]lvg cfpFb}g .
as;kqsf 3/ / hUufsf] If]qkmn tkm{ osLg
ug] { k| o f] h gsf nflu jfbLxn] lkm/fb ug' {
:jfefljs} ePsf] / o:tf] l:yltdf as;kqsf]
lnvtsf] j}wtfdfly k|Zg p7fpg kfOg] bfg
as;sf] dfly plNnlvt % g+= bkmfsf] xbDofb
cfslif{t x'G5 eGg sfg"g / Gofosf] /f]xdf pko'Qm
x'g] b]lvb}g .
#= To;} u/L lbndfof dxh{g lj?4
bzaxfb'/ dxh{g ;d]t -;jf]{Rr cbfnt lg0f{o
;Fu|x efu !@ k[i7 @#@_ ePsf] @)#% ;fnsf]
b]=k'=g+= !& sf] 3/af6 p7fO{ rng rnfO{ kfpFm
eGg] d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] k"mna]~raf6 as;
lbg]sf] z]ifkl5 jfbLn] ljjfbsf] 3/df ef]u u/]sf]
/ xs ef]u ePsf] b]lvPsf]df bfg as;sf] %
g+= adf]lhd @ aif{leq ph"/ gk/]sf] egL vf/]h
ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g egL ghL/ l;4fGt :yflkt
ePsf] / pQm d'2f / k|:t't d'2fsf] tYodf
Ps?ktf /x] s f] b] l vF b f pQm ghL/ ;d] t sf
cfwf/df z'? Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] xbDofbsf]
sf/0faf6 lkm/fb g} vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] km};nf
ldn]sf] /x]5 eGg ldn]g .
$= ctM plNnlvt cfwf/ tyf sf/0faf6
xbDofbsf] sf/0f bzf{O{ lkm/fb vf/]h ug]{ 7x/
u/] s f] z' ? eQmk' / lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
678
*^)@ - lg/If/ b[li6ljxLg s]Gb| ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
@)^%.@.@^ sf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ 7x/ u/]sf]

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^^.&.@# sf]
km};nf gldn]sf] x'Fbf ab/ pN6L e} cj jfbLn]
bfjL lnPsf] ;DklQ ;d]tdf OG;fkmsf] /f]xdf
;a"b a'emL k'gM OG;fkm ug'{ egL pkl:yt kIfnfO{
z'? eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] tf/]v tf]sL ldl;n
;d]t z'? eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntdf k7fOlbg]
7x5{ . c? tk;Lnadf]lhd ug'"{ .
tk;Ln
dfly OG;fkm v08df pNn]v ePadf]lhd
z'? eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.@.@^
Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.&.@# sf]
km};nf ab/ pN6L e} k'gM OG;fkmsf nflu ldl;n
;d]t z'?df k7fO lbg] 7x/ ePsf] x'Fbf pkl:yt
kIf ljkIfnfO{ z'? eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf]
tf/]v tf]sL ldl;n z'? cbfntdf k7fOlbg" !
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" !
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn a}zfv & ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM slkndl0f uf}td
l
lg0f{o g+= *^)@
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{{
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=!#!)
cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!).!&.@
d'2fM k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM >L lg/If/ b[li6ljxLg ;xof]u s]Gb|sf]
tkm{af6 bLks e/fO{;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
679
nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHon] gful/sxnfO{

cg's"ntfdf dfq clwsf/ pkef]u ug{
;Ifd agfpg] xf] O Gf . ;/sf/n]
gful/sxnfO{ ;dfg?kn] clwsf/
pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg k"jf{j:yfsf]
k|aGw ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
zf/Ll/s ckfxnfO{ sfg"gn] k|bfg
u/]sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L ;Ifd agfpg}
kb{ 5 . To;} n ] /fHon] ;dGofosf]
cfwf/df ljt/0fd'vL gLlt cjnDag
u/L lk5l8Psf gful/sxnfO{ ljz]if
Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ .
ckfxdf;d]t cGwf / cGo cxsf]
ckftfaLr cGt/ /x]sfn] pgLx aLr
;sf/fTds lje]b ug'{ h?/L x'g hfG5 .
;j} ckfxnfO{ Ps} ju{ d f /fvL
clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] eGg] ts{n]
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] eGg ;Sg]
cj:yf g/xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
g] k fn kIf ePsf] cg' j Gwdf ePsf
Joj:yf / P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/
tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf]
bfloTj xf] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]zsf]
kfngf ug'{ ;/sf/sf] st{Jo xf] . P]gn]
k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/x dWo] s'g} Pp6f
clwsf/ tyf ;'ljwfsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg'
jf k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ug'{ dfq kof{Kt xF'b}g .
nlIft au{n] clwsf/ tyf ;'ljwfsf]
pkof]u ug{ gkfP;Dd sfuhdf kqfrf/
u/]/ jf ul/g]5 eGg] k|lta4tf lg/y{s
x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L z+s/
;' j ] b L
ljkIf tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f
zdf{ kf}8]n

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#(
bkmf $
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]
wf/f !#-#_, ##-3!_
;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (
cfb]z
Gof=;' z Lnf sfsL{ M g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_ n] o;}
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
;lxtsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
efu $ wf/f ## sf] -3!_ df ckfxnfO{ klg
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg]
/ wf/f #% sf] pkwf/f ( n] /fHosf] gLlt
cGtu{t ckfxsf] nflu klg ;+/If0f / pGgltsf]
nflUf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{
pNn]v 5 / pkwf/f !$ df ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]
cfwf/df ckf;d]tnfO{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt
cjnDag ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!#-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds Joj:yfdf ckfsf] nflu
sfg"gf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] eGg] k|i6
Joj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !*-@_n] ckfnfO{
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . @)#(
;fndf P]g lgdf{0f eO{ tTsfn nfu" eO;s]sf] /
P] g sf] k| : tfjgfdf g} sNof0fsf/L cfjZos
Joj:yf u/L ckfxnfO{ ;dfhs} ;Ifd Pj+
;lqmo ?kdf pTkfbgzLn gful/s agfpg] p2]Zo
/flvPsf] 5 . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf $ n] sNof0fsf/L
;xfotf Pj+ ;] j f pknAw u/fpg ;/sf/n]
pko'Qm Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf % n] ;dfgtfsf] xs, bkmf ^ n]
lzIff Pj+ tfnLdsf] Joj:yf, bkmf & n] :jf:Yo
tyf cf}iflw, bkmf * n] tfnLd tyf /f]huf/L,
bkmf ( n] k|fyldstf, bkmf !) n] ljleGg ;'ljwf
tyf ;x'lnotnufotsf ckfxsf] nflu xs
clwsf/ tyf ;'ljwfx lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
t/ ;/sf/n] P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gu/]sf]

x'Fbf cGwf ckf >L afa's[i0f dxh{gn] ;f] P]g
adf]lhdsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf sfof{Gjog ug{ o;
;DdfgLt cbfntdf ;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] l/6
g+=#^^^ sf] l/6df k/dfb]z dfu ug'{ ePsf]df
dfuadf]lhd @)^!.!).% ut] k/dfb]z klg hf/L
ePsf] lyof] . To;} u/L o;} ljifodf g]kfn ckf
dfgj clwsf/ s]Gb|sf] tkm{af6 ;'bz{g ;'j]bL /
afj's[i0f dxh{gn] ckfxnfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIff
kfpg] Joj:yfsf] nflu csf]{ l/6 lgj]bg bfo/
ug' { ePsf] d f o; ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 . P]g th{"df
eO{ nfu" eO{ ;Sbf / ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 cfb]z
hf/L eO{ ;Sbf klg P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf ;]jf
;'ljwf / clwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . :s"nxdf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg kqfrf/ ul/P klg ;f]adf]lhd sfd
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lghL ljBfno ljZj ljBfno,
:s" n / z} l Ifs k| l ti7fgxn] ;f] cfb] z sf]
sfof{Gjog u/]sf 5}gg\ . ul/P klg ;f] kof{Kt
5} g . cGwf ckfxsf] nflu a| ] n lnlksf]
kf7\ok':ts / a|]nlnlksf] cefjdf cGwf ckfn]
d'b|f klxrfg ug{ g;Sbf 7lug' k/]sf] 5 . ;]jf
k| b fos lgsfoxdf ckfd} q L ;fdflhs
jftfj/0f / kf/Ljfl/s jftfj/0f 5}g . nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] k/LIffdf pd]/sf] xb yk x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . /fHoaf6 k|jfx x'g] ;"rgfsf] xs k|fKt
ug{ ;s]sf] 5}gf}+ . s'g} ;Lkd"ns tfnLdsf]
Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/L lgsfoxaf6
k|fKt x'g] sfuhft a|]nlnlkdf pknAw x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf cGt/f{li6o ;lGwsf
k|fjwfg ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( n] g]kfn
sfg"g;/x nfu" x'G5g . o; ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 klg JofVof eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnn]
cg'df]bg u/]sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;+f:s[lts
clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq, !(^^
sf] wf/f !# / !$ n] lzIffdf ;dfg kx'Frsf]
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} dfgjclwsf/sf]
ljZjAofkL 3f]if0fkq !($* sf] wf/f @@ n]
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 .
680
P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ tyf ;'ljwf pknAw

u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
cfb]zsf] kfng ug'{ ;/sf/sf] st{Jo xf] . P]gn]
k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/x dWo] s'g} Pp6f clwsf/
Pj+ ;'ljwfsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg k|ltj4 5f} egL
eGg' kof{Kt x'b}g . nlIft au{Nf] clwsf/ tyf
;'ljwfsf] pkof]u ug{ gkfP;DDf sfuhdf kqfrf/
u/]/ jf ul/g] 5 eGg] k|ltj4tf lg/y{s x'G5 .
ckfxsf] clwsf/ tyf ;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"ltsf]
nflu a[xb PsLs[t / 7f]; sfo{ nfu" ePs} 5}g .
To:tf] sfo{qmdn] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . oL
bfloTjaf6 ljkIfLx pDsg ldNg] xf]Og . o;}
ljifodf l/6 g+ = #^^^ df ;jf] { R r cbfntn]
k/dfb]z hf/L ubf{ s]jn P]gsf] p4]Zocg'ksf]
;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ z'? ug'{ elgPsf] 5 . ;f]
cfb]zdf /fi6 a}+saf6 hf/L x'g] d'b|f -gf]6_ df
a]|nlnlksf] ;+s]t /fVg] / b[li6laxLgxn] k9\g
n]Vg / k/LIff lbgsf] nflu lzIfs z}lIfs ;fdu|L
tyf kf7\ok':tsxsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' egL
s'g} cfb]z ePsf] 5}g . ;/sf/L sfof{non]
b[li6ljxLgxnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;"rgf tyf
kqfrf/x a]|nlnlkdf u/fpg klg plNnlvt
d'2faf6 cfb]z ul/Psf] 5}Gf . gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{
ljkIfL /fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] o; ;DaGwdf
7f]; of]hgf gLlt agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ljkIfL
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s / cy{ dGqfnon] lgisfzg ug]{
gf] 6 xdf a] | n lnlksf] ;+ s ] t /flvPsf] 5} g .
ljkIfL lzIff dGqfnon] ;a} lghL tyf ;/sf/L
z}lIfs ;+:yfg xdf a|]nlnlksf] dfWodaf6
lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g . ljkIfL k|wfgdGqLsf]
sfo{fno, dlxnf tyf jfnaflnsf dGqfno /
Gofo tyf sfg"Gf dGqfnon] b[li6ljxLgxnfO{
nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lng] k|lt:Kfwf{Tds k/LIffdf
pd]/sf] xb a9fpg s'g} kxn u/]sf] 5}g . l/6
g+=#^^^ l/6 lgj]bgdf ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 hf/L
ePsf] cfb]z ;Dk"0f{ ckfxsf] nflu b]lvG5 .
xfdL b[li6ljxLgxsf ljz]if vfnsf ;d:of
5g\ . To;}n] plNnlvt l/6df ePsf] cfb]z xfd|f]
nflu kof{Kt 5}g . To;sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ljkIfLx
;a} s f] ljefuLo lhDd] j f/L 5 . P] g sf]
681
sfo{Gjogsf nflu ;a} ljkIfLx ;DalGwt 5g\ .

sfg"Gfn] k"/f ug'{kg]{ bfloTjaf6 ljkIfLx d'Qm
x'g ;Sb}gg\ . ctM b]ze/Lsf cGwf ckfxsf]
nut lnO{ vfB, cfjf;, :jf:Yo, z}lIfs k|lti7fg,
a|]nlnlkdf kf7\ok':ts, ;Lkd"ns tfnLd, :f"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ ;lxtsf PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
Kofs]h;lxt P]gsf] bkmf $ cGtu{t xfnnfO{
sDtLDff % lasf; If]qdf cGwf ckf -b[li6ljxLg_
;+/If0f s]Gb|sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L cfufdL
cfly{ s aif{ a f6 P] g sf] 7f] ; sfof{ G jogsf
cltl/Qm ljz]if u/L cGw ckf -b[li6ljxLg_
xsf nflu /fHon] ug'{kg]{ sNof0fsf/L Joj:yf
sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL lgsfoxsf
gfpFFdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bs bLKfs e/fO{sf] lgj]bg .
!% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\
lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bg / k|:t't
cfb] z sf] Ps Ps k| l t gSsn ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;" r gf k7fO{ To;sf] af] w fy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ n onfO{ lbg' .
ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 l/6 g+= #^^^ ldlt @)^!.!).% sf]
k/dfb] z d' 2 fsf] ;Ssn ldl;n;d] t o;
cbfntsf] clen]v zfvfaf6 lemsfO{ o;} d'2f;Fu
;+nUg u/L lgodfg';f/ k]z ug"{ . ;fy} d'2fsf]
ljifo / ufDeLo{tfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L x]bf{ k|:t't
d' 2 fnfO{ cu| f lwsf/ k| b fg ul/Psf] 5 eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.#.@@ sf]
cfb]z .
a|]nlnlk n]vfOsf] o:tf] k4lt xf] h;df
cIf/, c, zAb / n] v fO{ s f lrGxxnfO{
b[li6ljxLgxn] 5fd]/ klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] u/L
agfOPsf] sfuhL ;txdflysf] 5kfO{ xf] .
a|]nlnlkdf 5kfO{ ePsf] ;fdu|L k9\gsf] nflu
kf7sx a]|nlnlkaf/] hfgsf/ /x]sf] x'g} kb{5 .
a|]nlnlk cWoog gu/]sf b[li6ljxLg JolQmsf
nflu a|]nlnlkdf 5flkPsf] ;fdu|Lsf] s'g} cy{

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
x'b}g . lg/If/ JolQmnfO{ s'g} kf7\o;fdu|L lbg'

Pp6} s'/f xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ s'g}
klg lsl;dsf] zf/Ll/s ckftf ePsf
JolQmxnfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt ug]{
k/Dk/f oBlk sfod /x]sf] eGg] s'/f ;fdfGo
tYo s} ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;y{ b[li6ljxLgxsf
lgDtL lzIffsf] kof{ K t cj;/ gePsf] tyf
lzIffsf] cj;/ kfPsf b[ l i6ljxLgxsf
nflu;d]t a|]nlnlkdf cWoog u/fOg] kl/kf6L
ljsl;t eOg;s] s f] g] k fnsf] oyfy{ t fdf
a|]nlnlkdf 5flkPsf] ;fdu|L k9\g] JolQmxsf]
;+Vof cToGt Go"g /x]sf] ;xh cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . d' b | f df a| ] n lnlksf] ; + s ] t /xg' kg] {
lgj]bgssf] dfusf] cy{ b[li6ljxLg JolQmxn]
;xh?kdf d'b|fsf] b/ klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] cj:Yfsf]
;'lglZrttf ul/g' k5{ eGg] dfu g} xf] . o;
;Gbe{ d f ljZjsf ljleGg b] z xn] cfk\ m gf]
d'b|fdf 5fd]/ b/ klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] ljleGg
k|sf/sf ;+s]txsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
of] qmd a9]/ uPsf];d]t b]lvG5 . ;fy} s'g}
klg b]zsf] d'b|fdf a|]nlnlks} k|of]u ePsf] af/]
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s;Fu hfgsf/L 5}g . b[li6ljxLg
JolQmxn] ;xh?kdf d'b|f klxrfg ;s'g\ /
b[li6ljxLg ePs} sf/0fn] d'b|fsf] k|efjsf/L
k| o f] u af6 tyf 7uLg' gk/f] ; \ eGg] ljifodf
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s ;b}a ;+j]bgzLn /xb} cfPsf]
5 / cGt/f{ l i6 o ?kdf cjnDag ul/Psf
ljlwxnfO{ g] k nL d' b | f df ;d] t k| o f] u ug{
z'?jft ul/;lsPsf] 5 . z'?sf] cj:yfdf o;
a} + s af6 k| s flzt gf] 6 xdf Blind readable
Feature ;dfj] z ug] { ul/Psf] lyPg . t/ xfn
k|rngdf /x]sf g]kfnL d'b|fx dWo] ?=%)).
/ ?=!))). b/sf gf]6xdf 5fd]/ b/ klxrfg
ug{ ;lsg] Blind Readable Feature ;+s]tx
/flv;lsPsf 5g\ . o;} u/L cfly{ s tyf
Jojxfl/s cg's"ntfsf cfwf/df cfufdL lbgdf
5kfO{ eO{ lg:sfzg x'g] d'b|fdf ;d]t 5fd]/
d' b | f sf] b/ klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] ;+ s ] t xsf]
k|of]u ub}{ hfg] of]hgf;d]t o; a}+ssf] /x]sf]
5 . a| ] n lnlkdf ;+ s ] t /fVb} d f b[ l i6ljxLg
JolQmxn] d'b|fsf] b/ klxrfgdf ef]Ug' k/]sf]

;d:of ;dfwfg eO{ ;Dk"0f{ b[li6ljxLgxn]
d'b|fsf] b/ klxrfg ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] cj:yf
x'Fb}g . xfd|f] h:tf] b]z, hxfF a9L eGbf a9L
gubdf sf/f]jf/ ug]{ k|rng 5 / clwsf+z
dflg;xdf gf]6sf] k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f] lxkmfht
gug]{ afgL 5 . a]|nlnlk jf b[li6ljxLgn] 5fd]/
d'b|fsf] b/ klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] ;+s]t /fv]/
gf] 6 lgisfzg ubf{ klg bL3{ s fnLg ?kdf
;d:of ;dfwfg x' g ;Sb} g . lsgsL gf] 6
Mishandling sf] sf/0fn] To:tf ;+ s ] t x rf8}
d]l6g uO{ ;d:of h:tfsf] t:t} /xG5 . tyflk
o; a}+sn] cGt/f{li6o ?kdf cjnDag ul/Psf]
ljlw k|rngadf]lhd g]kfnL d'b|fdf ;d]t 5fd]/
d' b | f sf] b/ klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] ;+ s ] t xsf]
k|of]u z'? ul/;lsPsf], b[li6ljxLg g]kfnL gf]6
k|of]ustf{n] klg d'b|fsf] b/ klxrfg ug{ ;s"g\
/ 7lug' gk/f];\ eGg] ljifodf g]kfn /fi6 a}+s
;+j]bgzLn /x]sf] / s'g} d'2f jf cGo sf/0fn]
geO{ cGt/f{li6o k|rng ;d]tnfO{ x]/L a}+s
cfkm}n] s]xL gf]6df ;+s]t k|of]u ul/;lsPsf] /
cfufdL lbgdf ;d]t Jojxfl/stf /
cg' s " n tf;d] t sf cfwf/df cGo b/sf
gf]6xdf ;d]t o:tf ;+s]txsf] k|of]u ub}{
hfg] of] h gf o; a} + s sf] /x] s f] n ] lgj] b ssf]
l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn /fi6
a}+ssf] tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm .
k|rlnt sfg"gn] ug'{kg]{ eGg] s] s'g
sfo{ o; cfof]un] gu/]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f lgj]bsn]
lgj] b gdf pNn] v ug{ g;Sg' ePsf] n ] o;
cfof]usf] xsdf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj] b sn] p7fpg' ePsf
ljifoj:t'xsf ;DaGwdf /fHosf] tkm{af6 ul/g]
sfdsf/jfxLxdf s'g} klg e]befj ul/Psf]
5} g . vf; u/L cGwf ckfxnfO{ cg' b fg
/sdaf6 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lzIfs
cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf dlxnf, blnt / ckfnfO{
k|fyldstf lbO{ lzIfs lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ 5 eGg]
682
Joj:yf u/L /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf

ldnfOPsf] / h]i7 gful/s, czQm, ckf /
c;xfo ljwjfn] kfpg] eQfnfO{ ;d]t lg/Gt/tf
lbPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnoaf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
wf/f !#-#_ sf] k|ltaGWofTds jfSof+z, wf/f ##
sf] b]xfo -3!_ / wf/f #% sf] pkwf/f ( df
ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf ;|f]t
;fwg / Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd qmdzM k|bfg ub}{
hfg] ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ cToGt ;r]t /
;+j]bgzLn /x]sf] 5 . o;} s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] egf{df ckfxnfO{ cf/If0f,
lzIffdf 5fqj[ l Qsf] Joj:yf ul/g' s f ;fy}
ckfxnfO{ /fHosf tkm{af6 eQf ;d]t k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . ckfxsf] ;+/If0f / sNof0fsf
nflUf ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#(
lgdf{ 0 f ul/Psf] / ;f] P] g sf] k| e fjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;r]t /x]sf]
Joxf]/f ;DdfgLt cbfntnfO{ cjut u/fpFb5' .
plNnlvt ;+ j } w flgs Joj:yfx lglj{ s Nk
xf]Ogg\ . /fHon] cfk\mgf] ;|f]t, ;fwg / Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df qmdzM k|bfg ug]{ oL Joj:yfx /fHosf
lgb]{zs l;4fGtx x'g\ . /fHon] cfk\mgf] ;|f]t,
;fwg / Ifdtfsf] ljrf/ u/L ;+ljwfgsf oL
k|fjwfgxsf] sfof{Gjog qmdzM ub}{ hfg] gLlt
lnPsf] ;Gbe{ d f ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6
sfo{sf/Lsf] ;'ljwf vf]l;g] u/L o; ljifodf
s'g} cfb]z x'g ;Sb}g . hxfF;Dd g]kfn kIf
ePsf] cGt/f{li6o ;lGwsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ ;lGwsf]
x}l;ot k|rlnt sfg"gdf s] s:tf] x'g] xf] ;f]
;DaGwdf g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( df
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . cGt/f{ l i6 o ;lGwsf]
Joj:yfaf6 g} cGt/f{li6o sfg"gcGtu{t JolQmsf]
xsb}of :jtM l;h{gf gx'g] x'gfn] ;f] ;Gbe{ lnO{
u/]sf] lgj]bg lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] x'gfn]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf tkm{af6 k|:t't
lnlvt hjfkm .
683
dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u P] g , @)%#

adf]lhd :yflkt e} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs csf] ?kdf ?kfGtl/t
o; cfof]usf] k|d'v sfd dfgj clwsf/sf]
;+ / If0f / ;Da4{ g ug{ ' xf] . dfgj clwsf/
pNn+3gsf 36gfxsf] cg';Gwfg u/L l;kmfl/z
ug]{, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;r]tgf clea[l4 ug]{,
dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gstf{nfO{ sf/jfxLsf] nflu
l;kmfl/z ug] { , dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;lGw
;Demf} t fsf] sfof{ G jog eP gePsf] x] / L
l;kmfl/z ug]{, dfgj clwsf/ pNn3gstf{sf]
clen]v /fVg] cflb sfd, st{Ao, / clwsf/ o;
cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs ?kdf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
cfof]un] u/]sf] s'g sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf]
s] s:tf] clwsf/ s'l07t x'g uPsf] xf] / s] s'g
Joj:yf nfu" u/fpg k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'{kg]{ dfu ug'{ ePsf] xf] ;f] s'/f lgj]bgdf
pNNf]v gePsf] / cfof]unfO{ ;/f]sf/ g} gePsf]
ljifodf cfof]unfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt
hjfkm .
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]u /fi6sf] ;du|
ljsf;sf] nflu gLlt tyf of]hgf th"{df ug]{
lgsfo xf] . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, cfly{s tyf z}lIfs
If] q df kxF ' r k' ofpg] tyf To:tf sfo{ q md
sfof{ G jog ug] { ;/sf/L lgsfo 5' } Pj+
:jtGq?kdf /x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
lgsfodf o; cfof]u kg]{ xf]Og . t;y{ ckf
;+/If0fsf] ljifodf lgld{t sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf
tyf sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf o; cfof]unfO{
ljkIfL jgfO{ l/6 bfo/ ug'{sf] cf}lrTo b]lvb}g .
ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] /fli6o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 k]z ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj] b sn] o; dGqfnosf] s] s' g
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 jf s] s' g sfd gu/] a f6
lgj]bssf] s] s'g clwsf/df k|lts"n c;/ kg{
uPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bsn] v'nfpg ;Sg'
ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnoaf6

k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] P]g th'{df eO{ nfu" eO;Sbf
klg P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf ;]jf, ;'ljwf / clwsf/sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] / ckfxsf]
lxtdf PsLs[ t / lj:t[ t sfo{ q mddf nfu"
gul/Psf] s' / f pNn] v ug' { ePsf] 5 . o;
egfOaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] pQm P]gaf6 k|bQ
;]jf, ;'ljwf / clwsf/sf] k|of]usf] nflu ;Sbf]
sfo{ u/]sf] s'/fdf lgj]bs ;xdt x'g'x'G5 .
hxfF;Dd k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] s'/f 5 To;sf]
nflu b]zsf] /fli6o cy{tGq, ljsf; / ;fdflhs
cj:yf cflbsf sf/0f ;dofg' ; f/ x' b } hfg]
ePsfn] To; ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lgsfoxaf6
ljrf/ x'g] ljifo ePsf]n] o; dGqfnosf] s'g}
ljifo gePsf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpF m eGg] Joxf] / fsf] ;+ 3 Lo dfldnf,
;+ l jwfg;ef, ;+ ; bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+ : s[ l t
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lzIff P]g, @)@* n] ljz]if lzIffsf]
Joj:yf u/L b[li6ljxLg, alx/f, ;':t>j0f /
Zf}lIfs jf zf/Ll/s ?kn] ckf afn aflnsfxn]
lzIff k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ . To:t} sIff * ;Ddsf]
lzIff ;/sf/L ljBfnodf lgMz' N s ?kdf
;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 / lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
sf] kl/R5]b !! df ljz]if lzIff;DaGwL Joj:yf
ul/Paf6 cGwf, ckf tyf b[li6ljxLg;d]tn]
;xh ?kdf lzIff kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt
/ Jojl:yt u/]sf] tyf s]xL lghL tyf ljz]if
lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ ljBfnoxaf6 j|]nlnlksf]
dfWodaf6 lzIffsf] Joj:yf e} /x]sf] / o;nfO{
cfpFbf lbgdf cfjZostfcg';f/ cem Jofks /
Jojl:yt u/L cGwf, ckf Pj+ b[li6ljxLgxsf]
nflu a|]nlnlkdf kf7\ok':tsxsf] Joj:yf cem
;xh ?kdf ul/g] g} x'Fbf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g'kg]{ gb]lvPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpF m eGg] Joxf] / fsf] lzIff dGqfnosf]
tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvthjfkm .
ljkIfLxn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# tyf
P] g df ePsf] Joj:yf ljz] i ftM b[ l i6ljxLg
ckfxsf] lxt / ;+/If0fsf nflu sfof{Gjog

gePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lng' ePsf] b] l vG5 .
lgj] b ssf] dfuadf] l hdsf lhDd] j f/L o;
dGqfnosf] gePsf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] lg/y{s l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g
tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k|:t't lnlvt
hjfkm .
/fHon] ug' { k g] { sNof0fsf/L Joj:yf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf o; dGqfnoaf6 ;|f]t
;fwg cj:yf kl/l:yltsf cwLgdf /xL sfo{
ug'{kg]{ kl/l:yltsf afah'b klg oyf;Dej ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{ dGqfnosf] lj?4 k/dfb]z
hf/L ul//xg' kg]{ cfwf/ / cj:yf 5}g . l/6
vf/] h efuL 5 eGg] Joxf] / fsf] :jf:Yo tyf
hg:f+Vof dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bssf xs clwsf/df c;/ kg]{
u/L o; dGqfnaf6 s' g } sfdsf/jfxL tyf
lg0f{o;d]t gePsf] x'Fbf o; dGqfnosf] xsdf
l/6 lgj] b g vf/] h efuL 5 eGg] Joxf] / fsf]
e" l d;' w f/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgj] b sn] p7fg u/] s f] ljifodf o;
dGqfnosf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLn] l/6
lgj]bssf] df}lns xsdf k|lts"n c;/ k'Ug uPsf]
xf] ;f] ljifo pNn]v gePsf]n] o; dGqfnonfO{
ljkIfLdfq jgfP/ bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ef}lts of]hgf tyf
lgdf{0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; dGqfnon] ;j} gful/ssf xs
clwsf/sf] pRr ;Ddfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 ;fy}
;/sf/n] ckfxsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg /
;'ljwfsf] oyf;Dej Joj:yf ug{ k|of;/t 5 .
k| : t' t lgj] b gdf lgj] b sn] o; dGqfnoaf6
ckfxsf] xs clwsf/sf] k|of]udf cj/f]w
ul/Psf] ljifodf ls6fgL bfjL ug{ ;Sg' ePsf]
cj:Yff 5} g . lgj] b gdf g} s] s:tf]
sfdsf/jfxLn] xs xgg\ eof] egL pNn]v ug{
g;s]sf] tyf o; dGqfnon] lghsf] s'g} xs
xgg\ x'g] sfo{ gu/]sf]n] l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] u[x dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
684
cGwf, ckfxnfO{ Jofj;flos tyf ;Lk

ljsf; tfnLd s] G b| , e} ; ] k f6L nlnnk' / af6
cf=j=)^$.^% df !&* hgfnfO{ cf=j=)^%.^^
df !^ hgfnfO{ / )^^.^& df %! hgf cGwf
ckfxnfO{ tfnLd lbO{ Ifdtf clej[ l 4
u/fpg]tkm{ sfd x'Fb} cfPsf] x'Fbf o; dGqfnosf]
xsdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
o; dGqfnon] @)%* ;fnb]lv ckftf
ePsf JolQmxsf] xs, lxt / ;+/If0f nufot
pgLxsf] ;zlQms/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lhNnf
lhNnfdf ;d' b fodf cfwfl/t k' g :yf{ k gf
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ckf
;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfo{ of]hgf, @)^# n] ckf
ePsf JolQmxsf] xs, clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f /
ljsf; tyf ;zlQms/0fsf nflu ljleGg sfo{x
ug{ k| f yldstf If] q x 5' 6 \ o fO{ x/] s
k|fyldstfIf]qcGtu{t p2]Zo, gLlt, /0fgLlt /
sfo{of]hgfx to u/]sf] 5 . ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{ l i6 o
dxf;lGw, @))^ nfO{ ;d]t g]kfnn] x:tfIf/
Pj+ cg' d f] b g u/L cfk\ m gf] k| l tj4tf hfx] /
ul/;s]sf] Joxf]/f;d]t ;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf
hfgsf/L u/fpFb5' . ctM lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/] h ul/kfpF m eGg] Joxf] / fsf] dlxnf,
jfnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x' g cfPsf] k| : t' t l/6 lgj] b gdf lgj] b ssf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L z+s/
;'j]bLn] ckfxsf] lxtdf P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf]
;]jf ;'ljwf / clwsf/sf] Kf|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
x' g ;s] s f] 5} g . ;/sf/L ljZj ljBfno,
:s"nxdf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg
kqfrf/ ul/P klg ;f] adf]lhd sfd x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . lghL laBfno, ljZj ljBfno, z}lIfs
k|lti7fgxn] klg ;f] cfb]zsf] kfngf u/]sf
5} g g\ . cGwf ckfxsf] nflu a] | n lnlksf]
kf7\ok':ts / a|n
] lnlksf cWofks / k/LIff k|0ffnL
685
;j} z}lIfs k|lti7fgxdf pknAw 5}gg\ . vfg],

a:g] , :jf:Yo pkrf/ kfpg] / ;Ddfgk" 0 f{
hLjgofkg ug{ g;Sbf 7lug' kl//x]sf] 5 . t;y{
b]ze/Lsf cGwf ckfxsf] nut lnO{ vfB,
cfjf;, :jf:Yo, z}lIfs k|lti7fg, a|]nlnlkdf
kf7\ok':ts, ;Lkd"ns tfnLd, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
;lxtsf PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Kofs]h
;lxt xfnnfO{ slDtdf kfFr ljsf; If]qdf cGwf
ckf ;+/If0f s]Gb|sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L cfufdL
cfly{ s aif{ a f6 /fHon] ug' { k g] { sNof0fsf/L
Joj:yf sfo{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf
gfpFFdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF egL ax; k|:t't
ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f zdf{ kf}8]nn]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#
-#_ sf] k|ltjGWofTds jfSof+z, wf/f ## sf]
b]xfo -3!_ / wf/f #% sf] pkwf/f ( df ul/Psf]
Aoj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf ;|f]t, ;fwg
/ hgtfn] EofP;Dd qmdzM k|bfg ub}{ hfg]
ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ cToGt ;r]t / ;+a]bgzLn
5 . o;} tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf
cf/If0f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ckf ;+/If0f tyf
sNof0f P] g , @)#( lgdf{ 0 f ul/Psf] 5 t/
lgj]bsn] dfu ug'{ePsf ljifox lglj{sNk
clwsf/ -Absolute Rights_ xf]Ogg\ . lgj]bsn]
p7fPsf] /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf pNn]v u/]sf]
ljifo /fHon] qmdzM nfu" ub}{ uPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't
l/6 vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] .
lgj]bs tkm{sf ljfg clwjQmf tyf
ljkIfLx tkm{af6 pkl:yt ;xGofoflwjQmfsf]
ljt k"0f{ ax;;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/
lgj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]
xf]Og ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= tT;DaGwdf x]bf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# / cGt/f{li6o ;lGwxn] ckfsf]
nflu ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . ckf ;+/If0f
tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#^^^ df k/dfb]z
hf/L ePsf]df xfn;Dd sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5}g .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
ctM b]zel/sf cGwf ckfxsf] nut lnO{

vfB, cfjf;, :jf:Yo, z} l Ifs k| l ti7fg,
;' / Iff;lxtsf PsLs[ t ;fdflhs ;' / Iffsf]
Kofs]h;lxt P]gsf] bkmf $ cGtu{t xfnnfO{
sDtLdf % ljsf; If] q df cGwf ckf
-b[li6ljxLg_ ;+/If0f s]Gb|sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
u/L cfufdL cfly{ s aif{ a f6 P] g sf] 7f] ;
sfof{ G jogsf cltl/Qm ug' { k g] { sNof0fsf/L
Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfpFFdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] l/6 lgj] b g bfjLdf ljkIfLx cfF l zs
OGsf/ /xL /fHon] cfkm\ g f] ;fwg ;| f ] t n]
EofP;Dd hgtfsf] lxt k|j4{g ug]{ gLlt lnPsf]
/ ckfxsf] enfO{sf nflu sfo{ ul//x]sf]
x'Fbf l/6 hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] lnlvt hjfkm
kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg Ohnf;;dIf lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !#-#_ n] /fHon] gful/sxsfaLr wd{,
j0f{, hft, hflt, ln, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s
cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj
ul/g] 5}g eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;/sf/n] gful/s clwsf/sf] k" 0 f{ k| T ofe" l t
u/fpg / ;Dk" 0 f{ hgtfxnfO{ /fHosf
pknJwLxsf] ;dfg pkef]uof]Uo agfpg' kg]{
x' G 5 . /fHosf] ljt/0f k| 0 ffnLnfO{ ;j}
hgtfxdf ;dfg'kflts kx'Fr k'ofpg' / To:tf
;dfg'kflts ljt/0faf6 pknJwLx pkef]u ug{
Ifdtf gePsf gful/sxnfO{ ;f] k|fKt ug{
;Ifd jgfpg';d]t /fHosf] st{Jo g} x'g hfG5 .
;f]xL s'/fnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f ##-3!_ n] d'n'ssf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf
;a} cxdf dw]zL, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,
dlxnf, dhb'/, ls;fg, ckf, lk5l8Psf ju{ /
If]q ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df
;xefuL u/fpg], eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
$= g]kfn kIf ePsf ;lGw ;Demf}tfxsf]
kfngf ug]{ ;DaGwdf dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt
ljleGg ;lGwxsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/df /fli6o
sfg"Gfx;d]t agfO{ nfu" ul/Psf 5g\ . ;lGw
P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( n] g]kfnsf] sfg"g /

g]kfn kIf ePsf ;lGwxsf] Joj:yf aflemg
uPdf ;lGwsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] eGg] :ki6 sfg"gL
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= g]kfnn] a}olQms :jtGqtfnfO{ ;Ddfg
ug]{ / gful/s clwsf/ tyf dfgj clwsf/nfO{
k"0f{?kdf ;Ddfg ub}{ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljleGg
lsl;dsf cGt/f{li6o ;lGwxdf kIf eO{ k|ltj4tf
hgfPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / ;Daw{g
ug]{ ;DaGwdf International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights 1966 / International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
df k|ltj4tf hgfO{ tL ;lGwxsf] g]kfn kIf ePsf]

kfOG5 . International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights 1966 sf] Artical 1, df All peoples
have the right of self-determination. By virtue of
that right they freely determine their political
status and freely pursue their economic, social
and cultural development. eGg] Aoj:yf /x]sf]
b] l vG5 . To:t} International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966 sf]
Article 2 n] The States Parties to the present
Covenant undertake to guarantee that the rights
enunciated in the present Covenant will be
exercised without discrimination of any kind as
to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political
or other opinion, national or social origin, property,
birth or other status. eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
To:tf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cg'jGwxnfO{

;Ddfg ub}{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n]
JolQmsf ljleGg clwsf/xnfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf]
?kdf Joj:yf u/L To:tf clwsf/x pkef]u ug{
aGb]h ePdf ;f]sf] k|rngsf] nflu cbfntdf k|jz
]
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf;d]t ;+ljwfgn] g} k|i6;Fu pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 .
^= o;/L dfly plNnlvt ;+a}wflgs tyf
sfg" g L Joj:yfx / cGt/f{ l i6 o ;lGw
;Demf}tfxsf] cfwf/df /fHon] gful/sxsf
clwsf/xnfO{ gsf/fTds ?kdf dfq geO{
lghxn] clwsf/ pkef] u ug{ ;Sg] u/L
686
;sf/fTds kxn;d] t ug' { k g] { s' / fnfO{ hf] 8

lbPsf] b] l vG5 . /fHosf pknJwLx tyf
gful/s eP/ /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ :yfgxdf ;dfg
x}l;ot sfod x'g' lgj]bssf] g};lu{s clwsf/
g} xf] . /fHon] sfg"gdf g} JolQmxsf] nflu
Joj:yf u/] s f] clwsf/xnfO{ pkef] U oof] U o
agfpg' /fHos} bfloTj ePsf] s'/fdf ;d]t
b'O{dt xF'b}g .
&= lnlvt hjfkmdf p7fg u/]sf] ckf
gful/sxsf] nflu lzIffdf 5fqa[ l Q lbg] ,
/f] h uf/d" n s sfo{ q md rnfO{ ckfxsf]
hLljsfnfO{ ;xh agfpg] sfo{ u/]sf] / ckf
;+/If0f;DaGwL P]g agfPsf]n] sfg"gn] Joj:yf
ul/;s]sf] ljifodf l/6sf] If]qaf6 cfb]z hf/L
x' g ' k g] { xf] O Gf . ;+ l jwfgdf /fHosf] bfloTj,
lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltxdf kg]{ ljifox
/fHosf] ;fwg / ;|f]tn] EofP;Dd qmdzM nfu"
ub}{ n}hfg] xf] . o;nfO{ t'?Gt nfU"f ug'{kg]{ eGg]
xf]Og eGg] ljkIfLxsf] egfOtkm{ x]bf{ sfg"gn]
gful/sxnfO{ Aoj:yf u/]sf] clwsf/x /fHon]
sfof{Gjog gug]{ / cg's"ntfsf cfwf/df dfq
nfu" ul/g] eGg] ts{n] lk5l8Psf ju{xnfO{
/fHon] pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfxnfO{
c;/ kfg'{ :jfefljs} xf] . nf]s sNof0fsf/L
/fHon] gful/sxnfO{ cg's"ntfdf dfq clwsf/
pkef]u ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] xf]OGf . ;/sf/n]
gful/sxnfO{ ;dfg?kn] clwsf/ pkef]u ug{
;Sg] agfpg k"jf{j:yfsf] k|aGw ug'{kg]{ sfo{
ug'{;d]t clgjfo{ x'G5 . h;/L dflg;nfO{ ;Ifd
aGg ljleGg tfnLd, lzIff / pkfoxsf]
cfjZos x'G5 . To:t} ckf JolQmxnfO{ klg
/fHon] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf tyf j:t'xsf] pkef]u
ug{ ltgLx lzlIft tyf ;Ifd x'g' h?/L x'G5 .
cem ;+ljwfgdf g} Joj:yf ul/Psf] clwsf/sf]
;DaGwdf eg] lghxnfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;"rgf
h:tf ljifoxdf cg's"ntfdf dfq Joj:yf ug]{
eGg] ljkIfLxsf] ts{df ;xdt x'g ;Sg] cj:Yff
b]lvPg .
*= b] z sf] ;+ l jwfg / sfg" g n]
gful/sxnfO{ k| b Q u/] s f] clwsf/nfO{
687
gful/sxn] pkef]u ug{;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg]

sfd ;/sf/sf] xf] . /fHosf] sfg"gn] gful/snfO{
;'lglZrt ul/Psf clwsf/x ;dfg x}l;ot /
;dfg cj:yfsf hgtfxaLr ;sf/fTds ?kdf
nfu" u/]df ;dfg ?kn] ;f] pkef]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
t/ zf/Ll/s cIfd gful/sxn] ;f]
clwsf/xnfO{ ;xh?kdf pkef]u ug{ ;Qm}gg\ .
t;y{ zf/Ll/s ckfxnfO{ sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf]
;'ljwf k|bfg u/L ;Ifd jgfpg} kb{5 . To;}n]
/fHon] ;dGofosf] cfwf/df ljt/0fd'vL gLlt
cjnDag u/L lk5l8Psf gful/sxnfO{ ljz]if
Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ckfxdf;d]t cGwf /
cGo cxsf] ckftfaLr cGt/ /x]sf] x'G5
t;y{ pgLx aLr ;sf/fTds lje]b ug'{ h?/L
x'g hfG5 . ;j} ckfxnfO{ Ps} ju{df /fvL
clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf]
ts{n] lgj]bsxsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/]sf]
eGg ;Sg] cj:yf /x] g . g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# n] df}lns xs tyf /fHosf
lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] Joj:yf ub}{ lgj]bsn] p7fPsf
b[li6ljxLg eO{ ckf ePsf] gful/sxnfO{
/fHon] 5'} ljz]if Joj:Yff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
(= o;} ljifodf ;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf]
l/6 g+=#^^^ sf] k/dfb]z k|ltif]w d'2fdf gLlt
nfu" ug{ jf P]g nfu" ubf{ sltko sf/0f h:t}
/sdsf] cefj, hgzlQmsf] cefj jf c?
k"jf{wf/xsf] sdLsf] sf/0f xfd|f] h:tf] ;|f]t /
;fwgsf] sdL ePsf] /fi6df Pjm}rf]6L P]gsf]
Jofj:yf ;a} k"/f x'g jf sfof{Gjog x'g ;Dej
x'Fb}g . Tof] s'/f;Fu o; cbfnt kl/lrt 5 .
P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yf jf ;x'lnotx Ps} k6s
;a} k|sf/sf ckfxnfO{ k'ofO{ P]gsf ;Dk"0f{
Joj:yf Ps} k6s nfu" ug'{k5{ eGg] xf]OGf, Tof]
;Dej klg x'Fb}g . P]g nfu" ePsf] ldlt / cfh
k|:t't lgj]bg ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbfsf] ;do lx;fa ubf{
ePsf] s"n cjlwnfO{ b'O{ efudf jfF8L P]g nfu"
ePsf] ldltaf6 jt{Dffg ;+ljwfg nfu" ePsf]
ldltnfO{ Ps cjlw / jt{Dffg ;+ljwfg nfu"
ePsf] ldltaf6 cfh;Dd csf]{ cjlwsf] lx;fj
ubf{ klg P]gn] ckfxnfO{ pknAWf u/fpg'

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
kg]{ ;x'lnotsf Joj:yfx dWo] s]xL g s]xL

;]jf Pj+ ;x'lnot s]xL k|ltzt ckfxn] k|fKt
ul/;s]sf] jf afFsLn] cj cfpFbf lbgdf kfpg'
kg]{ nIo jg]sf] x'g'kg]{ xf], lnlvt hjfkmaf6
Tof] s]xL b]lvPg . P]gsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ P]g nfu"
ug]{ k|ltj4tf ePdf qmlds ?kn] nfu" x'g ;Sg]
b]lvG5 . qmlds ?kn] k|To]s cfly{s aif{df nfu"
x'b} hfg] xf] eg] qmd};Fu lglZrt cjlwkl5 P]g
sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . t/ lnlvt hjfkm
xbf{ dfly plNnlvt sf/0fxn] ubf{ P]g nfu"
ug]{ Executive power / Administrative power
k|of]u ug]{ >L % sf] ;/sf/df Commitment sf]
sdL ePsf] sf/0f cfh;Dd ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!!-#_ sf] k|ltaGWofTds jfSof+z / wf/f @^-(_
sf] ;+a}wflgs Joj:yf eP klg sfof{Gjog ePsf]
b]lvPg . P]g jgfO{ nfu" ub}{df dfq P]gsf] p2]Zo
k"/f gx'g] ePsf]n] P]gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu
sf] cfjZos k5{ . To:tf] Commitment u/L
sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ st{Jo ljkIfL >L % sf]
;/sf/sf] xf] . @)#( ;fndf g} nfu" eO{ ;s]sf]
P] g Tolt nfdf] ;do;Dd sfof{ G jog ug{
g;lsPsf] plrt sf/0f ljkIfLxn] b]vfpg
;s]sf] b]lvb}g eg] xfn sfof{Gjog ug{ s'g}
sl7gfO{ /x]sf] eGg] klg ljkIfLxn] lnlvt
hjfkmdf pNn] v ug{ ;s] s f] kfOb} g . o;
l:yltdf ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#(
n] Joj:yf u/]adf]lhd ckfxnfO{ lbg'kg]{ ;]jf
;'ljwf qmlds ?kn] k|bfg ug{ o;} cfly{s aif{leq
k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df sfo{qmd agfO{ cfufdL
cfly{s aif{b]lv P]gsf] p2]Zocg';f/sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf
k|bfg ug{ z'? ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . agfpg]
sfo{ q mdsf] ljj/0f hfgsf/Lsf] lgldQ o;
cbfntdf pknAw u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxnfO{
n]vL k7fpg' egL k/dfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 .
!)= lgj]bsxn] p7fPsf] log} ljifonfO{
g} o;cl3 cfb]z x'Fbf sfo{qmd g} agfO{ nfu"
ug'{ / ;f] sfo{qmdsf] hfgsf/L o; cbfntdf
u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf cfb]z hf/L
eO;s] s f] d f ;f] ljifodf ;/sf/n] pQm
cfb]zadf]lhdsf] sfo{ cufl8 ga9fPsf] eGg]

s'/f k|:t't lgj]bg / ljkIfLxaf6 k|:t't ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkmaf6 ;d]t k'li6 eO/x]s} b]lvof] .
!!= ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( n]
g]kfn sfg"g / g]kfn kIf ePsf] ;lGwsf Joj:yf
aflemg uPdf g]kfn sfg"gsf] Joj:yf nfu" geO{
g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf cGt/f{li6o ;lGwsf
k|fjwfgx g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'G5g\ .
g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq
!(^^ sf] wf/f !# / !$ n] lzIffdf ;dfg
kFx'rsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} dfgj
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq !($* sf]
wf/f @@ n] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf]
kfOG5 . g]kfn kIf ePsf] To:tf cg'jGwdf
ePsf Joj:yf / P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/
tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj
xf] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] kfngf ug'{
;/sf/sf] st{ J o xf] . P] g n] k| b fg u/] s f]
clwsf/x dWo] s' g } Pp6f clwsf/ tyf
;'ljwfsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg' jf k|ltj4tf hfx]/
ug'{dfq kof{Kt xF'b}g . nlIft au{n] clwsf/
tyf ;'ljwfsf] pkof]u ug{ gkfP;Dd sfuhdf
kqfrf/ u/]/ jf ul/g]5 eGg] k|lta4tf lg/y{s
x'G5g\ . ckfxsf] clwsf/ tyf ;'ljwfsf]
k|Tofe"ltsf nflu a[xb PsLs[t / 7f]; sfo{
nfu" ePsf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt
hjfkm;d]t af6 b]lvPsf] 5}g . ljkIfLxn]
pNNf]v u/]sf] k|lta4tf lzIffdf 5fqj[lQ /
>dd" n s tfnLd sfo{ q mdn] dfq cGwf
ckfxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g eg] ;f]
sfo{qmdn] s] slt ckfxnfO{ s] sfo{qmd
;~rfng u/]sf] 5 eGg] ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5}g .
@)^) ;fndf hf/L ul/Psf] gLltsf sf/0faf6
;d]t o; lbzfdf ;/sf/n] s]xL ub}{ gu/]sf]
;Demg gldn] tfklg ckfdWo]sf
b[ l i6ljxLgxsf nflu pgLxsf] zf/Ll/s
cj:yfcg'k s]xL ljz]if Joj:yf jf~5gLo
5g\ . ;du| ckfxnfO{ ;' l jwfsf ;dfg
Joj:yfn] o; ju{sf ;+ljwfgk|bQ ;'ljwf /
688
*^)# - ;Gts'df/L /fgf lj=eQms'df/L /fgf du/ ;d]t
;x'lnotnfO{ ;Daf]wg gug{ ;Sb5 . o; kIfdf

klg ;/sf/sf] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g cfjZos 5 .
!@= t;y{ b] z el/sf b[ l i6ljxLg
ckfxsf] 5'} nut lnO{ vfB, cfjf;, :jf:Yo,
z}lIfs k|lti7fg, ;'/Iff a]|nlnlkdf kf7\ok':ts,
;Lkd"ns tfnLd, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/;lxtsf
PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Kofs]h;lxtsf gLlt
lgdf{0fsf] cltl/Qm b[li6ljxLg ;+/If0f s]Gb|sf]
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L b[li6ljxLg ckfxsf nflu
sNof0fsf/L Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos
kxn ug'{ u/fpg" . ;f] ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f
P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfofGjog ug'{ u/fpg' / ckf
;]jf sfo{ of]hgf, @)^) sf] /fli6o gLltnfO{
yk kl/dfh{g tyf ;d;fdlos agfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFFdf k/dfb]z
hf/L x' g ] 7x5{ . k| : t' t cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLxnfO{
lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d]/f] ;xdlt 5 .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn df3 !& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM clDasf lg/f}nf
l
lg0f{o g+= *^)#
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] CI)%*(, )%()
km};nf ldltM @)^&.!!.$.$
d'2fM c+z bkf]6 xs sfod .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf dsjfgk'/, uf=lj=;=
eLdkm]bL, j8f g+= ! a:g] ;Gts'df/L /fgf
lj?4
lh=dsjfgk'/, uf=lj=;= eLdkm]bL, j8f g+= ! 3/
e} xfn uf=lj=;=e}+;], j8f g+= ! a:g]
eQms'df/L /fgf du/ ;d]t
689
lh=dsjfgk'/, uf=lj=;= eLdkm]bL, j8f g+= ! 3/

e} xfn uf=lj=;=e}+;], j8f g+= ! a:g]
eQms'df/L /fgf du/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lhNnf dsjfgk'/, uf=lj=;=
eLdkm]bL, j8f g+= ! a:g] ;Gts'df/L /fgf ;d]t
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L pbok|sfz rfkfufO{
df=d'=Gof=>L s]z/L/fh kl08t
df=Gof= >L lu/L/fh kf}8\ofn
c+z d'2f rNbfsf cj:yfdf ljjflbt
hUuf btf{ g} eO{ g;s] s f] P] n fgL
k|s[ltsf] b]lvG5 . P]nfgL hUuf btf{ x'G5
g} eGg] k|Tofe"lt x'Fb}g . ef]udf /x]sf]
hUuf tfobftLdf b]vfpg} gx'g] xf]Og .
t/, bkf]6 h:tf] b]jfgL s;"/ dflgPsf]
bkf]6 ug]{n] gkfpg] egL ;hfo ;/xsf]
kl/0ffd lg:sg] sfo{ btf{ afFsL /x]sf]
hUufsf xsdf cfslif{ t x' G 5 eGg
Gofof]lrt gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
;a} c+lzof/ ;uf]ndf /x] ePs} ;dodf
Ps c+lzof/sf gfddf gfkL e} lkmN8a's
tof/ e} btf{ k|lqmofcufl8 a9L ef]udf
;d]t /x]sf] cj:yfsf] hUufdf d'n'sL
P]g c+za08fsf] !* g+= df lghL cfh{g
x'g] eGg] Joj:yfcg';f/sf] kl/lwleq
k/]sf] dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
bkf]6 7xofO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ kfpg dfu
bfjL ug] { c+ l zof/fnfO{ c+ l zof/sf
x}l;otn] k|fKt x'g];Ddsf] v08 lbnfpg'
bfjLeGbf aflx/ uPsf] eGg] cy{ nufpg'
x'b}g . c+z dfu ug{ kfpg], a08fkqdf
lrQ ga'em] lglZrt Dofbleq ab/ ug{

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
dfu ug{ kfpg] / c+z bkf]6df bfjL ug{

kfpg] ;d]tsf xsnfO{ c+za08fsf] Pp6}
dxnn] Jojl:yt u/] s f] 5 . ;f] x L
dxnsf] s' g } Pp6f sfg" g L xsnfO{
;dftL a9L dfu bfjL ug]{ kIfnfO{ ;f]xL
dxnsf] cGo Joj:yfcg' k jfbL
bfjLeGbf sd ;DklQ lbnfPsf] d f
cbfntn] g} kIfsf] :yfg lnPsf] eGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbL tkm{ a f6M ljfg al/i7
clwjQmf lszf] / s' d f/ clwsf/L /
clwjQmf /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo
Ps/fh jfF:tf]nf / gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
c=j= *# g+=
d'n'sL P]g, c+za08fsf] !*, @) /
@#, @&, #% g+=
km};nf
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg k/L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
ljkIfLx ;d]t pk/ d}n] o;} cbfntdf
@)$& ;fnsf] b]=g+= *&@%* sf] c+z rng
d'2f lbO{ rf/ efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpg] 7x/L
ldlt @)$(.(.!% df ePsf] km};nf >L k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6fF}8faf6 ;d]t z'? ;b/ e} c+zafktdf
kfPsf] hUuf bf=vf= gfd;f/Lsf] nflu dfnkf]t
sfof{no, dsjfgk'/df hfFbf d}n] c+z kfpg]
;Dk"0f{ lsQf hUufx ljkIfLn] a}+sdf lwtf] /fVbf
/f] S sf ePsf] d f xfn bf=vf= gfd;f/L x' g
g;s]sf], pQm c+z d'2fdf ljkIfLxn] lhNnf
dsjfgk'/, uf=lj=;= /ftf]df6] j8f g+= % ls=g+=
!!^ sf] h=lj= !#* hUuf tfobftLdf gb]vfO{
n'sfPsf] / pQm ls=g+= !!^ sf] hUuf ljkIfLx

cfdf5f]/f Psf3/d} as;kq u/]sf]n] as;kq
ab/ d'2f 5'} lbg]5' . t;y{ tfobftLdf gb]vfO{
n'sfPsf]n] pQm ls=g+= !!^ sf] hUufsf] xfn
lsQfsf6 e} sfod ePsf] ls=g+= *&* / *&(
sf] hUufdf d] / f] Psnf} 6 L xs sfod u/L
ljkIfLxn] c+z bkf]6 u/]sf] 7x/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb bfjL .
xfdLpk/ ljkIfLn] gfn]; ug{ xsb}of
5}g . @)$& ;fnsf] c+z d'2fdf cfkm\gf] klt
1fgs'df/ /fgfsf] xsdf cg'dlt lng' ePsf]
5}g . pQm c+z d'2fdf lkm/fb k/]sf] lbgnfO{
dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L tfobftL dfu
ubf{ lkm/fb k/]sf] lbgnfO{ dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt
sfod ePsf] 5 . c+z d'2f rNbfsf cj:yfdf
bfjLsf] hUuf xfd|f] gfddf btf{ g} ePsf] lyPg .
;f] cj:yfdf xfd|f] gfpFFdf btf{ gePsf] ls=g+=
!!^ sf] hUuf tfobftLdf b]vfpg' kg]{ cj:yf
lyPg . jfbL bfjLsf] hUuf xfdLdWo]sf rGb|s'df/
/fgfdu/ / lzjs' d f/ /fgfdu/sf] gfpF F d f
gePsf]n] xfdL pk/sf] jfbL bfjL vf/]hefuL
5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLxsf] ;+o'Qm
k|ltpQ/kq .
oL jfbLn] k|df0fdf ;+nUg /x]sf] b]=g+=
*&@%* sf] c+z d'2f bfo/ ubf{ cfkm\gf] klt
1fgxfb'/sf] xsdf c=j+= *# g+= cGtu{t c8\8faf6
cg'dlt lnO{ d'2f rnfPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] d'2fdf
tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf bfjLsf] hUuf gb]vfO{ bkf]6
u/] egL gfn]; ug'{ kbf{ cfkm\gf kltsf tkm{af6
k|:t't d'2fdf klg c=j+ *# g+= adf]lhd kltsf]
xsdf bfjL lng'kg]{df ;f] ljk/Lt bfjL hUuf
cfkm\g} gfpFFdf Psnf}6L btf{ sfod ul/kfpFm
egL gfn]; bfjL u/]sf] b]lvFbf c=j+= *# g+=
ljk/Lt bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2f c=j+= !*) g+=
adf]lhd vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
z'? dsjfgk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.#.!
df ePsf] km};nf .
z'? km};nfdf d]/f] lrQ a'em]g . d}n]
k|:t't d'2f c+za08fsf] @& g+= tyf n]gb]g
Jojxf/sf] $) g+= sf] sfg"gL cfwf/df bfo/
690
u/]sL 5' . pQm sfg"gnfO{ x]b}{ gx]/L c;fGble{s

sfg"gL k|Zg v8f u/L tYoleq k|j]z} gu/L vf/]h
u/] s f] z' ? km} ; nf k| y db[ l i6d} q' l 6k" 0 f{ 5 .
km};nfdf plNnlvt c+z d'2fsf] @)$(.(.!% sf]
km};nfaf6 kltn] kfpg] $ efusf] ! efu c+z
d}n] kfpg] 7x/ e} d]/f] gfpFFdf c+za08f ;d]t
5'lO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf c+z d'2fdf cg'dlt lnPsf]
o;df glnPsf] eGg] z'?sf] ts{ sfg"g;Ddt\
5}g . k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf ljb]z u} kmsL{
cfpg] 7]ufg gePsf] kltsf] c+z efu 5'6\ofpg
c=j+= *# g+= cg';f/ cg'dlt glnPdf c+z 5'6\ofO{
lbg' gkg]{ u/L sfg"gL aGb]h nufPsf] 5}g . d}n]
cg'dlt glnPdf ;d]t c+z efu 5'6\ofO{ lng
;Sg] g} x'Fbf c+z d'2fdf cg'dlt lng] bkf]6df
glnPsf] eGg] z'? km};nf c+za08fsf] !, @, $,
% / g]sfk @)$%, lg=g+= #$^), k[i7 $&% df
k|ltklfbt ghL/ l;4fGt ;d]tsf] q'l6 u/L ePsf]
z'? km};nf pN6L u/L OG;fkm kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}F8fdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg .
c+zdf bfjL ubf{ d'n'sL P]g c=j+= *#
g+= adf]lhd cg'dlt lnO{ /xg'kg]{ cj:yf g}
gx'Fbf z'?n] cg'dlt glnPsf] eGg] cfwf/df
lkm/fb bfjL g} vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] dsjfgk'/
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.#.! sf] km};nf
km/s kg]{ b]lvFbf ljkIfL lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8faf6 ldlt
@)^%.&.@! df ePsf] cfb]z .
c+ z lnO{ 5' l O{ ;s] s f] 1fgs' d f/sf]
c+lzof/ oL k'g/fj]bsnfO{ xfdLpk/ gfn]; ug]{
xs x'Fb}g . xfd|f] c+z d'2fdf lkm/fb k/]sf] lbgnfO{
dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L tfobftL dfu
ePsf]df pQm c+z d'2f ldlt @)$&.!).( df
btf{ ePsf] / ;f] ldlt cyf{t\ dfgf] 5'lPsf]
ldlt;Dd xfd|f] gfpFFdf btf{ g} gePsf] ls=g+=
!!^ sf] h=la= !#* sf] ljjflbt hUuf
tfobftLdf b]vfpg' kg]{ cj:yf g} lyPg . ;f]
hUuf d ;Gtdfofsf] gfpFFdf ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of
;dfwfg cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)%@.@.@& df k|fKt
u/]sf]n] pQm hUufnfO{ @)$& ;fndf bkf]6
691
eof] eGg s'g} xfntdf ldNb}g . z'? km};nf

ldn]s} x'Fbf ;b/ x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ToyL{ ;Gts'df/L ;d]tsf] lnlvt k|ltjfb .
bfjLsf] hUuf c+z d'2f rNbfsf ;dodf
btf{ gePsf] , t/ @)#! ;fndf gfkL eO{
lkmN8a'sdf ;Gts'df/L dugL{sf] gfd pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvFbf bkf]6 u/]sf] ge} a08f nfUg] k|s[ltsf]
;Dd b]lvg
cfof] . t;y{ jfbL bfjL vf/]h x'g] 7x/fO{
z'? dsjfgk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.#.!
df ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pQm km};nf
pN6L e} ljjflbt hUufdf jfbLn] $ efusf] !
efu c+z xs 5'6\ofO{ lng kfpg] 7x5{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}F8fsf]
ldlt @)^^.$.@) sf] km};nf .
bfjL gePsf] s'/fdf cbfntn] af]Ng
ldNb}g . ;'s'Djf;L ;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]uaf6
kfPsf] ls=g+= !!^ sf] hUuf a08f nfUg] xf]Og .
k}lqs ;DklQ geO{ ;Gts'df/Lsf] lghL k|of;af6
k|fKt hUuf xf] . jfbLn] @)$&.!).( df c+z d'2f
btf{ u/]kl5 @)%@.@.@& df k|fKt u/]sf] hUuf
jfbLn] c+z bkf]6 d'2f xfn]/ c+z kfpg] xf]Og .
jfbLsf] c+z d'2f kg'{ cufl8 bfjLsf] hUuf btf{
g} gePsf] x'Fbf pQm hUufaf6 jfbLn] c+z kfpg]
gx'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8faf6 c+z kfpg]
u/L ePsf] km};nf ab/ u/L z'?sf] OG;fkm ;b/
ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL ;Gts'df/L ;d]tsf] o;
cbfntdf kg{cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg .
k|ltjfbLxsf] ldn]dtf]af6 ls=g+= !!^
sf] hUuf n'sfO{ l5kfO{ afF8L vfg] lgotaf6
pQm hUuf Ps csf{df lng'lbg' u/]sf] x'Fbf bkf]6
u/]sf x'g\ . bkf]6 u/]sf] geP klg c? k|ltjfbLnfO{
dfq as; u/L lbg] ;Gts'df/Ln] c+z kfpg]
xf]Og . lghn] ;a} hUuf d afx]ssf c+lzof/nfO{
lbPsL x'Fbf bkf]6 g7x/fO{ ;a}df c+z nfUg] egL
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}F8fsf] km};nf ab/
u/L bkf]6 7x/fO{ OG;fkm kfpmF eGg] jfbLsf] o;
cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg .
o;df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}F8fsf] ldlt
@)^^.$.@) sf] km};nfpk/ jfbL k|ltjfbL b'a}

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
kIfsf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvFbf

Ps csf{nfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{
eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.*.@( sf] cfb]z .
lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't c+z bkf]6 d'2fdf
z'? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftxsf] cWoog u/L x]bf{ o;df lhNnf
dsjfgk'/, /ftdf6] uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % sf]
ls=g+= !!^ sf] hUuf c+z d'2fdf tfobftL k]z
ubf{ gb] v fO{ bkf] 6 u/] s fn] bkf] 6 7x/ u/L
Psnf}6L xs sfod ul/kfpmF eGg] jfbL bfjL
ePsf]df d'n'sL P]g cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] *#
g+= adf]lhd cg'dlt glnO{ bfo/ u/]sf] egL
lkm/fb vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] z'? dsjfgk'/ lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L bfjLsf] hUuf bkf]6
u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] t/ a08f nfUg] b]lvFbf jfbLn]
$ efusf] ! efu c+z kfpg] egL 7x/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}F8fsf] km};nfpk/ jfbL
k|ltjfbL b'j} kIfsf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
k/]sf] b]lvFbf pQm km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5
;f]xL ;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbL ;Gts' d f/L /fgf
;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg al/i7 clwjQmf
lszf]/s'df/ clwsf/L / clwjQmf /fdgf/fo0f
lj8f/Ln] jfbLn] lghsf] klt 1fgs'df/sf] c+z
kfpmF egL k|ltjfbLx pk/ @)$& ;fndf c+z
d'2f lbPsf]df $ efusf] ! efu c+z kfpg] 7x/
eO{ ldlt @)$(.(.@% df ePsf] km} ; nf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;d]t ;b/ eO{ clGtd
ePsf] d f bfjLsf] hUuf k| l tjfbLdWo] s L
;Gts' d f/Ln] ;' s ' D af;Lsf] x} l ;otaf6
@)%@.@.@& df dfq btf{ eO{ k|fKt u/]sf] x'Fbf
;f] hUuf pQm c+z d'2fdf tfobftL k]z ubf{
pNn]v ug]{ s'/} ePg . ;'s'Daf;Lsf] x}l;otn]
kfPsf] hUuf x'Fbf k}lqs ;DklQ xf]Og t;y{
a08f nfUg] hUuf xf]Og . k}lqs ;DklQdfq a08f
nfUb5, cfgf] x}l;otaf6 s]xL /sd ;'s'Daf;L
;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]unfO{ a'emfP/ kfPsf] hUuf
lghL cfh{gsf] x'Fbf a08f nfUg] xf]Og . k|:t't
d'2fdf jfbLn] kltsf] tkm{af6 d'2f ug{ c=j= *#
g+= adf]lhd cg'dlt lng'kg]{df lnPsL 5}gg\,

k|:t't d'2f c+z d'2fsf] lg/Gt/tf gePsfn]
cg'dlt lng' kg]{ x'G5 . @)%@ ;fndf kfPsf]
hUuf @)%! ;fndf clGtd km};nf ePsf] d'2fsf]
tfobftLdf k]z ug'{kg]{ eGg] s'/f ;Dej g} 5}g .
@)%@ ;fndf btf{ ePsf] hUufsf ;DaGwdf
@)^$ ;fndf lkm/fb lnP/ cfPsfn] xbDofb
;d]t gePsfn] z'?n] u/]sf] vf/]hL km};nf ;b/
x'g'k5{ egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . o;} u/L
k'g/fj]bs jfbL eQms'df/Lsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmfo Ps/fh jfF : tf] n f /
gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6fn] bfjLsf] hUuf @)#!
;fndf g} ;Gts'df/Lsf] gfddf gfkhfFr eO{
lkmN8a's tof/ ePsf] hUuf xf], c+z d'2f rNbfsf
cj:yfdf ;f] s'/f ljkIfLnfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L
eP/ klg tfobftLdf n'sfPsf / Pscfk;df
as; u/L lng' lbg' u/]sfn] bkf]6 u/]sf] :ki6
5 . ljkIfL ;Gts'df/Ln] cfgf] gfddf /fVb}
g/fvL cGo ljkIfLnfO{ lbPsf]df klg lghnfO{
;d]t clzof/f dfgL lghnfO{ ;d]t efu nufpg]
u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf ldn]sf]
5}g . c+z nfUg] g} eP klg ljkIfL ;Gts'df/Ln]
;a} xs 5f8L as; ul/lbPsf] x'Fbf lghsf] efu
nfUb}g . ljkIfLx ldnL Pscfk;df lng' lbg'
u/]sfn] bkf]6 u/]sf] :ki6 x'Fbf jfbLsf] Psnf}6L
x'g'k5{ ;f] geP klg ;Gts'df/Ln] c+z kfpg]
xf]Og egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
o;df lhNnf dsjfgk' / , /ftdf6]
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % sf] ls=g+= !!^ sf] hUuf
@)$& ;fndf rn]sf] c+z d'2fdf tfobftL k]z
ubf{ gb]vfO{ n'sfO{ Pscfk;df as; u/L lng'
lbg' u/]sfn] bkf]6 7x/ u/L Psnf}6L sfod
ul/kfpmF, c+z nfUg] g} eP klg ;Gts'df/Ln]
cfgf] ;a} xs 5f8L as; u/]sfn] lghnfO{
c+z nfUg] xf]Og egL bfjL lnPsf]df bfjLsf]
pQm hUuf ldlt @)%@.@.@& df dfq ;'s'Djf;L
;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]uaf6 lghL k|of;af6 k|fKt
u/]sf] lghL cfh{gsf] x'Fbf c+z nfUg] xf]Og,
cfk"mv'z ug{ kfpg] xf], a08f nfUg] xf]Og egL
k| l tjfbL ;Gts' d f/L ;d] t n] lhsL/ lnPsf]
692
kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fsL jfbL eQms'df/L /fgfn]

log} k| l tjfbLx pk/ lbPsf] c+ z d' 2 f
@)$(.(.@% df lhNnf cbfntaf6 $ efusf]
! efu jfbLn] c+ z kfpg] 7x/ km} ; nf eO{
@)%! ;fndf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;d]t ;b/
e} clGtd ePsf] d f jfbLn] c+ z 5' 6 \ o fO{
lnPkZrft\ bkf]6sf] bfjL lnPsf] pQm hUuf
@)%@.@.@& df ;Gts'df/Lsf gfddf btf{ ePsf]
tYo, jfbL k| l tjfbLxsf ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLxn] ax;sf] qmddf p7fPsf sfg"gL
k|Zg, jfbL k|ltjfbL b'a}sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ jfbLn] bkf]6 d'2f ug{
d'n'sL P]g, c=a= *# g+= adf]lhd cg'dlt lng
kg]{ gkg]{, xbDofbleq lkm/fb btf{ eP gePsf],
bfjLsf] hUuf bkf] 6 u/] gu/] s f] jf lghL
cfh{gsf] eP gePsf] h:tf k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f
x'gkg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLn]
p7fPsf pk/f] Q m k| f /lDes k| Z gsf] ljj] r gf
cfjZos b]lvg cfof] . jfbLn] k|:t't c+z bkf]6
d'2f bfo/ ubf{ d'n'sL P]g cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf]
*# g+= adf]lhd cg'dlt lng' kg]{ k|Zg k|ltjfbLn]
p7fPsf] kfOG5 . oxL sfg"gL k|Zgdf z'? lhNnf
cbfntn] lkm/fb vf/]h u/]sf]df ;f] nfO{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}F8fn] c:jLsf/ u/]sf] o; k|f/lDes
k| Z gsf ;Gbe{ d f x] b f{ k| : t' t d' 2 fsL jfbL
eQms'df/L /fgfn] cfgf] klt 1fgs'df/ /fgf
j]kQf ePsf] / kmsL{ cfpg] 7]ufg gePsf] egL
d'n'sL P]g, c=j= *# g+= adf]lhd cg'dlt lnO{
k"jf]{Qm c+z d'2f u/L lg0f{o ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb
/x]sf] kfOFb}g . d'n'sL P]g, c+za08fsf] @& g+=
tyf #% g+= df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ c+z
bkf]6 d'2f klxn] c+z d'2f gk/L p7fg x'g ;Sg]
d'2f b]lvb}g . c+z bkf]6 d'2fdf c+z d'2fdf
tfobftL ljj/0f lbFbf ;DklQ gb]vfO{ n'sfPsf]
eGg] ljjfb ;dfj]z /xg] x'Fbf c++z bkf]6 d'2f c+z
d'2fs} lg/Gt/tf xf] . c+z d'2fsf] hl/ofaf6 g}
c+z bkf]6 d'2fsf] p7fg x'g] oyfy{tfnfO{ gsfg{
;lsFb}g . o;y{ d"n c+z d'2fdf cg'dlt lnP/
jfbL kIf sfod eO{ ;s]sf] JolQmnfO{ jfbLsf
693
x}l;otn] k|fKt x'g] ;j} sfg"gL x}l;ot k|fKt x'G5 .

c+z d'2fdf j]kQf ePsf kltsf] c+zxs sfod
u/fO{ cfgf] c+zxs k|fKt ug]{ oL jfbLsf] xs
;d]t ;f] c+z d'2fdf cGt/e"t /x]sf] dfGg' kb{5 .
c+z d'2fdf oL jfbL s]jn j]kQf kltsL k|ltlglw
dfq geO{ :jod\sf] xssf] bfjLstf{ klg x'g\ .
;f] d'2fdf pgsf] x}l;ot jfbLs} ?kdf :yflkt
eO{ ;s]af6 c+z bkf]6 d'2f ug{ k'gM cg'dlt lng'
k5{ eGg' Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . k|:t't c+z bkf]6 d'2f
p7fg ePsf] hl/ofsf] c+z d'2fdf oL jfbL
eQms'df/Ln] d'2f ug]{ cg'dlt lnPsf]df ljjfb
/x]sf] kfOb}g eg] k|:t't c+z bkf]6 d'2f log} jfbL
/ log} k|ltjfbL ePsf] dsjfgk'/ lhNnf cbfntdf
rn]sf] @)$& ;fnsf] b]=g+= *&@%* c+z rng
d'2fsf] c /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o; c+z bkf]6
d' 2 fsf] sf/s pQm c+ z d' 2 fdf oL jfbL
eQms'df/Ln] d'n'sL P]g, c=a= *# g+= adf]lhd
cg'dlt lnO{ d'2f u/L c+z ;d]t a'emL lnO{ d'2fsf]
Ps kIf -Party_ sfod e};s]sL b]lvg cfPsfn]
;f] c+z d'2fs} hl/ofaf6 p7fg ePsf] / ;f]
d'2fs} lg/Gt/tf af]s]sf] k|:t't c+z bkf]6 d'2fdf
5'} cg'dlt lng' kg]{ b]lvg cfPg .
#= ljkIfLn] lkm/fb bfjL xbDofblaxLg
ePsfn] vf/]h x'gk' 5{ egL lhsL/ lnPtkm{ x]bf{
d"n c+z d'2f ldlt @)%!.#.@( df k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 clGtd km};nf ePsf]df k|:t't d'2f
ldlt @)^$.#.#! df btf{ ePsf] tYocg';f/ o;
d'2fdf xbDofbleqsf] 5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf d'ns
' L
P]g c+za08fsf] #% g+= sf] Joj:yf dgg\ ug'k{ g]{
b]lvg cfof] . pQm Joj:yf x]bf{ ===cl3 a08f e}
afFsL /x]sf] jf bjfP 5kfPsf] kfpmF eGg cfPdf
leGg leGg hLp;Dd dfq gfln; nfU5 === eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . c+za08fsf] #% g+= df
ePsf] pQm Joj:yfcg';f/ c+z d'2fsf c+lzof/
hLljt /x]sf] calw;Dd gfln; nfUg] u/L xbDofbsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . h; cg';f/ k|:t't
ljjfbdf c+z d'2fs} jfbLn] ;f]xL d'2fsf k|ltjfbLx
pk/ g} c+z bkf]6 d'2f lbPsf] kfOG5 . t;y{ o;
cj:yfdf k|:t't c+z bkf]6 d'2fsf] lkm/fb xbDofb
gf3L bfo/ ePsf] eGg ldNg] b]lvg cfPg .

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
$= c+z d'2fdf tfobftL ljj/0f k]z ubf{

s] s:tf ;DklQ tfobftLdf v'nfpg' kg]{ xf] eGg]
;Gb{edf c+za08fsf] @) / @# g+= sf] cWoog
ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't bkf]6 d'2fsf] hl/of c+z
d'2f @)$& ;fndf dsjfgk'/ lhNnf cbfntdf
btf{ eO{ jfbL eQms'df/Ln] c+z kfpg] 7x/L ldlt
@)$(.(.!% df ePsf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8faf6 @)%!.#.@( df ;b/ eO{ clGtd e}
a;]sf] k|df0fdf /x]sf] c+z d'2fsf] ldl;naf6
b] l vG5 . bfjLsf] lhNnf dsjfgk' / /ftdf6]
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % sf] ls=g+= !!^ sf] hUuf
@)#! ;fnsf] gfkLsf] lkmN8a' s df k| l tjfbL
;Gts'df/Lsf] gfddf n]lvO{ ldlt @)%@.@.@& df
;'s'Daf;L ;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]uaf6 btf{ ePsf]
lkmN8a's tyf hUufwgL btf{ ;|:] tfsf] k|ltlnlkaf6
b]lvG5 . c+z d'2f rNbfsf cj:yfdf bfjLsf]
hUuf k|ltjfbLsf] ef]udf eP klg btf{ g} eO{
g;s]sf] P]nfgL k|s[ltsf] hUuf b]lvG5 . P]nfgL
hUuf btf{ x'G5 g} eGg] k|Tofe"lt x'Fb}g . ef]udf
/x]sf] hUuf tfobftLdf b]vfpg} gx'g] xf]Og .
t/, bkf]6 h:tf] b]jfgL s;"/ dflgPsf] bkf]6
ug]{n] gkfpg] egL ;hfo ;/xsf] kl/0ffd lg:sg]
sfo{ btf{ afFsL /x]sf] hUufsf xsdf cfslif{t
x'G5 eGg Gofof]lrt x'bF g} . t;y{ c+z d'2f rNbfsf]
;dodf btf{ eO{ g;s]sf] jfbL bfjLsf] hUuf
tfobftLdf gb]vfO{ n'sfO{ bkf]6 u/]sf] egL b]jfgL
s;"/ g} sfod u/L jfbLsf] bfjLadf]lhd x'g
Gofof]lrt b]lvg cfPg .
%= jfbL bfjLsf] hUuf ;Gts'df/Lsf] PSnf]
k|of;af6 lghL cfh{g u/]sf] xf] a08f nfUg] xf]Og
egL k|ltjfbLxn] lhsL/ lnPsf] ;Gb{edf d'n'sL
P]g c+za08fsf] !* g+= jl0f{t Joj:yf x]bf{ dfgf]
g5'lO{ ;Fu a;]sf c+lzof/ 5g\ eg] h'g;'s}
c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQaf6 jf ;uf]nsf] v]tL,
pBf]u, Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 a9] a9fPsf] ;uf]nsf]
cfh{g / n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] * g+= adf]lhd nufPsf]
C0f ;a} c+lzof/nfO{ efu nfU5 elgPsf] 5 .
;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yf cWoog ubf{ c+lzof/n] cfgf]
1fg jf ;Lk jf k|of;af6 lghL cfh{g u/]sf] jf
s;}af6 lghL tj/n] bfg jf as; kfPsf] jf
s;}sf] ck'tfnL k/]sf] jf :qL c+z wgsf] dxnsf]

% gDa/ adf]lhd kfPsf]df To:tf] cfh{g jf
kfPsf] ;DklQ ;f] cfh{g ug]{ jf kfpg] c+lzof/sf]
lghL 7xg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf
@)$& ;fndf c+z d'2f kg'{ cufl8;Dd jfbL
k|ltjfbLx dfgf] g5'L ;uf]ndf g} /x] a;]sf]
s'/fdf ljjfb /x]sf] kfOb}g . pQm c+z d'2f @)%!
;fndf clGtd km};nf ePkZrft ldlt @)%@.@.@&
df bfjLsf] hUuf ;Gts'df/Lsf] gfpFFdf btf{ ePsf]
eP tfklg ;a} c+lzof/ ;uf]ndf g} /x] ePsf]
cj:yfdf cyf{t\ @)#!.!).@^ df ;Gts'df/Lsf]
gfddf gfkL e} ;f]xL ;dob]lv g} ef]udf /x]sf]
tyf btf{ k|lqmofcufl8 a9]sf] ;d]t ldl;n ;+nUg
lkmN8a's ptf/af6 b]lvG5 . pQm lkmN8a'sdf
hUuf wgLsf] gfd, y/ / jtgdf ;Gts'df/L /fgf
dugL{, hUufsf] If]qkmn !#*, lhNnf dsjfgk'/,
uf=lj=;= /ftdf6], ls=g+= !!^, lsl;ddf bf]od,
lj/xdf ds} tyf ;e]{ ePsf] ldlt @)#!.!).@^
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . @)#! ;fndf ;uf]ndf
/x]sfdWo] kl/jf/sf] d'Vo JolQmsf] gfddf ;f]
hUuf lkmN8a'sdf n]lvPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . h;af6
oL jfbLsf klt;d]tsf] >d, ;Lk / ef]urng ;f]
;DklQdf /x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . @)#! ;fndf
tof/ ePsf] lkmN8a'ss} cfwf/df pQm hUuf
kfKt ePsf] 5 . o;/L ;a} c+lzof/ dfgf] g5'lO{
;F u } /x] a;] s f] ;dob] l v g} ef] u df /x] s f] ,
c+lzof/dWo]s} ;Gts'df/Lsf gfddf btf{ k|lqmof
cufl8 a9]sf] / lghs} gfddf btf{ ePsf] e} ;a}
c+lzof/sf] ef]usf] ;DklQ ePsf] b]lvg cfPsfn]
c+za08fsf] !* g+= df ePsf] pk/f]Qm sfg"gL
Joj:yfadf]lhd ;Gts'df/Lsf] PSnf] k|of;, 1fg
jf ;Lkaf6 pQm hUuf cfh{g u/]sf] lghL cfh{g
dfGg ;lsPg . o;/L ;a} c+lzof/ ;uf]ndf /x]
ePs} ;dodf Ps c+lzof/sf gfddf gfkL e}
lkmN8a's tof/ e} btf{ k|lqmofcufl8 a9]sf] /
ef]udf ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvFbf bfjLsf] ;DklQ d'n'sL
P]g c+za08fsf] !* g+= df lghL cfh{g x'g] egL
jl0f{t Joj:yfcg';f/sf] kl/lwleq k/]sf] dfGg
;lsPg, pQm hUuf ca08f /x]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
ljjflbt hUuf ;a} c+lzof/sf] ef]udf /xL btf{
694
k|lqmofcufl8 a9L kl5 btf{ x'g cfPsf] b]lvPsfn]

;a} c+lzof/aLr ;dfg efu nfUg] b]lvg cfof] .
^= c+z bkf]6 d'2faf6 a08f ug{ gldNg]df
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}F8faf6 a08f nfUg] u/L
kIfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5
egL ax;sf] qmddf k' g /fj] b ssf sfg" g
Joj;foLxaf6 k|Zg p7fOPsf] 5 . c+z bkf]6
d'2fdf bkf]6sf ;DaGwdf c+za08fsf] @), @! /
@& g+= df jl0f{t ;j} cGt/j:t' ljBdfg gkfOPsf],
t/ a08f nfUg] k|s[ltsf] ;DklQ b]lvPdf c+z
bkf]6 d'2faf6} a08f ul/lbg ldNg] gldNg] s] xf]
eGg]tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfof] . o;
;Gbe{df 6'GgL ldofFsf] d'=;= ug]{ j;LpNnfx ldofF
lj?4 jfl;/ cnL ldofF ;d]t ePsf] @)%# ;fnsf]
b]=k'=O=g+= !!# sf] c+z bkf]6 d'2fdf ljjflbt
;DklQ oL jfbL k|ltjfbL aLr c+za08f xF'bf a08f
lnvtdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOFb}g . ljjflbt ;DklQ
lghL cfh{gsf] xf] eGg] k|ltjfbLxsf] egfO{
k|dfl0ft x'g] s'g} k|df0f sfuhft lghxn] k]z
ug{ ;s]sf] klg 5}g . lghL cfh{g xf] eGg]
k|ltjfbLsf] egfO{ k|dfl0ft ePsf] b]lvg cfPg .
ljjflbt ;DklQ c+za08f g} gePsf] / a08f
nfUg] ;DklQ b]lvFbf c+za08fsf] #% g+= df ePsf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ To:tf] ;DklQdfly bfjL ug{
xbDofb nfUg] cj:yf b]lvg cfFpb}g egL ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 l;4fGt -g]sfk @)%^
lg=g+= ^^*@ k[i7 !*%_ k|ltkfbg e} /x]sf] ;d]t
b]lvg cfpF5 .
&= c+ z bkf] 6 d' 2 fdf ePsf] k" 0 f{
Ohnf;sf] plNnlvt lg0f{odf c+z bkf]6 g7x/]
klg a08f nfUg] k|s[ltsf] ;DklQ ;f]xL d'2faf6
a08f ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 . bkf]6 7xofO{ ;Dk"0f{
;DklQ kfpg dfu bfjL ug] { lkm/fbLnfO{
c+ l zof/sf x} l ;otn] k| f Kt x' g ] ; Ddsf] v08
lbnfpg' jfbL bfjLeGbf aflx/ uPsf] eGg] cy{
nufpg' x'b}g . c+z dfu ug{ kfpg], a08fkqdf
lrQ ga'em] lglZrt Dofbleq ab/ ug{ dfu ug{
kfpg] / c+z bkf]6df bfjL ug{ kfpg] ;d]tsf
xsnfO{ c+za08fsf] Pp6} dxnn] Jojl:yt u/]sf]
5 . ;f]xL dxnsf] s'g} Pp6f sfg"gL xsnfO{
695
;dftL a9L dfu bfjL ug]{ kIfnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf]

cGo Joj:yfcg'k jfbL bfjLeGbf sd ;DklQ
lbnfPsf]df cbfntn] g} kIfsf] :yfg lnPsf]
eGg ldNb}g . c+z bkf]6 o:tf] k|s[ltsf] d'2f xf],
h;df ljjflbt ;DklQ s;n] bjfof] l5kfof]
eGg] / gbjfpg] gl5kfpg] ;a}n] ;f] ;DklQ
kfpg] xs /fVb5g\ . s]jn c+z nfUg] ;DklQ
bjfO{ l5kfO{ bkf]6 ug]{ c+zLn] ;Dd gkfpg] xf] .
k|:t't d'2fsf jfbL k|ltjfbLsf xsdf klg bkf]6
u/]sf] xf] eg] bkf]6 ug]{ afx]s jfbL ;d]tnfO{
lghsf] efu lx:;f sfg"gn] lbnfpg kg]{ cj:yf
5 . t;y{, c+z bkf]6 dfu ePsf] cj:yfdf bkf]6
gb]lvg] ljlQs} ;f] lkm/fb vf/]h g} ug'{k5{ eGg'
sfg"g;+ut x'Fb}g . o;y{ k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfsf
sfg" g Joj;foLxn] lng' ePsf] lhsL/;F u
;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
*= t;y{ pk/f]Qm sf/0f / k|df0f ;d]tsf
cfwf/df ctM bfjLsf] ls=g+= !!^ sf] hUuf
;uf]nsf] g} eO{ a08f nfUg] g} b]lvg cfPsf] /
tTsfn c+z d'2f rNbfsf] cj:yf Pj+ xfn sfod
/x]sf c+lzof/sf] ;+Vof tyf JolQmdf s'g} leGgtf
;d]t gcfO{ $ hgf c+lzof/ sfod} /x]sf] b]lvFbf
jfbLn] $ efusf] ! efu kfpg] tYonfO{ cGoyf
eGg ldn]g . jfbL bfjL vf/]h x'g] 7x/fO{ z'?
dsjfgk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.#.!
df ePsf] vf/]hL km};nf pN6L u/L ljjflbt
ls=g+= !!^ sf] hUufdf jfbLn] $ efusf] ! efu
c+z xs 5'6\ofO{ lng kfpg] 7x5{ egL k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}8faf6 ldlt @)^^.$.@) df ePsf]
km};nf ldn]s} b]lvbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . bkf]6
7x/ u/L Psnf}6L xs sfod ul/kfpmF eGg]
jfbLsf] tyf a08f nfUg] ;DklQ xf]Og eGg]
jfbL bfjL vf/] h ul/kfpmF eGg] k| l tjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn kmfu'g $ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM czf]ss'df/ j:g]t

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
tf8kq ef]hkq, u'7Lkq, lznfn]v, ;gb,

;jfn, Ol:txf/ / ljjfbsf lg0f{o h:tf
P] l txfl;s lnvt x' g \ . t/ x/] s
cj:yfdf o:tf lnvt km]nf gkg{ klg
;Sb5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljfgxf/f
n] l vPsf k' : ts tyf n] v df JoQm
tYonfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
b]jtfu'7Lsf] ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f, ;Daw{g,
tyf ljsf; lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{ k/Dk/fut
?kdf rlncfPadf]lhd ug'{kg{] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
km};nfdf ldlt pNn]vgsf] qmddf ePsf]
q' l 6nfO{ lkm/fbsf] bfjL / km} ; nfsf]
k]6af]nLsf sf/0faf6 x'Fb} gePsf] lg0f{o
n]lvg'nfO{ ;fdfGo q'l6 dfGg'kg{] x'G5 .
o:tf ;fdfGo q'l6nfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ ab/
e};s]sf lg0f{o sfod} 5 egL dfGotf
lbg] u/L ul/Psf] /f}+lr/f ts{nfO{ dfGotf
lbg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
k/Dk/f / k|rngaf6 klg b]jtf u'7Lsf]
hUuf h'g;'s} JolQmsf] gfddf /x] klg
lghxsf] lghL ;DklQ gx'g], c+za08f
gnfUg], ljqmL Jojxf/ / lnnfdnufot
s'g} k|lqmof / k4ltaf6 x:tfGt/0f gx'g]
k| s [ l tsf] ;fd" l xs xs / ;/f] s f/sf]
;DklQ eO{ s;}n] df:g] gf:g] sfo{ u/]
wd{ n f] k x' g ] ;d] t b] l vF b f h' g ;' s }
JolQmsf] gfddf /fv] klg tflTjs cGt/
gkg] { .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
lg0f{o g+= *^)$

dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
@)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g++ )##^, )##$, )##%
km};nf ldltM @)^&.!@.!%.#
d'2fM km};nf ab/ btf{ ab/ .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf=lh=,sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=
!* a:g] /Tgnfn ah|frfo{sf] d'=;=ug{]
k"0f{nfn ah|frfo{
lj4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM sf=lh=, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !*
a:g] eLdnfn ah|frfo{ ;d]t
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM sf=lh=, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=
!* a:g] eLdnfn ah|frfo{ ;d]t
lj4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM sf=lh=, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=
@^ a:g] 1fgsfhL zfSo ;d]t
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf=lh=,sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=@^
a:g] ;' j 0f{ / Tg ah| f rfo{ s f] d' = ;=ug{ ]
ci6nIdL ah|frfo{
lj4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM sf=lh=, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !*
a:g] eLdnfn ah|frfo{ ;d]t
z' km};nf ug]{M
df=lh=Gof=>L df]xg/d0f e/fO{
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{]M
df=Gof=>L nId0fdl0f l/;fn
df=Gof=>L zDe'axfb'/ v8\sf
;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+ : s[ l ts k/Dk/f s]
s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{] cfwf/
k' g /fj] b s tkm{ a f6Mljfg clwjQmfo >L

ljZjk|sfz e08f/L, >L g/]Gb| e
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L rGb|axfb'/
zfSo
cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^& lg=g+= *#@* k[= #&@
696
*^)$ - /Tgnfn jh|frfo{ d'=;=ug]{ k"0f{nfn jh|frfo{ lj=eLdnfn jh|frfo{ ;d]t
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f @#-!_, -@_
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !%-@_,@#-#_
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf !@-!_ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
ldlt @)^#.!.!* sf] km};nfpk/ jfbL tyf k|ltjfbL
b'js
} f] tkm{af6 d'2f bf]xofO{ kfpFm egL k/]sf lgj]bgdf
lg:;f k|bfg e} k'g/fj]bgdf btf{ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv, zfSoxsf]
;+ / IfsTj g/x] s f] , xfdL sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+ = @^
lgjf;L ah| f rfo{ x sf] dfq xs ePsf] ,
sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+ = @^ ls=g+ = @!& sf]
)!#@ hUuf / ;f] hUufdf ag] s f]
s' n b] j tfsf] b] j fnL 3/ hUufnfO{ lgtfGt
JolQmut :jfy{ kl/k" l t{ ug{ ;lsPnf ls egL]
ljkIfLdWo] s f ;] t Ldfg zfSo ;d] t jfbL
ljkIfLdWo] s f /Tgnfn ah| f rfo{ k| l tjfbL agL
lg0f{ o btf{ ab/ ;d] t d' 2 f u/L /Tgnfn
ah| f rfo{ s f] gfddf lghL u' 7 Ldf u/] s f] btf{
ab/ x' g ] 7x/L o; cbfntaf6 @)%$.(.@@
df km} ; nf eP klg ;f] km} ; nfn] ;f] d' 2 fsf
jfbLsf] xs sfod x' g ] 7x/ gu/] s f] l:yltdf
ah| f rfo{ x sf] dfq xs ePsf] b] j fnL 3/
hUufnfO{ , ljkIfLdWo] s f ljjflbt lsQf 3/
hUuf;F u s' g } ;/f] s f/ g/fVg] qL/Tg zfSo /
1fgsfhL zfSo !, dl0fsfhL zfSo !, ;]ltdfg
zfSo !, ;' j 0f{ / Tg ah| f rfo{ !, ;fg' d fg zfSo
! ;d] t hjfg ^ sf] gfddf dfnkf] t
sfof{ n on] btf{ ug{ ] sfo{ u/] s f] 5 . km} ; nfn]
ljkIfLxsf] xs sfod gu/] s f] cj:yfdf
;f] km} ; nfsf] cfwf/ lnO{ ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
lghL u'7Ldf btf{ ug{] u/L dfnkf]t
sfof{ n oaf6 ldlt @)%*.!!.!% df u/] s f] btf{
b"lift btf{ ePsf] x'Fbf lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf
/ ;f] s f] cfwf/df u/] s f] b" l ift btf{ ab/ u/L
xfdL lkm/fbL ah| f rfo{ x sf] ;+ / IfsTjdf
ah| f rfo{ x sf] dfq b] j fnLu' 7 Lsf] 3/hUuf
697
sfod x' g ] u/L km} ; nf ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t

Joxf] / fsf] jfbL eLdnfn jh| f rfo{ ;d] t sf]
lkm/fb bfjL .
jfbL bfjLsf] 3/ hUuf zfSo /
ah|frfo{xsf] s'nb]jtf k'Hg] 7fpF xf] . lg0f{o btf{
ab/ d'2fdf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] /Tgnfn
jh|frfo{sf] gfddf u/]sf] btf{ ab/ x'g] 7x/fO{ ldlt
@)%$.(.@@ df km};nf u/]sf] cfwf/df ljjflbt
hUuf xfd|f] gfddf btf{ ePsf] x'bF f xs} gePsf
ljkIfL jfbLxn] cfkm\gf] gfddf Psnf}6L btf{ ul/kfpFm
egL lnPsf] bfjL vf/]h u/L dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
ldlt @)%*.!!.!% sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd ePsf] btf{
oyfjt\ sfod /fvL kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLx 1fgsfhL zfSo, dl0fsfhL zfSo,
;fg'dfg zfSo, ;]tLdfg zfSo, rGb|dfg zfSo /
lq/Tg zfSo ;d]tsf] ;+oQ' m k|ltpQ/ kq .
lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd xfdL ah|frfo{xsf]
dfq lg/Gt/ ;+ / IfsTj / lgoGq0fdf /x] s f]
ah|frfo{xsf] b]jfnLu'7Lsf] 3/hUuf ah|frfo{xs}
lgoGq0f / ;+/IfsTjdf sfod /xg] u/L km};nf
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /Tgnfn
ah|frfo{ / ;'j0f{/Tg ah|frfo{sf] Ps} Joxf]/fsf]
k[ysk[ys k|ltpQ/ kq .
;+oQ' m kdf /x]sf] hUuf s;}n] lghL kdf
k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf eO{ zfSo / ah|frfo{xsf]
s'nb]jtfsf] k"hf ug{] ;+oQ' m u'7L hUuf 3/s} kdf
k|of]u x'g] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPsf]n] df=kf]=sf=sf]
@)%*.!!.!% sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g;Sg] cj:yf gx'bF f ;f]
lg0f{o / o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%$.(.@@ sf] km};nf
;d]t ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{
eGg] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.!!.% sf]
km};nf .
sf7df8fF } lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^!.!!.% sf] km};nf u}/sfg"gL Pj+ q'l6k"0f{
5 . ljjflbt lghL u' 7 Lsf] b] j fnL3/ hUuf
zfSoxsf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] btf{ ab/ eO{
ah|frfo{xsf] dfq ;+/IfsTj / lgoGq0fdf /xg]
/ ah|frfo{xsf] gfddf btf{ x'g] u/L lg0f{o
x' g ' k b{ 5 . t;y{ lhNnf cbfntsf] pQm
@)%$.(.@@ sf] km};nf ab/ u/L d]/f] k|lQpQ/

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
lhsL/cg' ; f/ 7x/ ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t sf]

k|ltjfbL /Tgnfn ah|frfo{sf] k'g/fj]bg .
ljjflbt lghL u'7Lsf] b]jfnL3/ hUuf
zfSoxsf] gfddf ;d]t btf{ ePsf] ab/ eO{
ah|frfo{xsf] dfq ;+/IfsTj / lgoGq0fdf /xg] /
btf{ ;d]t x'g] u/L lg0f{o x'gk' g{d
] f ;f] gePsf]n]
z' sf7df8fF} lhNnf cbfntsf] @)^!.!!.% sf]
km};nf ab/ u/L d]/f] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/cg';f/ 7x/
ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL ;'j0f{/Tg ah|frfo{sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
xfd|f] b]jfnL3/hUufnfO{ c;/ kg{] u/L v8f
ul/Psf] lnvtsf] ;Gbe{df xfdLxnfO{ cbfntaf6
cfb]z u/L c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L
Goflos lgk0f ug'k{ g{d] f ;f] gu/L ePsf] z'sf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] jfbL
eLdnfn ah|frfo{ ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
@)%$.(.@@ sf] km};nfdf cfwfl/t k|df0f
d"Nofgsf] kl/k|I] odf z'sf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg]
b]lvFbf k'g/fj]bg gug{] k|ltjfbLxnfO{ klg lemsfO{
cfPkl5 k]z ug'{ eGg]] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^@.^.!@ sf] cfb]z .
ldl;n ;+nUg dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] k|df0f
ldl;n Pj+ lg0f{o btf{ ab/ d'2fsf] ldl;n ;d]tsf
ldl;n sfuhftx cWoog u/L x]bf{ @)$$.*.# df
sf7df8f}F gu/ k~rfotn] u'7L nut tyf tx;Ln
sfof{no eb|sfnLnfO{ n]vs
] f] kqdf xfdL ah|frfo{
tyf zfSoxsf] lghL u'7Lsf] 3/ ePsf] / xfdLn]
k/Dk/fb]lv ef]urng u/L cfPsf]n] ;f]xL Joxf]/f
u'7L sfof{nonfO{ l;kmfl/z ul/kfpFm egL /Tgnfn
ah|frfo{sf] lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf]n] ls=g+= @!& sf] 3/
ah|frfo{ tyf zfSoxsf] b]jfnL s'nb]jtfsf] 3/
cfFug xf] egL l;kmfl/z ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . o;/L
:jo+ jfbLn] gu/ k~rfotdf lgj]bg lbFbf zfSo /
ah|frfo{xsf] lghL u'7Lsf] 3/ ePsf] egL :jLsf/
u/]sf] b]lvFbf jfbL kIfaf6 dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
Psnf}6L lgj]bg lbO{ ;f]xL cfwf/df btf{ u/fPsf]
btf{ b"lift btf{ g} 7xl/O{ z' sf=lh=c= af6 ldlt
@)%$.(.@@ df ePsf] km};nfnfO{ cGoyf dfGg ldNg]
b]lvPg . ctM z' sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntn] ;f]xL
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%$.(.@@ df ePsf] km};nf ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fPsf]

ldlt @)^!.!!.% sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!.!*
sf] km};nf .
sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=@^ ls=g+= @!&
sf] If]=km= )!#@ sf] hUuf / ;f] hUufdf ag]sf]
b]jtf3/ sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= @^ df a:g]
ah|frfo{xsf] dfq b]jfnLu'7L 3/ xf] . ;f] 3/
hUufnfO{ ljkIfLdWo]sf jfbL ;]tLdfg zfSo ;d]t
k|ltjfbL /Tgnfn ah|frfo{ ePsf] lg0f{o btf{ ab/
d''2fdf sf=lh=c=af6 @)%$.(.@@ df /Tgnfn
ah|frfo{sf] gfddf lghL u'7Ldf btf{ ePsf] btf{;Dd
ab/ u/]sf] xf] . ;f] d'2fdf jfbLxsf] gfddf btf{
x'g] egL xs sfod gePsf] l:yltdf klg dfnkf]t
sfof{non] lq/Tg zfSo ;d]t ^ hgfsf] gfddf
ljjflbt hUuf btf{ u/]sf] 5 ;f] sfo{ q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
ljkIfLxn] of] hUufnfO{ klg ljxf/ sfod ug{
vf]hs
] f 5g\ . ljxf/sf] hUuf ls=g+= !(%, !(^ /
!(& sf hUuf x'g\ . tL hUuf ljxf/df btf{ ug{
xfdLx / zfSoxn] df=kf]=sf=df ;+oQ' m lgj]bg
u/L sf/jfxL rnfPsf 5f}F . ls=g+=@!& sf] hUuf
ljz'4 ah|frfo{xsf] s'nb]jtfsf] 3/ xf] . xfd|f]
s'nb]jtfsf] 3/nfO{ ljxf/ sfod ug{ ldNb}g . ls=g+=
!(%, !(^ / !(& sf] hUuf efis/b]j ;+:sfl/t
s]zrGb|st[ k/fjt{ dxfljxf/sf] / ls=g+= @!& sf]
hUuf ah|frfo{xsf] b]jfnL ug]{ b]jtfsf] 3/ ePsf]df
cbfntaf6 gfk gS;f u/L 5'ofO{ lg0f{o ug'k{ g{d] f
jf:tljs tYonfO{ lrq0f gu/L unt lsl;daf6
sf=lh=c=sf] km};nf ePsf] / ;f] km};nf ;b/ u/L
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ;d]t q'l6k"0f{
5 . ljxf/;Fu ;DalGwt ls=g+= !(%, !(^ / !(& ;Fu
;fdLKotf /fVg] k|df0fx ls=g+= @!& sf] b]jfnL3/df
;dfj]z u/L ah|frfo{xsf] dfq s'nb]jtf b]jfnL
3/ lghL u'7LnfO{ o;;Fu ;/f]sf/ gePsf, ljxf/
sfod ug{ p4t JolQmxn] lghL u'7Ldf btf{ u/]sf]
sfo{ wd{ k/Dk/f;Ddt\ 5}g . b]jtf / wd{ ;+:sf/
;+/If0f ug{sf nflu xfdLn] lkm/fb u/]sf xf}F . km};nfdf
pNn]v gePsf] cfwf/df ;f] d'2fsf jfbLx cyf{t\
o; d'2fsf k|ltjfbLxn] lghL u'7L sfod u/L btf{
u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt\ 5}g . ljjflbt 3/ hUuf
698
xfdL ah|frfo{xsf] dfq s'nb]jtf k"hf ug{] b]jtf

ePsf]df ljxf/ sfod ug{ p2t ljkIfLxn] ljxf/;Fu
ld;fO{ ljxf/ sfod ug{] k|of;cGtu{t ljkIfLx ^
hgfsf] gfddf btf{ u/]sf] sfo{ unt 5 . xfd|f]
b]jfnL 3/ hUufdf d"n k'/f]lxtxsf] ;+/IfsTj
sfod u/L s;}n] klg s'g} lsl;dsf] ljqmL Jojxf/
ug{ gkfpg] u/L km};nf ug{k' g{d] f JolQm ljz]ifsf
gfddf lghL u'7Ldf btf{ x'g' lj8Dagfk"0f{ 5 .
ef:s/b]j ;+:sfl/t s]zjrGbs[t kf/fjt{ dxfjL/
;+/If0f ;dfh sf=d=g=kf=j8f g= @^ O6Fj' xfn eGg]
;+:yf @)^@.%.@( df btf{ ePsf] 5 . t;y{, o;
;+:yfcGtu{tsf] ljxf/sf] hUuf ls=g+= @!& s;/L
aGg ;S5 . To; sf/0f xfd|f] b]jtf u'7Lsf] 3/ hUuf
xfdL ah|frfo{xsf] ;+/If0f / lgoGq0fdf /xg] /
s;}n] JolQmut kdf k|of]u ug{ gkfpg] u/L Gofo
kfpmF eGg] eLdnfn ah|frfo{;lxt hgf ^ sf] bf]xf]ofO{
kfpmF eGg] lgj]bg .
d lgj]bs ;'j0f{/Tg jh|frfo{ ;d]t jfbL
/Tgnfn ah|frfo{ k|ltjfbL e} rn]sf] lg0f{o btf{
ab/ d'2fdf sf=lh=c=n] ldlt @)$%.^.!( sf]
df=kf]=sf=sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] 5 . @)$%.^.!# sf]
lg0f{on] /Tgnfn ah|frfo{n] k"hf{ k|fKt u/]sf] xf] .
sf=lh=c= n] @)$%.^.!( sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] / ;f]
km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;b/ u/]sf] x'bF f d]/f]
gfddf btf{ ug{] @)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o ab/ ePsf]
5}g . ;f] lg0f{o g} ab/ gePsf] l:yltdf /Tgnfn
ah|frfo{afx]s cGo k|ltjfbLxsf gfddf btf{ ug{]
u/]sf] df=kf]=sf= sf] @)%*.!!.!% sf] lg0f{o :jtM
ab/ x'gk' 5{ . To;}u/L ;f] lg0f{o ab/ d'2fdf jfbLsf]
xs sfod x'g] 7x5{ egL geg]sf] l:yltdf
jfbLxdWo]sf s]xL / jfbL gePsf pgfp JolQmsf]
gfddf ljjflbt hUuf btf{ ug{ s;/L ldN5 < xs g}
sfod gePsf] l:yltsf $ hgf / ;f] d'2fdf jfbL g}
gePsf @ hgf u/L ^ hgfsf] gfddf btf{ u/]sf]
sfo{ g} j}wflgs 5}g . ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] ;DaGwdf
s'/f ubf{ zfSox hhdfg / ah|frfo{x k'/f]lxt
x'g\ . zfSo / ah|frfo{sf] ;+oQ' m kdf s'nb]jtf
k'Hg] eGb}df ;+/IfsTj / lgoGq0f ;d]t zfSoxsf]
klg x'G5 egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . sf7df8f}+ g=kf=af6
@)$$.*.# df n]vs
] f] kqsf] cfwf/df z' / k'g/fj]bg
699
cbfntn] km};nf u/]sf 5g\ . ;f] kqdf u'7Lsf] 3/hUuf

zfSosf] ;+/IfsTj / lgoGq0f x'gk' 5{ elgPsf] 5}g .
xfd|f] k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltljk/Lt hhdfgnfO{ klg
k'/t] agfO{ km};nf ePsf] 5 . km};nfdf rrf{ ul/Psf]
sf=g=kf=sf] l;kmfl/z, ef:s/b] j ;+ : sfl/t
s]zrGb|s[t kf/fjt{ dxfljxf/sf] kq, hd{g
/fhb"tfjf;df lbPsf] d~h"/gfdf, k'/ftTj ljefusf]
kqdf pNn]v s'/fx ls=g+= !(%, !(^, !(& ;Fu
;DalGwt dxfljxf/sf ljifo x'g\ . of] ls=g= @!& sf]
u'7Lsf] 3/ hUufsf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt xf]Og . lghL
u'7Lsf] xs :jfldTj c+lzof/ xsbf/df ;/]5 eg]
klg ;f] b]jfnLu'7Ldf ah|frfo{xsf] lg0f{on] hf]
ysfnL k"hf/L -rqm]Zj/_ lgo'lQm x'G5, p;}sf] lhDdfdf
hfg] x'G5 . s;}sf] JolQmut x'g kfpFbg} . tYo /
jf:tljstfnfO{ dgg\ gu/L sf=lh=c= sf] km};nf
;b/ u/]sf] k'=j]=c= sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L kfpmF eGg] ;'j0f{/Tg ah|frfo{sf] lgj]bg .
;'j0f{/Tg ah|frfo{ jfbL / d lgj]bs
/Tgnfn ah|frfo{ k|ltjfbL e} rn]sf] lg0f{o btf{
ab/ d'2fdf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 @)%$.(.@@
df km};nf x'bF f df=kf]=sf=sf] ldlt @)$%.^.!( sf]
lg0f{o ab/ ePsf] 5 . ljjflbt ls=g+= @!& sf] hUuf
/ 3/ df=kf]=sf= sf7df8f}s
+ f] @)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{on]
d]/f] gfddf btf{ ePsf] xf] . cbfntn] @)$%.^.!(
sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] 5 . kl5 JofVof u/L ;f] km};nfn]
@)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o g} ab/ ePsf] dfGg'k5{ egL
sf=lh=c= n] @)^!.!!.% df u/]sf] 7x/ km};nfnfO{
sfg"g;Ddt\ dfGg ;lsFbg} . @)$%.^.!( sf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/]sf] sf=lh=c=sf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg / ;jf{R] r
cbfntaf6 ;d]t ;b/ ePsf]df ;f] km};nfn]
@)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g .
@)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o ab/ gePsf] l:yltdf ;f]
lg0f{oaf6 d]/f gfpFdF f btf{ ePsf] ljjflbt hUuf
dafx]s cGo JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ug{] u/]sf]
df=kf]=sf=sf] ldlt @)%*.!!.!% sf] lg0f{o :jtM ab/
x'gk' b{5 . Psftkm{ sf=lh=c=sf] km};nfn] @)$%.^.!#
sf] lg0f{o ab/ ePsf] 5}g eg] jfbLxsf] xs sfod
x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] klg 5}g, To; cj:yfdf jfbLxsf]
gfddf / jfbL g} gePsf cGo @ hgfsf] gfddf ;f]
hUuf s;/L btf{ ug{ ldN5 . sfg"gtM gldNg] lg0f{o

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
u/]sf] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] @)%*.!!.!% sf] lg0f{o

:jtM q'l6k"0f{ 5 . wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] ;DaGwdf s'/f ubf{
ah|frfo{xsf] b]jfnLu'7Ldf zfSoxn] klg k"hf
ug{ kfpg] t/ 3/ hUufsf] lgoGq0f / ;+/IfsTj
ah| f rfo{ x sf] xftdf /xg' kb{ 5 . zfSo /
ah|frfo{xn] ;+oQ' m kdf s'nb]jtf k'Hg] eGb}df
;+/IfsTj / lgoGq0fdf klg zfSoxsf] xft x'G5
eGg ldNb}g . sf=d=g=kf=n] n]vs
] f] @)$$.*.# sf]
kqsf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] sf=lh=c=sf]
km};nf ;dy{g u/] klg sf=d=g=kf=sf] kqdf zfSosf]
;+/IfsTj / lgoGq0f x'gk' 5{ eg]sf] 5}g . ;+:sf/ /
k/Dk/f x]g{' kb{5 . hhdfg / k'/t] sf] e"ldsf km/s
km/s x'G5 . sf=lh=c=n] km};nfdf rrf{ u/]sf]
sf=d=g=kf=sf] l;kmfl/z, efis/b]j ;+:sfl/t
s] z rGb| s [ t kf/fjt{ dxfljxf/sf] kq,hd{ g
/fhb"tfjf;df lbPsf] d~h"/Lgfdf, k'/ftTj ljefusf]
kqdf pNn]v ePsf s'/f, ls=g+= !(%, !(^ / !(&
;Fu ;DalGwt ljxf/;Fu ;DalGwt hUuf xf] . t/,
oxfFsf] ljifo ls=g+= @!& ;Fu ;DalGwt xf] . ls=g+=
@!& sf] hUuf / To;df lgld{t 3/ ah|frfo{xsf]
dfq xs clwsf/sf] x'bF f j8f g+= @^ O6'jF xfnsf
ah|frfo{xsf] dfq ;+/IfsTj / lgoGq0fdf /xg]
s'/f :ki6 5 . lghL u'7Lsf] 3/ hUuf b/;Gtfgsf
gfddf ;b{} hfg] / ah|frfo{xsf] lg0f{oaf6 lgo'Qm
ysfnL -rqm]Zj/L_ nfO{ g} bfloTj ;g{] x'bF f cGo
lghL u'7Lsf] h:tf] of] u'7Lsf] k|sl[ t xf]Og . xfd|f]
tYo / k|df0f gx]/L km};nf / km};nfsf] cfzoljk/Lt
xfd|f] xssf] b]jtf u'7Lsf] 3/ hUuf pgfp JolQmxsf
gfddf btf{ u/]sf] sfo{ ab/ gug{] u/]sf] z' /
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ;f] km};nf
/ btf{ u/]sf] sfo{ ;d]t ab/ u/L d]/f] k|ltpQ/
lhsL/adf]lhd ul/kfpmF eGg] /Tgnfn ah|frfo{sf]
ldlt @)^#.!@.@# sf] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpmF eGg] lgj]bg .
dfnkf]t sfof{non] @)$%.^.!# df u/]sf]
lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm egL jfbLx df]tLsfhL zfSo
;d]t / k|ltjfbL /Tgnfn ah|frfo{ e} rn]sf]] lg0f{o
ab/ d'2fdf @)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o ab/ g e} ldlt
@)$%.^.!( sf] lg0f{o ab/ ePsf] / pQm d'2fsf
jfbL k|ltjfbL afx]ssf JolQm lq/Tg zfSosf] gfddf
;d]t gfd;f/L u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k/]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf
bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fO{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf

k|df0f d"Nofg;DaGwL k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
%$ / d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= !*$s g+= sf] q'l6 ljBdfg
/x]sf]n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_
adf]lhd bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
lgodfg';f/ ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.(.!!
sf] cfb]z .
/Tgnfn ah|frfo{n] lkm/fb bfjLdf pNn]v
u/]sf] 3/hUuf @)$%.^.!# df dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6
cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ u/L lghL u'7L hgfO{ k"hf{ k|fKt
u/]sf]df ;f] btf{ / btf{ ug{] df=kf]=sf=sf] lg0f{o ab/
ug{ ;]tLdfg zfSo ;d]tn] lkm/fb bfjL u/]sf] tYo
;f] d'2fsf] lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfaf6 b]lvG5 .
/Tgnfn ah|frfo{n] dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 ls=g+= @!&
sf] hUuf / 3/ cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ u/]sf] / dfnkf]t
sfof{non] u/L lbPsf] sf/0f ;f] btf{sf] lg0f{o /
/Tgnfnsf] gfddf tof/ u/]sf] k"hf{ ab/ ug{ lkm/fb
u/]sf] xf] . lkm/fbdf ;f]xL ldlt @)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o
ab/ ug{ bfjL lnPsf]df km};nf n]Vbf ePsf] ;fdfGo
q'l6n] !( ut] pNn]v x'g uPsf] /x]5 . jfbL k|ltjfbLsf]
gfd y/ jtg, 3/ hUuf, ls=g+= ldNg cfPaf6 ldlt
@)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ bfjL lnPsf] xf] eGg]
k'li6 x'G5 . o; d'2fdf z' lhNnf cbfntn] klxn]sf]
lg0f{o ab/ d'2fsf] bfjLsf] ljj]rgf u/L ;f] d'2faf6
sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntn] ldlt @)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/]sf] xf] egL JofVof ;d]t u/]sf] ;Gbe{df
ljkIfLsf] bfjL vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] 1fgsfhL zfSo
;d]t % hgfsf] ldlt @)^%.!@.!^ sf] lnlvt k|ltjfb .
lgodadf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs /Tgnfn ah|frfo{sf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L ljZjk|sfz e08f/Ln]
ljjflbt ls=g+= @!& sf] 3/ hUuf ah|frfo{ /
zfSoxsf] ;femf b]jfnLk"hf 3/ xf] . k"hf/L -rqm]Zj/_
ah|frfo{ x'G5g\ / clxn] klg 5g\ . b]jfnL k"hf3/sf]
;+/If0f /]vb]v k"hf ;d]t ah|frfo{n] ug{] k/Dk/f
x'bF f o:tf] ;femf 3/ hUuf 1fgsfhL ;d]t ^ hgf
zfSoxsf] gfddf lghL u'7Lsf] kdf btf{ ug{]
u/]sf] sfo{ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ubf{
gfl;g hfg] ePsf]n] ;f] btf{ ab/ u/L ;a}sf] xs
sfod x'gk' 5{ eGg] / k'g/fj]bs eLdnfn ah|frfo{sf
700
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L g/]Gb| en]

O6'jF xfnsf] b]jtfsf] 3/sf] gfdsf] ljjflbt ls=g+=
!@& sf] hUuf ah|frfo{xsf] b]jfnL 3/ xf] .
ah|frfo{sf] ysfnL o;sf] rqm]Zj/ -k"hf/L_ x'G5 .
ljjflbt hUuf / b]jfnL 3/ /Tgnfn ah|frfo{sf]
gfddf lghL u'7Ldf btf{ ePsf] lg0f{o lhNnf cbfntn]
ab/ u/] klg ;f] 3/ hUufdf ah|frfo{xsf] dfq
;fd"lxs xs x'G5 . km};nfn] xs sfod gu/]sf
1fgsfhL zfSo ;d]tsf gfpFdF f ;f] 3/ hUuf btf{
u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt\ 5}g . lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf / 1fgsfhL ;d]tsf] gfddf btf{ ug{] u/]sf]
dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ab/ x'gk' 5{ eGg] / k|ToyL{
1fgsfhL zfSo ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L rGb|axfb'/ zfSon] of] b]jtf u'7Lsf]
hUuf ah|frfo{ / zfSoxsf] ;femf b]jfnL k"hf 3/
xf] . o;sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / lgdf{0f ;a}n] ug{
kfpg'k5{ . /Tgnfn ah|frfo{n] Psnf}6L vfg cfkm\gf]
gfddf lghL u'7Ldf btf{ u/]sf] sf/0f lg0f{o btf{
ab/ d'2f k/]sf] lyof] . ;f] lghL u'7Ldf btf{ u/]sf]
btf{ ab/ x'g] 7x/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 lg0f{o ePkl5
;f] hUuf 3/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;+:yf btf{ u/L ;f]sf]
tkm{af6 ^ hgfsf] gfddf btf{ u/]sf] xf] . /Tgnfnsf]
gfddf lghL u'7Ldf btf{ u/]sf] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf / 3/
hUuf ;+/If0f ug{ 1fgaxfb'/ zfSo;lxt ^ hgfsf]
gfddf lghL u'7Ldf btf{ u/]sf] sfo{n] jfbLxsf]
xsdf cf3ft k'Ub}g . To;sf/0f lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf / ^ hgfsf] gfddf btf{ ug{] u/]sf] sfo{ ab/
x'gk' g{] xf]Og . lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'gk' 5{ egL ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ sf7df8f}F lhNnf
sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=@^ O6Fa' xfndf /x]sf] b]jtf 3/
ah|frfo{xsf] dfq b]jfnL3/ xf] . ;f] 3/hUuf @)#$
;fnsf] gfkLdf b]jtf 3/ hlgO{ gfkL ePsf] 5 .
To:tf] ah|frfo{xsf] ;femf w/f]x/nfO{ Psnf}6L
agfpg /Tgnfn ah|frfo{n] lghL u'7L egL cfkm\gf]
gfddf btf{ u/] klg jfbL ;]tLdfg zfSo ;d]t
k|ltjfbL /Tgnfn ah|frfo{ ;d]t e} rn]sf] lg0f{o
btf{ ab/ d'2fdf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] ldlt
701
@)%$.(.@@ df dfnkf]t sfof{non] /Tgnfnsf] gfddf

btf{ ug{] u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] 7x/ u/L km};nf
u/]sf] / ;f] km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;b/ e}
;jf{R] r cbfntaf6 bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg ge}
clGtd e};s]sf] 5 . ;f] km};nfn] lghL u'7L sfod
u/L /Tgnfnsf] gfddf btf{ ug{] u/]sf] lg0f{o /
btf{;Dd ab/ u/]sf] xf] . ;f] d'2fn] ljjflbt 3/
hUufdf jfbLxsf] xs sfod u/]sf] 5}g . ;f] d'2fn]
ljjflbt 3/ hUuf jfbLx cyf{t\ o; d'2fsf
k|ltjfbLxsf] xs sfod gu/]sf] l:yltdf /Tgnfnsf]
btf{ ab/ eP klg jfbLxsf] xs sfod gePsf]
x'bF f ;f] d'2fsf jfbLxsf] / cGo @ hgf ;d]t ^
hgfsf] gfddf lghL u'7Ldf btf{ ug{ ldNg] xf]Og .
Pp6f JolQmsf] gfpFdF f lghL u'7Ldf btf{ u/]sf] btf{
ab/ u/L cGo ^ hgfsf] lghL u'7Ldf btf{ ug{] sfo{n]
k'gM JolQmut ;DklQ x'g k'us
] f] 5 . o;n] b]jtf3/sf]
;+/If0f x'g ;Sb}g . ^ hgfsf] gfdsf] btf{n] b]jtf3/sf]
;+/If0f x'g g;Sg] / ;f] sfo{n] xfd|f] xsdf c;/
k'u]sf] 5 . km};nfsf] cfwf/df ljjflbt hUuf
k|ToyL{xn] btf{ u/]sf] b]lvFbf lhNnf cbfntsf] ;f]
km};nf / km};nfsf] cfwf/df ePsf] btf{ ab/ u/L ;f]
3/ hUuf xfd|f] ;+/IfsTjdf /fvL kfpmF eGg] lkm/fb
/ ljjflbt b]jtf 3/ ah|frfo{xsf] dfq ge} ah|frfo{
/ zfSoxsf] ;femf b]jtf 3/ xf] . b]jtf 3/sf]
rqm]Zj/ -k"hf/L_ ah|frfo{ eP klg k/Dk/fb]lv o;sf]
;+/If0f ah|frfo{ / zfSoxn] u/L cfPsf] xf] . ;femf
b]jfnL k"hf3/ /Tgnfn ah|frfo{n] lghL u'7Ldf btf{
u/]sf] sf/0fn] ;f] ab/ u/fpg lg0f{o ab/ btf{ ab/
d'2f u/L lg0f{o Pj+ btf{ ab/ x'g] u/L cbfntaf6
km};nf ePsf] xf] . /Tgnfnsf] lghL u'7Ldf btf{
ePsf] btf{ ab/ ePkl5 b]jtf 3/sf] ;+/If0f ug{
1fg/fh zfSo;lxt ^ hgfsf] gfddf btf{ ul/Psf]
xf] . b]jtfsf] hUuf / 3/ ;+/If0f ug{ ;f] btf{ u/]sf]
x'bF f lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf / ;f]cg';f/ ePsf]
btf{ ab/ x'gk' g{] xf]Og eGg] k|ltpQ/ ePsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] egL lhNnf cbfntaf6
ePsf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;b/ ePkl5
d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpg o; cbfnt;dIf k/]sf]
lgj]bgdf lg:;f k|bfg e} k'g/fj]bgdf btf{ ePsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf p7]sf lgDg k|Zgx lg/f]k0f u/L

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf d'gfl;a j]dg' fl;a

s] /x]5 ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{] x'g cfPsf] 5
-!_ O6Fa' xfn b]jtf u'7L s:tf] k|sl[ tsf] u'7L xf] <
zfSo / jh|frfo{xsf] b]jtf 3/sf ;DaGwdf
s:tf] xs / bfloTj /xG5 < b]jtf u'7Lsf]
rqm]Zj/ -k"hf/L_ s:tf] JolQm x'G5 < /
rqm]Zj/sf clwsf/ / bfloTj s] s] x'g\ <
-@_ b]jtf u'7Lsf] ;+/If0f ,;~rfng /]vb]v / dd{t
;Def/ s;n] ug'k{ g{] xf] <
-#_ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf / ;f] km};nfsf]
cfwf/df b]jtfu'7Lsf] 3/ hUuf k|ltjfbLx
1fgsfhL zfSo;lxt ^ hgfsf] gfddf lghL
u'7Ldf ePsf] btf{, ab/ x'gk' g{] xf] jf xf]Og <
ab/ gx'bF f b]jtfsf] ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f x'g ;S5
jf ;Sb}g <
@= sf7df8f}+ O6'aF xfn b]jtf u'7L s:tf]
k|sl[ tsf] u'7L xf], zfSo / jh|frfo{xsf] b]jtf
3/sf ;DaGwdf s:tf] xs / bfloTj /xG5 < b]jtf
u'7Lsf] rqm]Zj/ -k"hf/L_ s:tf] JolQm x'G5 /
rqm]Zj/sf clwsf/ / bfloTj s] s] x'g\ eGg] klxnf]
k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;f] b]jtf3/ xfd|f] dfq xs
clwsf/sf] s'nb]jtfsf] k"hf3/ ePsf]n] o;sf] /]vb]v
;~rfng dd{t cfk"mxn] ug{,] rqm]Zj/n] axfn
ef8f p7fpg], k"hfsf] e]6L lng] / rqm]Zj/n] g} k"hf
rnfpg] b]jtf 3/ xf] egL ah|frfo{xsf] bfjL
/x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] zfSoxn] b]jtf3/ ah|frfo{sf]
dfq k"hfcfhf ug{] ynf] xf]Og ,of] sf=d=g=kf= j8f
g+= @^ sf ah|frfo{ / zfSoxsf] b]jfnLk"hf ug{]
;femf 3/ xf] . b'j} kIfn] b]jtf3/sf] ;~rfng dd{t
;Def/ ug{] u/L cfPsf] k/Dk/f xf] egL lhsL/
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ljjfbsf] ls=g+= !@& sf] hUuf /
;f]df ag]sf] 3/ ah|frfo{x dfqsf] ;+/If0f /]vb]v
ug{ kfpg] 3/ hUuf xf] jf ah|frfo{ / zfSox
b'js
} f] /]vb]v ;+/If0f / ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] k|sl[ tsf]
xf] egL lgSof{n
} ug'k{ g{] ljifo x'g cfPsf] 5 .
#= k|:t't ljjfbsf] :j?k x]bf{ ls=g+= !@&
af6 gfkL ePsf] O6'jF xfn s;}sf] lghL ;DklQ geO{
lsgj]r, c+za08f / ck'tfnL ;d]tsf s'g} klg
dfWodn] xs x:tfGt/0f gx'g] k|sl[ tsf] b]j:ynsf]
;DklQ /x]sf]df b'j} kIfsf] d'v ldn]s} kfOof] . of]

k|frLg ;f+:s[lts ;DklQ s'g} klg ?kdf nf]k x'g
gx'g] / o;sf] ;~rfng tyf k|of]u k/Dk/fut ?kdf
x'gk' g{] s'/fdf klg s'g} klg kIfsf] ljdtL /x]sf]
kfOGg . s]jn o;sf] ;+/IfsTj s'g kIfaf6 s;/L
x'g] eGg] k|Zg g} o; ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo
/x]sf] kfOof] .
$= ;fF:s[lts xsnfO{ k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn]
ljz]if dxTj lbO{ k/fk"jb{ l] v ;+/If0f u/L cfPsf
kfOG5 . u'7L ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf o;sf HjnGt
pbfx/0f x'g\ . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] ;d]t ljlzi7
dxTjsf ;fy ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;b}j tTk/tf
b]vfO{ cfPsf] 5 . o;}sf] lg/Gt/tf:j?k g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @#-!_ n] k|To]s
JolQmnfO{ k|rlnt ;fdflhs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts k/Dk/fsf]
dof{bf /fvL k/fk"jb{ l] v rnL cfPsf] cfkm\gf] wd{sf]
cjnDag, cEof; / ;+/If0f ug{ xs k|bfg u/]sf]
5 . oxL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @#-@_ n] k|To]s wfld{s
;Dk|bfonfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm\gf] :jtGq cl:tTj
sfod /fvL cfkm\gf] wfld{s :yn / wfld{s u'7Lsf]
;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug{] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . oxL
sfg"gL s;Ldf k|:t't sf7df8f}s
+ f] O6'jF xfn l:yt
ls=g+= !@& sf] b]j:yn 3/hUufsf] ;+/If0f /
;'Joj:yfkgsf xsdf o; cbfntn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o
lbg' k/]sf] 5 .
%= ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f s] s:tf]
5 eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{] cfwf/ tf8kq ef]hkq,
u'7Lkq, lznfn]v, ;gb, ;jfn, Ol:txf/ / ljjfbsf
lg0f{o h:tf P]ltxfl;s lnvt x'g\ . t/ x/]s cj:yfdf
o:tf lnvt km]nf gkg{ klg ;Sb5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
ljfgxf/f n]lvPsf k':ts tyf n]vdf JoQm
tYonfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5 . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf !%-@_ n] s'g} ljifodf ;f] ljifodf ljfg
sxlnPsf JolQmf/f n]lvPsf] k|sflzt k':ts jf
n]vdf pNn]v ePsf s'/fx k|df0fdf lng x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm k|df0f P]g, @)#!
s} bkmf @#-#_ n] s'g} wfld{s, hflto jf ;fj{hlgs
xs / l/tLl:yltsf ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f osLg ug'{
k/]df To:tf] xs jf /Lltl:yltsf] ljz]if hfgsf/L
x'g ;Sg] l:yltdf ePsf JolQmsf] /fo k|df0fdf lng
702
x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . oL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{df

O6'jF xfnsf] u'7L3/sf ljifodf ljfgxf/f n]lvPsf
n]v ldl;n ;+nUg 5g\ . ;fy} :yfgLo a'9fkfsf
5/l5d]sLaf6 u'7L ;+:yfgn] ;+sng u/]sf] tYo
k|ltj]bg klg ldl;n ;+nUg 5 . log} tYo k|df0f
;d]tsf cfwf/df jfbL / k|ltjfbLxsf] O6'aF xfnsf]
u'7L 3/;Fusf] k/Dk/fut ;DaGwsf af/]df lgisif{
lgsfNg' k/]sf] 5 .
^= pk/f]Qmfg';f/ k/Dk/fb]lv b]jtfk"hf ug{]
o; b]jfnL 3/df s;sf] s:tf] k|sl[ tsf] ;DaGw
lyof] / o;sf] k/Dk/fut ;~rfng k4lt s] lyof]
egL osLg ug{ o; ljifodf hfgsf/ JolQmsf]
syg / cg';Gwfgstf{xsf] cfn]v x]gk]{ g{] x'g cfof] .
efis/b]j ;+:sfl/t s]zjrGb| s[t kf/fjt dxfljxf/
;+/If0f ;dfhn] @)^@ df k|sfzg u/]sf] ldl;n
;+nUg Ot'j+ f clen]v ;Fux| df k|f=:jl:t/Tg zfSo,
l;l4/Tg zfSo leIf' / e'jgnfn k|wfgn] O6'axfnsf]
;DaGwdf n] V g' ePsf] cfn] v cWoog ubf{
sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+ = @^ df /x] s f] O6' j xfndf
ah|frfo{xsf] dfq xs x'g] ge} zfSoxsf] klg
;dfg xs /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . Oltxf;lj1 ljfg
e'jgnfn k|wfgsf] n]vdf O6'a+ xfnsf] blIf0f nsf]
dfemdf Pp6f cfud 3/ klg 5 . cfud / k/fjt
dxfljxf/sf cfudx Pp6} ;+3sf] cGtu{t 5 .
;+3sf zfSo / ah|frfo{ b'j} yl/sf s'nb]jtf o;}
3/sf] leqL sf]7fdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 . jh|frfo{ / zfSoxn] tTsfnLg
sf7df8f}+ gu/ k~rfotdf l;kmfl/z ul/kfpFm egL
lbPsf] lgj]bg / gu/ k~rfotn] u'7L nut tyf
tx;Ln sfof{no eb|sfnLdf n]vs
] f] ldlt @)$$.*.#
sf] l;kmfl/z kq klg o; ;Gbe{df csf{] e/kbf{]
k|df0f xf] . /Tgnfnn] btf{ ug{ vf]hs
] f] ljjflbt
hUuf s] s:tf] k|sl[ tsf] xf] egL u'7L ;+:yfgn] a'em\g
v6fPsf] sd{rf/L zDe'k;
| fb clwsf/Ln] :yfgLo
JolQmx;Fu a'emL k]z u/]sf] ldlt @)$%.@.!& sf]
k|ltj]bgn] klg o; d'2fdf lgisif{ lgsfNg d2t
ub{5 . oL lnvtxaf6 ljjflbt ls=g++ @!& sf]
hUuf / To;df ag]sf] 3/ ah|frfo{ / zfSoxsf]
;femf b]jfnL 3/ egL pNn]v ePaf6 ljjflbt 3/
hUuf ah|frfo{sf] / zfSoxsf] s'g} Ps kIfsf]
703
dfq g e} b'j} kIfsf] ;femf xs lxt lgxLt /x]sf]

k"hf ug{], wfld{s Pj+ r"8fsd{;lxt ef]h vfg]]
O6'jF xfnleq /x]sf] ;femf cf:yfsf] k|tLs b]jfnL
k"hf3/ xf] eGg] b]lvg cfof] .
&= o:tf] ;fd"lxs xs lxt ePsf] ;femf
cf:yfsf] s]Gb|df jh|frfo{ jf zfSoxsf] jf cGo
hg;d'bfosf] s] s:tf] clwsf/ / bfloTj x'G5 eGg]
;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ b]jtfsf] k"hf pkf;gf ug{] xs
clwsf/ ;du| dfgj hfltnfO{ eP klg dfly pb\wt[
ul/Psf] n]vaf6 b]jfnL k"hf ug{,] ef]h vfg] / ;fdflhs
r"8fsd{ ug{] clwsf/ Pj+ bfloTj j8f g+=@^ sf zfSo
/ ah|frfo{ b'j} kIfnfO{ dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 .
*= ;fj{hlgs k|sl[ tsf] o:tf] b]jtfsf] hUuf
/ 3/ /]vb]v, ;~rfng dd{t / lgdf{0fdf ;j}sf]
;xof]u cfjZos x'G5 . To;sf/0f O6'Fjxfnsf]
b]jfnLk"hf 3/;lxt hUufsf] /]vb]v, ;+/If0f, dd{t /
;Def/ b'j} kIfn] ug'k{ g{] x'g cfpF5 . s'g} Ps kIfn]
To; b]j:ynsf] dd{t ;Def/ ;d]t k'g?Tyfg ug{
rfx]df csf{] kIfn] ;xof]u ug'k{ g{] x'G5 . b'j} kIfsf]
;xdltn] o; P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/sf] dd{t ;Def/ x'g
pko'Qm xf] . t/ of] ;Dej gePdf klg o; /fli6o
;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f, dd{t / ;Def/ ug{df s'g}
klg kIf afws x'g] 5}g .
(= ah|frfo{ / zfSoxsf] o; b]j:yndf
s:tf] s:tf] clwsf/ bfloTj x'G5, b]jtfsf] ;+/If0f,
/]vb]v / ;~rfngdf logLxsf] e"ldsf s] x'G5 eGg]
;Gbe{df u'7Lsf] rqm]Zj/ -k"hf/L_ sf] x'g,] pgsf] sfd
st{Jo / bfloTj s] x'g] eGg] ;Gbe{df ljj]rgf ug{'
cfjZos x'g cfpF5 . o; ;DaGwdf klxn]b]lv
rlncfPsf] k/Dk/f / k|rng s] s:tf] /x]5 egL x]bf{
e'jgnfn k|wfgsf] O6'jF xfn eGg] n]vdf of] cfud /
k/fjt dxfljxf/sf cfudx Pp6} ;+3sf] cGtu{tsf]
5 / ;+3sf] rqm]Zj/ ah|frfo{ oxfFsf] x'G5 . rqm]Zj/
k"hf/L ;b}j ah|frfo{ / d"n yfokfM h' zfSo x'G5g\
egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL zfSoxn]
Ohnf;;dIf k"hf/L -rq]mZj/_ ah|frfo{ g} /xg] k/Dk/f
ePcg';f/ xfn klg ah|frfo{ g} rqm]Zj/ 5g\ egL
eg]sf / u'7L ;+:yfgn] of] s:tf] u'7L xf] egL ;f]
:yfgsf pkef]Qmfx;Fu a'em\g v6fOPsf u'7L ;+:yfgsf]
sd{rf/L zDe'k|;fb clwsf/Ln] u'7L ;+:yfgdf

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
@)$%.@.!& df k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf ci6/Tg zfSo,

s]zj /fhL, g/l;+ zfSo, j]yf/Tg zfSo / xfnsf
rqm]Zj/ /Tgnfn ah|rfo{;uF a'em\bf b]jtf 3/ b'j}
kIfsf] s'nb]jtf 3/ xf], rqm]Zj/ -k"hf/L_ ah|frfo{
x'g,] rqm]Zj/n] lgTo k"hf ug{] ePsf]n] lgh ;f] 3/df
a:g],] rqm]Zj/n] bfge]6L / 3/ axfn lng] / ;f]af6
rqm]Zj/n] k"hf / ;fdfGo dd{t ug]{ k/Dk/f xf] eGg]
Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . rqm]Zj/nfO{ k|fKt oL
k/Dk/fut clwsf/ / bfloTjdf cf3ft gk'ofO{ ;f]
k/Dk/f / k|rngnfO{ oyfjt sfof{Gjog x'g' ' cf}lrTok"0f{
xFb' f ;f] ;DaGwdf gofF Joj:yf ug'k{ g{] / rqm]Zj/sf]
clwsf/ / bfloTjdf kl/jt{g ug{k' g{] cfjZostf
b]lvPg .
!)= b]jtf u'7Lsf] ;+/If0f, ;~rfng /]vb]v
/ ;fdfGo afx]s ljz]if dd{t ;Def/ s;n] ug'k{ g{]
xf] eGg] bf];f| ] k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ b]jtfsf]
:yfkgf k/fk"js
{ fndf ePsf] / of] 3/ ljZj;Dkbf
;"rLdf k/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . ls=g+= @!& sf] hUufdf
lgld{t ejg wfld{s pkf;gfsf] s]Gb| ePaf6 ;f]sf]
pko'Qm kdf ;+/If0f tyf oyf ;dodf dd{t,
;Def/ / Joj:yfkg gePdf elTsO{ kftfn x'g;Sg]
ePsf]n] To:tf] cj:yfdf k/Dk/f / k|rngnfO{ dfq
cfwf/ lnO{ k"hf/L -rqm]Zj/_ nfO{ dfq b]jtf u'7Lsf]
ljsf; lgdf{0f / /]vb]vsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPdf ;fdflhs
ckgTjsf] cefjdf kof{Kt hg;xeflutf gh'6L b]jtf
3/sf] oyf]lrt\ ;+/If0f, dd{t / lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg]
cj:yf kg{ ;Sb5 . t;y{ k/Dk/f / k|rngnfO{
;d]t sfod /fVb} gjLg k4lt cjnDag u/L o;
b]j:ynsf] ljsf;, lgdf{0f / ;+/If0f ug{] pko'Qm
Joj:yf ug{' ;fGble{s x'g cfpF5 . k|f=:jl:t/Tg
zfSosf] n]vdf d"n :yjL/ / cfrfo{ rqm]Zj/L;lxt
P3f/ hgfsf] cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 xfd|f] O6'jF xfn
k/Dk/fb]lv rnL rnfO{ cfPsf] wfld{s / ;+:s[lts
lqmofsnfkx ;'rf kn] ;~rfng ub{5g\ .
O6'aF xfnsf] u'7Lsf hUuf hldgsf] /]vb]v, afnL
p7fpg], kf]tf dfnkf]t ltg{] / sf]lhj' qmd};uF ;+3nfO{
Joj:yf ug{] cflb sfo{x ub{5g\ eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvFbf dfly pNn]v u/]sf] rs]Zj/nfO{ k|fKt
clwsf/ / bfloTjdf c;/ gk'Ug] u/L b]jtfu'7Lsf]
;DklQsf] ;+/If0f, ;Daw{g, tyf ljsf; lgdf{0f ug{]
sfo{ k/Dk/fut ?kdf rlncfPadf]lhd ug'k{ g{] bfloTj

/xG5 .
!!= hxFf;Dd sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntsf]
@)%$.(.@@sf] km};nfn] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
@)$%.^.!( sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] xf],@)$%.^.!# sf]
lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] xf]Og, km};nfdf @)$%.^.!( sf]
lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] egL pNn]v ePsf] l:yltdf
@)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o ab/ ePsf] dfGg ldNb}g,
@)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o ab/ gu/]sf] l:yltdf ;f] lg0f{o
ab/ u/]sf] egL cy{ nufO{ ljjflbt 3/ hUuf
k|ltjfbLxsf] gfddf lghL u'7Ldf btf{ u/]sf] sfo{
sfg"g;Ddt\ 5}g, t;y{ ;f] km};nf / ljkIfLxsf]
gfddf u'7Ldf btf{ u/]sf] sfo{ ;d]t ab/ x'g' k' 5{ egL
lnPsf] lhsL/ 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ jfbL
df]tLsfhL :yflkt ;d]t k|ltjfbL /Tgnfn ah|frfo{
ePsf] lg0f{o btf{ ab/ d'2fsf] lkm/fb kqdf sf=lh=
sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=@^ ls=g+=@!& sf] hUuf / ;f]df
ag]sf] tLg tn] 3/ /Tgnfn ah|frfo{ ;~rfns
sfod e} b]jtfsf] lghL u'7L gfdfs/0f u/L lghsf]
gfddf btf{ ug{] u/L df=kf]=sf=sf7df8f}n
+ ] @)$%.^.!#
df lg0f{o u/]sf]n] ;f] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osf cfwf/df
/Tgnfn ;~rfns sfod e} lghsf] gfddf b]jtfsf]
lghL u'7L pNn]v u/L ePsf] btf{ ab/ u/L xfdL
O6'jF xfn lgjf;L jh|frfo{ / zfSoxsf] lghL u'7L
sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] d'2fdf
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 @)%$.(.@@ df km};nf
x'bF f 7x/ v08sf] jfbL bfjLsf] tYodf @)$%.^.!#
eGg] pNn]v eP klg lgisif{ v08df @)$%.^.!( sf]
lg0f{o ab/ x'G5 egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] lg0f{o @)$%.^.!# df ePsf] 5 . lkm/fb
bfjL klg ;f]xL ldltsf] lg0f{o ab/sf] dfu 5 . cbfntn]
klg dfucg';f/sf] btf{ ab/ ug{] km};nf u/]sf] 5 .
To:tf] l:yltdf cbfntn] lg0f{o ab/ ubf{ lkm/fb dfu
bfjLcg';f/sf] lg0f{o ldltsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf]] xf]
egL dfGg'kg{] x'G5 . e"njz lg0f{o ldlt @)$%.^.!(
n]lvFbd} f ;f] q'l6n] of] ;DklQ /Tgnfnsf] lghL u'7L g}
xf] eGg ldNb}g . 6fOk tyf n]vfO{sf] ;fdfGo q'l6n]
s;}sf] xs l;h{gf x'g] tyf s;}sf] xs nf]k x'g
;Sb}g . d"ntM ;Dk"0f{ lnvtsf] efjgf / ;Gbe{n] s'g}
lglZrt cy{ lbG5 eg] ;f]sf] k|lts"n d'b0| fsf] q'l6n]
704
kl/0ffdnfO{ km/s kfg{ ;Sb}g . g]sfk @)^&, lg=g+=

*#@*, k[= #&@ df k"0f{ Ohnf;f/f k|ltkflbt l;4fGtdf
rf/ lsNnf If]qkmn, /lhi6z
] g gDa/ / lnvt kfl/t
ldltn] O+lut u/]sf] lsQfgDa/nfO{ g} jfbL bfjLsf]
lsQf dflgPsf] 5, lkm/fbdf eg] lsQf gDa/ cs{}
n]lvPsf] lyof] . lkm/fb ;fy k|:t't lnvtsf] k|ltlnlk
/ lkm/fbsf] k]6af]nL / lkm/fbdf n]lvPsf] lsQf gDa/
k[ys eP klg ;f] lkm/fb n]vfO{nfO{ ;fdfGo q'l6
dflgPsf] 5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf klg km};nfdf ldlt
pNn]vgsf] qmddf ePsf] q'l6nfO{ lkm/fbsf] bfjL /
km};nfsf] k]6af]nLsf sf/0faf6 x'bF } gePsf] @)$%.^.!(
sf] lg0f{o n]lvg'nfO{ ;fdfGo q'l6 dfGg'kg{] x'G5 . o:tf
;fdfGo q'l6nfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ ab/ e};s]sf dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] ldlt @)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o sfod} 5 egL
dfnkf]tsf] ;f] lg0f{onfO{ dfGotf lbg] u/L ul/Psf]
/f}lr/f ts{nfO{ dfGotf lbg ldNb}g .
!@= lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf / ;f] km};nfsf]
cfwf/df b]jtf u'7Lsf] 3/hUuf k|ltjfbLx 1fgsfhL
zfSo;lxt ^ hgfsf] gfddf lghL u'7Ldf ePsf]
btf{ ab/ x'gk' g{] xf] jf xf]Og / ;f] sfo{n] b]jtfu'7Lsf]
;DklQsf] ;+/If0f x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] clGtd
k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ ^ hgfsf] gfddf btf{
ePsf] lghL u'7Lsf] btf{ ab/ x'gk' g{] xf] jf xf]Og /
b]jtfsf] ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug{ s'g k|lqmof cjnDag
ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 egL ljj]rgf ug'k{ g{] b]lvg cfof] .
ljjflbt ls=g+=+ @!& sf] hUuf zfSo / ah|frfo{xsf]
b]jtf b]jfnLk"hf ug{] k/Dk/fut ?kdf cfcfkm\gf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'k{ g{] ;femf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf]
eGg] ljifodf dfly ljj]rgf u/L ;lsPsf] 5 . ;f]
;femf ;/f]sf/sf] hUuf / To;df lgld{t 3/ s'g}
Ps kIf jf s]xL JolQmxsf] gfddf btf{ ubf{ lxgfldgf
x'G5 ls egL Pscfk;df cfz+sf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
b]jtf3/sf] hUuf / 3/ klxn] s] s;/L /fVg]] u/]sf]
/x]5, k/Dk/f / ;+:sf/ s] /x]5 egL x]bf{ k|f= :j:tL/Tg
zfSosf] n]vdf Ps ysfnLsf] gfpFdF f btf{ /x]sf]
jf kf]tf lt/]sf] e/df ;f] u'7L hUuf d]/f] afh] a/fh'sf]
gfpFdF f ePsf]n] cfkm\gf] afh] a/fh'n] /fv]sf] xf] egL
bfjL ug{ s;}n] klg s'g} cfwf/df ;Sb}g, 5f]/f
5f]/Lxdf c+z / bfg js;af6 ghfg], ljxf/sf]
;DklQdf g} lkmtf{ x'g,] s;}sf] gfdaf6 kf]tf lt/] klg
705
;f] hUuf gflt kgfltxn] cfkm\gf] gfddf gfd;f/L

u/fO{ lng j]rljvg ug{ ;d]t gx'g] ;fd"lxs xslxtsf]
u'7L cyf{t\ lghL xs dfqsf] k}lqs ;DklQ ge}
O6Fj' xfnsf] lghL u'7L ;a}sf] ;fd"lxs ;DklQ xf]
eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 b]jtf3/sf] hUuf 3/ s'g} JolQmsf]
gfddf btf{ u/L /fVg] u/]sf] / ;f] JolQmn] lt/f] kf]t
lt/] klg lghsf] lghL ;DklQ x'g g;Sg] / ljqmL
ljt/0f, c+za08f, lnnfd ;d]t x'g g;Sg] ;fd"lxs
xssf] ;DklQ xf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . /Tgnfn
ah|frfo{n] ;dfhsf] ;xdlt glnO{ b]jfnL b]jtfu'7Lsf]
hUuf 3/ PSn} lghL u'7Lsf] kdf btf{ u/]sf] sf/0f
;fdflhs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f x'g ;Sb}g ls egL btf{
ab/ ug{ ph"/L k/]sf] / sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn]
/Tgnfn ah|frfo{n] lghsf] gfddf lghL u'7Ldf btf{
u/]sf] sfo{ ab/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] 3/ hUuf
;dfhn] ;+/If0f ug{] egL ^ hgf zfSoxsf] gfddf
lghL u'7Ldf btf{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!#= ;f] b]jtfsf] ;DklQ b]lvFbf To;sf] ;+/If0f
ug{ ^ hgfsf] gfddf /fv]sf] eP klg k|ltpQ/df /
ax;sf] qmddf Ohnf;df g} lghxn] b]jtfsf] ;DklQ
df:g], vfg] dg;fon] btf{ u/]sf] xf]Og ;+/If0f /
ljsf; lgdf{0f ug{ egL btf{ u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f JoQm
u/]sfn] lghxsf] ;f] u'7L ;DklQ df:g] / b]jtf tyf
u'7LnfO{ gf]S;fg kfg{] sfo{ cfkm";d]t s;}af6 klg x'g
gx'g] s'/fdf ;xdlt /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . dfly pNn]v
u/]sf] k/Dk/f / k|rngaf6 klg b]jtf u'7Lsf] hUuf
h'g;'s} JolQmsf] gfddf /x] klg lghxsf] lghL
;DklQ gx'g,] c+za08f gnfUg], ljqmL Jojxf/ /
lnnfdnufot s'g} k|lqmof / k4ltaf6 x:tfGt/0f
gx'g] k|sl[ tsf] ;fd"lxs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] ;DklQ eO{
s;}n] df:g] gf:g] sfo{ u/] wd{nf]k x'g] ;d]t b]lvFbf
h'g;'s} JolQmsf] gfddf /fv] klg jf btf{jfnf ^
hgfsf] gfddf /fv] klg tflTjs cGt/ kg{] b]lvFbg} .
;f] b]jfnL b]jtf3/sf] hUuf ah|frfo{ / zfSoxsf]
wfld{s pkf;gfsf] ljifo x'bF f k/Dk/fut ?kdf ah|frfo{
;d'bfosf rqm]Zj/n] u/L cfPsf] sfo{ / kfng eO{
cfPsf] bfloTj oyfjt\ /xg] u/L xfn btf{ e} /x]sf
JolQmsf] gfddf /x] klg :jo+ jf s'g} ;+:yfsf gfdaf6
To;sf] dd{t, ;Def/, ljsf;, ;+/If0f / ;'Joj:yf
sfod ug{ kfpg] g} x'G5 . b]jtfsf] ;f] ;DklQsf]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
;+/If0f ug{] kljq wf/0ffsf ;DaGwdf jfbL k|ltjfbL b'j}

kIfsf] ;xdlt /x]af6 z+sf ug{k' g{] b]lvPg . h;sf]
lg0f{o g+= *^)%
gfddf b]jtfsf] 3/hUuf /fv] klg b]jtf u'7Lsf] ;f]
hUuf 3/nufot ;DklQ wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/sf]
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ' m Ohnf;
kdf ;b}j /xg] / rGbfbftf, bft[ ;+:yf jf lgsfo,
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
;/sf/ jf ljb]zL ;d]taf6 k|fKt x'g] ;xof]uaf6 b]jtfsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
of] 3/hUuf / o;sf] kl/;/sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ljsf;
@)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@*%!
lgdf{0f ;d]tsf sfd cfk;L ;xdltdf s'g} klg kIfn]
cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!!.!).#
ug{ ;Sg] eO{ s'g} kIf o; sfddf afws ag]df k'/ftTj
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]z .
ljefu u'7L ;+:yfg / gu/kflnsf h:tf ;fj{hlgs
lgsfosf] lgb{z
] g adf]lhd oL sfd ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvFbf lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g % 6+ufn l:yt g]kfn
1fg/fh zfSoxsf] gfddf ePsf] btf{ / lhNnf
cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf]
cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ ug{k' g{] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg .
clwsf/k|fKt ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;lrj
To;sf/0f km};nf ldlt km/s k/]sf] eGg] k|fljlws tyf
nlntk'/ lhNnf nlntk'/ p=d=g=kf= j8f g+=
oflGqs cfwf/df dfq o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] lg:;f;Fu
! a:g] jif{ $% sf] slag 9'+ n
]
Ohnf; ;xdt x'g ;s]g .
lj?4
!$= t;y{, dfnkf]t sfof{non]] ljjflbt 3/ ljkIfLM C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}F
hUuf /Tgnfn ah|frfo{sf] gfddf btf{ ug]{ u/]sf]
ldlt @)$%.^.!# sf] lg0f{o / /Tgnfn jh|frfo{sf]
hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/sf] ;|ft] jf ;Gbe{sf]
gfddf btf{ ;|:] tf sfod u/]sf] sfo{ ;d]t ab/ u/]sf]
?kdf d"n s/f/ /xg ;St5 t/ hdfgt
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%$.(.@@ sf]
kq hf/L ug] { a} + s n] lxtu| f xL kIf
km};nf / ;f]sf] cfwf/ lnO{ k|ltjfbL 1fg/fh zfSo
-Beneficiary_ sf] gfddf hdfgt kq hf/L
;d]tsf] gfddf dfnkf]t sfof{non] ls=g+= !@& sf]
ul/;s]kl5 o;n] :jtGq / leGg s/f/sf]
hUuf btf{ ug{] u/]sf] lg0f{o / btf{ ;|:] tf sfod u/]sf]
?k wf/0f ub{5 / d"n s/f/sf kIfx aLrsf]
sfo{ ;d]t sfg"g;Ddt b]lvFbf lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
ljjfb;Fu of] hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/cGtu{t
@)%$.(.@@sf] km};nf / dfnkf]t sfof{non]] ;f]
hdfgtstf{n] k"/f ug'k{ g]{ bfloTjdf s'g} c;/
km};nfsf] cfwf/df 1fg/fh zfSo ;d]tsf gfddf
gug]{ .
btf{ ug{] u/]sf] ldlt @)%*.!!.!% sf] lg0f{o, tyf btf{
-k|s/0f g+=@_
;|:] tf sfod u/]sf] sfo{ ab/ ug{ lnPsf] bfjL k'Ug
hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/df cGoyf Joj:yf
g;Sg] 7x/ u/]sf] sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
ul/Psf] cj:yfdf afx]s d"n s/f/ cyf{t\
@)^!.!!.%sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
h'g s/f/sf] bfloTj k"/f ug{sf] nflu
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!.!* sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf
hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/ ePsf] xf] ;f] s/f/sf]
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bsxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
kl/kfngfsf] ;DaGwdf kIfx aLr s'g} ljjfb
k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
pTkGg ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq hdfgt;DaGwL
a'emfO{ lbg" .
s/f/adf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{af6 hdfgt
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
lbg] JolQm d'Qm gx'g] .
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
-k|s/0f g+=#_
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn r}t !% ut] /f]h # z'ed\
hdfgt kq hlxn] klg d"n C0fLn] ltg'k{ g]{
Ohnf; clws[tMnLnf/fh clwsf/L
C0f jf k"/f ug{k' g]{ s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f ug{
706
*^)% - g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln= lj=C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f ;d]t
u/fpgsf] nflu hf/L ul/g] x'gfn] a}s

+ hdfgt
kqcGtu{tsf] /sdsf] e'QmfgL ePsf] sf/0fn]
k|ToIf ?kdf c;/ ug]{ kIf eg]sf] d"n C0fL
g} xf] . hdfgtstf{n] lxtu|fxL kIfnfO{ u/]sf]
e'QmfgLsf] /sdsf] ;f]wegf{ klg d"n C0fLaf6
g} lng kfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
a}+s hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/df g} cGoyf
Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yfdf afx]s d"n
s/f/cg' ; f/ bfloTj k" / f ug] { JolQm
-d"n C0fL_ n] pQm s/f/cg';f/ bfloTj k"/f
gu/]sf] x'gfn] hdfgt kqsf] /sdsf] e'QmfgL
kfpg dfu u/]kl5 oxL dfu g} d"n C0fLn]
s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] s'/fsf] k|df0f
dflgG5 / a}s
+ hdfgt kqsf] Dofb ;lsPsf]
cj:yfdf afx]s hf/L ug]{ a}s
+ n] o; ljifodf
yk ljjfb p7fpg] jf k|df0f a'emL s'g} lg0f{o
ug]{ clwsf/ o:tf] a}s
+ nfO{ x'bF g} / hdfgt
kqsf] /sd dfucg';f/ e'QmfgL ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo >L clgns'df/
l;Gxf / >L yfg]Zj/ sfkm\n]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L ;ltzs[i0f v/]n,
>L s'df/ /]UdL
cjnlDat ghL/M;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt afl0fHo
sfg"g;DaGwL s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ghL/x, @)^#,
efu $, k[i7 %^!.%^@
;Da4 sfg"gM
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf !&-$_, !(
C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* bkmf @, @-r_, !%-!_
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
cfb]z
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# tyf wf/f **-@_ adf]lhd
kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f /
cfb]z lgDg 5M
707
lhNnf bf]nvf vl/9'fdf lgj]bs g]kfn

cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=sf] l;len js{ ckm 8]8ag{6
DofUg];fO6 KnfG6sf] lgdf{0ffTds ;+/rgfTds
sfo{x ug{sf nflu ljkIfL ldQn P08 sDkgL
sG:6Szg k|f=ln= / xfdL lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08
DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=sf aLr ldlt @)$@.!.#! df s/f/
;Demf}tf ePsf] xf] . ;f] sfo{sf] nflu ldQn P08
sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=sf] cg'/f]wdf ljkIfL a}s
+ n]
lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=sf] gfddf
hdfgt kq (Performance Bond) ldlt @)$@.&.@!
df lnlvt ?kdf hf/L u/]sf] xf] .
ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=n]
s/f/adf]lhd sfd ug{ g;s]sf] egL lgj]bs g]kfn
cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=n] hdfgt kq (Performance
Bond) afktsf] /sd ljkIfL a}s
+ ;Fu dfu u/]sf]df
ldlt @)$#.!!.@^ df ljkIfL a}s
+ af6 e'QmfgL ug]{
sfd ePsf] xf] .
ljkIfL ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg
k|f=ln=n] s/f/adf]lhd ?=@@,*&,@#^. Ifltk"lt{ bfjL
u/L xfdL g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=sf lj?4
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f btf{ u/fPsf]df hDdf
?=$,@@,))). sf] dfq bfjL k'Ug] u/L km};nf ePsf]df
;f]nfO{ g} ;b/ ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6
ldlt @)%&.(.@% df km};nf ePsf] 5 . pQm d'2fdf
hdfgt kqadf]lhdsf /sdsf ;DaGwdf s'g} bfjL
gePsf] / cbfntn] ;d]t hdfgtafktsf] /sd
g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=n] ljkIfL a}s
+ nfO{
lkmtf{ ug'k{ g]{ egL km};nfsf] k]6af]nLdf st} klg
af]ns
] f] 5}g . lgj]bsn] ;f] avt hdfgt kq bfjL
ul/;s]sf]df pQm d'2fsf lkm/fbL ldQn P08 sDkgLn]
hdfgtkqsf] /sd af/] dfu bfjL u/]s} 5}g . kl5
klg ph"/ u/]sf] 5}g .
o;} aLrdf ljkIfL a}+sn] s/f/;DaGwL
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)%&.(.@%
df ePsf] km};nfcg';f/ egL sl/a !$ jif{kl5
xfdL lgj]bs sDkgLpk/ k/km/d]G; j08afktsf]
/sd ?=^,*%,@^). / Aofh ?=!,!(,!),@*&.%!
;d]t lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] d'2f a}s
+ tyf laQLo ;+:yfsf]
C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* adf]lhd ljkIfL C0f c;"nL

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}d+ f ;/L cfO sf/jfxL x'bF f

ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] ph"/L bfjL xbDofb laxLg, cGt/f{li6o
d"No dfGotf / l;4fGt Pj+ s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf]
bkmf !%, !( / !& ljk/Lt e} cgflwsf/ Pj+ u}/sfg"gL
ePsf]n] vf/]h ug]{ u/L C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6
ldlt @)^!.#.!^ df lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] .
pQm lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL
a} + s sf] C0f c;" n L k' g /fj] b g Gofoflws/0f
sf7df8f}d
+ f k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df ljkIfL a}s
+ n] bfjL
u/] s f] Aofhafx] s k/km/d] G ; j08sf] /sd
?=^,*%,@^).ljkIfL a}s
+ nfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ 7x/
u/L C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{odf cf+lzs
pN6L x' g ] lg0f{ o C0f c;" n L k' g /fj] b g
Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt @)^@.@.@) df ePsf] . ljkIfL
a}+sn] bfjL u/]sf] /sd lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08
DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=n] C0f lnPsf] /sd gePsf]
tYo :ki6 x'bF f xfdL lgj]bsnfO{ C0fL eGg gldNg]
ePsf] n ] g} k| r lnt sfg" g Pj+ cGt/f{ l i6 o
k|rngcg';f/ ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] cfk\mgf] jf;nftdf
ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=nfO{ C0fL
sfod u/L C0f c;"npk/sf nflu lwtf] lnnfd
nufotsf] sfg"gL sf/jfxL ;d]t rnfPsf] s'/fdf
ljjfb 5}g . sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6g / ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] s'g} klg km};nfdf
C0fL kl/jt{g ePsf] s'/f pNn]v gx'Fbf cyf{t\
xfdL lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ C0fL sfod ug'k{ g]{ egL
km} ; nf gePsf] pk/f] Q m tYout k[ i 7e" l ddf
cbfntsf] km};nfxaf6 C0fL kl/jt{g eof] eGg]
ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] lhsL/ / ;f]xL cg';f/sf] k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o sfg"gljk/Lt 5 . a}s
+ tyf
laQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @%_ df C0f sf] kl/efiff adf]lhd a}s
+ af6 C0f
lng] tyf hdfgt lbg] JolQmnfO{ C0fL elgg] :ki6
x'bF f lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=n]
ljkIfL a}s
+ af6 s'g} klg C0f glnPsf] / hdfgt
lbg] JolQm klg gx'bF f lgj]bsnfO{ C0fL eGg ldNb}g
/ sfg"gL ?kdf hdfgt k|fKt ug]{ kIfnfO{ C0fL
sfod ug{ ;lsFbg} . a}s
+ Uof/]06Lafktsf] /sd
e'QmfgL ePkl5 k|rlnt sfg"g / hdfgt lbFbf
ePsf] lnvtadf]lhd pQm /sdnfO{ ljkIfL ldQn
P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=sf] gfddf ljkIfL

a}+sn] C0f sfod u/]sf] / bfjL u/]sf] C0f
c;"npk/sf] nflu ldQn P08 sDkgLsf] lwtf]
lnnfdnufotsf] sfg"gL sf/jfxL rnfPsf] xf] .
ljkIfL a}s
+ n] bfjL u/]sf] /sd C0f ePsf] / ldQn
P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln= C0fL ePsf] s'/fdf
lajfb gx'bF f k|:t't ljjfb C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf]
clwsf/If]qleq kg]{ t/ C0f ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{
JolQm cyf{t\ C0fL ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg
k|f=ln=nfO{ ljkIfL g} gagfO{ ljkIfL a}s
+ n] d'2f btf{
u/]sf] :ki6 x'bF f ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] ph"/L lgj]bg vf/]h
x'g] egL C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf]
sfg"g;+ut km};nfnfO{ s]xL pN6L ug]{ u/L ePsf]
C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf k|ToIf
sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ x'g' kb{5 .
ljkIfL a}s
+ af6 ldlt @)$@.&.@! df hf/L
ul/Psf] hdfgt kqsf] /sd ldlt @)$#.!!.@^ df
lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=nfO{ e'QmfgL
ug]{ sfd unt ePsf] xf] eg] ;f]xL ldltaf6} d'2f
ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f k/]sf] dfGg'kg{] x'G5 / s/f/ P]g, @)@#
sf] xbDofbleq d'2f bfo/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
xfdL lgj]bsn] /sd ltg'{ a'emfpg' gkg]{
ePs} sf/0f xfdL lgj]bspk/ s'g} sf/jfxL rnfPsf]
5}g . ljkIfL a}s
+ jfbL k|ltjfbL g} gePsf] cGo
JolQmx aLr rn]sf] s/f/;DaGwL d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)%&.(.@% nfO{ k|:t't
d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f k/]sf] ldlt sfod ug{ ldNb}g .
k|:t't ljjfb eg]sf] ldlt @)$@.&.@! df hf/L ul/Psf]
hdfgt ;DaGwL s/f/;Fu ;DalGwt x'bF f of] ljjfbdf
s/f/ P]g, @)@# cfslif{t x'g] ePsf]n] P]=P]g cg';f/
d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f k/]sf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq d'2f
ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf x'bF f ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] lkm/fb sl/a !%
jif{ kl5 cyf{t\ ldlt @)%*.%.@* df btf{ ePsf]
b]lvFbf xbDofb g3fO{ btf{ ePsf]n] ;f]xL cfwf/df
vf/]h ul/g' kg]d{ f s'g} lajfb 5}g . t/ C0f c;"nL
k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0faf6 s/f/;DaGwL d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)%&.(.@%
nfO{ g} d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f k/]sf] egL unt cy{ nufO{
ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] lkm/fb kq xbDofb leq g} ePsf]
:jLsf/ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;+ut 5}g .
708
ldlt @)%&.(.@% nfO{ g} d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f

dfGg] xf] eg] klg ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] ph"/L tLg dlxgfsf]
xbDofb g3fO{ ldlt @)%*.%.@* df btf{ ePsf] :ki6
x'bF f vf/]h x'gk' g]{ :ki6 5 .
hdfgt kq h;sf] gfddf hf/L ePsf] x'G5
pQm JolQmn] hdfgt kqdf pNn]v ePsf] /sd dfu
ugf{;fy ljgf s'g} zt{ jf k|df0f hdfgt lbg] a}s
+ n]
e'QmfgL ug'k{ g]{ afWotf x'G5 . of] Ps 5'} :jtGq
k|sl[ tsf] ljz]if s/f/ xf] . of] s/f/sf] bfloTjaf6
hdfgt lbg] a}s
+ klG5g ;Sb}g . s/f/sf kIfxsf]
aLrdf s'g} ljjfb pTkGg ePdf jf To:tf] ljjfbdf
cbfntaf6 h] h:tf];s
' } lg0f{o eP tfklg hdfgt
kqsf] ;DaGwdf To;sf] s'g} c;/ x'bF g} .
a}s
+ Uof/]06L hkmt ug]{ JolQm;Fu s/f/df
ljjfb ePsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ To:tf] Ps k6s hkmt e}
e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd C0f ;/x sfod u/L lgj]bs
sDkgL;Fu lkmtf{ dfu ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ljkIfL a}s
+ nfO{
s'g} klg sfg"gn] lbPsf] 5}g .
lgif]wf1f d'2fdf ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)%%.(.@) df ePsf] km};nf / s/f/;DaGwL d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)%&.(.@% df
ePsf] k}m;nfdf klg lgj]bsn] ljkIfL a}+snfO{
hdfgtafktsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug'k{ g]{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5}g .
ljkIfL a}s
+ n] cfk"m;Fu ePsf] hdfgtsf] lnvt Pj+
lwtf] aGws lnvtadf]lhd ldQn P08 sDkgL
sG:6Szg k|f=ln=af6 /sd c;"npk/ ul/lng k|rlnt
s'g} klg sfg"gn] /f]s nufPsf] 5}g . ljkIfL a}s
+ sf]
bfjL sfg"gtM ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=
pk/ dfq nfUg ;Sg] x'bF f xfdL lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08
DofUg];fO6nfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ePsf] ljkIfL a}s
+ sf]
lkm/fb bfjL lhsL/ hdfgt ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o d"No
/ dfGotf Pj+ k|rlnt sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] egL vf/]h
ug]{ u/L C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] lg0f{odf
s] x L pN6L ug] { u/L C0f c;" n L k' g /fj] b g
Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] lg0f{o k|ToIf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{
x'bF f ab/ ul/g' kb{5 .
ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] lkm/fb bfjL x]bf{ klg s/f/ P]g,
@)%^ s} cfwf/df lkm/fb btf{ ePsf] t/ hdfgt;DaGwL
s/f/sf] ljifodf eg] lkm/fb ph"/Ldf st}klg pNn]v
ePsf] kfOb}g lsgsL of] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ljkIfL
709
a}s
+ sf] bfjL ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=
pk/ nfUg] :ki6 5 .
ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=n]
a}s
+ nfO{ pk/f]Qm sfg"gadf]lhd ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd
lt/L a'emfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf u}/sfg"gL ?kdf k'gM
pQm /sd lkmtf{ u/]sf] / ;f] /sd hdfgt;DaGwL
s/f/ sfg"gljk/Lt lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6
k|f=ln=pk/ bfjL u/]sf] b]lvFbf ab\lgotk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL
ePsf] :ki6 5 .
ldlt @)$@.!.#! df s/f/ ;Demf}tfcg';f/
ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=n] s/f/adf]lhd
sfd ug{ g;s]sf] egL lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6
k|f=ln=n] hdfgt kqafktsf] /sd hkmt u/L ljkIfL
a}s
+ ;Fu dfu u/]sf]df ldlt @)$#.!!.@^ df ljkIfL
a}s
+ af6 e'QmfgL ug]{ sfd ePsf] x'bF f s/f/ P]g, @)%^
sf] bkmf !% -!_ / -@_ tyf bkmf !^ cGtu{tsf]
hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/sf] bfloTj ljkIfL a}s
+ af6 k"/f
ePsf] xf] . ljkIfL a}s
+ n] xfdL lgj]bsnfO{ /sd e'QmfgL
ug'k{ g{] bfloTj k"/f u/]kl5 pQm /sdnfO{ cfkm\gf]
vftfdf ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szgsf] gfddf C0f
sfod u/L c;"npk/sf nflu sf/jfxL ug{ kfpg]
sfg"gL clwsf/ s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf !( df
pNn]v 5 / ;f]adf]lhd sf/jfxL ;d]t cufl8 a9fPsf]
ljkIfL a}ssf] lkm/fb ph"/Ldf :ki6 pNn]v 5 . s/f/
P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf !( tyf bkmf !&-$_ sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ljkIfL a}s
+ n] s/f/ kfngf ;DaGwdf
ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] cflb sf/0fnufot s'g} klg
k|sf/sf] axfgfdf xfdL g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6
k|f=ln=sf lj?4 d'2f u/L a}s
+ Uof/]06Lafktsf] /sd
lkmtf{ dfu ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL clwsf/ gx'bF f ljkIfL
a}s
+ sf] bfjL sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf]n] vf/]h x'g] egL
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt
ePsf] 5 . C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0faf6
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ df ul/Psf] hdfgt ;DaGwL s/f/sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] q'l6 u/L lg0f{o ePsf] k|i6 5 .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfsf] cfwf/df
ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=n] xfdL lgj]bs;Fu
lauf] e/L e/fpsf nflu sfg"gL sf/jfxL rnfPsf] /
lauf]afkt xfdL lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6
k|f=ln=sf] ;DklQ ;d]t lnnfd u/L lnPsf] tYo ldQn

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=n] C0f c;"nL

Gofoflws/0fdf u/]sf] aofgaf6 :ki6 x'bF f Unjust
Enrichment sf] l;4fGt nfu" x'g] k|Zg g} 5}g . s/f/sf]
kfngf gePsf] sf/0f k' g /fj] b g cbfntsf]
km};nfcg';f/ g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=n]
Ifltk"lt{:j?k ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=nfO{
/sd a'emfpg' kg];
{ Dd xf] t/ a}s
+ Uof/]06Lafkt hkmt
ul/Psf] /sd ljkIfL a+s
+} n] g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6
k|f=ln=;Fu lkmtf{ dfu ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL clwsf/ 5}g /
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf of] a}s
+ Uof/]06Lsf]
ljifodf xfdLn] /sd ljkIfL j}s
+ nfO{ ltg'k{ g]{ km};nf
klg ePsf] 5}g . ljkIfL a}s
+ n] ljkIfL ldQn P08
sDkgLaf6 gub} /sd cfk"mn] lnO{ ;s]sf]df cfk;L
ldnf]dtf]af6 ;f] /sd lkmtf{ u/L xfn xfdLnfO{ C0fL
sfod ug'a{ f6 klg ljkIfL a}s
+ / ldQn P08 sDkgL
;kmf xft lnP/ sf/f]af/ gu/]sf] k|i6 x'G5 .
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfdf c;/ kg]{ s'g}
cfb]z ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ePsf] 5}g . lhNnf cbfntn]
klg hdfgt ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f af]ns
] f] 5}g . k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 pQm s/f/sf] ljjfbsf] clGtd 6'f] nfu]kl5
ljkIfL a}s
+ nfO{ ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=af6
cfgf] C0f /sd c;"npk/ ug{sf] nflu lwtf] lnnfd
ug{ s'g} sfg"gL afwf c8\rg 5}g . lgif]wf1fsf] km};nfaf6
xfdL lgj]bspk/ ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] s'g} bfjL nfUg g;Sg]
:ki6 x'bF fx'bF } C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0faf6
ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] sfg"gljk/Ltsf] bfjL k"/} vf/]h ug'k{ g]d{ f
cf+lzs 7xg]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/
ul/g' kb{5 .
pk/f]Qm pNn]v ul/Psf] tYout sfg"gL
cfwf/ a'bF fxaf6 hdfgtsf ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6o
d"No dfGotf / l;4fGt Pj+ s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf
!%, !( / !& tyf a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f
c;"nL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-5_ ljk/Lt e} u}/sfg"gL
ePsf]n] ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h ug]{ u/L
ljkIfL C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt @)^!.#.!^
df ePsf] sfg"g;+ut lg0f{odf cf+lzs pN6L u/L ldlt
@)^@.@.@) ut] ljkIfL C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0fn] k/km/d]G; a08sf] /sd ?=^,*%,@^).
ljkIfL a}s
+ nfO{ lgj]bsn] a'emfpg' kg]{ ;Ddsf] lg0f{o
If]qflwsf/ljxLg u}/sfg"gL e} lgj]bssf] g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !! / wf/f !&

f/f k|bQ xs clwsf/ cf3ftLt Pj+ s'l07t ePsf]
5 . lgj]bsn] k/km/d]G; a08sf] /sd ?=^,*%,@^).
ljkIfL a}s
+ nfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ xb;Ddsf] ljkIfL C0f
c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] ldlt @)^@.@.@)
sf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0f jf hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]zf/f
ab/ ul/kfpFm . s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf !%, !& /
!( cg';f/ ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] ph"/L bfjLcg';f/sf] /sd
ljkIfL ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg k|f=ln=af6
c;"npk/ ug'{ egL g]k] fn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
sf] wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t ljkIfL g]kfn a}s
+ ln=sf]
gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm .
k|:t't lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd C0f
c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] ldlt @)^@.@.@)
sf]] km};nf sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfL C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0f / C0f c;"nL clws[t ;d]tsf]
gfddf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
$! adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu bfjL .
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfL C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f
;d] t nfO{ ;" r gf k7fO{ To;sf] af] w fy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg' . lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm}+ jf cfkm\gf]
k|ltlglwf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt
gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL ldQn P08 sDkgL
sG:6Szg k|f=ln=nfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdfkm{t\
;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ .
;fy} cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{
ldlt @)^@.*.& ut] o; cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g' egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.&.@* sf] cfb]z .
710
o;df jfbL ldQn P08 sDkgL sG;6S;g

k|f=ln= k|ltjfbL g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln= ePsf]
s/f/ d'2fdf sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)%$.(.!^ df ePsf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)%&.(.@% df ePsf] km};nf
;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ xfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ug{k' g]{ cj:yf b]lvPg . sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.*.@^ sf] cfb]z .
g]kfn a}s
+ ln= zfvf sfof{no sf7df8f}n
F ]
a}l+ s kl/kf6LcGtu{t cfkm\gf] /sd shf{ nufgL;/x
lkmtf{ lng kfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf cGoyf eGg] 7fpF 5}g .
ljkIfLn] cfk"mn] bfjL ug{ gx'g] /sd ;xL / tYodf
cfwfl/t ;"rgf k|jfx gu/L e'QmfgL lnO;s]kl5 ljkIfLn]
h] h:tf] axfgf u/] klg ljkIfLsf] lhsL/ c8fg
ta;Dd sfod /xG5 ha;Dd ljkIfLn] cfk"mn] s/f/df
pNn]v ePsf] zt{cg';f/ bfjL u/]sf] x'gk' g]{ / To:tf]
bfjLnfO{ cbfntsf] km};nf ;d]tn] ;dy{g u/L ;fy{s
t'NofPsf] x'gk' g]{ x'G5 . ;f]sf] ljk/Lt hdfgL kqdf
bfjL ubf{ lnPsf] lhsL/ cfwf/nfO{ lg/fwf/ sfod
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)%&.(.@%
sf] km};nfaf6 b]lvG5 . bfjL ug{ gx'g] /sd bfjL u/L
e'QmfgL lnO{ ;s]sf] lkmtf{ ug'{ kb}g{ eGg] b]lvFbg} .
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf *% sf] v08 -s_ cg';f/
a}s
+ n] bfjL ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] lng gx'g] /sd e'QmfgL
lnPsf] kl/0ffd lxtu|fxLsf] :yfg u'dfO{ d"n C0fLsf]
?kdf sfg"gL Pj+ g}lts bfloTj axg ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 .
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] ldlt @)^!.#.!^ sf] km};nfdf
ePsf] k/km/d]G; j08sf] d"n /sddf ;fFjfsf] xs;Dd
s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ egL C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt @)^@.@.@) ut] ePsf] km};nf
lnlvt hjfkmjfnfnfO{ d"n /sd ;fFjf;Dd e/fpg]
xsdf ;Dd lrQ a'em]sf]n] ;f]nfO{ ;b/} u/L ;f]pk/
k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm .
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf *$ sf] pkbkmf !
n] s/f/ ug]{ s'g} kIfn] csf]{ kIfaf6 s/f/adf]lhd
s]xL gub, lhG;L jf cGo s'g} nfe lnO;s]kl5 jf
s/f/adf]lhdsf bfloTjx cf+lzs ?kdf k"/f
ul/;s]kl5 kIfxsf] ;xdltaf6 s/f/ /2 ePdf jf
o; P]g jf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhdsf] s/f/sf]
kl/kfngf ug{' gkg]{ ePdf jf sfg"gadf]lhd ab/
711
ePdf jf o; P]gadf]lhd cdfGo jf /2 ePdf To;/L

lbPsf] gub jf lhG;L s/f/ axfn /x]sf] lbg;Ddsf]
lx;fj ldnfg u/L lkmtf{ ug'k{ g]{ gub jf lhG;L lkmtf{
ug'k{ g]5
{ eGg] Joj:yfcg';f/ 7]sb] f/;Fu k/:k/
;xdltaf6 jf o; P]g jf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
s/f/sf] kl/kfngf ug{ gkg]{ ePdf jf sfg"gadf]lhd
s/f/ ab/ ePsf] s'/fsf] ts{;u+ t cf}lrTo l/6 lgj]bsn]
g} k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ cGoyf pk/f]Qm cfwf/ k|df0fxsf]
cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dsf{ kg]{ kIfn]
cfk"mn] e'QmfgL a'emfPsf] gubsf] cg'kftdf Jofh;lxt
e'QmfgL kfpg' kg]{ x'bF f bfjL u/]sf] xf] . tLg} hgf
s/f/sf kIfx dWo] Ps kIf lnlvt hjfkmjfnf
a}s
+ nfO{ e'mSofO{ lnPsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug'k{ g]{ g} x'G5 .
k|:t't d'2fdf shf{ nufgL ug{ :yflkt ePsf]
Ohfht k|fKt a}s
+ n] u/]sf] sf/f]jf/ xf] . Aofh /sd
eg]sf] a}s
+ ;~rfngsf] d]?b08 g} xf] . ;f] xFb' f Jofh
;lxtsf] bfjL ug{ lnlvt hjfkmjfnfsf] xsdf ;fGble{s
g} ePsf]n] ;fFjf e/fPs} ldn]g egL ;f] pk/ k/]sf]
l/6 lgj]bg :jt vf/]hefuL x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL g]kfn a}s
+ ln= zfvf sfof{no
sf7df8f}s
F f] lnlvthjfkm .
ljz]if sfg"gf/f ul/Psf] ljz]if Joj:yfnfO{
;fdfGo sfg"gsf] ;Gbe{df x]g{ klg ldNb}g . k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg g} gePsf] cj:yfn] lgj]bsn]
p7fPsf] pQm d'2fsf] sf/jfxL clGtd e};s]sf] 5 .
ljz]if sfg"gadf]lhd clGtd 6'f] nflu;s]sf] d'2fsf]
km};nf sfof{Gjog /f]Sg ldNb}g . lagf sfg"gL cfwf/
o;/L km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{ /f]Sbf lg0f{osf]
cf}lrTodf k|Zg p7\g hfg] dfq xf]Og o; Gofoflws/0f
:yfkgfsf] cf}lrTodf g} c;/ kg{ hfg] x'G5 . lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhd s'g} lsl;dsf] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L ug{ ldNb}g . pk/f]Qm sf/0f k|df0fxaf6 o;
Gofoflws/0fsf gfddf s'g} lsl;dsf] l/6 hf/L x'gk' g]{
xf]Og, pQm l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}s
+ f] lnlvt hjfkm .
7]sb] f/n] s/f/ e+u u/]sf] eGg] em"7f nf~5gf
nufPsf] cbfntaf6 ;d]t k|dfl0ft e};s]sf] cj:yfdf
lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf p7fPsf s/f/ P]g ;d]tsf hlt
klg sfg"gL k|Zgx 5g\ tL ;a} Joj:yf lgj]bsn]
ljlwjt\ ?kdf e'QmfgL lnPsf] cj:yfdf dfq} nfu" x'g]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
xf] lng} gx'g] /sd a}s

+ df em"7f Joxf]/f bzf{O{ lnP/
uPsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf k|:t't
k|;uF df cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] :ki6 5 . lng gx'g] /sd
lnPs} cfwf/df lgj]bssf] ;DklQ ;DaGwL xs :yflkt
ePsf] eGg gldNg] e} ;f] e'QmfgLsf] /sddf g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !& cGtu{t
lgj]bssf] ;DklQ ;DaGwL xs l;h{gf ePsf] dfGg
ldNg] xf]Og . o;sf] cltl/Qm lgj]bssf] ;DklQ ;DaGwL
xs g} xgg\ gePsf] cj:yfdf wf/f !! cGtu{t
;dfgtfsf] xs xgg\ eof] eGg ldNg] l:ylt ;d]t
/xFbg} , ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] C0f
c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}s
+ f] lnlvt
hjfkm .
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s
lawflosL ljj]ssf ;DaGwdf cbfntn] k|Zg ub}g{ .
lgj]bsn] a}s
+ tyf laQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ljz]if
sfg"gf/f ul/Psf] ljz]if Joj:yfnfO{ ;fdfGo sfg"gsf]
;Gbe{df x]g{ klg ldNb}g . k'g/fj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL
k|fjwfg g} gePsf] cj:yfn] lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] pQm
d'2fsf] sf/jfxL clGtd e};s]sf]
5 . ljz]if sfg"gadf]lhd clGtd 6'f] nflu
;s]sf] d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog /f]Sg ldNb}g . lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhd d ;d]tsf] gfddf s'g} lsl;dsf]] cGtl/d
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ug{ ldNb}g . ctM lagf sfg"gL
cfwf/sf] pQm l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL
C0f c;"nL clws[t s]zjk|;fb l3ld/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL a}s
+ n] klg k/km/d]G; a08df plNnlvt
zt{sf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L e'QmfgL ug{ ldNg] xf]Og .
ljkIfL a}s
+ ;Fu k/km/d]G; a08df plNnlvt zt{sf]
ljk/Lt x'g] u/L /sd dfu bfjL u/]sf]df ldQn
sG:6Szg k|f=ln=n] a}s
+ nfO{ k6sk6s zt{sf ljk/Lt
x'g] u/L s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e'QmfgL ug{ gldNg] olb
e'QmfgL u/]sf] cj:yfdf To;sf] kl/0ffdsf] ;DaGwdf
a}s
+ g} lhDd]jf/ x'gk' g]{ egL kqfrf/ ubf{ ;d]t To;nfO{
jf:tf gu/L ul/Psf] e'QmfgLsf] ;DaGwdf a}s
+ Pj+
e'QmfgL lng] ljkIfL g} lhDd]jf/ ePsf] tYo :ki6 5 .
ljkIfLsf] / lnlvt hjfkmjfnfsf] aLrdf ;DkGg
ePsf] ldlt @)$@.!.#! sf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd l;len
jS;{ ckm 8]8ag{6 DofUg];fO6 KnfG6 -qml; KnfG6_
712
sf] lgdf{0ffTds / ;+/rgfTds sfo{ d k|ToyL{n] gu/]sf]

cj:yfdf To;af6 kg{;Sg] IfltnfO{ lgik|efjL ug]{
p2]Zon] / d k|ToyL{sf] tkm{af6 pQm d"n ;Demf}tfsf]
k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ ljifonfO{ k|Tofe"lt lbgsf] nflu
k/km/d]G; a08 hf/L ul/Psf] xf] . k/km/d]G; a08df
:ki6;Fu d k|ToyL{n] ;Demf}tf kfngf gu/]sf] k|df0f
ljkIfLn] k'ofPsf] cj:yfdf dfq k/km/d]G; a08df
plNnlvt /sd bfjL ug{ kfpg] zt{ /flvPsf]df
ljkIfLn] cfkm}n] d k|ToyL{;uF ldlt @)$@.!.#! df
;DkGg ePsf] ;Demf}tf PstkmL{ ?kdf e+u u/]sf]n]
k/km/d]G; a08sf] zt{ :yflkt ug{ ljkIfLn] ;s]sf
5}gg\ . Toltdfq ge} s;n] s/f/sf] zt{ k"/f u/]sf] xf],
s;n] xf]Og eGg] af/]df sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfnt Pj+
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfxn] 6'f]
nufO;s]sf] k[i7e"lddf ljkIfLn] a}s
+ nfO{ cfgf]
ldn]dtf]df kf/L e'QmfgL lnPsf] /sdsf] ;DaGwdf
d]/f] s'g} lhDd]jf/L g/xg] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL ldQn P08 sDkgL sG:6Szg
k|f=ln=sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{sf ljfg clwjQmf >L
clgns'df/ l;Gxf / >L yfg]Zj/ sfkm\nn
] ] a}s
+ hdfgt
/sd 7]sb] f/ ldQn sDkgL;Fu a}s
+ n] bfjL ug'k{ g{d] f
d]/f] kIf;Fu bfjL u/]sf] k|lqmof g} unt 5 . C0f
c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfn] d]/f] kIfaf6
hdfgtsf] /sd a}s
+ n] lng kfpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o
ab/efuL ePsf] x'bF f pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ug{
l/6 hf/L x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e{ of] .
ljkIfLtkm{sf ljfg clwjQmf >L ;ltzs[i0f
v/]nn] a}s
+ ;Fu ePsf] hdfgt /sd ljkIfL cf]l/08
DofUg];fO6n] u}/sfg"gL tl/sfaf6 nu]sf] xFb' f pQm
hdfgtsf] /sd d]/f] kIf ldQn sDkgLn] ltg'k{ g{]
xf]Og, h;n] lnPsf] xf] p;}af6 a}s
+ n] /sd lkmtf{
kfpg' kg]{ x'bF f C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fn]
u/]sf] km};nf ldn]sf] x'bF f l/6 vf/]h x'g' kb{5 eGg]
;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e{ of] .
ljkIfLtkm{sf ljfg clwjQmf >L s'df/ /]UdLn]
ljkIfL cf]l/08 sDkgLn] hdfgL kqsf] /sd bfjL u/L
dfu]sf]n] d]/f] kIf g]kfn a}s
+ ln=n] hdfgL afktsf]
/sd e'QmfgL lbPsf] x'bF f e'QmfgL lnPs} kIfaf6 d]/f]
kIfn] bfjL u/L lng kfpg] xf] . t;y{ C0f c;"nL

k' g /fj] b g Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f} + a f6 ePsf]
km};nfcg';f/ d]/f] kIfn] /sd c;"n ug{ kfpg] x'bF f
l/6 vf/]h x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e{ of] .
b'jt} km{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
lhsL/ ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08 sDkgLaf6 ldQn P08 sDkgL
sG:6Szg k|f=ln=n] ldlt @)$@.!.#! sf] s/f/cg';f/sf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ gu/L s/f/sf] pNn+3g u/]sf] egL g]kfn
a}s
+ ln=;Fu a}s
+ hdfgtafktsf] /sd dfu u/L ;f]afkt
?=^,*%,@^). e'QmfgL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm s/f/sf]
kl/kfngfsf] ;DaGwdf k/]sf] s/f/ pNn+3g d'2fdf
lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=n] s/f/
pNn+3g u/]sf] x'bF f k|:t't d'2fsf] lgj]bsaf6 ldQn
sG:6Szg sDkgLn] Ifltk"lt{afkt ?=$,@@,))).
el/kfpg] u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf
ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs sDkgLn] g} s/f/sf] pNn+3g
u/]sf] x'bF f / o;/L s/f/sf] pNn+3g ug]{ kIfn] g}
hdfgtsf] /sd a}s
+ af6 bfjL u/L e'QmfgL lnPsf]
x'bF f pQm /sd lng] vfg] JolQmaf6 a}s
+ n] hdfgLafktsf]
/sd c;"n ug{ kfpg] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] C0f
c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf b]lvG5 eg]
g]kfn a}s
+ ln=n] hf/L u/]sf] hdfgt kqfg';f/
lgj]bsnfO{ e'QmfgL ul/Psf] a}s
+ hdfgtsf] /sd d"n
s/f/sf] kl/kfngf;DaGwL ljjfb 6'f] gnfUb} lgj]bsn]
e'QmfgL dfu u/L ;f] dfucg';f/ ljkIfL g]kfn a}s
+ n]
e'QmfgL u/]sf]] eGg] cfwf/df pQm /sd lgj]bsn]
ljkIfL g]kfn a}s
+ nfO{ lkmtf{ a'emfpg' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og
< hdfgt ;DaGwL s/f/sf] zt{cg';f/ hdfgt kq
hf/L ug]{ a}s
+ n] e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sd lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfpFm
eGg] ljjfb C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] If]qflwsf/leq
kb{5 jf kb}g{ eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
o; ljifodf lg0f{o ug'e{ Gbf klxn] lgDg tLg sfg"gL
k|Zgxsf] lg/fs/0f ug{k' g]{ b]lvof] .
-s_ d"n s/f/ cyf{t\ ljkIfLdWo]sf ldQn sG:6Szg
k|f=ln= / l/6 lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6
k|f=ln= aLr ePsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DaGwL s/f/
-h;nfO{ o;kl5 d"n s/f/ elgPsf] 5 / oxL
d"n s/f/sf] kl/kfngf ;DaGwdf g]kfn a}s
+
ln= n] hdfgt kq hf/L u/]sf] 5_ / ljkIfLdWo]sf
713
g]kfn a}s
+ ln=n] ljkIfLdWo]s} ldQn sG:6Szg
k|f=ln=sf] cg'/f]wdf l/6 lgj]bs cf]l/08
DofUg];fO6sf] gfddf hf/L u/]sf] a}s
+ hdfgt
kq ;DaGwL s/f/ -Performance Bond_ aLrsf]
cGt/ ;DaGw s] s:tf] x'G5 <
-v_ d"n s/f/sf] kl/kfngf ;DaGwdf p7]sf] s'g}
ljjfbsf] sf/0fn] d"n s/f/sf] kl/kfngfs}
;DaGwdf hf/L ePsf] a}s
+ hdfgt kqsf] /sd
e'QmfgL ug'k{ g]{ bfloTjaf6 hdfgt kq hf/L
ug{ a}s
+ n] km';b{ kfpg] jf e'QmfgL /f]lsg] cj:yf
x'G5 jf x'bF g} <
-u_ a}s
+ hdfgt kqsf] zt{ljk/Lt e'QmfgL ePsf]
jf a}s
+ hdfgt kqsf] e'QmfgL dfu ubf{ lxtu|fxL
kIf -k|:t't ljjfbdf l/6 lgj]bs g]kfn cf]l/08
DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=_ n] hdfgt kqsf] zt{ kfngf
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf a}s
+ hdfgtsf] /sd e'QmfgL
ug]{ a}s
+ n] pQm /sdsf] ;f]wegf{ lngsf] nflu
d"n s/f/sf] kIfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] d'Vo C0fL k|:t't ljjfbdf ldQn sG:6Szg sDkgL_ jf
a}s
+ hdfgt kqsf] lxtu|fxL kIf -k|:t't ljjfbdf
l/6 lgj]bs_ dWo] s'g kIfaf6 bfjL ug{k' g{] xf] <
-3_ hdfgt kq;DaGwL s/f/af6 hdfgt kq hf/L
ug]{ a}s
+ / pQm hdfgt kqsf] cfwf/df e'QmfgL
kfpg] lxtu|fxL JolQmsf] aLrdf ;fx' tyf
cf;fdLsf] ;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf] dflgG5 jf
dflgb}g < / o:tf] hdfgt kq cg';f/ e'QmfgL
x'g] jf e'QmfgL ePsf] s'g} /sd lkmtf{ u/fO{
kfpFm eGg] ljjfbsf ;DaGwdf a}s
+ tyf ljQLo
;+:Yffxsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* sf] Joj:yf
nfu" x'G5 jf xFb' g} <
@= klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljj]rgf ubf{
d'2fsf] tYonfO{ klg x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . l/6 lgj]bs g]kfn
cf]l/08 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln= / ljkIfLdWo]sf ldQn
P08 sDkgL k|f=ln= aLrdf bf]nvf lhNnf v/L9'u+ fdf
lgj]bssf] l;len js{ ckm 8]8jg{6 DofUg];fO6 Knf06sf]
lgdf{0ffTds / ;+/rgfTds sfo{x ug{sf] nflu ldlt
@)$@.!.#! df s/f/ ;Demf}tf ePsf] -h;nfO{ o;
kl5 d"n s/f/ klg elgPsf] 5_ / pQm d"n s/f/sf]
kl/kfngfsf] Uof/]G6Lsf nflu ljkIfL dWo]sf ldQn
sG:6Szg k|f=ln= / g]kfn a}s
+ ln= sf7df8f}s
+ f] aLrdf

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
ePsf] 5'} ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df ldQn sG:6Szg

sDkgLsf] cg'/f]wdf g]kfn a}s
+ ln=n] oL l/6 lgj]bssf]
gfddf ?=^,*%,@^). /sd a/fj/sf] Ps 5'} a}s
+
hdfgt -Performance Bond_ hf/L u/L hdfgt
;DaGwL s/f/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L 5'f5'} kIfx
aLr ePsf] 5'f5'} s/f/df oL l/6 lgj]bs tyf
ljkIfLx dWo]sf g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8 / ldQn P08
sG:6Szg k|f=ln= nufot tLg kIfsf] ;+nUgtf b]lvG5 .
d"n s/f/df oL l/6 lgj]bs kIf ePsf] t/ ljkIfL
dWo]sf] g]kfn a}s
+ d"n s/f/sf] kIf 5}g / o;}u/L a}s
+
hdfgt -Performance Bond_ ;DaGwL s/f/df
ljkIfLdWo]sf g]kfn a}s
+ / oL l/6 lgj]bs dfq kIf
5g\ t/ ldQn sG:6Szg pQm s/f/sf] kIf /x]sf]
5}g . k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{ / kl/k|I] fdf x]bf{ csf]{
k|:t't ljjfbdf k|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt geP klg
ljkIfLx dWo]sf g]kfn a}s
+ / ldQn sG:6Szg
sDkgL aLr a}s
+ hdfgt kq nufot cGo ;'ljwf
lng] lbg] ;DaGwdf csf]{ t];f| ] s/f/ ePsf] ;Gbe{ klg
b]lvG5 . ljkIfL dWo]sf ldQn sG:6Szg k|f| =ln=nfO{
g]kfn a}s
+ ln=n] a}s
+ hdfgt tyf cGo ;'ljwf lbg]
jf/]df lghx aLr ePsf] of] t];f| ] ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df
/ lgh ldQn sG:6Szg k|f=ln=sf] cg'/f]wdf ljkIfL
g]kfn a}s
+ n] oL l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLsf] gfddf a}s
+
hdfgt kq -Performance Bond_ hf/L u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
d"n s/f/sf] Ps kIf ldQn sG:6Szg k|f=ln=n] d"n
s/f/df tf]lsPsf] ;doleq oL l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLsf]
nflu lgdf{0f ug'k{ g]{ u/L DofUg];fO6 KnfG6sf] lgdf{0f
sfo{ k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] k|dfl0ft u/L ljkIfL dWo]sf
g]kfn a}s
+ n] l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLn] dfu]sf jvt
?=^,*%,@^). e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj :jLsf/ u/L pQm
a}s
+ n] l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLsf] gfddf pQm a}s
+ hdfgt
kq hf/L u/]sf] s'/f d'2fsf] tYoaf6 b]lvG5 . o;/L
g]kfn a}s
+ / l/6 lgj]bsaLr ;DkGg pQm a}s
+ hdfgt
kq hf/L ug'k{ gf{sf] sf/0f / o;sf] ;|ft] l/6 lgj]bs
/ ljkIfLdWo]sf ldQn sG:6Szg k|f=ln= aLr ldlt
@)$@.!.#! df ePsf] lgdf{0f;DaGwL d"n s/f/ xf]
tfklg hdfgt ;DaGwL s/f/sf] bfloTj kl/kfngfsf]
p2]Zosf] nflu d"n s/f/ / a}s
+ hdfgt ;DaGwL
s/f/nfO{ :jtGq / km/s s/f/sf] ?kdf lnOg]
cGt/f{li6o dfGotf /lxcfPsf] 5 . hdfgt;DaGwL
s/f/sf] ;|ft] jf ;Gbe{sf] ?kdf d"n s/f/ /xg

;St5 t/ hdfgt kq hf/L ug]{ a}s
+ n] lxtu|fxL kIf
-Beneficiary_ sf] gfddf hdfgt kq hf/L ul/;s]kl5
o;n] :jtGq / leGg s/f/sf] ?k wf/0f ub{5 / d"n
s/f/sf kIfx aLrsf] ljjfb;Fu of] hdfgt;DaGwL
s/f/cGtu{t hdfgtstf{ -k|:t't ljjfbdf g]kfn a}s
+
ln=_ n] k"/f ug'k{ g]{ bfloTjdf s'g} c;/ ub}g{ . a}s
+
hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/sf] k|sl[ tcg';f/ o;sf] cl:tTj
d"n s/f/ eGbf cnu / :jtGq x'G5 eGg] cGt/f{li6o
dfGotf, Jojxf/ / k|of]unfO{ g]kfnsf] ;jf]R{ r cbfntn]
klg dfGotf lbOcfPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf o;} cbfntn]
@)%# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @$^) sf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no tyf ;ftf}+ ljB'tLs/0f cfof]hgf
afn'af6f/ sf7df8f+s
} f] tkm{af6 cfof]hgf k|dv
' sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ s lslt{rGb| 7fs'/ lj?4 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g
;d]t ePsf] pTk|i] f0f d'2f -lg0f{o ldlt @)%%.!!.@%,
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt afl0fHo sfg"g;DaGwL
s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ghL/x, k|sfzg ldlt @)^# ;fnsf]
efu $ k[i7 %^!.%^@_ df lj:t[t ljj]rgf u/L
l;4fGt;d]t k|ltkfbg ul/;s]sf] x'bF f o; ljifodf
yk ljj]rgf ul//xg k/]g .
#= bf];f| ] k|Zg cyf{t\ d"n s/f/sf kIfx
aLr s/f/sf] kl/kfngfsf ljifodf s/f/sf kIfx
aLr ljjfb p7]sf] sf/0fn] pQm s/f/ cGtu{tsf]
bfloTj kl/kfngf ug]{ ;DaGwdf lbOPsf] a}+s
hdfgt kqsf] /sdsf] e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTjaf6
hdfgt kq hf/L ug]{ a}s
+ n] d'lQm jf km";b{ kfpg]
cj:yf x'G5 jf x'bF g} eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf !&-$_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf
tyf o; ;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGt tyf o;} cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]t x]gk'{ g{] x'G5 . pQm
bkmfdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ hdfgt;DaGwL
s/f/df cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yfdf afx]s
d"n s/f/ cyf{t\ h'g s/f/sf] bfloTj k"/f ug{sf]
nflu hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/ ePsf] xf] ;f] s/f/sf]
kl/kfngfsf] ;DaGwdf kIfx aLr s'g} ljjfb
pTkGg ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq hdfgt;DaGwL
s/f/adf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{af6 hdfgt lbg]
JolQm d'Qm gx'g] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf
l/6 lgj]bs d"n s/f/sf Ps kIf x'g\ . ljkIfLdWo]sf
714
ldQn sG:6Szg k|f=ln=n] d"n s/f/ cGtu{t k"/f

ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj k"/f ug{sf] nflu g} ljkIfLdWo]sf
g]kfn a}s
+ ln= n] l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLsf] gfddf
hdfgt kq hf/L u/]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
$= d" n s/f/cg' ' ; f/ ljkIfL ldQn
sG:6Szg k|f=ln=n] ;DkGg ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj ;dodf
k"/f gu/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bs sDkgLn]
pQm ljkIfL;Fu ePsf] d"n s/f/ cGTo -Terminate_
u/L ;f] s/f/sf] kl/kfngfsf] nflu g]kfn a}s
+ n]
hf/L u/]sf] a}s
+ hdfgtcg';f/sf] /sdsf] e'QmfgL
dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfucg';f/sf] pQm /sd
?=^,*%,@^). ljkIfLdWo]sf g]kfn a}s
+ ln=n] l/6
lgj]bsnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] / d"n s/f/sf] kIfxaLr
pQm s/f/sf] kl/kfngfsf] ljifodf ljjfb pTkGg
ePsf] cj:yfdf l/6 lgj]bsn] a}s
+ hdfgt kqsf]
/sdsf] e'QmfgL dfu ug{ gx'g] eGg] cfwf/df g}
ljkIfLdWo] s f g] k fn a} + s n] l/6 lgj] b snfO{
hdfgtafktsf] e'QmfgL ul/Psf] ?=^,*%,@^).
lkmtf{ lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 / a}s
+ tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* nfu" ePsf]
sf/0fn] ;f]xL d'2f C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf ;/L
cfO{ ljkIfLdWo]sf] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fn] lkm/fb
vf/] h u/] s f] / ;f] p k/ k' g /fj] b g k/L a} + s
hdfgtafkt e'QmfgL ePsf] pQm /sd oL l/6
lgj]bsn] ljkIfLdWo]sf g]kfn a}s
+ nfO{ lkmtf{ e'QmfgL
ug'k{ g{] egL C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0faf6
ePsf] ldlt @)^@.@.@) sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= d"n s/f/cGtu{t cfk"mn] k"/f ug'k{ g]{
bfloTj k"/ ug]{ Uof/]G6Lsf] nflu g} d"n s/f/sf]
Ps kIfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ldQn sG:6Szgsf]
cg'/f]wdf ljkIfLdWo]sf g]kfn a}s
+ ln=n] d"n s/f/sf]
csf]{ kIf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bssf] gfddf hdfgt kq
hf/L u/]sf]df d"n s/f/sf kIfx aLr pQm
s/f/sf] bfloTj kl/kfngfsf] ;DaGwdf ljjfb
pTkGg ePsf] sf/0fn] pQm hdfgt kqsf] /sd
e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj k"/f ug{af6 ljkIfLdWo]sf g]kfn
a}s
+ ln= d'Qm x'G5 jf x'bF g} eGg] s'/f g} k|:t't
lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ k|Zgx dWo] Ps
715
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg /x]sf] 5 . d"n s/f/sf] kIfx

aLrsf] s/f/sf] kl/kfngfsf] ljifodf s'g} ljjfb
pTkGg ePsf] sf/0fn] hdfgt lbg] JolQm cfkm\gf]
bfloTjaf6 d'Qm xFb' g} eGg] ;DaGwdf s/f/ P]g,
@)%^ sf] bkmf !&-$_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf / d"n
s/f/sf kIfx aLr s'g} ljjfb pTkGg ePsf]
sf/0fn] hdfgt kqcg';f/sf] /sd e'QmfgL ug]{
bfloTjaf6 hdfgtstf{n] km';b{ kfpFbg} eGg] a}s
+
hdfgt;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o dfGotf tyf Jojxf/
tyf o; ;DaGwdf o;} cbfntaf6 @)%# ;fnsf]
l/6 g+= @$^) sf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no tyf ;ftf}+ ljB'lts/0f cfof]hgf afn'af6f/
sf7df8f+}sf] tkm{af6 cfof]hgf k|d'v sfo{sf/L
lgb]z
{ s lslt{rGb| 7fs'/ lj?4 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6g ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2f -lg0f{o ldlt
@)%%.!!.@%, ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt afl0fHo
sfg"g;DaGwL s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ghL/x, k|sfzg
ldlt @)^# ;fnsf] efu $ k[i7 %^!.%^@_ df
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t d"n s/f/sf
kIfx oL l/6 lgj]bs / ldQn sG:6Szg k|f=ln=
aLr pQm s/f/sf] kl/kfngfsf] ;DaGwdf ljjfb
pTkGg ePsf] sf/0fn] k|ToyL{dWo]sf g]kfn a}s
+
ln=n] oL l/6 lgj]bssf] gfddf hf/L u/]sf] hdfgt
kqcg';f/sf] /sd ?=^,*%,@^). e'QmfgL ug]{
bfloTjaf6 k|ToyL{ g]kfn a}s
+ ln= d'Qm x'g] cj:yf
b]lvPg .
^= ca hdfgt kqsf] e'QmfgL dfu ug]{
kIf -k|:t't ljjfbdf l/6 lgj]bs_ n] hdfgt kqsf]
zt{ljk/Lt hdfgt /sd dfu u/L hdfgtsf]
/sd e'QmfgL ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm /sd e'QmfgL
ug]{ hdfgtstf{ a}s
+ n] ;f] /sdaf6 lkmtf{ jf ;f]wegf{
kfpg] xf] xf]Og eGg] csf]{ k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ a}s
+ hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/sf] ;|ft] tyf ;Gbe{
/ o;sf kIfxsf] kf/:kl/s bfloTjsf] k|sl[ t /
o;;DaGwL g]kfn sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yfxsf]
klg ljj]rgf ug'{ kb{5 . hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/sf]
;|ft] d"n s/f/ xf] tfklg, pQm s/f/sf kIfxsf]
bfloTj k|sl[ t / hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/sf kIfx
cyf{t\ hdfgt kq hf/L ug]{ kIf / pQm hdfgt
kqsf] lxtu|fxL JolQm jf e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmsf]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
bfloTjsf] k|sl[ t km/s x'G5 h;sf] kl/kfngfsf]

nflu hdfgt ;DaGwL s/f/ ePsf] x'G5 . kIfxsf]
bfloTj / clwsf/ b'j} kf/:kl/s x'G5g\ . k|To]s
kIfn] csf]{ kIfk|lt s]xL g s]xL bfloTj jxg u/]sf]
x'G5 . o:tf] bfloTjsf] ;fy} k|To]s kIfn] csf]{
kIfaf6 s]xL clwsf/ klg k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 .
&= a}+s hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/df o:tf]
cj:yf x'bF g} . hdfgt ;DaGwL s/f/cGtu{t e'QmfgL
kfpg] kIf cyf{t\ lxtu|fxL kIf -k|:t't ljjfbdf l/6
lgj]bs_ sf] hdfgt kq hf/L ug]{ kIf k|lt s'g}
bfloTj x'bF g} . lxtu|fxL kIfn] hdfgt kq hf/L
u/]afkt hdfgt kq hf/L ug]{ a}s
+ nfO{ s'g} b:t"/
lbg a'emfpg klg kb}g{ . d"n C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf
a}s
+ xn] hdfgL kq hf/L ug]{ x'bF f o;sf] clGtd
bfloTj klg d"n C0fLdf g} /xg] x'bF f hdfgt kqsf]
/sd e'QmfgL dfu eO{ ;f]sf] e'QmfgL ePsf]
cj:yfdf hdfgtstf{nfO{ k'Ughfg] gf]S;fgLsf]
;f]wegf{ jf gf]S;fgLsf] /sd hdfgtstf{n] d"n
C0fL cyf{t\ d"n s/f/cGtu{t bfloTj k"/f ug]{
kIfaf6 e/fO{ lng ;Qm5 . o;sf] nflu o;
;DaGwdf d"n C0fL / hdfgtstf{aLr 5'6}[ ;Demf}tf
jf cGo aGbf]j:t u/]/ dfq lghsf] cg'/f]wdf
;DalGwt a}s
+ jf hdfgLstf{n] hdfgt kq hf/L
u/]sf] x'G5 . hdfgt kq hlxn] klg d"n C0fLn]
ltg'k{ g]{ C0f jf k"/f ug{k' g]{ s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f ug{
u/fpgsf] nflu hf/L ul/g] x'gfn] a}s
+ hdfgt
kqcGtu{tsf] /sdsf] e'QmfgL ePsf] sf/0fn] k|ToIf
?kdf c;/ ug]{ kIf eg]sf] d"n C0fL g} xf] .
hdfgtstf{n] lxtu|fxL kIfnfO{ u/]sf] e'QmfgLsf]
/sdsf] ;f]wegf{ klg lghn] d"n C0fL -cyf{t\
ldQn sG:6Szg_ af6 g} lng kfpg] xf] eGg] s'/f
hdfgt ;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGt xf] . of] l;4fGtnfO{
k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] klg dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . of]
Jojxf/, k|rng / sfg"gL bfloTjnfO{ k|:t't ljjfbsf]
kIfx -cyf{t\ d"n C0fL / ljkIfL g]kfn a}s
+ _ n]
klg :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
*= k|:t't ljjfbsf] ldl;n cWoogaf6
hdfgtkqsf] /sdsf] e'QmfgL @)$#.!!.@^ df
ePsf] 5 . pQm /sdsf] ;f] w egf{ s f] nflu
ljkIfLdWo]sf g]kfn a}s
+ n] d"n C0fL cyf{t\ ldQn
716
sG:6Szg;Fu ldlt @)$$.%.% df dfu u/]sf] /

;f] /sd ldlt @)%@.!@.#) df ljkIfL a}s
+ nfO{
e'QmfgL u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . hdfgt kqsf] /sd
dfu ug]{ sfo{ / ;f]sf] e'QmfgL ug{] sfo{ ab/ ePsf]
5}g . d"n C0fL cyf{t\ ljkIfLdWo]sf ldQn
sG:6Szgn] l/6 lgj]bspk/ bfo/ u/]sf] Ifltk"lt{
;DaGwL d'2fdf klg a}+s hdfgtsf] e'QmfgL
u}/sfg"gL ePsf] jf e'QmfgL ug{ gx'g] /sd e'QmfgL
ePsf]n
] ] ;f] /sd lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] s'g} bfjL
lnPsf] b]lvFbg} . t/, pQm Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL d'2fdf
lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ePkl5 dfq ljkIfL a}s
+ n]
hdfgt kqsf] /sd lkmtf{ e'QmfgL lbnfO{ kfpg
l/6 lgj]bspk/ lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . cfk"mn] hdfgt kqsf] zt{cg';f/ lxtu|fxL
JolQm -l/6 lgj]bs_ nfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdsf]
;f]wegf{ e'QmfgL lbnfOkfpg d"n C0fLpk/ sf/jfxL
u/L ldlt @)%@.!@.#) df pQm /sd e'QmfgL
;d]t k|fKt u/]kl5 km]l/ hdfgt kqsf] lxtu|fxL
JolQmaf6 e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] bfjL a}s
+
hdfgt;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o dfGotf tyf k|of]u /
g]kfn sfg"gcg'sn
" 5 5}g eGg] g} ljifodf d"n
?kdf o; cbfntn] lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ ePsf] 5 .
(= a}s
+ hdfgtsf] e'QmfgL ;DaGwL dfGo
l;4fGtcg';f/ a}+s hdfgt;DaGwL s/f/df g}
cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yfdf afx]s d"n
s/f/cg';f/ bfloTj k"/f ug]{ JolQm -d"n C0fL_ n]
pQm s/f/cg';f/ bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] x'gfn]
hdfgt kqsf] /sdsf] e'QmfgL kfpg dfu u/]kl5
oxL dfu g} d"n C0fLn] s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf]
s'/fsf] k|df0f dflgG5 / a}s
+ hdfgt kqsf] Dofb
;lsPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s hf/L ug]{ a}+sn] o;
ljifodf yk ljjfb p7fpg] jf k|df0f a'emL s'g}
lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ o:tf] a}s
+ nfO{ x'bF g} / hdfgt
kqsf] /sd dfucg';f/ e'QmfgL ug'{ kb{5 . oxL
dfGotfcg';f/ g} k|:t't ljjfbsf ljkIfL g]kfn
a}s
+ ln=n] a}s
+ hdfgtsf] /sd l/6 lgj]bsnfO{
e'QmfgL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . a}l+ s If]qdf dfGo k|rng
/ k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ pQm /sd ;f]wegf{
u/fOkfpg ljkIfL g]kfn a}s
+ ln=n] d"n C0fL;dIf
dfu u/]sf klg 5g\ . d"n C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf a}s
+
hdfgt kq hf/L x'g] x'bF f o;sf] clGtd e'QmfgLsf]

clGtd bfloTj klg d"n C0fLdf g} /xg] eGg] s'/f
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf !( sf] Joj:yfaf6 klg
:ki6 x'G5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf !(-@_ cg';f/ hdfgt
lbg] JolQmn] C0fL -k|:t't ljjfbsf ljkIfL ldQn
sG:6Szg_ sf] tkm{af6 e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdsf]
;fFjf Jofh ;d]t C0fLn] hdfgt kq lbg] JolQm
-k|:t't ljjfbdf g]kfn a}s ln=_ nfO{ ltg'k{ g]{ :ki6
Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yfdf hdfgtstf{ a}+sn]
hdfgtafkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sd d"n C0fLaf6
c;"npk/ u/]kl5 km]l/ pN6} hdfgt;DaGwL
s/f/cg';f/ e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQm cyf{t\ lxtu|fxL
JolQmsf] ?kdf /x]sf] l/6 lgj]bsaf6 e/fOkfpg
lkm/fb u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L hdfgtafkt l/6
lgj]bsn] ljkIfL a}s
+ af6 e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] /sd
ljkIfL a}s
+ n] l/6 lgj]bsaf6 e/fOkfpg] 7x/ u/]sf]
C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o a}s
+
hdfgt ;DaGwL dfGo k|rng / s/f/ P]g, @)%^
sf] bkmf !&-$_ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePsf] b]lvof] .
!)= ca s'g} a}s
+ n] hf/L u/]sf] hdfgt
kqsf] e'QmfgL ;DaGwL ljjfbsf ;DaGwdf a}s
+
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* sf]
Joj:yf k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;DaGwdf nfu" x'G5 jf
x'bF g} eGg] clGtd k|Zgsf] jf/]df lg0f{o ubf{ pQm
P]gsf] p2]Zo / k|of]hg x]gk'{ g]{ x'G5 . a}s
+ tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfxn] k|jfx u/]sf] C0f c;"nLsf] sfo{
k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug'{ g} pQm P]gsf] d"n
p2]Zo /x]sf] / ;f] P]gcg';f/ s]jn a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfn] dfq C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf
s'g} C0fLpk/ C0f c;"nL;DaGwL sf/jfxL rnfpg
kfpg] t/ s'g} C0fLn] a}s
+ jf ljQLo ;+:yfpk/
sf/jfxL rnfpg gkfpg] eGg] s'/f pQm P]gsf]
bkmf !%-!_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 .
pQm P]gsf] bkmf @-r_ df C0fsf] kl/efiff u/]sf]
5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @-5_ n] C0fLsf] kl/efiff klg
u/]sf] 5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf @-r_ n] u/]sf] C0f
zAbsf] kl/efiff ;+s'lrt 5 . o;n] a}+s tyf
;+:yfxn] c;"n ug'k{ g]{ ;a} k|sf/sf afFsL jf
n]gfnfO{ ;d]6s
] f] 5}g . pQm Joj:yfnfO{ ;du|df
x]bf{ o;n] b'O{ k|sf/sf] /sdnfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf]
717
b]lvG5 . k|yd a}s

+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] C0fs}
?kdf k|jfx u/]sf] /sdsf] ;fFjf jf Jofh / jf;nft
aflx/sf] sf/f]jf/ -h:tf] d"n C0fLsf] cg'/f]wdf
hf/L ePsf hdfgtkq jf k|tLt kqsf] sf/f]jf/af6
l;h{gf ePsf] C0f_ nfO{ dfq ;d]6b\ 5 . t/, a}s
+
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] c;"n ug'k{ g]{ afFsL /sd jf
lng kfpg] clwsf/ ePsf cGo w]/} k|sf/sf
/sdx x'g ;Qm5g\ . t/ o:tf cGo /sdnfO{
pQm P]gn] ;d]6s
] f] 5}g . h:tf] 3/axfnsf] /sd,
jLdf jf cGo s/f/ cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] Ifltk"lt{sf]
?kdf a} + s tyf ljQLo ;+ : yfxn] ljleGg
JolQmxaf6 lng c;"n ug{ afFsL /x]sf] x'g ;Qm5 .
t/ To:tf] /sdsf] ;DaGwdf pQm P]gsf] Joj:yf
nfu" x'bF g} / s/f/ sfg"g jf aLdf sfg"gnufot
cGo k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ lgoldt cbfntx
h:tf] lhNnf cbfntaf6 e/fO lng] sf/jfxL z'?
ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf ljjfb / oL ljjfb;Fu ;DalGwt
/sdsf] e'QmfgL kfpFm eGg] bfjL C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0fsf] clwsf/If]qleq gkg]{ s'/f pQm
P]gsf] k|:tfjgf, bkmf @ / !% df ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6
:ki6 x'G5 . pQm P]gsf] plNnlvt bkmfxdf ul/Psf]
Joj:yf x]bf{ C0fL / wgLsf] ;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf]
cj:yfdf / a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf P]g, @)^# sf]
Joj:yfcg'k s'g} a}s
+ jf ljQLo ;+:yf ;fx'sf]
?kdf :yflkt ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0f tyf C0f c;" n L k' g /fj] b g
Gofoflws/0fsf] clwsf/If]q cfslif{t x'g] b]lvG5 .
k|:t't ljjfbdf ljkIfL a}s
+ / l/6 lgj]bssf] aLrdf
C0fL / wgLsf] ;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf] 5}g . oL l/6
lgj]bsn] ljkIfL a}s
+ af6 lnPsf] C0f glt/]sf] egL
lkm/fb k/]sf] cj:yf klg 5}g . o;}u/L l/6 lgj]bsn]
s;}sf] lnPsf] C0f ltg]{ u/L ljkIfL a}s
+ nfO{ hdfgt
lbPsf] cj:yf geO{ pN6} ljkIfL a}s
+ n] l/6 lgj]bssf]
gfddf a}s
+ hdfgt kq hf/L u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .
;f]xL hdfgt kqcg';f/ l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ e'QmfgL
ePsf] /sd lkmtf{ e/fO{ lbnfOkfpg hdfgt kq
hf/L ug]{ ljkIfL a}s
+ n] l/6 lgj]bssf] lj?4 C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] / ;f]sf]
lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg lnO{ k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fn]
lg0f{o u/]sf] ldn]g egL k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf]

^*, ;fpg
@)^*,
b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf] x}l;ot ljkIfL a}s

+ af6 C0f
lnPsf] C0fLsf] ?kdf geO{ pQm a}s
+ n] d"n C0fL ldQn sG:6Szg k|f=ln=_ n] oL lgj]bsk|lt k"/f
ug{k' g]{ bfloTjsf] kl/kfngfsf] hdfgtsf] ?kdf
hf/L ul/Psf] a}s
+ hdfgt kqcg';f/ ljkIfL a}s
+ af6
e'QmfgL kfpg] clwsf/ ePsf JolQm x'g\ . csf]{
cy{df eGg] xf] eg] k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{df ljkIfL
a}s
+ :jod\ g} l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ e'QmfgL ug{k' g]{ bfloTj
ePsf] JolQm jf C0fL x'g\ . o;/L oL l/6 lgj]bs
/ ljkIfL a}s
+ aLr C0f lng] lbg] sf/f]jf/ gePsf]
t/ a}s
+ hdfgt kqcg';f/ l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ hdfgt
kqdf plNnlvt /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTj :jLsf/
u/]sf] ljkIfL a}s
+ n] l/6 lgj]bssf lj?4df a}s
+
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g] , @)%* sf]
;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] k|:t't ljjfbsf
;GaGwdf C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f tyf C0f c;"nL
k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] If]qflwsf/ ;d]t g/xg]
b]lvof] . o;/L If]qflwsf/ gePsf] ljifodf k'g/fj]bg
;'gL l/6 lgj]bsaf6 ljkIfL a}s
+ n] ?=^,*%,@^).
e/fOkfpg] egL C0f c;" n L k' g /fj] b g
Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] pQm lg0f{o If]qflwsf/
ljxLg ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] ab/ ul/Psf] 5 .
!!= ca l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu bfjLcg';f/
hdfgtafktsf] pQm /sd ljkIfLdWo]sf ldQn
sG:6Szg k|f=ln=af6 c;"npk/ u/L lng' egL ljkIfL

dWo]sf g]kfn a}s
+ ln=sf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L
x'gkg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{
ljkIfL a}s
+ n] a}s
+ hdfgtafkt l/6 lgj]bsnfO{
e' Q mfgL u/] s f] ?=^,*%,@^). ljkIfL a} + s n]
ljkIfLdWo]sf] ldQn sG:6Szg k|f=ln=af6 ldlt
@)%@.!@.#) df e'QmfgL lnO;s]sf] s'/f ldl;n
;+nUg k|df0faf6 b]lvG5 . o;/L hdfgt kqsf]
s/f/sf] ;Gbe{df clGtd bfloTj axg ug]{ d"n
C0fLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ljkIfL dWo]sf ldQn sG:6Szg
k|f=ln=af6 e'QmfgL lnO;s]sf] pQm /sd ljkIfL
a}s
+ af6 lsg lghnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/of] jf eof] eGg]
s'/f pgLx aLrsf] n]gb]gsf] cfGtl/s ljifo
ePsf]n] o; ljifodf ;fj{hlgs st{Jo kfngf ug]{
bfloTj ePsf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] lj?4df hf/L
x'g] k/dfb]z k|sl[ tsf] cfb]z ljkIfL a}s
+ sf] gfddf
hf/L ug{ k/]g . k|:t't lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn kmfu'g !) ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M u]xG] b|/fh /]UdL
718

68 Saun

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

68 Saun

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

lg0f{o g+= *%**

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

cf}lrTotfsf ljifoj:t'x cGt/\lgxLt

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

;+ljwfgsf] bfo/f gfl3Psf] xf], xf]Og /

gul/Pdf To:tf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx >L

u/]sf] 5 elgPsf] 5 . wf/f *#-!_ ;+ljwfg

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut] /flt !!=$% df

cfk}m+n] yk ug]{ kl/kf6L 5}g . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s

eGg] Ps?ktfk"0f{ Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 . olb

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

xf] . lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] ;+ljwfg;ef

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os, @)^&

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 kfl/t ljw]os

u/] s f] ;+ l jwfg k| f /De ePsf] lbgb] l v dfq

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

lgj]bsn] g]]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

;jf] { R r cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf x' F b f

x'G5 . Cut of Date leq x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg ug{

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

k6s yKg]eGbf tfhf lgjf{rg u/]/ hgfb]z k|fKt

;+zf]wg ug{ kfOb}g . Ps jif{ Dofb yk ug{

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

ug]{ clwsf/ g} lbOPsf] 5}g . hltj]nf h'g

clwjQmf >L gf/fo0fs[i0f hf]zLM

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

cbfntsf] lg0f{of/f :yflkt ePsf cJoQm ;Ldf

ljlw;Ddt ?kdf k|:tfj k]z eO{ kfl/t ePsf]

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;b / ;+ljwfg;efn] jif{

o:t} k|sl[ tsf] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

GofofwLzx /x]sf] ljz]if Ohnf; tf]Sg] eGg]

cbfntn] k6sk6s lg0f{o lg?k0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]

;+zf]wgn] xfl;n ug{ vf]h]sf] /fhgLlts p2]Zo

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgxsf] lg?k0f x'g'

!!= olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

3f]lift ?kdf s'g} s'/fnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf

clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ ;++ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] gfddf

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}+n]

klxnf] jfSof+zdf pNn]v ePsf] pQm b'O{ jif{sf]

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] x'Fbf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfgf]

sfg"gL agfO{ lbG5 . clgjfo{tfsf] l:yltsf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

@&= j:t'tM ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn

x'g;Sg] s'g} ljj]s;Ddt sf/0f gb]lvPsf]n] ;f]

*%** - clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:oxsf]

x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 Tof] eGbf aflx/ xf]Og . wf/f

%( - clwjQmf Zofds[i0f df:s] lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

%( - clwjQmf Zofds[i0f df:s] lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

%( - clwjQmf Zofds[i0f df:s] lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

%( - clwjQmf Zofds[i0f df:s] lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t