69 Asoj

eGg] Ps dfq sf/0fn] nfdf] ;do;Dd
;f] hfx] / Lsf] ljifodf k| e fjsf/L

cg';Gwfg gx'g'nfO{ ;fdfGo dfGg
g;lsg] .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /x]sf] ;]gfdf
sfo{/t\ JolQmnfO{ km/f/ /x]sf] JolQm jf
cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfosf] kx'r
F aflx/sf]
JolQm egL cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
k|To]s d'2fsf] l:ylt Ps ;dfg x'bF g} .
cg';Gwfg ug{ ;a} d'2fdf ;dfg ;do
nfUg] klg xf]Og . 36gfsf] k|sl[ t /
cGo kl/l:ylthGo s' / xn]
cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmof / ;do lgwf{l/t
ug]{ x'G5 . To;}n] k|To]s d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg
of] olt ;doleq ;DkGg ug'{ egL
cbfntn] k|To]sdf ;dfg ;dofjlw
tf]Sg' jf lgwf{/0f ug'{ pko'Qm gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
lg0f{o g+= **#&

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
@)^*DF)))!
km};nf ldltM @)^(.#.@*.%
d'2fM k/dfb]z .
k'g/fj]bsM lh=tgx',F 3fF;Ls'jf uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
# a:g] ;Ltf s}gL
lj?4
k|ToyL{ ljkIfLM lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, tgx'F
z' km};nf ug]M{
df=d'=Gof=>L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
df=Gof=>L gLtf uf}td bLlIft
o; cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
;}lgs P]gcGtu{tsf] s;"/ afx]s cGo
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ck/fw dflgg]
s'g} s;"/ u/]df jf ;f] ljifodf ;DalGwt
lgsfodf s;}sf] hfx]/L k/]df To:tf]
hfx]/Ldf gfd lsl6Psf] jf ;f] ck/fwdf
;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvPsf] h'g;'s} ;}lgs
sd{rf/LnfO{ ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug{
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/k|fKt
lgsfo;dIf pkl:yt ug' { u/fpg'
;DalGwt k|x/L sfof{no / ;}lgs
sfof{no ;d]tsf] bfloTj x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
hfx] / L b/vf:tdf gfd lsl6Psf
JolQmx g]kfnL ;]gfdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf]
k'g/fj]bssf] tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf ef]h/fh

cfrfo{
ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
/fh]Gb|sd
' f/ >]i7
cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^$, lg=g+= &*%&
;Da4 sfg"gM
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf $, %, ^, &, *, (, !), @)
km};nf
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf]v/fsf] ldlt @)^^.*.* sf] cfb]zpk/
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
;dIf k] z x' F b f ;f] Ohnf;df dfggLo
GofofwLzx aLr dt}Jo x'g g;sL lgodfg';f/
o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M
873
g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h
d lgj]bs ;Ltf s}gLsf] >Ldfg ;fdfGo

ls;fg kl/jf/sf] x'gx' G' Yof] . /fhgLlts kdf
g]skf Pdfn];uF cfj4 x'gx' G' Yof] . pxfF @)%$
;fnsf] :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf Jof; gu/kflnsf
j8f g+=# sf] j8fWoIf kbsf] pDd]bjf/ e} k/fhLt
x'g' ePsf] / Pdfn] Jof; gu/ sldl6sf] ;b:o
;d]t x'gx' G' Yof] . d]/f] >LdfgnfO{ @)%(.!.!^
ut] !^.!& hgfsf] ;d"xsf cfdL{ 8;
] df cfPsf
dflg;xn] xltof/;lxt kqmfp u/L lgoGq0fdf
lnO{ lagf sf/0f dfcf]jfbLsf] cf/f]k nufO{
cdfgjLo tl/sfn] oftgf lbO{ uf]nL xfgL xTof
u/]sfn] d'ns
' L P]g Hofg, ;DaGwL dxnsf] !##_ g+= adf]lhd xb};Ddsf] ;hfo ul/kfpFm egL
ldlt @)^#.!@.@# df btf{ g+= *^ df ls6fgL
hfx]/L ljkIfL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf btf{ u/]sf]df
;f]sf] cg';Gwfg ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj ljkIfL sfof{nodf
/x]sf] 5 . /Ltk"js
{ sf] hfx]/L btf{ ePkl5 oyfzL3|
cg';Gwfgsf] sfdsf/jfxL cufl8 a9fO{ cleof]u
kq bfo/ ug] { ; Ddsf] lhDd] j f/L ljkIfL
lgsfoxnfO{ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gn] sfg"gL
st{Jo tf]ss
] f] 5 . hfx]/L btf{ ePsf] sl/j @
jif{ @ dlxgf JotLt e};Sbf ;d]t cleo'Qm kQf
gnufOg' Pj+ cGo cg';Gwfgsf] sfd cufl8
gj9\gn
' ] ljkIfL cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;/sf/L d'2f
;DaGwL P]g, @)$( n] tf]lslbPsf] st{Jo k"/f
gu/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfpF5 . ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# f/f k|Tofe"t
;dfgtfsf] xs wf/f ##-u_ sf] xs Pj+ k|:tfjgf
;d]tsf] xgg\ x'g k'us
] f] 5 . o;y{, ;/sf/L d'2f
;DaGwL P]g, @)$( n] tf]ss
] f] sfg"gL st{Jo
ljkIfL lgsfoxn] k"/f gu/]sf] / sf/jfxL slxn]
yfNg] eGg] s'/fsf] klg s'g} lglZrttf gePsf]
x'bF f cGo s'g} j}slNks Pj+ k|efjsf/L sfg"gL
pkrf/sf] cefjdf of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsL 5' .
d}n] bfo/ u/]sf] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] cfwf/df
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf] sfd
tTsfn} cufl8 a9fO{ oyfzL3| cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp
u/L ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( n] tf]ss

] f]
k|lqmof k"/f u/L # dlxgfleq cleof]u kq bfo/
ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL lgsfosf gfpFdf
k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg dfu bfjL .
o;df lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < sf/0f / eP
k|df0f ;d]t ;+nUg /fvL af6fsf Dofb jfx]s !%
lbgleq k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no kf]v/f
dfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfpg' xf]nf egL of]
cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf ;"rgf hf/L u/L lnlvt
hjfkm k/]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgj]bs ;Ltf s}gLn] ldlt @)^#.!@.@#
ut] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no tgx'd
F f k]z u/]sf]
hfx] / L o; sfof{ n osf] !) g+ = bfo/Ldf
cf=j=)^#)^$ ;fndf btf{ e} cg';Gwfg sfo{
ub}{ /flvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLx pkl:yt u/fO{
lbg egL lg/Gt/ kqfrf/ ul/Psf] / afFsL
cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug]{ / k|df0f ;+sng ug]{ sfo{
e}/x]sf] 5 . o; sfof{noaf6 ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL
P]g, @)$( adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL st{Jo k"/f u/L
cg';Gwfg sfo{ cufl8 al9/x]sf] x'bF f ljkIfLsf]
s'g} xs clwsf/ xgg\ gePsf]n] o; sfof{nonfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no tgx's
F f]
lnlvt hjfkm .
ldlt @)^#.!@.!# df lgj]lbsfn] hfx]/L
lbPkl5 lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no tgx'aF f6 o;
sfof{nodf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fPsf]df o;
sfof{nosf] r=g+=@& ldlt @)^$.$.!^ ut]
cfjZos cg';Gwfg ug'{ egL lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{no tgx'n
F fO{ lgb]z
{ g glbPsf sf/0f afFRg
kfpg] ;+ljwfg k|bQ xs s'l07t eof] egL lbPsf]
l/6 lgj]bg dgfl;j ge} k"jf{ux| n] k|l] /t x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
874
**#& - ;Ltf s}gL lj=lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tgx'F
lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfof{no tgx's

F f] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgj]bsn] btf{ u/]sf] ldlt @)^#.!@.@#
ut]sf] ls6fgL hfx]/L b/vf:taf6 36gfsf]
cg';Gwfg ug'k{ g]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{no tgx'n
F ] cg';Gwfg sfo{ lg/Gt/ e}/x]sf]
egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v u/]sf] / pQm
cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;dfKt e} lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{nodf a'emfPsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gadf]lhd
d'2f bfo/ x'g] s'/f pNn]v u/L lhNnf ;/sf/L
jsLn sfof{no tgx'n
F ] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . o;/L sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sf/jfxLsf]
lhDd]jf/L ePsf] ;/sf/L lgsfon] lgj]bsn] lbPsf]
hfx]/L adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] ge}
cg';Gwfg hf/L /x]sf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkm ;d]tsf]
s'/f cGoyf ePsf] eGg ;lsg] l:ylt ldl;naf6
gkfOPsf]n] lgj]bg egfOadf]lhd cg';Gwfgsf]
sfo{ gu/]sf] eGg gldNg] x'bF f k/dfb]z hf/L u/L
/xg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPg . lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf]v/fsf] cfb]z .
ljkIfLxn] d}n] lbPsf] hfx]/L btf{;Dd
u/L ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( n] lglb{i6
u/]cg';f/ sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fO{ bf]ifL pk/
cleof]u kq btf{ ug'k{ g]d
{ f gu/L cleof]u slxn]
bfo/ x'g] xf], clglZrt\ 5 . ljkIfLn] cg';Gwfg
txsLsft e}/x]sf] eg] klg P]gn] lglb{i6
u/]cg';f/ cg';Gwfg / txsLsft s] eO/x]sf]
5, lnlvt hjfkmaf6 v'Nb}g . vfnL kqfrf/
ub}d
{ f ljkIfLsf] bfloTj k"/f x'bF g} . ljkIfLxn]
xfn;Dd klg d]/f] hfx]/Ldf sf/jfxL gu/L bf]ifLpk/
slxn] cleof]hg ul/g] xf] egL clglZrt\ agfPsf]
k|:6 eO{/x]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f
ab/ u/L ljkIfLxsf] gfddf ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $, %, ^, &, *, (, !), !!,
!@, !#, !$, !%, !^, !& n] lglb{i6 u/]sf
k|lqmofx adf]lhd Hf] k"/f ug'k{ 5{ u/L ;f]xL

P]gsf] bkmf !* adf]lhd # dlxgfleq cleof]u
kq btf{ ug'{ u/fpg' egL k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bssf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
o;df sfg"gadf]lhd k/]sf] hfx]/L pk/sf]
sf/jfxLdf plrt sf/0f a]u/ lg/Gt/ kdf
hfFra'em eO/x]sf] egL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no
tgx'aF f6 nfdf] ;do;Dd d'2f bfo/ gu/L lbPsf]
hjfkmnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] cfb]z
km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfL
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
hfx]/Ldf gfd pNn]v ePsf g]kfnL
;] g fsf d] h / afj' / fd >] i 7 ;d] t sf
sd{rf/Lxpk/ gfd ls6fg u/L hfx]/L k/]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sd{rf/Lx g]kfn
;/sf/ dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx /x]sf]n] pgLx
;Dks{ljxLg km/f/ JolQm eGg ldNg] cj:yf
klg b]lvFbg} . xTofsf] cf/f]k nfuL hfx]/L k/]kl5
lghxn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] xf], xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf zL3| sf/jfxL u/L lg:sif{df k'Ug'
k|x/L cg';Gwfg clws[t ;fy} ;]gfsf ;DalGwt
lgsfo, kbflwsf/L / cf/f]lkt JolQmxsf] ;d]t
st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ dftxt /x]sf]
sd{rf/L k|x/Lsf] cg';Gwfgdf pkl:yt gePsf]
eg]/ k|x/Ln] cfgf] sfg"gL st{Jo kG5fpg ldNg]
b]lvFbg} .
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( n]
u/]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ tbfvtfsf ;fy k|efjsf/L
kdf cg';Gwfg u/L sfg"g Pj+ k|df0faf6 d'2f
rnfpg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPdf d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ /
rnfpg'kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvP ;f]xL cg';f/ sfg"gL
k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ sfg"gL st{Jo
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( cg';f/
ljkIfLx lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no / ;/sf/L jsLn
875
sfof{nosf] /x]sf]df lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no tgx'F

bdf}nLsf] @)^&.(.@# sf] kqaf6 / ;f] eGbf
cl3sf kqxaf6 sf/jfxL k| l qmofnfO{
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf kqfrf/ u/]sf] ;Dd b]lvP
tfklg pQm hfx]/L ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg sf/jfxL
;f] eGbf cufl8 a9]sf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmaf6
v'Ng ;s]sf] gkfOPsf]n] k|:t't hfx]/L pk/sf]
cg';Gwfg sf/jfxL tbfvtfsf ;fy ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/faf6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{
u/]sf] OG;fkm gldn]sf]n] pN6L x'G5 . ck/fw
cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{nfO{ k"/f u/L # dlxgfleq
cleof]u kq btf{ ug'{ u/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]z
hf/L x'gk' 5{ eGg] lgj]bg dfubfjL ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ Hofg ;DaGwL d'2fdf lglZrt\ Dofbleq
cg';Gwfg k"/f u/L cleof]u bfo/ ug'k{ g]{ eGg]
;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( nufot s'g}
sfg"gdf ePsf] kfOb}g . To;/L sfg"gdf gePsf]
ljifodf cbfntsf] :jljj]sn] cg';Gwfgsf nflu
Dofb tf]Sg sfg"gtM ldNb}g . cg';Gwfg sf/jfxL
ug{ ;do ;Ldf tf]Sbf cg';Gwfg sf/jfxL lkmtnf]
x'ghfg] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;d]t OGsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g .
lgj]bssf] hfx]/L pk/ tbfvtfsf ;fy sf/jfxL
u/L d'2f rNg] grNg] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L d'2f
;DaGwL P]g, @)$( cg';f/ sf/jfxL ug'{ eGg]
k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/ ePsf] x'bF f # dlxgfsf]
Dofb tf]Sg'kg]{ eGg] ;f] xb;Ddsf] lgj]bg bfjL
k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb
pkfWofosf] /fo .
k|:t't lgj]bssf] hfx]/Ldf g]kfnL ;]gfsf
d]h/ afj'/fd >]i7, hdbf/ bfdf]b/ clwsfl/sf]
gfd ls6fg u/L lghx / ;]gfsf cGo JolQmx
;d]t eO{ cfgf] kltnfO{ oftgf lbO{ uf]nL
xfgL xTof u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;]gfsf clws[t ;d]tsf] gfd ls6fg u/L k/]sf]
hfx]/Ldf @)^# ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd cg';Gwfg
txsLsftsf] sf/jfxL 7f]; kdf cufl8 a9]sf]
b]lvPg . ;]gfsf clws[t ;d]tsf] gfd ls6fg

ePsf]n] k|:t't d'2f ljz]if ;+j]bgzLn ;d]t
b]lvof] . hfx]/Ldf cf/f]lkt JolQmsf] gfd ls6fg
ePkl5 pgLx jf/bftdf ;+nUg 5g\, 5}gg\
jf cGo sf] sf] JolQm ;+nUg 5g\ eGg] s'/f
cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f rNg] grnfpg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o ug]{ st{Jo ljkIfLxsf] ePsf]df ;f]
st{Jo c:jefljs kn] nfdf] ;do;Dd k"/f
u/]sf] b]lvPg . cg';Gwfg ub}{5f}F egL lnlvt
hjfkm lbOPsf] t/ 7f]; kdf cg';GwfgnfO{
cufl8 a9fOPsf] b]lvPg . o;af6 cg';Gwfg
cleof]hgsf] sfo{ clglZrt\ /x]sf] b]lvof] .
o:tf] clglZtttf sfod /fVg' sfg"g Joj:yf
sfod /fVg] / b08lxgtfsf] cGTo ug]{ kl/k|I] fdf
jf~5gLo x'g] b]lvFbg} . lgj]bs b]jL ;'gf/ lj4
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|k] nf~rf]s ;d]t ePsf]
pTk|]if0f ;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf -lg=g+= &*%&
g]sfk )^$, k[= &#*_ hfx]/L k/L nfdf] ;do;Dd
hfx]/Ldf sf/jfxL gul/Psf] o:t} k|s[ltsf]
lgj]bgdf o; ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cg';Gwfg
txsLsft k|efjsf/L kdf ePsf] gb]lvFbf of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] # dlxgfleq cg';Gwfg
k"/f ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g] egL cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o; cbfntaf6 :yflkt pQm ghL/df c;xdlt
hgfpg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f b]lvFb}g . t;y{, lgj]bg
dfu adf]lhd lgj]bssf] hfx]/L pk/ ;/sf/L
d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( cg';f/ tbfvtfsf
;fy cg';Gwfg k"/f u/L cfb]z k|fKt ePsf
ldltn] # dlxgfleq d'2f rNg] jf grNg]
;DaGwdf cleof]hgsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{
eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]z s'df/
ofbjsf] /fo .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bssf] tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmf ef]h/fh cfrfo{n] lgj]bssf]
876
kltnfO{ ldlt @)%(.!.!^ sf] /flt cfdL{sf]

kf]zfsdf cfPsf dflg;n] kqmfp u/L nuL
uf]nL xfgL df/]sf] egL ldlt @)^#.!@.@# df
ljkIfL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no ;dIf hfx]/L b/vf:t
btf{ ePsf] 5 . xTofsf] cleof]udf hfx]/L k/]kl5
cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f rNg] jf grNg] eGg] af/]df
lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ u/L ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g,
@)$( n] ljkIfLxnfO{ st{Jo tf]ss
] f] 5 . t/
ljkIfLxn] xfn;Dd s'g} cg';Gwfg g} gu/L
b08lxgtfnfO{ k|>o lbPsf] cj:yf x'bF f ljkIfL
lgsfoxnfO{ lglZrt\ ;do;Ldf tf]sL cg';Gwfg
ug'{ egL k/dfb]z hf/L x'gk' b{5 . t;y{ z'n]
lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] OG;fkm pN6L u/L cfb]z
k|fKt ePsf ldltaf6 # dlxgfleq d'2f rNg] jf
grNg] af/]df lg0f{o ;d]t ug'{ eGg] dfggLo
GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbjsf] /fo sfod
x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6 ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
/fh]Gb|s'df/ >]i7n] lgj]lbsfn] lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{nodf st{Jo Hofg d'2fsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t
btf{ u/fPsf]df cg';Gwfg g} gePsf] cj:yf
xf]Og . Gsfnsf] 36gf;Fu lghsf] hfx]/L
;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . st{Jo Hofg d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfg ug]{ ;do;Ldf sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] klg
5}g . t;y{ ;do;Ldf tf]sL cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hg ug'{ egL cbfntn] af]Ng pko'Qm
gx'g] x'Fbf dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb
pkfWofosf] /fo dgfl;j 5 eGg] ;d]t ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
b'j} kIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;
cbfnt ;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzxaLr ljkIfL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no
;d]tsf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ug]{ af/]df s'g}
km/s dt g/xL ;f] xb;Dd Ps dt /x]sf]
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . t/ To;/L k/dfb]z hf/L ubf{
Ps hgf dfggLo GofofwLzn] ;do;Ldf tf]Sg'
pko'Qm gx'g] egL / csf]{ dfggLo GofofwLzn]

cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] # dlxgfleq cg';Gwfg
k"/f ug'{ egL ;do;Ldf tf]sL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf
k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] egL /fo JoQm u/]sf] b]lvFbf
o; Ohnf;n] k|:t't ljjfbdf ;do;Ldf tf]sL
jf gtf]sL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L
ug'k{ g]{ xf] eGg] d'Vo k|Zgsf] dfq lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{
ePsf] 5 .
@= ldl;n x]bf{ lgj]lbsfsf] klt Zofd;'Gb/
s}gLnfO{ ldlt @)%(.!.!^ sf] /flt ;}lgs
kf]zfsdf cfPsf dflg;xn] kqmfp u/L nu]sf]
/ xTof u/]sf] egL log} lgj]lbsfn] ljkIfL lhNnf
k|x/L sfof{no ;dIf ldlt @)^#.!@.@# df ls6fgL
hfx]/L b/vf:t lbPsf] eGg]df s'g} ljjfb 5}g .
;f] hfx]/L b/vf:tdf gfd ls6fg ul/Psf d]h/
afa'/fd >]i7, hdbf/ bfdf]b/ clwsf/L s] s'g
:yfgdf sfo{/t\ 5g eGg] af/]df v'nfO{ k7fO{
lbg' egL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, tgx'n
F ] ;d/;'/
u'Nd, rfkf3f6nfO{ kqfrf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm d[ts Zofd;'Gb/ s}gLsf] d[To' s] s;/L
ePsf] xf] egL ;f]xL u'Nd;Fu hfgsf/L dfu ub}{
ldlt @)^$.$.@* df Ps kq n]lvPsf] b]lvG5 .
tTkZrft\ ;f] ljifodf c s'g} sf/jfxL eP
u/]sf] b]lvFbg} .
#= ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf $ df hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]kl5 jf ck/fwsf]
af/]df s'g} klg dfWodaf6 hfgsf/L kfpgf;fy
oyfzLw| ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt k|df0f nf]k jf
gf; x'g glbg] / ck/fwL efUg pDsg gkfpg]
Joj:yf ug]{ / ck/fw x'g] ;Defjgf ePdf csf]{
k|x/L sfof{nosf] If]qdf ;d]t uO{ cfjZos
sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|x/L sfof{nonfO{ clwsf/
/ st{Jo tf]ss
] f] b]lvG5 . To:t} ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf %, ^, &, *, ( / !) ;d]tdf cfkm"sxfF s'g}
ck/fwsf] ;"rgf k|fKt x'gf;fy jf hfx]/L kgf{;fy
ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf ljifodf ;DalGwt k|x/L
sfof{non] ug'k{ g]{ cGo cg';GwfgfTds sfd,
877
sf/jfxL / k|lqmofsf] af/]df lj:t[t Joj:yf

ePsf] b]lvG5 .
$= ljkIfL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf] d'Vo
bfloTj ck/fw / ck/fwLsf] af/]df h'g;'s}
dfWodaf6 hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf klg To;af/]df
t'Gt sf/jfxL u/L ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt ;a"b
k|df0f gi6 x'gaf6 hf]ufO{ ck/fwL efUg pDsg
glbg] / k|efjsf/L kdf ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg
u/L ck/fwLnfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg' g}
xf] . o;f] ug{ ;s] dfq ;dfhdf zflGt / cdg
rog sfod x'g ;Sb5 . ;dod} ck/fw
cg';Gwfg eO{ ck/fwLn] sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfo
kfPg eg] sfg"g Joj:yfdfly hgtfsf] ljZjf;
p7\5 / ;dfhdf zflGt / ;bfrf/ sfod /xg
;Sb} g . ljkIfL lhNnf k| x /L sfof{ n on]
k|ltjfbLx g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/L ePsf] x'bF f
sfof{nodf pkl:yt u/fO{ lbg' egL ldlt
@)^&.(.@# df ;DalGwt u'NdnfO{ kqfrf/ u/]sf]
;Dd b]lvG5 eg] ;f] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm
;d]taf6 cg';Gwfgsf] sfd z' ePsf] t/
k|ltjfbLx g]kfnL ;]gfsf sd{rf/L x'bF f pkl:yt
u/fpg] nufot c sf/jfxL ug{ g;lsPsf]
eGg] b]lvG5 .
%= lgj]lbsfn] lbPsf] hfx]/Ldf pNn]v
ePsf] ldlt @)%(.!.!^ sf] /flt cfdL{ kf]zfsdf
cfPsf dflg;xn] lghsf] kltnfO{ lnO{ uPkl5
xTof u/] s f] eGg] 36gf ;DaGwdf ldlt
@)^#.!@.@# df lbPsf] hfx]/Lsf] ljifodf xfn;Dd
tbfvtf ;fy cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f rNg] grNg]
eGg] af/]df lg0f{o u/L sfg"gf/f tf]lsPsf]
lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'k{ g]{ st{Jo ljkIfL sfof{noxsf]
/x] ePsf]df s'g} ljjfb 5}g . t/ xfn;Dd
ljkIfL sfof{noxn] ;f]cg'ksf] sfo{ u/L st{Jo
k"/f u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvPg . hfx]/L b/vf:tdf
gfd ls6fg ul/Psf JolQmx g]kfnL ;]gfsf
sd{rf/L ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq ljkIfL sfof{noxn]
;f] hfx]/Lsf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg gug'{ jf ug{
g;Sg' lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . sfg"g ;a}sf] nflu

xf] / ;a}sf] xsdf ;dfg cfwf/df nfu" x'G5 .
;]gfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ klg Hofg d'2fdf cg';Gwfg
sfo{ ug{ ;lsg] u/L sfg"gn] :ki6 clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
^= nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf k|To]s
gful/s rfx] Tof] ;fdfGo gful/s xf];\ jf ;}lgs
jf k|x/L jf cGo ;fj{hlgs jf ;/sf/L kbdf
jf cf]xf]bfdf /x] a;]sf] g} lsg gxf];\ b]zsf]
;+ljwfg / sfg"g eGbf dfly x'g ;Qm}g . g]kfnL
;]gf ;d]t g]kfn /fHosf] cv08tf, Pstf,
/fli6otf / /fli6o ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;+ljwfg /
k|rlnt sfg"gcGtu{t v8f ePsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
;'/Iff ;+u7g xf] . ;}lgs P]g cGtu{t s;"/
dflgg] s'g} sfo{sf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ sfo{bl] v afx]s
k|rlnt cGo g]kfn sfg"g cGtu{tsf] s;"/df
;+nUg ePsf] ;}lgs sd{rf/Lpk/ To:tf] s;"/sf]
cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{ clwsf/ k|x/Lsf]
xf] . ;f] clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L 9+un]
gePdf b08lxgtfn] k|>o kfpF5 . To:tf]
cj:yfn] ;}lgs ;+u7gsf] Jofj;flos 5lj
lau|G5 . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] zf;gk|lt g]kfnL
;]gfsf] cf:yf dfly g} k|Zg lrGx nfUg ;Qm5 .
To;}sf/0f, g]kfnL ;]gfdf sfo{/t\ s'g} ;}lgsn]
;}lgs P]g cGtu{tsf] s;"/ afx]s cGo k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd ck/fw dflgg] s'g} s;"/ u/]df
jf ;f] ljifodf ;DalGwt lgsfodf s;}sf] hfx]/L
k/]df To:tf] hfx]/Ldf gfd lsl6Psf] jf ;f]
ck/fwdf ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvPsf] h'g;'s} ;}lgs
sd{rf/LnfO{ ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug{ k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/k|fKt lgsfo;dIf pkl:yt
ug'{ u/fpg' ;DalGwt k|x/L sfof{no / ;}lgs
sfof{no ;d]tsf] bfloTj x'g cfpF5 . To;}u/L,
ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{ clwsf/k|fKt
sfof{non] cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]q leq kg]{ s;"/sf]
cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ubf{ ck/fwdf ;+nUg
JolQmsf] x}l;ot, cf]xf]bf jf kbnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{
878
cg';Gwfg sfo{ jf cleof]hg ug]{ u/fpg] xf]Og .

clkt' sfg"gsf] kfng / ;Ddfg ub}{ tYo /
k| d f0fsf] cfwf/df ck/fw cg' ; Gwfg /
cleof]hgsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
o;nfO{ ;a}n] /fd|f;
] uF x[bo+ud ug'k{ 5{ .
&= k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]lbsfn] lbPsf]
hfx]/L b/vf:tdf gfd lsl6Psf JolQmx g]kfnL
;]gfdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf] eGg] Ps dfq sf/0fn]
nfdf] ;do;Dd ;f] hfx]/Lsf] ljifodf k|efjsf/L
cg';Gwfg gx'gn
' fO{ ;fdfGo dfGg ;lsFbg} . g]kfn
;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /x]sf] ;]gfdf sfo{/t\
JolQmnfO{ km/f/ /x]sf] JolQm jf cg';Gwfg ug]{
lgsfosf] kx'r
F aflx/sf] JolQm egL cy{ ug{
klg ldNb}g . To;}n] ljkIfL lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{non] cg';Gwfgdf k|ltjfbLx pkl:yt
gePsf] eGg] dfq cfwf/ b]vfO{ lgj]lbsfn] ldlt
@)^#.!@.@# df btf{ u/fPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf]
ljifodf xfn;Dd cg' ; Gwfg k" / f gu/L
oyfl:yltdf /fv]sf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ plrt dfGg
;lsFbg} .
*= oL lgj]bLsfsf] hfx]/Ldf gfd ls6fg
ul/Psf]n] l56f] / k|efjsf/L 9+un] cg';Gwfg
sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ ;Sg' kg]{ lyof] . t/ o;sf]
ljk/Lt gfd ls6fg u/]sf] sf/0fn] ;f] hfx]/L
b/vf:tpk/ cg';Gwfg x'g g;Sg'nfO{ kmf}hbf/L
Gofo k|0ffnLdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g . o:tf]
cj:yfk|lt ;a} ;Da4 kIf ;+jb] gzLn x'gk} 5{ .
;]gfdf sfo{/t\ JolQmx ck/fwdf ;+nUg /x]sf]
egL k/]sf] hfx]/Ldf cg';Gwfg u/L sf] sf] JolQm
jf:tjd} ;+nUg ePsf x'g\ jf xf]Og / sf] s;
pk/ s] s'g tYo / k|df0fsf cfwf/df d'2f
rNg'kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu ;f] ljifosf] 7f]; kdf oyfzLw|
cg';Gwfg x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . ;f] x'g g;Sg] xf]
eg] ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] xs
;d]tdf k|lts"n c;/ kb{5 . To;}n] o:tf]
;+jb] gzLn ljifodf cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ clglZrt\
agfO{ /fVg' s'g} klg b[li6sf]0faf6 plrt /

ts{;Ddt dfGg ;lsFbg} . ctM lgj]lbsfsf] dfu
adf]lhd lghsf] ldlt @)^#.!@.@# sf] hfx]/Lsf]
ljifodf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]
kl/lwleq /xL oyfzLw| cg';Gwfg u/L Pp6f
lglZrt\ ;do;Ldfleq} ;f] ljifodf d'2f rNg] jf
grNg] s] xf] < j:t'lgi7 kdf lg0f{o ug'{ egL
k/dfb]z hf/L x'g' jf~5gLo b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
ljut kfFr jif{bl] v cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg x'g
g;Sg' cfkm}d
F f lrGtfsf] ljifo aGg' kg]{ xf] . t/
;DalGwt lgsfon] o;k|lt pbf;Lgtf b]vfPsf]
cj:yfdf o; cbfntn] plrt sbd rfNg' kg]{
g} x'G5 . lgj]bs b]jL ;'gf/ lj?4 lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{no sfe]k| nf~rf]s ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;
cbfntn] tLg dlxgfleq cg';Gwfg k"/f ug'{
egL k/dfb]z hf/L u/L Goflos x:tIf]k ul/;s]sf]
klg 5 -g]sfk @)^$, lg=g+= &*%&_ .
(= t/ k|To]s d'2fsf] l:ylt Ps ;dfg
x'bF g} . cg';Gwfg ug{ ;a} d'2fdf ;dfg ;do
nfUg] klg xf]Og . 36gfsf] k|s[lt / cGo
kl/l:ylthGo s'/fxn] cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmof /
;do lgwf{l/t ug]{ x'G5 . To;}n] k|To]s d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfg of] olt ;doleq ;DkGg ug'{ egL
cbfntn] k|To]sdf ;dfg ;dofjlw tf]Sg' jf
lgwf{/0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g ;Sb}g . cg';Gwfgsf]
;dofjlw km/s km/s x'g ;S5 .
!)= t;y{, dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/
sf/0f ;d]taf6 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fn] lgj]bg
vf/]h u/]sf]nfO{ pN6L u/L ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL
P]g, @)$( adf]lhd lgj]lbsfn] lbPsf] ldlt
@)^#.!@.@# sf] hfx]/L pk/ of] cfb]z k|fKt
ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq hfx]/L b/vf:tdf
n]lvPsf JolQmx pk/ cg';Gwfg sfo{ k"/f
u/L d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] af/]df lg0f{o
u/L d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ b]lvPdf sfg"gadf]lhd
d'2f rnfpg' / d'2f rnfpg gkg]{ b]lvPdf ;/sf/L
d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @) cg';f/
879
;f]xL s'/fsf] ;"rgf ug'{ egL ljkIfL sfof{noxsf]

gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'G5 . ;fy} pQm tLg
dlxgfsf] cjlwleq cg';Gwfg sfo{ k"/f x'g
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ta ;Ddsf] k|ult ljj/0f;lxt
yk s] slt cjlw nfUg ;Sg] xf], ;f]sf] j:t'ut
cfwf/ sf/0f;lxt o; cbfntdf n]vL k7fpg'
/ To;df o; cbfntaf6 x'g] cfb]zcg';f/ ug'{
eGg] ;d]t ljkIfLxnfO{ n]vL k7fpg' . ;f]xL
cfb]zadf]lhd ug]{ u/L cg';Gwfgsf] cjlw
tf]Sg];Dd dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/
ofbjsf] /fo pko'Qm b]lvG5 . bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
&
lg0f{o g+= **#*
lgj]bs sfo{/t\ sfof{no ;dfj]z gePsf]

eGg] cfwf/n] dfq} ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt
sfg"gsf] clwsf/cGtu{t lgdf{0f eO{ nfu"
ePsf] Gofo ;]jf -;d"x u7g tyf >]0fL
ljefhg, lgo' l Qm, ;jf, a9' j f_
lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod !!-@_ sf]
v08 -s_ sf] Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! / @$ tyf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !# sf] k|fjwfgljk/Lt 5 egL cy{
ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ ^_
cbfntn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ sf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q cGtu{t s'g} k|rlnt sfg"gL
Joj:yf s'g} ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfg jf s'g}
lgod cfkm\gf] dft[ P]g;Fu aflemPsf]
cj:yfdf dfq To:tf] aflemPsf] sfg"gnfO{
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ xf] . t/ s'g}
lgoddf s]xL s'/f gePsf] eGg] cj:yfdf
;f] pNn]v gePsf] sf/0fn] pQm sfg"g
;+ljwfg jf dft[ P]g;Fu aflemPsf] egL
ab/ jf cdfGo ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf gcfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ &_
Pp6} ;]jf / Pp6} ;d"xdf kg]{ ljleGg
sfof{nodf sfo{/t\ ;a} sd{rf/Lxn]
kbf]Ggltsf] plrt / ;dfg cj;/ kfpg'
kb{5 . ;f]sf] nflu ;DalGwt P]g,
lgodf/f plrt Joj:yfkg x'gk' g]d
{ f
oL lgj]bs sfo{/t\ /x]sf] c8\8f a9'jf
k|of]hgsf nflu s'g} ;d"xdf clxn];Dd
gk/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ 7Ls dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ !)_
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
@)^*WS ))^$
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.#.@*
ljifoM pTk]i| f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM lh= vf]6f, vf]6fahf/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
! 3/ eO{ xfn C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf
/f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fL -ljz]if_ gf=;'= kbdf
sfo{/t\ Zofds'df/ cf]emf
lj?4
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/
ljkIfLM ;jf] { R r cbfnt, a9' j f ;ldltsf]
bfxfn, ljfg clwjQmfx xl/ pk|t] L,
;lrjfno ;d]t
k|sfz s]=;L= / huGgfy dxtf]
880
**#* - Zofds'df/ cf]emf lj=;jf]R{ r cbfnt, j9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno ;d]t
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ljgf]b

kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f !#
Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg, lgo' l Qm, ;jf, a9' j f_
lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod !!-@_-s_
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!
/ @$
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd o;
cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bs Gofo ;]jf Gofo ;d"x cGtu{t
/f=k=cg+= rt'y{ >]0fLdf @)#^.%.!@ df ;]jf
k|j]z u/L xfn lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf @$3=! adf]lhd /f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fL
-ljz]if_ gf=;'= kbdf a9'jf eO{ sfo{/t\ /fi6;j] s
x'F . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g,
@)%* sf] bkmf $ / * adf]lhd ul7t C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0f / C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0fdf Gofo ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx sfo{/t\
/x]sf 5g\ . ;f]xLcg'k ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
lg0f{ o n] d lgj] b s klg C0f c;" n L
Gofoflws/0fdf ;jf eO{ sfo{/t\ /x]sf] 5' .
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{/t\ /f=k= cg+=
sd{ r f/Lxsf] sf=;=d" = sf] ;' k /Lj] I fs,
k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf]
cWoIfsf] af/]df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf
lgodfjnLdf :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] sf/0f
kqfrf/ ubf{ ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.@.#
/ @)^*.%.@) sf] kqaf6 ;f] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
eO{ sf=;=d"= d"Nofgsf] sfo{ eO{ cfPsf] 5 .
o;} aLrdf nf] s ;] j f cfof] u ,

dWodf~rn If] q Lo lgb] { z gfnosf] ldlt
@)^*.(.@( sf] kqaf6 o; cbfntdf l/Qm
g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, Gofo ;d"x /f=k= cg+= k|yd
>]0fL gf=;'= kb;+Vof !) dWo] sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df % kb / sfo{;Dkfbg tyf
cg'ejsf] cfwf/df % kb ;dfof]hg a9'jfsf]
nflu k|ltzt lgwf{/0f eO{ cfPsf] x'bF f lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!, @@ / @$3!=
cg';f/ ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] lgod !!@_-s_ adf]lhd o; cbfnt / cGtu{tsf
Gofokl/ifb\ ;lrjfno, k|zf;sLo cbfnt tyf
>d cbfntdf b/aGbL eO{ sfo{ / t\
pDd]bjf/xn] b/vf:t lbg x'g ;"lrt ul/G5
egL ;jf] { R r cbfnt a9' j f ;ldltsf]
;lrjfnosf] gfdaf6 ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf]
yfxf eof] . ;f] ;"rgfcg'k a9'jf ;ldltsf]
;lrjfnodf ;Dks{ u/L a9'jfsf] kmf/fd btf{
ug{ vf] H bf ;f] a9' j f ;ldltsf cWoIf
/lhi6f/Ho"af6 @)^*.!@.@@ df g]kfn Gofo
;]jf -u7g ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm,
;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod !!
-@_-s_ adf] l hd ;jf] { R r cbfntaf6
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfdf
lgwf{l/t kb;+Vofdf a9'jf x'g kfpg] sfof{nosf]
;"rLdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt, Gofokl/ifb\ ;lrjfno,
k|zf;sLo cbfnt / >d cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx
egL :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] / lgj]bsx plNnlvt
sfof{nodf sfo{/t\ pDd]bjf/ gePsf]n] a9'jf
b/vf:T kmf/fd ;dfj]z ug{ ldn]g egL lg0f{o
ul/Psf] s'/f ;f]xL ldltdf gSsn hf/L yfxf
kfpFm .
pQm sfdsf/jfxL sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ e}
ab/efuL 5 . Gofo ;d"xdf /fhkq cg+lst
>]0fLsf sd{rf/L h'g;'s} sfof{nodf sfo{/t\ eP
klg a9'jf ;"rgf adf]lhd lghxsf] kmf/fd
;dfj]z ug{ ldNb}g eGg kfOFbg} .
881

ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf / a9'jf_ lgodx,
@)%! ldlt @)%!.#.^ b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . d
sfo{/t\ C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f @)^) ;fndf
dfq u7g ePsf] x'bF f ;f] lgodsf] lgod !!-@_s_ df C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f ;dfj]z x'g
g;s]sf] xf] . pQm lgodx nfu" ePkl5 u7g
ePsf >d cbfnt / k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;d]t
ldlt @)%#.(.!! df k|yd ;+zf]wgaf6 ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] xf] . d lgj]bs sfo{/t\ C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0f ;d]t ;jf]R{ r cbfnt dftxts}
Goflos lgsfo eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . oxfF sfo{/t\
sd{rf/Lx Gofo ;d"x leqs} x'g] ePsfn] Pp6}
;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx o; Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{/t\
/x]s} e/df ;f] ;d"xsf] a9'jfdf pDd]bjf/ aGg
gkfpg] eGg' k" j f{ u | x k" 0 f{ 5 . d sfo{ / t\
Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ePkl5 Gofo ;]jf ;DaGwL
lgodx @)%! sf] ;DalGwt lgod !!-@_-s_
df ;+zf]wg ug'k{ g]{ st{Jo ;DalGwt dGqfno
;d]tsf] xf] . t/ lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg gePsf]
sf/0fn] dfq} a9'jfdf pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg] egL
lg0f{o ug'{ q'l6k"0f{ x'G5 . ;DalGwt lgsfon]
cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo k"/f gu/]sf] sf/0fn]
a9'jf h:tf] ;+jb] gzLn xsaf6} al~rt ug{
ldNb}g .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!
/ @$ sf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] cj:yfdf Gofo ;]jf
lgodx @)%! sf] lgod !!-@_-s_ df C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] gfd pNn]v gu/]sf]
xb;Dd Gofo ;]jf lgodx @)%! sf] pQm
Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !# / lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@! / @$ ;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;f] xb;Dd lgod
!!-@_-s_ sf] jfSof+z / ;f] cfwf/df ePsf]
lj1fkgsf] ;"rgfsf] jfSof+z ;d]t ab/efuL
5 . o;sf cltl/Qm lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf @$3! adf]lhd x'g] a9'jfdf C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0f cGtu{tsf /f=k=cg+=

sd{rf/LxnfO{ ;jf]R{ r cbfnt cGtu{ts} dfgL
b/vf:t :jLsf/ u/L a9'jf ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
t/ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df x'g] a9'jf Pj+ ;dfof]hg a9'jfdf eg]
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/ x'g glbg] sfdsf/jfxL / ;"rgf
;d]t cGofok"0f{ 5 .
ctM d]/f] a9'jf b/vf:t lng gldNg]
egL ljkIfL a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] cWoIf
/lhi6f/Ho"af6 ldlt @)^*.!@.@@ df ePsf]
lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] lg0f{o cl3kl5 ePsf lj1fkg
;"rgfxdf Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf a9'jf_ lgodx @)%!
sf] lgod !!-@_-s_ df C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f
sf] gfd pNn]v gu/]sf] xb;Ddsf] jfSof+znfO{
pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L Pj+ cdfGo 3f]lift
u/L ;f] lgodfjnLdf Gofoflws/0fxsf] gfd
;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ u/fpg' egL k/dfb]z ;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f]
gnfu];Dd pQm lj1fkgsf] sfdsf/jfxL ;DkGg
eO;Sg] k|an ;Defjgf ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bgsf]
cf}lrTo g} ;dfKt x'g] x'bF f lgj]bsnfO{ ck"/0fLo
Iflt k'Ug] ePsf]n] pQm lj1fkg adf]lhdsf]
a9'jf ;DaGwL sfdsf/jfxL cufl8 ga9fpg',
oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ldlt
@)^*.!@.@@ sf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'gg' kg]{ xf] <
af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' ;fy}
lgj]bsn] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf /f=k=cg+=
k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf @$3! adf]lhd a9'jf kfPsf] b]lvof] .
ldlt @)^*.!!.@$ sf] uf]/vfkqsf] a9'jf
;ldltsf] ;lrjfno, ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] ;"rgf
882
cWoog ubf{ g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf

>]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx,
@)%! sf] lgod !!-@_-s_ df Joj:yf ePsf
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, Gofo kl/ifb\ ;lrjfno,
k|zf;sLo cbfnt / >d cbfntsf sd{rf/Lsf
nflu dfq ;f] k|ltikwf{df pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg]
Joj:yf b]lvof] . @)^) ;fndf u7g ePsf]
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f / o;sf] k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0f klg ;dfj]z x'gk' g]{ eGg] lgj]bssf]
dfu kfOG5 . axfn /x]sf] k|rlnt sfg"gdf C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0f ;d]t ;dfj]z gePsf] l:ylt
Psftkm{ b]lvG5 eg] csf]t{ km{ tL Gofoflws/0fdf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] k|Zg klg
TolQs} uDeL/ b]lvG5 . ;f] ;"rgfcg';f/ b/vf:t
lbg] clGtd Dofb cfh} dfq /x]sf] cj:yf /
)^* WS ))^) sf] l/6 lgj] b gdf o;}
cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
@)^*.!@.@! df lgj]bss} k|sl[ tsf sd{rf/LnfO{
b/vf:t kmf/fd eg{ lbg cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm lgj]bgsf] lgj]bsxsf]
dfu bfjLsf ;DaGwdf d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f
x'bF f ljrf/ x'g] egL hf/L pQm cGtl/d cfb]zaf6
tL kbsf nflu pDd]bjf/ ePsf cGo sd{rf/Lsf]
a9'jf ;d]t nfdf] ;do;Dd cGof}nu|:t /xg'
Gofo;+ut b]lvFbg} . t;y{, o; ljifodf b'jk} Ifsf]
5nkmn ;'gL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g] jf gx'g]
ljifodf lg0f{o x'gk' g]{ x'bF f ldlt @)^*.!@.#)
sf] lbg cGtl/d cfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn
ug{ ljkIfLnfO{ lemsfpg' . ldlt @)^*.!!.@$
sf] uf]/vfkqsf] ;"rgfn] pDd]bjf/n] b/vf:t
lbg kfpg] tL; lbg cfh} k'Ug] ePaf6 ;f]
cjlw;Dd oL lgj] b ssf] b/vf:t kl5
7x/]adf]lhd x'g] u/L ;zt{ btf{ ul/lbg ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_
adf]lhd ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ldlt @)^*.!@.@# sf]
cfb]z .
lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t' x]bf{ rfF8f] lsgf/f

x'g af~5gLo b]lvPsf] x'bF f lnlvt hjfkm k/] jf
;f]sf] cjlw gf3]sf] ;ft lbgleq l/6 g+= )^*
WS))^) ;d]t ;fy} /fvL k"0f{ ;'g'jfOsf
nflu k]z ug'{ . ;f] cjlw;Dd k|:t't lgj]bgdf
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*.!@.@#
df hf/L cGtl/d cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ldlt @)^*.!@.#) sf] cfb]z .
Gofo ;]jfdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf,
zt{ ;DaGwdf Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg, lgo'lQm ;jf_ lgodx @)%! sf]
lgod !!-@_ df C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f / C0f
c;" n L k' g /fj] b g Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{ / t\
sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf a9'jf ;DaGwL :ki6 sfg"gL
Joj:yf gePsf] x'bF f C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f /
C0f c;"n Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{/t\ pDd]bjf/nfO{
a9'jf k|lqmofdf ;lDdlnt u/fpg sfg"gL kdf
ldNg cfpFbg} . Gofo ;]jf, Gofo ;d"xsf] k|zf;g
x]g{] s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] x}l;otsf] g]kfn Gofo ;]jf
-u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, ;jf_ lgodx
@)%! sf] lgod !! sf] pklgod -@_-s_ df
/fhZj Gofoflws/0f eGg] zAb k5fl8 / C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0f, C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0f, a}bl] zs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0f, ljz]if
cbfnt / o;kl5 u7g x'g] Gofoflws/0f jf
cbfntsf l/Qm kbxsf] nflu ;f]xL Gofoflws/0f
jf cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx eGg] jfSof+z yk
u/L lgod ;+zf]wg ug{ o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^(.!.$ sf] lg0f{o ;lxt ;f]xL ldltdf sfg"g
dGqfnodf kqfrf/ eO{ a9'jf ;DaGwdf pko'Qm
Joj:yf ug]{ kxn eO/x]sf] eGg] ;jf]R{ r cbfnt,
a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno, /lhi6f/ / k|zf;g
zfvfsf] ;+oQ
' m lnlvt hjfkm .
ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx @)%!
sf] lgod !! sf] pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -s_ df
a9'jfsf] nflu ;+efJo pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg]
883
lgsfodf C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f pNn]v

gePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfn, ljfg
clwjQmfx >L xl/ pk|t] L, >L k|sfz s]=;L= /
>L huGgfy dxtf]n] a}s
+ tyf ljlQo ;+:yfsf]
C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* ldlt @)^).#.@ af6
nfu" ePkl5 ;f] P]gsf] bkmf $ / * adf]lhd
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f / C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0f u7g ePsf x'g,\ t/ Gofo ;]jf ;d"x u7g tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm , ;jf
a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%! oL Gofoflws/0f u7g
x'ge
' Gbf klxn] g} nfu" ePsf] x'bF f ;f] lgodxsf]
lgod !!-@_ -s_ df Gofoflws/0fx ;dfj]z
gePsf x'g\ . pQm lgodxdf ePsf] klxnf]
;+zf]wgn] lgod !!-@_ sf] b]xfo -s_ df ;+zf]wg
u/L lgodx nfu" x'ge
' Gbf kl5 u7g ePsf
k|zf;sLo cbfnt tyf >d cbfntnfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fxsf]
af/]df ;f] lgoddf ;+zf]wg u/L xfn;Dd
gldnfOPsf] sf/0f Gofo ;d"xsf /fhkq cg+lst
sd{rf/Lxsf] a9'jfdf tL Gofofls/0fxdf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx ;dfj]z x'g g;Sg] egL
a9'jf ;ldltsf cWoIf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf
/lhi6f/af6 lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . To;/L Pp6} ;d"xsf
s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ / s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{
;dfj]z gug]{ eGg] lg0f{o e]befjk"0f{ eO{ ab/efuL
5 . C0f c;" n L Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{ / t\
sd{rf/Lx klg Gofo ;d"xaf6} /xg] x'bF f Pp6}
;d"xsf sd{rf/LdWo] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{ a9'jfdf ;dfj]z gug]{ eGg
ldNb}g . lsgeg] lgj]bs dfq a9'jfsf] ;Defljt
If]qaf6 cnu /xg ;Qm}gg\ . lgod !!-@_-s_
sf] ;d"xsf] k|sl[ tn] g} C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f

;f]xL ;d"xdf kg]{ lglZrt\ 5 . o;sf ;fy} C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{/t\ /ljGb| 9'u+ fgfnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$3!
adf]lhd /f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fL -ljz]if_ gf=;'=kbdf
a9'jf ubf{ ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] a9'jf ;ldltn]
lgod !!-@_ -s_ cGtu{ts} sfof{nosf] ;"rLdf
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L a9'jf
b/vf:t lnO{ a9'jf ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L
ljz]if a9'jf k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ul/;s]kl5
;dfof]hg a9'jftkm{ b/vf:t glng] u/L lg0f{o
ug{ klg ldNb}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] a9'jf
;ldltsf] lnlvt hjfkmsf] k|s/0f # df C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0f ;d]tnfO{ lgod !!-@_ -v_
cGtu{t yk ug{ lg0f{o;lxt sfg"g dGqfnodf
n]vL k7fOPsf] eGg] pNn]v 5 . t;y{, xfn
a9'jfsf] nflu dfq lgj]bsxnfO{ afx]s ug{
ldNb}g . t;y{, lgod !!-@_ -v_ df C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0f / C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f
;dfj]z gu/]sf] xb;Dd pQm Joj:yf ab/efuL
5 . t;y{ ;f] xb;Ddsf] pQm Joj:yf ab/ u/L
lgj]bssf] b/vf:t lnO{ a9'jf ug'{ egL ljkIfL
a9'jf ;ldlt ;d]t pk/ cfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5
eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno
;d]tsf tkm{af6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ljgf]b
kf]v/]nn] xfn ljBdfg /x]sf] Gofo ;]jf lgodx
@)%! sf] lgod !!-@_ -v_ df C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0f ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g, lgoddf ;dfj]z
gePsf lgsfodf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lxsf] a9'jf
kmf/fd lng ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . a9'jf ;ldltsf
cWoIf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf /lhi6f/n] lgod
!!-@_-v_ df ;+zf]wg ug{ n]vL k7fPsf] eGg]
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] lgoddf
;+zf]wg ePkl5 dfq lgj]bssf] a9'jf kmf/fd
;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] x'bF f xfn l/6 hf/L ug'k{ g]{
b]lvFbg} eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
884
b'jt} km{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]

ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL ldl;n
cWoog u/L lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f
ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof]M
!=
@=
Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg,

lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%!
sf] lgod !! sf] pklgod -@_ sf] b]xfo
-s_ sf] Joj:Yffdf C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f
/ C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f eGg]
afSof+z ;dfj]z gePsf] cfwf/df ;f]
Joj:Yff lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf @! / @$ tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# ;Fu aflemPsf]
dfGg ldNg], gldNg] s] xf] <
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g' kg]{ xf], xf]Og <
>]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx

@)%! sf] lgod !! sf] pklgod -@_ sf] v08
-s_ df C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f / C0f c;"nL
k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f pNn]v gePsf] x'Fbf
lgj]bsx ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g g;Sg] x'bF f
lghxsf] b/vf:t ;dfj]z ug{ ldn]g egL
ldlt @)^*.!@.@@ df lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . ;f]
lg0f{on] lgj]bspk/ e]befj u/]sf] eGb} lgod
!!-@_ sf] v08 -s_ df C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f
/ C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f eGg]
jfSof+z;Dd ;dfj]z gu/]sf] xb;Dd ;f] Joj:yf
cdfGo u/L lgj]bssf] b/vf:t lnO{ a9'jf
k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z u/fO{ kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvof] .
#= lgj]bsn] ab/ ug{ dfu u/]sf] Gofo
;]jf -;d"x u7g tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm,
;jf a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod !! sf]
pklgod -@_ sf] b]xfo -s_ sf] Joj:yf lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! / @$ tyf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !#
sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu aflemPsf] eGb} lgj]bgdf
lhsL/ lnPsf] x'bF f lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] pQm
bkmf @! / @$ sf] cjnf]sg ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof]M
@= ;j{ky| d klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{

oL lgj]bs g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, Gofo ;d"xsf]
/fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fL -ljz]if_ gf=;'=kbdf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L x'g\ . o;df ljjfb 5}g . lgh
xfn C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf b/aGbL /xL
;f]xL Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf] eGg]df klg bkmf @!M a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g rflxg]
s'g} ljjfb 5}g . ;jf]R{ r cbfnt a9'jf ;ldltsf]
Go"gtd\ ;]jf cjlw / z}lIfs of]UotfM ;lrjfnoaf6 ldlt @)^*.!!.@$ sf] uf]/vfkqdf
!_ a9'jfsf] lgldQ pDd]bjf/ x'g a9'jf
k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, Gofo
x'g] kbsf] >]0fL eGbf Ps >]0fL d'gLsf]
;d"xsf] /fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fL, gfoj ;'Aaf
kbsf] nflu tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] z}lIfs
kb;+Vof !) dWo] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgaf6
of]Uotf / b]xfoadf]lhd Go"gtd ;]jf
kb;+Vof % tyf ;dfof]hg a9'jfaf6 kb;+Vof
cjlw k'us
] f] x'gk' g]5
{ M
% ;d]tdf a9'jfsf] b/vf:t cfXjfg ePsf]df
-s_ /fhkq cg+lst kbsf] lgldQ tLg jif{,
;f] kbsf] a9'jfdf ;dfj]z x'g of]Uotf k'us
] f]
-v_ /fhkqf+lst kbsf] lgldQ kfFr jif{ .
x'bF f b/vf:t a'emfpg uPsf]df, ;f] a9'jf ;ldltsf] -@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
;lrjfnosf cWoIf Pj+ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf
ePtf klg dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt,
/lhi6f/af6 lgj]bs C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf
dw]zL, blnt, ckf / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf
sfo{/t\ /x]sf] / Gofo ;]jf -u7g ;d"x tyf
:yfoL a;f] j f; ePsf lghfdtL
885
sd{rf/Lxsf] plNnlvt ;]jf cjlwdf cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/
Ps jif{ sd ;]jf cjlw eP klg a9'jfsf] eGg] zLif{scGtu{t pklgod -!_, -@_, -#_ /
nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g5
] .
-$_ df ;f] ;DaGwdf lj:t[t Joj:Yff ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . pQm pklgod -@_ df s'g} ;d"xdf
bkmf @$M sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfsf] l/Qm /fhkq cg+lst kbxdf sfo{ Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/M -!_ a9'jf ;ldltn] lghfdtL d"Nofgf/f a9'jf ug{sf] lgldQ To:tf] l/Qm
sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{Ifdtfjfkt kfPsf] s'n kbeGbf Ps >]0fL d'lgsf] kbdf lgodfjnLsf]
csf] cfwf/df a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z lgod &% sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw
ug]5
{ .
/ xfn axfn /x]sf] kbdf ;]jf k|j]zsf] lgldQ
-@_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofg lgwf{l/t Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf k'u]sf b]xfosf
ubf{ b]xfoadf]lhd a9Ldf Ps;o c lbOg] sfof{ n oxsf] nflu b] x foadf] l hdsf
5M
sd{rf/Lx ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g]5g\ eGg]
Joj:yf eO{ To;}sf] b]xfo -s_ df ;jf]{Rr
-s_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg jfkt rfnL; c cbfnt, Gofokl/ifb\ ;lrjfno, k|zf;sLo
-v_ h]i7tf jfkt tL; c
cbfnt / >d cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx eGg]
-u_ z}lIfs of]Uotf jfkt afx c
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] . o;/L lgod !!-@_ n]
-3_ ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd u/] jfkt ;f]x c Gofo ;]jf Gofo ;d"xsf /fhkq cg+lst
-_ tfnLd jfkt b'O{ c .
kbxdf sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgf/f ul/g]
a9' j fsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd] b jf/ x' g ]
-#_ ;DefJo pDd]bjf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg sfof{noxsf] Joj:Yff u/]sf] / To;}sf] v08
jfkt c u0fgf ubf{ c;f/ d;fGt;Ddsf] -s_ n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg
lx;fjn] / cGo c u0fgf ubf{ a9'jfsf] d"Nofgf/f ul/g] a9'jfsf] nflu ;jf]{Rr
b/vf:t lbg] clGtd Dofb;Dd xfl;n cbfnt, Gofo kl/ifb\ ;lrjfno, k|zf;sLo
u/]sf] c u0fgf ul/g]5 .
cbfnt / >d cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/ x'g] egL Joj:Yff u/]sf] kfOof] .
$= o;/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
%= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
sf] bkmf @! df a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g &% n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n]
rflxg] Go"gtd\ ;]jf cjlw / z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] agfPsf] Gofo ;]jf -;d"x, u7g tyf >]0fL
ljifodf / bkmf @$ df sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%!
x'g] a9'jfsf] cfwf/xsf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] ldlt @)%!.#.^ sf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt eO{ ;f]xL
b]lvg cfpF5 . plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:Yff;Fu ldltb]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . o;sf] lgod !! sf]
Gofo ;]jf -;d"x, u7g tyf >]0fL ljefhg, pk lgod -@_ sf] v08 -s_ df ldlt @)%#.(.!!
lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%! sf] df ePsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]wg eO{
lgod !! sf] pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -s_ sf] plNnlvt sfof{noxdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx
Joj:Yff gldn]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ ePsf] ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] Joj:Yff ePsf]
x'Fbf pQm lgod !! sf] Joj:Yff klg x]g'{kg]{ b]lvof] . lgj]bs sfo{/t\ /x]sf] C0f c;"nL
b]lvof] . pQm lgod !! df sfo{Ifdtfsf] Gofoflws/0f a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL
886
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf $ cg';f/ ldlt @)^).$.!

df :yfkgf ePsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] lgj]bg ;d]taf6
b]lvG5 . o;/L lgod !!-@_ sf] v08 -s_ nfu"
x'Fbfsf avt lgjb]s sfo{/t\ C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0f cl:tTjdf g} g/x]sf] cj:yf x'bF f
;f] lgod !!-@_ sf] v08 -s_ df ;f] Gofoflws/0f
;dfj]z gx'gd
' f s'g} q'l6 jf e]befj ul/Psf]
b]lvFbg} . lgod nfu" x'bF fsf avt :yfkgf g}
gePsf sfof{nox ;f] lgoddf pNn]v gx'g'
s'g} c:jfefljs s'/f klg xf]Og . o;sf cltl/Qm
s'g ;d"x / sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx a9'jf
k|of]hgsf nflu lgodsf] s'g ;d"xdf ;dfj]z
x'gk' g]{ xf] eGg] af/]df lg0f{o jf lgwf{/0f ug]{
lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xf] . Gofo
;]jf, Gofo ;d"xsf] s'g} lgsfo jf sfof{nosf
sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofgf/f x'g]
a9'jfdf s'g} vf; ;d"xdf ;dfj]z x'g kfpg]
u/L lg/k]If kdf sfg"gL clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf]
klg kfOb}g+ .
^= o;/L oL lgj]bs sfo{/t\ /x]sf]
sfof{no :yfkgf g} gePsf] ;dodf lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] Gofo ;]jf -;d"x, u7g tyf >]0fL
ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx @)%!
/ To;df ePsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg ;lxtsf] lgod
!!-@_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ jf
e]befjk"0f{ ePsf] eGg ldNg] cfwf/ b]lvg
cfPg . o;y{ pQm lgodsf] lgod !!-@_ sf]
v08 -s_ df oL lgj]bs sfo{/t\ sfof{no
;dfj]z gePsf] eGg] cfwf/n] dfq} ;+ljwfg /
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwsf/cGtu{t lgdf{0f eO{
nfu" ePsf] Gofo ;]jf -;d"x u7g tyf >]0fL
ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx,
@)%! sf] lgod !!-@_ sf] v08 -s_ sf]
Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!
/ @$ tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !# sf] k|fjwfgljk/Lt 5 egL cy{ ug{
klg ldNb}g .
&= o; cbfntn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ sf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q cGtu{t s'g} k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf
s'g} ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfg jf s'g} lgod cfkm\gf]
dft[ P]g;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yfdf dfq To:tf]
aflemPsf] sfg"gnfO{ cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{
xf] . t/ s'g} lgoddf s]xL s'/f gePsf] eGg]
cj:yfdf ;f] pNn]v gePsf] sf/0fn] pQm sfg"g
;+ljwfg jf dft[ P]g;Fu aflemPsf] egL ab/ jf
cdfGo ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf g} cfpFbg} .
*= oL lgj]bs Gofo ;]jf, Gofo ;d"xsf
sd{rf/L ePsf] / ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;jf
eO{ C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf]n]
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k|zf;sLo cbfnt, >d
cbfnt / Gofokl/ifb\df sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L ;/x
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|sflzt a9'jfsf] nflu
a9'jf k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z x'gk' g]{ eGg] oL lgj]bssf]
egfO{ / ts{ cfkm}Fdf c:jfefljs jf c;+ut
5}g . t/ dflysf] k|s/0fdf pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/
a9' j f k| o f] h gsf nflu s' g ;d" x df s' g
sfof{nosf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ xf], ;f]
s'/f lgoddf Jojl:yt x'g] u/L lgod agfpg]
clwsf/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;a} lghfdtL
;]jfdf ;fdfGo kn] nfu" x'g] jf a]Unf a]Un}
;]jf jf ;d"xsf] nflu k[ys kn] nfu" x'g]
lgodx agfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf &% n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL k|Tofof]lht ljwflosL
clwsf/ (Delegated Legislative Power) cGtu{t
g]kfn ;/sf/n] agfPsf] lgodfjnLdf a9'jf
k|of]hgsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, Gofokl/ifb\,
k|zf;sLo cbfnt / >d cbfnt ;/x C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0fxnfO{ ;dfj]z gu/]sf],
gu/fPs} cfwf/df dfq Gofo ;]jf -;d"x u7g
tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_
lgodx @)%! sf] lgod !!-@_ sf] v08 -s_
887
sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# / lghfdtL

;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @! / @$ sf] ljk/Lt
ePsf] eGg / cdfGo 3f]lift ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg .
(= ca lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] g;Sg] s] xf] eGg] bf];|f]
k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs g]kfn Gofo ;]jf,
Gofo ;d"xsf] /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/L ePsf]
/ lgh ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] lg0f{on] xfn C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf ;jf kb:yfkg eO{
sfo{/t\ /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;sf ;fy} lgj]bs
Gofo ;d"xs} sd{rf/L eO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf @! / @$ tyf Gofo ;]jf
lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod !! adf]lhd /fhkq
cg+lst kbsf] a9'jfdf ;dfj]z x'g of]Uotf
k'u]sf] sd{rf/L b]lvG5g\ . t/ a9'jf ;ldltsf]
;lrjfno, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf /lhi6f/af6
ldlt @)^*.!@.@@ df Gofo ;]jf lgodx
@)%! sf] lgod !!-@_ -s_ adf]lhd ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg u/L ul/g]
a9'jfdf lgwf{l/t kb;+Vofdf a9'jf x'g kfpg]
sfof{ n osf] ;" r Ldf lgj] b s sfo{ / t\
Gofoflws/0f pNn]v gePsf] sf/0fn] dfq
lghsf] a9'jf b/vf:t kmf/fd ;dfj]z gu/]sf]
cj:yf b]lvG5 .
!)= pQm lgod !!-@_ -s_ df lgj]bs
sfo{/t\ C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f s'g} ;d"xdf
pNn] v gePsf] n fO{ ;+ z f] w g u/L pQm
Gofoflws/0f ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L ;f] lgoddf
;+zf]wg ug{ ldlt @)^(.!.$ sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnodf kqfrf/ ePsf]
eGg] klg ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf /lhi6f/sf] lnlvt
hjfkmaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . Pp6} ;]jf / Pp6}
;d"xdf kg]{ ljleGg sfof{nodf sfo{/t\ ;a}
sd{rf/Lxn] kbf]Ggltsf] plrt / ;dfg cj;/
kfpg' kb{5 . ;f]sf] nflu ;DalGwt P]g,
lgodf/f plrt Joj:yfkg x'g' kg]d{ f oL lgj]bs
sfo{/t\ /x]sf] c8\8f a9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu
s'g} ;d"xdf clxn];Dd gk/]sf] cj:yfnfO{

7Ls dfGg ;lsFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf oyfzL3|
;'wf/ u/L oL lgj]bs sfo{/t\ /x]sf] sfof{nonfO{
klg a9'jfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu pko'Qm ;d"xleq
/fVg' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
!!= t;y{ Gofo ;]jf -;"dx u7g tyf
>]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx
@)%! sf] lgod !! sf] pklgod @ sf] v08 s_ b]lv v08 -5_ ;Ddsf] s'g} pko'Qm ;d"xdf
jf 5'} ;d"xdf oL lgj]bs / Gofo ;]jf, Gofo
;d"xaf6 uO{ C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f / C0f
c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fdf sfd sfh
ul//x]sf sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf a9'jf k|of]hgsf
nflu pQm Gofoflws/0fxnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{
u/L pQm lgoddf of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn]
tLg dlxgfleq ;+zf]wg ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL
sfg" g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] gfpF d f
k/dfb]z;Dd hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . Gofo ;]jf
-u7g ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf,
a9'jf_ lgodx, @)%!, sf] lgod !!-@_ sf]
v08 -s_ df ;+zf]wg geP;Dd C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{/t\ oL lgj]bsnfO{ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 x'g] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df x'g]
a9'jf k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt gx'Fbf
ldlt @)^*.!@.@# df o; cbfntaf6 hf/L
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z lgliqmo x'G5 . bfo/Lsf]
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{
lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
888
&
**#( - b'u{axfb'/ j:g]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/
Pp6} hl/ofaf6 u/]sf] km/skm/s

s;"/sf ;DaGwdf Pp6} cleof]ukq k]z
ul/Psf]nfO{ c=j+=&@ g+=+ k|lts"n eGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@!_
s'g} klg P]gdf cufl8af6 s'g} ljlzi6
zAbxsf] pNn]vg eO{ k5fl8af6 OToflb
eGg] uf]Zjf/f / ;fdfGo cy{af]ws zAbsf]
k|of]u ul/G5 eg] To;af6 cufl8 pNn]v
eP h:t} u'0f, k|sl[ t / rl/q (Analogy)
ePsf yk c? klg ljifoxnfO{ ;d]6g\ ]
ljwflosL cfzo /x]sf] lyof] eGg] cy{
u|x0f ug'k{ g]{ .
sfg"g JofVofsf ljleGg l;4fGtxdWo]
Ps Ejusdem Generis Principle sf
cg';f/ s'g} vf; zAbx cufl8 k|of]u
ePsf 5g\ / To;kl5 ;fwf/0f zAbx
k|of]u ePsf 5g\ eg] tL ;fwf/0f
zAbxn] cufl8sf vf; vf; zAbxn]
hgfP h:t} cy{ jf ljifonfO{ hgfpg] .
a9L ultdf c;fjwfgLk"js
{ rnfOPsf]
a;, 6s, hLk OToflbsf] 7Ss/n] dflg;
dg{ uPdf Hofg dfg]{ s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/G5 eg] a9L
ultdf c;fjwflgk"js
{ rnfOPsf] sf/sf]
7Ss/af6 dflg; df/]sf] jf/bft Hofg
dfg]{ s;"/cGtu{t kg{] s'/f :jfefljs}
dflgg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@$_
lg0f{o g+= **#(

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
kmf}=k'=g+= @)^$CR)%$$
kmf}=k'=g+= @)^%CR)!!@
kmf}=k'=g+= @)^^CR)#$*
km};nf ldltM @)^(.!.!).!
d'2fM /fxbfgL, gful/stf sLt]{ ;d]t .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM afUn' lhNnf, xl/rf}/
uf=lj=;=j8f g+=( a:g] b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no afUn'sf]
kq hfx]/Ln], g]kfn ;/sf/
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM afUn' lhNnf, afUn'
g=kf=j8f g+=# 3/ e} dsjfgk'/ lhNnf
/ftf]df6] uf=lj=;=j8f g+= % a:g]
klkndfg zfSo
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no afUn'sf]
kq hfx]/Ln], g]kfn ;/sf/
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no afUn'sf] kq hfx]/Ln],
g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM afUn' lhNnf, b'lbnfef6L
uf=lj=;=j8f g+=# 3/ eO{ afUn' ahf/df
xf]6n Joj;fo u/L a:g] z]/axfb'/ v8\sf
z'? lg0f{o ug]M{
df=Gof=>L s?0fflglw zdf{
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L ljZjDe/k|;fb >]i7
df=Gof=>L O{Zj/k|;fb vltj8f
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbL tkm{ a f6Mljfg jl/i7

clwjQmf zDe' yfkf / ljfg
clwjQmfx aNne a:g]t, /dgs'df/
>]i7, ;'efif kf}8n
] / 1fg]Gb|k;
| fb kf]v/]n
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
u+ufk|;fb kf}8n
]
889
cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^&, lg=g+=*%)$,

k[i7, !*&^
;Da4 sfg"gM
gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !%
d'ns
' L P]g, sLt]{ sfuhsf] !,(,!@
/fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf %
d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+=&@ g+=
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]
cg';r
" L!
km};nf
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
afUn'sf] ldlt @)^$.@.* sf] km};nfpk/ jfbL
/ k|ltjfbL b'jk} Ifsf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/
o; k|sf/ 5 M
ljb] z sf/fuf/df /x] s f elgPsf
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] gfdaf6 k|ltlnlk gful/stf
lemsL /fxbfgL agfpg] k|of;df nfu]sf b'ua{ xfb'/
a:g]t, pQm sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ z]/axfb'/ v8\sf
/ 6f=gf=;'=klkndfg zfSo ;d]tnfO{ sf/jfxLsf]
nflu lgj]bg sfuhftx o;};fy k7fOPsf] 5
eGg] lhNnf k| z f;g sfof{ n o, jfUn' sf]
@)^!.#.!$ sf] kq .
ljb]zdf /x]sf s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] /fxbfgL
agfO{ lbg'kof] egL lghsL lbbL tyf legfh'n]
kmf]g u/L wgaxfb'/ x:t] lgh s'naxfb'/sf] kmf]6f]
5f]8L lbPsf], xs{axfb'/ vqL;Fu e]6 x'bF f pQm
sfo{sf] nflu z]/axfb'/ v8\sf;Fu ;Dks{ ug'{
eg]sfn] ;Dks{ ubf{ z]/axfb'/ v8\sfdfkm{t\
klkndfg;Fu gful/stf / /fxbfgL agfpg]
;DaGwdf ;/;Nnfx x'bF f gful/stfnufotsf
sfuhftdf d]/f] kmf]6f] 6fF;L tyf s'naxfb'/ vqL
agL x:tfIf/nufotsf sfo{ d}n] u/]kl5 clen]v
nufotsf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf klkndfg
zfSon] lgh s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] kmf]6f] 6fF;L tof/
ul/lbg] / ;f] jfkt ?=@),))). lbg] zt{df d]/f]

kmf]6f] 6fF;L b:tvt ;d]t d}n] u/L s'naxfb'/
gfdsf] %&%%.^* g+= sf] gful/stf ;d]t tof/
ePsf] / To;}sf cfwf/df /fxbfgL ;d]t lng
nfu]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tn]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] gfdsf] gful/stf g+=
%&%% g+= sf] k|df0fkq / # j6f kf;kf]6{ ;fOhsf
RofltPsf !@ j6f 6'qmf kmf]6f] a/fdb ePsf]
eGg] a/fdbL d'rN' sf .
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] gfdsf] %&%% g+= sf]
k|df0f / O=;+= @$!!))@ df !*!@!!) g+=
sf] /fxbfgL lnPsf] 5 eGg] lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no, jfUn'sf] kq .
dn]lzof h]ndf /x]sf s'naxfb'/ vqLsf]
gfful/stf, kf;kf]6{ gePsf]n] gful/stfsf]
k|ltlnlk / /fxbfgL agfpg b'ua{ xfb'/n] ;f]ws
] f]
x'Fbf klkndfg;Fu ;Dks{ ubf{ x'G5 eg]sfn]
b'ua{ xfb'/ ;d]t e} klkndfgsf] 8]/fdf uO{ ;Nnfx
x'bF f gful/stf / /fxbfgLsf] cg';r
" L kmf/fd
nufotdf b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t s'naxfb'/ vqL agL
cfkm\gf] kmf]6f] 6fF:g] tyf x:tfIf/ ;d]t ug]{ /
kl5 klkndfg zfSon] gful/stf / /fxbfgLdf
ePsf] b'ua{ xfb'/sf] kmf]6f] pKsfO{ pQm :yfgdf
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] kmf]6f] 6fF;L gful/stf / /fxbfgL
tof/ u/L b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tnfO{ lbg] / ;f]jfkt
b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tn] klkndfgnfO{ ?=@),))).
lbg] / pQm /sdaf6 klkndfgn] s]xL /sd
dnfO{ lbg] ;xdlt e} gful/stf tyf /fxbfgL
agfpg] qmddf cg';r
" L kmf/fdxdf b'ua{ xfb'/
a:g]tsf] kmf]6f] 6fF;L sLt]{ u/L s'nafb'/ vqLsf]
gfdaf6 gful/stf ag]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
cleo'Qm z]/axfb'/ v8\sfn] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
s'naxfb'/sf] gful/stfsf] clen]v kmf]6f]
pKsfOPsf] b]lvG5 eGg] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
afUn'sf] kq .
890
ljb] z ePsf] dflg;sf] gful/stf

kf;kf]6{ agfpg ;lsG5 ls ;lsb}g egL z]/axfb'/
v8\sfn] ;f]Wbf ;DalGwt JolQm geO{ x'bF g} egL
hjfkm lbPsf] lyPF . d]/f] /f]xj/df a/fdb ePsf]
kmf]6f] z]/axfb'/n] dnfO{ lbPsf] lyof] . k|nf]egdf
k/L gful/stf agfPsf] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
cleo' Q m klkndfg zfSon] clwsf/k| f Kt
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] k"j{ gful/stf lnPsf]
clen]v ;d]t NofO{ klkndfg zfSon] of] d]/f]
dfG5] xf] gful/stf n]vL lbg'kof] egL eg]af6
d}n] gful/stf n]vL lbPsf] x'F . cGo sfo{
klkndfg zfSon] u/]sf] xf] . clen]v s]/d]6
ug]{ / kmf]6f] pKsfpg] sfo{ ;d]t klkndfgaf6
ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] gfdaf6
sLt]{ u/L gful/stf lng]df klkndfg, z]/axfb'/
/ b'ua{ xfb'/sf] ;+nUgtf x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] b]jLk|;fb uf}tdn] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] sfuh .
s' n axfb' / vqLsf] gfdaf6 sLt] {
gful/stf lgsfNg] sfo{df b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t,
z]/axfb'/ v8\sf / klkndfg zfSo ;d]tsf]
;+nUgtf 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 6]sgf/fo0f
zdf{n] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] sfuh .
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] gfdaf6 b'u{axfb'/
j:g]tsf] kmf]6f] / ;xL sLt]{ u/L gful/stf
agfO{ /fxbfgL ;d]t agfpgdf sf] s;sf]
;+nUgtf 5 eGg] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf gfdaf6 b'u{axfb'/n] kmf]6f]
6fF;L sLt]{ gful/stf / /fxbfgL agfpg] / ;f]
jfktdf klkndfg zfSonfO{ ?=@),))). lbg]
eGg] z]/axfb'/ v8\sf ;d]tsf] ;Nnfx ePsf]
eGg] s'/fdf 6f=gf=;'=klkndfg zfSon] o;
eGbf klxn] o:tf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{ gu/]sfn]
dnfO{ ljZjf; nfUb}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
kz' k lt /fhe08f/Ln] clwsf/k| f Kt
lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{no :yfkgf ;DaGwL

sfo{sf nflu ldlt @)^!.#.( df sfof{no :yfkgf
eO{ sf=d'=lh=lg=clws[t e} sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5' .
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] gful/stf / /fxbfgL ;DaGwdf
5'} sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ ePsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf
yfxf hfgsf/L ;d]t ePg eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
z]if/fh /]UdLn] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf]
aofg sfuh .
b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t a9L pd]/sf] kfsf] h:tf]
nfuL lghnfO{ d}n] ;f]wk'5 ubf{ sLt]{ /fxbfgL
lng nfu]sf] s'/f v'Ng cfPsf] xf] . kl5 a'em\ bf
pQm sLt]{ gful/stf lng] agfpg]df klkndfg
zfSo, b'ua{ xfb'/ j:g]t / z]/axfb'/ v8\sfsf]
;+nUgtf /x]sf] eGg] a'em]sf] x'F . s'naxfb'/ vqLsf]
clen]vaf6 kmf]6f] lemSg], clen]v s]/d]6 ug]{
sfo{ unt lgotn] u/]sf] xf] . sf] s;n] u/]
v'nfpg ;lSbg eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lji0f'axfb'/
clwsf/Ln] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf]
aofg sfuh .
b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t / s'naxfb'/ vqL b'jn
} fO{
d}n] lrlGbg, lrg]sf] eP l;kmfl/z klg ug]{
lyOFg . pQm lgj]bg hfgL a'emL l;kmfl/z u/]sf]
xf]Og . dnfO{ e'mSofgdf kf/L l;kmfl/z x'g
uPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u0f]zaxfb'/ vqLn]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fxsf] cfwf/af6
ldlt @)^!.#.!$ ut]sf lbg cleo'Qm klkndfg
zfSo, b'ua{ xfb'/ j:g]t / z]/axfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t
e} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no afUn'af6 em"7f
ljj/0f k]z u/L sLt]{ u/L gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf]
k|ltlnlk lnPsf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df /fxbfgL ;d]t
lng] k|of; u/]sf] jf/bft b]lvg cfPsf]n] lghx
tLg} hgf cleo'Qm k|ltjfbLxnfO{ gful/stf
P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% df jl0f{t s;"/ ck/fwdf
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !% cg';f/, d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{
sfuhsf] !.(.!@ df jl0f{t s;"/df ;f]xL dxnsf]
( / !@ g+= cg';f/ / /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf]
891
bkmf % df jl0f{t s;"/ ck/fwdf ;f]xL % g+=

cg';f/ b08 ;hfo x'g eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf]
cleof]ukq .
z]/axfb'/ / b'ua{ xfb'/nfO{ d}n] lrlGbg .
d ejg lgdf{0f sfof{no jfUn'df sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L
x'F . dnfO{ sfhdf txfFaf6 lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
jfUn'df v6fOPsf] cj:Yffdf /fxbfgL zfvfdf
/fxbfgL a's n]Vg] sfo{df df}lvs ?kdf k|dv
'
lhNnf clwsf/Ln] hfgsf/L u/fPadf]lhd /fxbfgL
zfvfdf /xL sfd ubf{sf cj:yfdf gful/stf
kmfF6df v/Lbf/ 6]sgf/fo0f zdf{ / d'=b]jLk|;fb
uf}td x'gx' G' Yof] . d}n] /fxbfgL tof/ u/]sf] x'F .
;xk|ltjfbL elgPsf z]/axfb'/ / b'ua{ xfb'/ d]/f]
sf]7fdf cfPsf klg xf]Ogg\ . sLt]{ gful/stf /
/fxbfgL agfpg] cfb]z d}n] lbPsf] klg xf]Og /
sfd ag]kl5 ?=@),))). lng] s'/f ;d]t s]xL
ePsf] xf]Og . d}n] k|nf]egdf k/L sLt]{ u/]sf]
xf]Og . csf]{ sfof{nosf] sd{rf/L egL sLt]{ sfo{
ddfly nufO{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/L aRgsf] nflu dnfO{ bf]iff/f]k0f ug{
vf]lhPsf] xf] . d pk/sf] cleof]u kq em"7f xf] .
k|x/Ln] 8/ wfs b]vfO{ ;xL ug{ nufPsfn] d}n]
;lx5fk ul/lbPsf] x'F . tL kmf]6f s;sf x'g, ;f]
klg dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . d}n] lrlGbg eGg] ;d]tsf]
k|ltjfbL klkndfg zfSon] z'? cbfntdf u/]sf]
aofg .
d xf]6n Joj;fo u/L sf7df8f}Fdf
a;]sf]df cfk\mgf] gful/stf / kf;kf]6{ x/fPsf]n]
k|ltlnlk lgsfNgsf nflu ldlt @)^!.#.!@ ut]
jfUn' cfO{ @)^!.#.!# ut] lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nodf cfk\mgf] gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlksf]
cfj]bg kmf/fd e/L /xFbfsf cfj:Yffdf k|ltjfbL
z]/axfb'/n] of] cfj]bg kmf/fd klg e/L lbg'
kof] egL eGg cfpg' eof] . k"j{ kl/ro geP
tfklg kl/ro ubf{ d]/f] ufpFlt/sf] ePsf]n]
lghn] NofPsf] kmf/fd d}n] e/L lbPF . d}n] lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{nosf] sd{rf/LnfO{ glrg]sf] x'gfn]
z]/axfb'/;Fu ;f]wf] . lghn] tkfO{n] cfkm\gf] kmf]6f]

lbg'xf];,\ ;a} sfd d ul/lbG5' eGg' ePsf]n] Ps}
ufpF7fpFsf dflg; ePsf]n] ;xof]u ;DemL
gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk / /fxbfgL kmf/fd /
kmf]6f]x z]/axfb'/nfO{ lbO{ d vfgf vfg egL
uPF . l;kmfl/znufot hf] h] ug'k{ b{5 ;a} d}n]
u/L lbG5' eGg' ePsf]n] d k5fl8 cfPF . Ps}
ufpF 7fpFsf z]/axfb'/nfO{ ljZjf; u/L cfk\mgf]
kmf]6f]x lbFbf sd{rf/Lsf] e"nn] csf]{ JolQmsf]
gful/stf / /fxbfgLdf d]/f] kmf]6f] 6fF;L le8ef8df
dnfO{ ;lx5fk u/fpFbf To:tf] km/s kg{ uPsf]
xf] . 6f=gf=;'=klkndfg;Fu d]/f] lrghfg / kl/ro
s]xL 5}g . ?=@),))). lng] lbg] eGg] s'g} s'/f
ePsf] xf]Og . klkndfgnfO{ lx/f;tdf /
z]/axfb'/nfO{ cfiff9 !# ut] dfq lrg]sf] x'F .
o; k"j{ kl/lrt g} gePsf lghx;Fu ldn]dtf]
g} gu/]sf] tyf d]/f] kmf]6f]x s] s;/L s'naxfb'/sf]
gfddf 6fFl;g k'u,] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . cf/f]lkt
s;"/sf] s'g} uNtL sfo{ d}n] u/]sf] 5}g . d
lgbf]i{ f 5' eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbLdWo]sf b'ua{ xfb'/
j:g]tn] z'? cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL agfOPsf klkndfg tyf
b'ua{ xfb'/nfO{ d}n] lrlGbg . d}n] jfUn' ahf/df
xf]6n u/L a;]sfn] lghxn] dnfO{ klxnf
lrGg' x'GYof] x'Fb}gYof] yfxf ePg . xfn o;
d'2fdf ;Fu} lx/f;tdf /xFbf dfq lrghfg ePsf]
xf] . d}n] s'g} /fxbfgL agfpg] sfddf nfu]sf]
5}g . ;Fw} d xf]6ndf Jo:t e} /xg] JolQm x'F .
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf g} uPsf] 5}g .
ltgLxn] s]xL uNtL u/]sf] eP d h:tf] ;f]emf]
JolQmnfO{ b'Mv lbg To:tf] sfuh u/L cfk"m aRg
vf]hs
] f xf]nfg\ . cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf ePsf]
aofg sfuh dnfO{ a9L jfFrL ;'gfOPsf] xf]Og .
tof/ kf/]/ NofPsf] sfuhdf ;=O=n] of] sfuhdf
;xL u/ egL 8/, wfs, wDsL b]vfPsf]n] d}n]
gx]/L ;lx5fk u/]sf] x'F . k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ /
klkndfg;Fu k"j{ ;Nnfx s]xL lyPg . a/fdb e}
892
ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf gful/stf /fxbfgL tyf

kmf]6f]xsf] af/]df dnfO s]xL yfxf 5}g . cf/f]lkt
s;"/sf] s'g} klg cfk/fw d}n] gu/]sf] / d
pk/sf] cleof]u em"7f x'bF f d}n] ;hfo kfpg' kg]{
xf]Og . d lgbf]i{ f x'bF f ;kmfO kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf z]/axfb'/ v8\sfn] z'? cbfntdf
u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbLx b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t, z]/axfb'/
v8\sf / klkndfg zfSo ;d]t hgf # af6
c=j+=!!* g+= sf] b]xfo bkmf %.!) sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfcg';f/ hgxL ?=@%,))). -klRr; xhf/_
sf b/n] gub jf h]yf hdfgt lbP lnO{ k'kI{ fsf
nflu tfl/vdf /fVg] / hdfgt lbg g;s]
sfg"gadf]lhd ug]{ u/L ePsf] z'? cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf klkndfg zfSosf
;fIfLx aL/]Gb|k;
| fb zfSo, /fhg zfSo, o'Qmh+u
/f=e=, /fh]Gb|k;
| fb zfSon] klkndfg zfSo /fd|f]
rfnrng ePsf dflg; x'bF f lghn] gful/stf
tyf /fxbfgL sLt]{ u/]sf xf]Ogg\ . /fxbfgL sLt]{
ug]{ sfdsf] nflu s'g} k|sf/sf] n]gb]g Jojxf/
;d]t u/]sf 5}gg\ . gful/stf kmfF6df /xL
klkndfgn] s'g} sfo{ gug]{ x'bF f lghn] gful/stf
agfpg] s'/f cfPg . s]jn gful/stfcg';f/
/fxbfgL agfpg] sfo{ u/]sf x'g\ . hfghfg unt
lgotn] To:tf] sfd u/]sf xf]Ogg\ . gful/stfsf]
cfwf/df gful/stfdf h'g vfnsf] kmf]6f] 5
/fxbfgLdf ;f]xL vfnsf] kmf]6f] 6fF; u/]sf x'g\ .
klkndfg zfSo lgbf]i{ f JolQm x'g\ egL u/]sf]
sl/j sl/j Ps} ldnfgsf] askq .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf z]/axfb'/sf ;fIfL
ltnaxfb'/ v8\sf, gf/fo0f v8\sf / k|d
] axfb'/
v8\sfn] z]/axfb'/ v8\sf /fd|f] rfn rng ePsf
Odfgbf/ dflg; x'g\ . csf]{ JolQmsf] kmf]6f] 6fF;
u/L sLt]{ gful/stf / /fxbfgL agfpg] sfo{df
;xof]u u/]sf xf]Ogg\ . gful/stf tyf /fxbfgL
ldnfO{ lbg lng s'g} /sd ;d]t lnPsf xf]Ogg\ .
jf/bft eof] elgPsf] lbg z]/axfb'/ v8\sf

ljxfgb]lv a]ns
' L;Dd cfkm\g} xf]6ndf sfo{ u/]sf]
b]vs
] f] xf] egL u/]sf] sl/j Ps} ldnfgsf] askq .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf b'u{axfb'/ a:g]tsf
;fIfLx /fhaxfb'/ yfkf, eLdaxfb'/ a:g]t,
t]hG] b| s]= ;L= / lbg]z kGt ;d]tn] b'ua{ xfb'/
a:g]t cfkm\gf] gful/stf x/fPsf]n] gful/stfsf]
k|ltlnlk agfO{ kf;kf]6{ lngsf] nflu lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no, jfUn'df hfg' ePsf] xf] .
b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tn] s'g} g]kfnL gful/stf tyf
/fxbfgL sLt]{ u/]sf] xf]Ogg\ sd{rf/L jf c?
s;}n] uNtL jf le8 / sfo{ af]emsf] cj:Yff
e"naf6 k|ltjfbL b'u{axfb'/sf] kmf]6f]x cs}{
JolQmsf] /fxbfgL tyf gful/stfdf 6fF; x'g
uPsf] x'gk' b{5 . oL k|ltjfbLpk/sf] cleof]u
em"7f xf] egL ul/lbPsf] sl/j Ps} ldnfgsf]
askq .
jf/bftsf] lbg gful/stf kmfF6df d'lvof
b]jLk|;fb uf}td / /fxbfgL kmfF6df klkndfg
zfSon] sfd u/]sf lyP . k|ltjfbLdWo]sf
klkndfg zfSosf] ;+nUgtfdf c? k|ltjfbLx
ldnL ljb]zdf /x]sf] JolQmsf] gfpFaf6 k|ltjfbL
b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t s'naxfb'/ vqL agL k|ltlnlk
gful/stf lnO{ /fxbfgL agfpg] k|of; u/]sf
x'g\ egL c=j+= !!% g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsf k|ltj]bs
k|=lh=c=k|d
] gf/fo0f zdf{n] u/]sf] askq .
c=j+ = !!% g+ = adf] l hd a' l emPsf
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf sfuh ug]{ jfbL kIfsf
:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L u0f]zaxfb'/' vqL, lhNnf
lgjf{rg sfof{nosf gf=;'=z]if/fh /]UdL, lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{nosf v/Lbf/ kz'klt /fhe08f/L,
v/Lbf/ 6]sgf/fo0f zdf{, d'lvof b]jLk|;fb uf}td
;d]tn] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf n]vfPsf]] sfuhsf]
;dy{gdf u/]sf] askq ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
tLg} hgf k|ltjfbLx pk/ cg';Gwfgsf]
nflu lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no afUn'af6 k|ltj]bg
;lxt k7fO{ cg';Gwfg ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfP
893
klg oL tLg hgf k|ltjfbLxsf] s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf

s] s:tf] sfg"gljk/Lt s'g s'g sfo{ e} cleof]u
nufOPsf] eGg] JolQmlkR5]sf] s;"/ sfod gu/L
uf]Zjf/f s;"/df uf]Zjf/f cleof]u sfod u/L
cleof]u k]z ePsf] b]lvof] . jfbL kIfsf
;fIfLxsf] askq Pj+ nufOPsf] cleof]u /
;DalGwt sfg"g, d'2fsf] tYo / Gofosf] /f]xaf6
ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLdWo]sf b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tn]
cleof]u dfubfjL cg';f/ g]kfn gful/stf P]g,
@)@) sf] bkmf !% Pj+ /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf]
bkmf % sf] s;"/;Dd u/]sf] 7x5{ . tYo'Qm bfjL
Pj+ k|df0fsf] cefjdf lghpk/sf] d'ns
' L P]g
sLt]{ sfuhsf] !,(,!@ g+= tkm{sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cleof]u dfu bfjL k'Ug g;sL To; tkm{sf]
cleof]uaf6 oL k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ j:g]tn] ;kmfO
kfpg] 7x5{ . ctM lghnfO{ gful/stf P]g, @)@)
sf] bkmf !% sf] s;"/df ;f]xL bkmfcg';f/ thljhL
?=!),))). / /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf %
sf] s;"/df ;f]xL bkmf cg';f/ cg';Gwfgsf]
l;nl;nfdf lx/f;tdf /x]sf] lbg @# s}b tyf
?=%)). h/Ljfgf ;d]t x'G5 . k|ltjfbLx
z]/axfb'/ v8\sf Pj+ klkndfg zfSosf] xsdf
lghx pk/sf] cleof]u dfubfjL tYo'Qm sfg"gL
cfwf/df cfwfl/t b]lvg gcfPsf]n] jfbL kIfsf
;fIfLsf] jskqaf6 klg lghx pk/sf] s;"/
sfg"gtM k'li6 x'g gcfO{ k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/
a:g]tnfO{ ;xof]u / unt ;Nnfx lbPsf] eGg]
b]lvPsf], lghxsf ;fIfLxn] lghnfO{ ;kmfO
lbO{ askq u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvg cfPaf6 tYoo'Qm
sfg"gL cfwf/ / Gofosf] /f]xaf6 ;d]t x]bf{
k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tnfO{ unt ;Nnfx lbPsf]
Pj+ ck|ToIf ?kn] ;xof]u u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df
cleof]u bfo/ x'bF d
} f lghx pk/sf] cleof]u
dfubfjL k'Ug g;sL cleof]u kqdf cf/f]lkt
s;"/af6 k|ltjfbLx z]/axfb'/ v8\sf tyf
klkndfg zfSon] ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] z'? afUn' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf .
k| l tjfbLxn] cleof] u dfu

bfjLadf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] oy]i6 ;a"b
k|df0f ldl;ndf ljBdfg /xFbf /xFb} afUn' lhNnf
cbfntn] xr'jf ts{ u/L k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/
a:g]tnfO{ thljhL ;hfodf sd ;hfo u/L
sLt]{ tkm{ ;kmfO lbPsf] tyf k|ltjfbLx
klkndfg zfSo / z]/axfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ k"0f{tM
;kmfO lbg] u/L ePsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n]
;f] km};nf ab/ u/L tLg} hgf k|ltjfbLxnfO{
cleof]u dfu adf]lhd xb};Dd ;hfo ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
k' g /fj] b g cbfnt afUn' df bfo/ ePsf]
k'g/fj]bgkq .
ljb]z dn]lzofdf /x]sf s'naxfb'/;Fu
cfk\mgf] s'g} ;DaGw gePsf], cfk\mgf] gful/stfsf]
k|ltlnlk tyf /fxbfgL lng lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no afUn' uPsf] cj:yfdf le8ef8sf
sf/0f sd{rf/Lsf] c;fjwflgn] ubf{ d]/f] kmf]6f]
s'naxfb'/sf] kmf/fddf 6fF;L lbPs} sf/0faf6
dnfO{ ;hfo u/L ePsf] z'? cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L ;Dk"0f{ s;"/af6 ;kmfO
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/
a:g]tsf] k'g/fjb]g cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
o;df s' n axfb' / vqLsf gfpF a f6
gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk kfpg lgj]bg lbO{
s' n axfb' / vqLsf] gful/stf k| l tlnlkdf
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf b'ua{ xfb'/sf] kmf]6f] 6fFl;Psf] /
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] gfpFaf6 /fxbfgL lng] sfo{
ubf{ lgh k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/sf] kmf]6f] 6fFl;Psf]
sfuhftxaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] tYo lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no afUn'sf] kqaf6 b]lvg cfO{/x]sf]
kl/k|]Iodf k|ltjfbLx klkndfg zfSo /
z]/axfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/L ePsf]
afUn' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ljrf/0fLo ePsf]
x'bF f lgh k|ltjfbLxnfO{ lemsfpg' eGg] ;d]t
Aoxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt afUn'sf] cfb]z .
894
o;df k|ltjfbL b'u{axfb'/ a:g]tn]

clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] ;fljtL
aofgsf] Joxf]/f b/vf:t kmf/fd, gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk, /fxbfgL, a/fdb ePsf]
s'naxfb'/sf] kmf]6f] / ;xcleo'Qmsf] kf]n ;d]tsf
:jtGq k|df0fxaf6 ;dly{t ePsf] b]lvFbf
cleof]u dfubfjL adf]lhd g]kfn gful/stf
P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd ?=!),))).
h/Ljfgf / 5 dlxgf s}b, /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$
sf] bkmf % adf]lhd ?=%)). h/Ljfgf / 5
dlxgf s}b tyf ;/sf/L sfuh sLt]{ u/]tkm{
sLt]{ sfuhsf dxnsf] ( g+= adf]lhd ?=%).
h/Ljfgf / P]hg !@ g+= adf]lhd yk Ps jif{
s}b x'g] 7x5{ .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf klkndfg zfSo lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no afUn'sf] /fxbfgL kmfF6df
sfo{/t\ /x]sf] / lghs} :jx:tfn] /fxbfgL tof/
u/]sf] egL clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] aofg
ubf{ ;fljt /x] s f] , sfo{ ;DkGg ePdf
klkndfgnfO{ ?=@),))). lbg] ;Nnfx ePsf] /
lghnfO{ e]6s
] f] egL ;xcleo'Qm b'ua{ xfb'/n]
kf]n u/]sf] ;d]tsf tYo k|df0faf6 em"7f ljj/0f
/ Joxf]/fsf] cfwf/df sLt]{ tj/af6 gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk tyf /fxbfgL lbg], lbnfpg]
sfo{df lgh k|ltjfbLsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /x]sf]
k'li6 ePsf] x'bF f cleof]u dfubfjL adf]lhd
g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd
?=%,))). h/Ljfgf / 5 dlxgf s}b, /fxbfgL
P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf % adf]lhd ?=%)). h/Ljfgf
/ 5 dlxgf s}b tyf d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{ sfuhsf
dxnsf] ( g+= adf]lhd ?=%). h/Ljfgf / P]hg
!@ g+= adf]lhd yk b'O{ jif{ s}b x'g] 7x5{ .
csf{ k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ v8\sfn] s;"/
:jLsf/ u/]sf] geO{ 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL
tYo;Dd k|x/L ;dIf aofg ubf{ :jLsf/ u/]sf]
cfwf/df lghnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug'{ dgfl;j
gb]lvPsf]n] lgh pk/sf] cleof]u bfjL k'Ug
;Sb}g . lghn] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO kfpg]

7x5{ .
ctM dfly pNn] v ePadf] l hd
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf b'u{axfb'/ a:g]tnfO{ g]kfn
gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% tyf /fxbfgL
P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf % adf]lhd s;"/bf/ 7x/
u/]sf] / csf{ k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ v8sfnfO{
;kmfO lbPsf] xb;Dd z'? afUn' lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf dgfl;j b]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd
;b/ x'G5 . ;f] afx]s k|ltjfbL klkndfg zfSonfO{
cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO lbg] u/L tyf k|ltjfbL
b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tnfO{ sLt]t{ km{sf] bfjLaf6 ;kmfO
lbFb} /fxbfgL / gful/stf tkm{ u/]sf] thljhL
;hfo ;d]t gldn]sf] b]lvFbf dfly ljj]rgf /
7x/ ePsf] xb;Dd z'? afUn' lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt afUn'sf] ldlt @)^$.@.*
sf] km};nf .
5'f5'} s;"/df Pp6} cleof]ukq bfo/
u/]sf] c=j+=&@ g+=k|lts"n ab/efuL /x]sf] 5 .
To;df klg d k'g/fj]bsn] s'g} ;/sf/L 5fk
agfO{ nufPsf] jf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvt
sLt]{ u/]sf] eGg] bfjL lng g;s]sf] x'bF f sLt]{
sfuhsf] dxnadf]lhd ;hfo x'g} ;Sb}g .
gful/stf / /fxbfgL h:tf sfuhft JolQm;Fu
/xg] sfuhft ePsf]n] ;/sf/L sfuh sLt]{
gfdfs/0f u/L sLt]{ sfuhsf] ( / !@ g+= adf]lhd
;hfo ug{ ldNb}g . Psftkm{ gful/stf Pj+
/fxbfgLsf sfuhft / ;f]df ePsf] 5fk b:tvt
;d]tnfO{ ;4] 7x/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] csf]{ tkm{
;f]xL sfuhftx sLt]{ u/]sf] egL k/:k/
aflemPsf] cleof]u bfo/ u/L To;}sf] cfwf/df
km};nf ePsf] 5 . k|x/L ;dIf u/fO{Psf] slyt
;fljtL cGo st}af6 ;dly{t ePsf] 5}g . To;df
klg cfk\mgf] gful/stf / /fxbfgLsf] k|ltlnlk
lng kmf]6f] lbPsf] eGg] tYosf] :jLsf/f]lQm
ck/fwsf] :jLsf/f]lQm x'g ;Sb}g . d g]kfnL
895
gful/sn] em"7f ljj/0f lbO{ gful/stf lng'kg]{

cj:yf gePsf]n] gful/stf P]gn] klg To;nfO{
b08gLo agfPsf] gx'bF f gful/stf P]gsf] bkmf
!% adf]lhd d'2f rnfPsf] / ;hfo u/]sf] klg
ldn] s f] cj:yf 5} g . s] s' g cfk/flws
dg;foaf6 cfk/flws lqmof ePsf] eGg] klg
km};nfdf ljZn]if0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . d k'g/fj]bs
cfk\mg} gful/stf / /fxbfgL lng uPsf] cj:yfdf
le8sf sf/0f sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] lgh s'naxfb'/
vqLsf] kmd{df d]/f] kmf]6f] e"na; 6fl;g uPsf]
sfo{ sbfkL klg ck/fw x'g ;Sb}g . gful/stfdf
d}n] ljj/0f geg's
{ f ;fy} NofKr] ;xL ;d]t
sd{rf/Ln] g} e/fpg] u/]sf] / d]/f] kmd{df ug'k{ g]{
NofKr] ;xL tyf kmf]6f] lgh} sd{rf/Lxn] c?sf]
kmd{df kf/L 6fF;s
] f] sfo{n] d}n] sLt]{ u/]sf] eGg
gldNg] x'bF f ;d]t k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ 5 . gful/stf Pj+ /fxbfgL sLt]{ h:tf]
uDeL/ d'2fdf s'g} cg';Gwfg txsLsft g} gu/L
xr'jfsf e/df bfo/ u/]sf] cleof]u kqnfO{
cfwf/dfgL ;hfo u/]sf] z'? afUn' lhNnf
cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt afUn'sf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ u/L ;kmfO kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tsf] o;
cbfnt ;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
d k'g/fj]bs sfhdf lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no afUn'df sfo{/t\ /x]sf] / d]/f] lhDd]jf/L
/fxbfgL eg] { -n] V g] _ ePsf] n ] sfof{ n osf]
lgb]z
{ gcg';f/ g} ;f] sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] s'/f d'lvof
b]jLk|;fb uf}td, v/Lbf/ 6]sgf/fo0f zdf{,
zf=c=lji0f'axfb'/ clwsfl/sf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
ePsf] sfuh / jskq tyf k|=lh=c=k|d
] gf/fo0f
zdf{n] cbfnt ;dIf u/]sf] jskq ;d]taf6
k|i6 e}/x]s} 5 . sfof{nosf] clen]v lhDdf x'g]
gful/stf kmfF6, clen]v le8fO{ ?h' ug]{ kmfF6
sd{rf/L, l6Kk0fL p7fpg], gful/stf k|df0fkq
n]Vg] tof/ ug],{ ;lx5fk ug]{ / em"7f Joxf]/fsf]
gful/stfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ cGo sd{rf/Lx
pk/ s'g} cleof]u gnufO{ ;kmfO lbO{ pN6} jfbL

kIfsf ;fIfLsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/L ;Dk"0f{ bf]if
d]/f] 6fpsf]df yf]kg]{ k|of; ul/Psf]n] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . gful/stf kmfF6af6
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq tof/ e} k|df0fkq k|fKt
u/L ;f] ;Ssn} gful/stf ;+nUg /fvL /fxbfgLsf]
nflu cg';"rL kmf/fd e/L zf=c=lji0f'axfb'/
clwsf/L ;dIf k]z u/L lghaf6 tf]s cfb]z
e};s]kZrft\ dfq d]/f] lhDdfsf] /fxbfgL kmfF6df
k]z x'g cfPsf] / tf]s cfb]z cg';f/ /fxbfgL
a'sdf kmf/fdadf]lhdsf] Aoxf]/f eg];
{ Ddsf] sfo{
daf6 ePsf] xf] . gful/stf / cg';r
" L kmf/fddf
gle8\g\ ,] gldNg] kmf]6f] e'njz kf;kf]6d
{ f 6fFl;g
gkfpg egL d ;r]t x'g' kb{Yof] . lbOPsf
kmf]6f]l:x cfk;df gle8\g] x'bF f d}n] sFxL klg
g6f;]sf]n] d]/} ;fydf /xg uPsf];Dd xf] . ;f]
Aoxf]/fnfO{ unt cy{ nufO{ ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . d k|ltjfbL sf]xL
s;}sf] k|nf]egdf kmF;s
] f] ;d]t xf]Og . d /fxbfgL
kmfF6df sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Ln] 5'} /x]sf] gful/stf
kmfF6df uO{ ;f] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf klg 5}g .
z'? afUn' lhNnf cbfntn] d sd{rf/L ePsf]
sf/0fn] pbf/tf b]vfPsf] xf]Og . sfg"g / tYosf]
;xL ljj]rgf u/L lgbf]i{ f b]lvPsf]n] ;kmfO lbPsf]
cj:yf 5 . sfg"gsf] 7f]; ljj]rgf gu/L
cfb]zfTds zAb k|of]u u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ctM ;+sng e} cfPsf
sfuhftsf] Aoxf] / faf6 h] h:tf] b] l vG5
;f]xLadf]lhd /fxbfgLdf cIf/;Dd eg]{ lgDg:t/sf]
sd{rf/L dnfO{ s;"/ 7x/ ug{ gldNg]df s;"bf/
7xofO{ s}b / h/Ljfgf ;d]t ug]{ u/L ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf uDeL/ q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f
pQm km};nf ab/ u/L cleof]u dfubfjLaf6
km';b{ lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
klkndfg zfSosf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
o;df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt afUn'sf] ldlt
@)^$.@.* sf] km};nfn] k|ltjfbLdWo]sf z]/axfb'/
896
v8\sfnfO{ ;kmfO lbPpk/ ;d]t jfbL g]kfn

;/sf/nfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbPsf] ldl;naf6
gb]lvFbf ;f] Dofb hf/L u/L k'g/fj]bg k/] k'g/fj]bg
;fy / gk/] cjlw gf3]kl5 kmf}=k'=g+=!!@ sf]
k'g/fj]bg ;d]t ;fy} /fvL k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t
Aoxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.$.#@ sf]
cfb]z .
ljb]zdf y'gfdf /x]sf s'naxfb'/ vqLsf]
/fxbfgL agfpg] s'/f ;f]rL /x]sf] ;dodf k|ltjfbL
z]/axfb'/sf ;fx" xs{axfb'/n] o:tf] sfd
z]/axfb'/n] ldnfO lbG5g\ eg]af6 z]/axfb'/n]
;Dks{ u/L b' j } h gf k| l tjfbLxn]
gf=;'=klkndfg;Fu ;Dks{ u/L lghx ltghgf
e} ;Nnfx u/L ;f]xL cg'k k|ltjfbLdWo]sf
b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tn] s'naxfb'/ vqLsf gfdsf]
%&%%^* sf] ldl;n ;+nUg gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkq dn]lzofdf /x]sf s'naxfb'/sf gfdaf6
;lx5fk u/L lgsfNg] sfd u/]sf] . ;f] sfd ug{
u/fpg k|ltjfbLdWo]sf z]/axfb'/ v8\sfn] k|ltjfbL
klkndfg ;d]tnfO{ ?=@),))). a'emfPsf]
;d]tsf tYo lghxn] u/]sf] aofgaf6 Psfk;df
ldNg uPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL
z]/axfb'/ v8sfn] cbfntdf OGsf/L aofg u/]sf]
cfwf/df dfq lgh lgbf]{if 5g\ eGg sbflk
ldNb}g . ;xcleo'Qmsf xsdf lnOPsf cfwf/
k|df0fx lgh k|ltjfbLsf xsdf ;d]t cleof]u
:yflkt ug]{ ;dfg k|df0fnfO{ u|x0f gu/L ePsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ v8\sfn]
gful/stfsf] cg';r
" L kmf/fd nufotsf sfuhft
tof/ ug],{ ldnfpg] ;d]tsf sfo{ u/]sf] :ki6
b]lvPsf] / gful/stf tyf /fxbfgLdf k|of]u
ul/g] kmf]6fx k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/;Fu dfu]/ oL
k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mgf] ;fydf /fv]sf] j:t'ut cfwf/
k|i6 b]lvPsf] 5 .
ctM k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ v8\sf cleof]u
bfjLsf] s;"/df k|f/Deb]lv g} ;+nUg ePsf] tYo
ldl;n ;+ n Ug lgh k| l tjfbLsf] aofg,
;xcleo'Qmxsf] Ps cfk;df kf]n u/L ePsf]

aofg, ldl;n ;+ n Ug sLt] { /fxbfgL Pj+
gful/stfsf sfuhkqx / a/fdb kmf]6fx
;d]taf6 k'li6 ePsf] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf x'bF fx'bF }
k|ltjfbLsf] cbfnt ;dIfsf] Psdfq skf]nslNkt
aofgsf] cfwf/df z+sfsf] ;'ljwf k|ltjfbLn] kfpg]
egL k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
x'Fbf ;f] km};nf ab/ u/L lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{
cleof]u dfubfjL adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
k]z ePsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df k|ltjfbL klkndfg zfSonfO{
/fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf % adf]lhd ;d]t
;hfo ePsf] b]lvPsf] t/ lghn] ;f] bkmf %
adf]lhd /fxbfgL k|fKt u/]sf] jf ug]{ k|oTg
u/] s f] ;d] t sf] s;" / hGo sfo{ u/] s f]
cleof]ukqaf6 gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] bkmf %
adf]lhd lghnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt afUn'sf] km};nf gldnL km/s kg{
;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{
k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{ nufpsf kmf}=k'=g+=)%$$ /
)#$* sf ldl;n ;d]t ;fy} /fvL lgodfg';f
k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^*.$.@% sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
zDe' yfkf / ljfg clwjQmf >L aNne a:g]tn]
cleof]usf] cfwf/ agfOPsf P]gx k|:t't d'2fdf
cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . sLt]s
{ f] jf/bft
k'li6 ePsf] 5}g . k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ ;/sf/L
sd{rf/L xf]Ogg\ . s'naxfb'/sf gft]bf/ klg
xf]Ogg\ . s'naxfb'/sf] gfdsf] gful/stf /
/fxbfgLdf cfk\mgf] kmf]6f] 6fF;L e"m7f ljj/0fsf
cfwf/df gful/stf / /fxbfgL lng'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f
5}g . s;}sf] xs jf hLp Hofg hfg] sfo{ ePsf]
5}g . s'g} nfe lnP vfPsf] cj:yf klg b]lvFbg} .
897
cg';Gwfgaf6 ck/fwsf] sf/0f g} :yflkt ug{

g;s]sf]df s;"/ 7x/ ug{ ldNb}g . To;}n]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L lghnfO{
;kmfO lbg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e{ of] .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL klkndfg zfSosf]
tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg clwjQmfx >L
/dgs'df/ >]i7, >L ;'efif kf}8n
] / >L 1fg]Gb|k;
| fb
kf]v/]nn] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] lbPsf]
hfx]/Laf6 d'2fsf] p7fg ePsf] 5 . hfx]/Ldf ;a}
sfd log} k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] eGg] 5 . t/
hfx]/jfnfn] u/]sf] jskqdf b'u{axfb'/nfO{
klkndfgn] unt ;Nnfx lbPsf] eGg];Dd pNn]v
5 . jskqaf6 ;dly{t gePsf] hfx]/LnfO{ k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !) / !* g+= adf]lhd
k|df0fdf lng ldNb}g . To;df klg oL k|ltjfbLn]
bfjLsf] s'g} klg s;"/ u/]sf] cj:yf 5}g .
gful/stf kmfF6 / /fxbfgL kmfF6 cnu cnu
5 . gful/stfsf] l;kmfl/z lbg], l6Kk0fL p7fpg],
;b/ ug]{ nufot s;}nfO{ klg cleof]u nufOPg .
;Dks{ u/fpg] elgPsf z]/axfb'/nfO{ ;kmfO
lbPkl5 k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;hfo ug{ ldNg] cj:yf
5}g . cs}{ sfof{noaf6 sfhdf uPsf oL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ dfq ;Dk"0f{ s;"/sf] bf]iff/f]k0f
ul/Psf] k"jf{ux| L 5 . gful/stf tof/ kfg]{ s'/fdf
oL k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf /xg ;Dej g} 5}g .
clws[tn] tf]s lgb]z
{ g lbPadf]lhd /fxbfgL
kmfF6sf] sd{rf/L ePsf]n] /fxbfgL a's eg]{
sfo{;Dd k'g/fjb]saf6 ePsf] xf] . d'ns
' L P]g
sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! / !@ g+= sf] s;"/ jf/bft
ePs} 5}g . /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf % sf]
s;"/ klg ePsf] cj:yf ;d]t gx'bF f k'g/fj]bsnfO{
;hfo u/L ePsf] km};nf pN6L u/L ;kmfO
lbOg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k' g /fj] b s jfbL g] k fn ;/sf/sf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L
u+ufk|;fb kf}8n
] n] tLgj6f P]g cGtu{tsf] s;"/
ePsf] cj:yf 5 . Pp6fsf] gfdaf6 csf]{
JolQmsf] kmf]6f] 6fF;L gful/stf lnPsf] sfo{

d'n'sL P]g sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! g+= ljk/Lt ;/sf/L
5fk b:tvt sLt{] / gful/stf P]g, @)^# sf]
bkmf !% ljk/Lt e"m7f ljj/0f lbO{ gful/stf
lnPsf] s;"/ xf] eGg]df z+sf 5}g . To:tf]
gful/stfsf] cfwf/df /fxbfgL agfpgsf] nflu
b/vf:t u/]sf] sfo{ /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf]
bkmf % sf] s;"/ xf] . ;f] sfo{ k"/f x'g gkfPsf]
eP klg s;"/ ug{ k|oTg ug{'nfO{ g} k"0f{ s;"/
dfg]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljb]z dn]lzofl:yt h]ndf
/x]sf s'naxfb'/sf] gfdsf] gful/stfaf6
b'u{axfb'/sf] kmf]6f] 6fF;L k|ltlnlk lng] / ;f]xL
cfwf/df /fxbfgL agfpg] of]hgf agfO{ k|ltjfbL
b'u{jxfb'/n] ;Dks{ ;"qsf] vf]hL u/]sf]df
k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/n] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf
sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L klkndfgdfkm{t\ ;f] sfo{ ug{
;xof]u / kl/k~r ldnfPsf] cj:yf 5 .
k|ltjfbLxsf] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf]
aofg, ls6fgL hfx]/L / hfx]/jfnfsf] jskq
tyf df} s fdf sfuh ug] { lhNnf k| z f;g
sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lxsf] jskq, a/fdb ePsf]
kmf]6f] ;d]taf6 s;"/ k'li6 ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf
k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ ;d]t cleof]u
dfu bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t
ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf]
pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ dgg\ u/L k'g/fj]bg kq
;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L x]bf{ d"ntM
b]xfosf k|Zgxdf s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lbg' kg]{
b]lvg cfPsf] 5M
1=
2=
898
k|:t't d'2fsf] jf/bftsf] k|sl[ t / To;df

k|ltjfbLxsf] ;+nUgtfsf] cj:yf s] s:tf]
b]lvG5 <
cleof]hg kIfn] k|:t't u/]sf] jf/bftsf]
k|sl[ tdf bfjLsf] sfg"g cfslif{t x'g ;Sg]
l:ylt ljBdfg 5, 5}g <
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, tyf csf{ k|ltjfbL klkndfg zfSonfO{ gful/stf
5}g / k'g/fj]bs jfbL / k|ltjfbLxsf] P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd ?=%,))).
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf], xf]Og < h/Ljfgf / 5 dlxgf s}b, /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$
sf] bkmf % adf]lhd ?=%)). h/Ljfgf / 5
@= lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf pk/f]Qm dlxgf s}b tyf d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{ sfuhsf dxnsf]
k|ZgxdWo] klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ljb]z ( g+= adf]lhd ?=%). h/Ljfgf / P]hg !@ g+=
dn]lzofsf] h]ndf /x]sf s'naxfb'/ vqLsf adf]lhd yk b'O{ jif{ s}b x'g] 7xofO{ km};nf
gfdaf6 /fxbfgL agfpg e"m7f ljj/0f k]z u/L ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
k| l tjfbL b' u { a xfb' / a:g] t sf] kmf] 6 f] 6fF ; L
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;f] km};nfpk/
s'naxfb'/sf] gfdsf] gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk lnPsf] ;hfo 7x/ ePsf k|ltjfbLx b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t
/ ;f]xL cfwf/df /fxbfgLsf] kmf/fd e/L /fxbfgL / klkndfg zfSosf] tyf z]/axfb'/ v8\sfnfO{
lng] k|of; ubf{ub}{ kqmfp k/]sf k|ltjfbLx ;kmfO lbPsf] z'?sf] ;b/ u/]pk/ jfbL g]kfn
klkndfg zfSo, b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t / z]/axfb'/ ;/sf/sf] 5'f5'} k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] /x]5 .
v8\sfnfO{ gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !%
$= k'g/fj]bs b'u{axfb'/ a:g]tsf]
sf] s;"/ ck/fwdf ;f]xL bkmf !%, d'ns
' L P]g, k'g/fj]bgkqdf d'VotM ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt
sLt]{ sfuhsf] !,(,!@ cg';f/sf] s;"/df ;f]xL sLt],{ e"m7f ljj/0f lbO{ gful/stf lnPsf] /
( / !@ g+= tyf /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf % /fxbfgL P]g cGtu{tsf 5'f5'} s;"/df Pp6}
sf] s;"/df ;f]xL bkmf % cg';f/ ;hfo ul/kfpFm cleof]u bfo/ ul/Psf] c=j+=&@ g+=ljk/Lt q'l6k"0f{
eGg] ;d]t cleof]u dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ePsf], g]kfnL gful/snfO{ gful/stf P]g, @)@)
pk/f]Qm cleof]usf] bfjL /x]sf] kl/k|I] odf sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd e"m7f ljj/0f k]z u/L
z'? afUn' lhNnf cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ gful/stf lnPsf] eGg] cleof]u nufpg / ;hfo
a:g]tn] g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf ug{ gldNg], /fxbfgL P]g cGtu{tsf] s;"/ g}
!% sf] s;"/ u/]sf] egL ;f]xL bkmfcg';f/ gePsf] tyf pk/f]Qm s;"/df cfk\mgf] s'g} ;+nUgtf
?=!),))). h/Ljfgf / /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] g/x]sf] cj:yf /x]sf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
bkmf % sf] s;"/df ;f]xL bkmfadf]lhd @# lbg km};nf pN6L u/L ;kmfO kfpg' kg]{ eGg] lhsL/
s}b / ?=%)). h/Ljfgf x'g] ;hfo 7x/ u/L lnPsf] kfOG5 .
sLt]{ tkm{sf] bfjL gk'Ug] Pjd\ k|ltjfbLx
%= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t
klkndfg zfSo / z]/axfb'/ v8\sfn] ;Dk"0f{ afUn' lhNnf xl/rf}/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+=+ ( df
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7xofO{ km};nf :yfoL 3/af; eO{ sf7df8f}s
F f] ;'Gwf/fdf xf]6n
u/]sf] b]lvof] .
Joj;fo ub}{ cfPsf JolQm x'g\ eGg] s'/f lghs}
#= z'?sf] pQm km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L aofgaf6 b]lvG5 . lgh k|ltjfbLn] clwsf/k|fKt
k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tnfO{ gful/stf P]g, clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofgdf dn]lzofdf /x]sf
@)@) sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd ?=!),))). h/Ljfgf afUn's} s'naxfb'/ vqLn] lghsf] gfdsf]
/ 5 dlxgf s}b, /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf % gful/stf / /fxbfgL cfjZos k/]sf]n] agfO{
adf]lhd ?=%)). h/Ljfgf / 5 dlxgf s}b tyf lbg'kof] egL k6s k6s kmf]g u/]sf], hfkfgdf
;/sf/L sfuh sLt]{ u/]tkm{ sLt]{ sfuhsf /x]sL lghsL lbbL hd'gfn] klg efOsf] /fxbfgL
dxnsf] !@ g+= adf]lhd yk Ps jif{ s}b x'g] / gful/stf agfO{ lbg'kof] egL kmf]g u/]sL,
3=
899
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] dfG5] wgaxfb'/n] s'naxfb'/sf]

tLg k|lt kmf]6f] / gful/stf NofO{ xf]6ndf 5f8L
lbPsf]n] sf] dfkm{t\ sfd ul/lbg] xf]nf egL
ljrf/ u/L /x]sf] a]nfdf j}bl] zs /f]huf/sf]
nflu vf8L hfg afUn' xl/rf}/sf] xs{axfb'/
a:g]t cfk\mgf] xf]6ndf a:g cfPsf] / lghn]
afUn'df xf]6n Joj;fo u/L a:g] lghsf] ;fF9'
z]/axfb'/ v8\sfn] ;a} s'/f ldnfO{ lbG5g\ eg]sf]
/ z]/axfb'/nfO{ kmf]g ;Dks{ ubf{ x'G5 egL
af]nfPsf]n] z]/axfb'/dfk{mt\ lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nosf gf=;'=klkndfg zfSo;Fu e]6 u/fO{
lbPsf], lgh;Fu ;/;Nnfx x'bF f s'naxfb'/sf]
gful/stf / /fxbfgL lng] b/vf:tdf d}n]
s'naxfb'/ agL ;lx5fk u/L d]/} kmf]6f] 6fF;L
s'naxfb'/ agL d}n] x:tfIf/nufotsf sfo{ u/L
gful/stf / /fxbfgL lng], kl5 d]/f] kmf]6f]
pSsfO{ s'naxfb'/sf] kmf]6f] 6fF:g] tyf ;f]jfkt
sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 klkndfgnfO{ ?=@),))).
lbg] s'/f eO{ ;f]xLadf]lhd a/fdb ePsf] bf];f| k] l| t
gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk agfPsf] / /fxbfgLsf]
;d]t kmf/fd e/L /fxbfgL tof/ ug]{ qmddf
clws[tnfO{ z+sf nflu kqmfp u/]sf] xf] eGg]
;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] tLg yfg kmf]6f] /
gful/stfsf] klxnf] k|ltlnlk, s'naxfb'/sf]
gful/stfsf] bf];f| ] k|ltlnlk lngsf] nflu oL
k'g/fj]bs b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tsf] kmf]6f] 6fF;L lghn]
s'naxfb'/ agL ;lx5fk u/L lbPsf] b/vf:t,
;f] adf]lhd lnPsf] gful/stfsf] bf];f| ] k|ltlnlk
tyf pQm gful/stfsf] cfwf/df /fxbfgLsf nflu
lbPsf] lgj]bg / b'ua{ xfb'/sf] kmf]6f] 6fFl;Psf]
s'naxfb'/sf gfd el/Psf] /fxbfgL a's ;d]t
a/fdb ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
cg';Gwfgsf qmddf u/]sf] pk/f]Qm aofg ;dly{t
ePsf] kfOG5 .
&= ;xcleo'Qm z]/axfb'/ v8\sfn]
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf] aofgdf d]/f] ;fF9'
xs{axfb'/ vqL b'jO{df hfg] l;nl;nfdf sf7df8f}F

;'Gwf/fl:yt ofs xf]6ndf a;]5g\, ;f] xf]6nsf]
dflns b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t;Fu s'/fsfgL rNbf lgh
b'ua{ xfb'/n] uNsf]6 xl/rf}/ 3/ x'g] s'naxfb'/
vqL dn]lzofdf y'gfdf 5g, lghsf] gful/stfdf
cl3 /fxbfgL lnFbf /fxbfgL g+= xfg]sf]n] k'gM
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk / /fxbfgL
;d]t tof/ kf/L k7fO{ lbg' k/]sf] 5 of] sfd
s;/L ug]{ xf]nf eg]kl5 afUn'df ljGb" xf]6n
;~rfng ug]{ d]/f cfkmGt z]/axfb'/ v8\sf;Fu
;Dks{ /fv]df sfd x'g ;S5 egL d]/f] kmf]g
g+=lbP5g, b'ua{ xfb'/n] dnfO{ d]/f] g+=@))#( sf]
kmf]gdf ;Dks{ u/]sfn] x'G5 egf], ;f] af/]df d}n]
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf 6f=gf=;'=klkndfg
zfSo;Fu s'/f ubf{ x'G5 ldnfO{ lbG5' eg]sfn]
b'u{axfb'/nfO{ lnP/ lghsf] Sjf6/df uof}+,
klkndfg zfSon] ?=@%,))). lbg'k5{ eg]sf]df
sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 lbg] u/L ?=@),))). df
s'/f ldNof] . s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] kmf]6f] tLg k|lt
/ lghsf] gful/stf ;d]t klkndfgnfO{ lbPsf]
lyPF . klkndfgn] l;sfP cg';f/ gful/stf /
/fxbfgLsf kmf/fddf cfk\mgf] kmf]6f] 6fF;L eg],{
s'naxfb'/ agL kmfF6df uO{ gful/stf lng]
/fxbfgLsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg] nufotsf ;Dk"0f{
sfd lgh b'ua{ xfb'/n] g} u/]sf x'g eGg] ;d]t
Aoxf]/f n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 .
*= To;} u/L gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk
lngsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/L u0f]zaxfb'/ vqLsf] cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf ePsf] sfuh x]bf{ ldlt @)^!.#.!$
ut]sf lbg d}n] glrg]sf b'O{ hgf JolQm cfO{
d]/f] gful/stf x/fO{ k|ltlnlk lgsfNg' k/]sf]n]
l;kmfl/z ul/lbg' kof] eg]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg x]/L
s'naxfb'/ vqL sf] egL eGbf lgj]bgdf kmf]6f]
6fF;]sf] xfn b'u{axfb/ a:g]t egL gfd v'Ng
cfPsf] JolQmn] s'naxfb'/ vqL eg]sf] d x'F,
d]/f] 3/ afUn' xl/rf}/( xf] egL eg]sfn]
900
uf=lj=;=;lrjsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;j{;fwf/0f

hgtfsf] sfddf afwf ca/f]w gxf];\ egL
l;kmfl/z ul/lbPsf] xf] . xfn b'u{axfb'/ a:g]t
elgPsf JolQmn] d g} s'naxfb'/ vqL x'F egL
dnfO{ e'mSofgdf kf/L l;kmfl/z lnPsf] xf]
eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/f n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 . lgh
u0f] z axfb' / vqLn] df} s fdf n] v fPsf] ;f]
Aoxf]/fsf] ;dy{g u/L cbfnt;dIf askq
;d]t u/]sf] x'Fbf s'naxfb'/ agL gful/stfsf]
l;kmfl/z dfUg oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/
a:g]t :jo+ uPsf] eGg] tYo z+sf/lxt ?kdf
k'li6 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
(= lgh k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/
a:g]tn] cbfnt;dIf s;"/df OGsf/ /xL aofg
u/]sf] eP klg ljb]zdf /x]sf s'naxfb'/ vqLsf]
gfdaf6 gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk lngsf] nflu
e/]sf] kmf/fd / /fxbfgLsf] nflu lbPsf] lgj]bgdf
s'naxfb'/ egL u/]sf] ;lx5fk tyf 6fFl;Psf]
kmf]6f]sf ;fy} gful/stf / /fxbfgLdf 6fFl;Psf]
kmf]6f] / ;lx5fk cfk\mgf] xf]Og eGg ;s]sf]
kfOFb}g . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf cfk\mg}
gful/stf / /fxbfgL agfpg hfFbf le8ef8sf]
sf/0f s'naxfb'/sf] gfddf el/Psf] kmf/fd /
gful/stf tyf /fxbfgLdf cfk\mgf] ;lx5fk k/]sf]
/ kmf]6f] 6fFl;Psf] eGg] lghsf] aofg lhsL/
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/sf]
gfdaf6 gful/stf / /fxbfgL lngsf] nflu
lgj]bg k]z eO{ sf/jfxL ePsf] gb]lvPsf] /
gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk lng lbPsf] b/vf:t,
;f]adf]lhd tof/ ePsf] k|ltlnlk gful/stf
tyf ;f]xL gful/stfsf] cfwf/df /fxbfgLsf] nflu
e/]sf] lgj]bg / /fxbfgL nufotsf lnvtdf
lgh b'ua{ xfb'/sf] kmf]6f] / ;lx5fk k/]sf] s'/fnfO{
le8ef8sf] sf/0f e'mlSsP/ ePsf] eGg] lghsf]
aofg ljZj;gLo b]lvg gcfO{ s'naxfb'/ vqLsf]
gfdaf6 ;lx5fk u/L gful/stf lng] tyf
/fxbfgL lng] sfo{df k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]
;+nUgtf j:t'lgi6 Pj+ tYout ?kdf k|dfl0ft

ePsf] kfOof] .
!)= csf{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL klkndfg
zfSon] gful/stfsf] l;kmfl/z ug]{, l6Kk0fL
p7fpg], lg0f{o ug]{ nufotsf sd{rf/LnfO{
cleof]u g} gnufO{ cGo sfof{noaf6 sfhdf
v6L cfPsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq k"jf{ux| L 9+uaf6
cf/f]lkt ul/Psf], /fxbfgL kmfF6df /x]sf] x'bF f
lgj]bg / ;f] ;fy k]z ePsf] gful/stfsf]
ljj/0fcg';f/ /fxbfgL a's eg];
{ Dd sfo{ u/]sf]
eP klg gful/stf tof/ kfg]{ s'/fdf s'g} ;+nUgtf
g/x]sf] tyf cGo k|ltjfbLx ;Fusf] ldn]dtf]df
nfe lng] u/L s'g} klg u}/sfg"gL sfo{ gu/]sf]
x'bF f k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L x'gk' g]{
eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
!!= pQm k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf] /f]xaf6
cf/f]lkt s;"/df k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf
/x] g/x]sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL klkndfg
zfSon] cfk"m lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no afUn'df
sfhdf a;L /fxbfgL kmfF6df sfo{/t\ /x]sf] sf/0fn]
/fxbfgL a's eg]{ sfo{;Dd cfk"mn] u/]sf] eP
klg gful/stf kmfF6 5'} /x]sf] / ;f] kmfF6df
v/Lbf/ 6]sgf/fo0f zdf{ / d'lvof b]jLk|;fb
uf}td sfo{/t\ /x]sf]n] gful/stf agfpg] sfo{df
cfk\mgf] s'g} ;+nUgtf g/x]sf], z]/axfb'/ v8\sfn]
s]xL ;docl3 g]kfndf gePsf JolQmsf] /fxbfgL
agfpg ;lsG5 sL ;lsFb}g egL ;f]w]sf]df
;DalGwt JolQm pkl:yt geO{ ;lsFbg} egL
hjfkm lbPsf] tyf lgh lx/f;tdf /x]sf] sf]7faf6
a/fdb ePsf RofltPsf kmf]6fx z]/axfb'/n]
sfuhn] a]/L cfk"mnfO{ lbPsf]df lx/f;tdf k/]kl5
RoftL kmfn] s f] x' F egL clwsf/k| f Kt
clwsf/L;dIfsf] aofgdf Aoxf]/f n]vfPsf]
b]lvG5 .
!@= To:t} gLhn] cbfntdf aofg ubf{
cGo k|ltjfbLx;Fu ldn]dtf] u/L b'ua{ xfb'/
a:g]t s'naxfb'/ agL gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk /
901
/fxbfgL lng] lbg] sfo{ gu/]sf], gful/stf kmfF6

5'} /x]sf] / pQm kmfF6df 6]sgf/fo0f zdf{ /
b]jLk|;fb uf}td sfo{/t\ /x]sf] tyf /fxbfgL
kmfF 6 df sfo{ / t\ /x] s f] sf/0f k] z ePsf]
ljj/0fcg';f/ /fxbfgL a's eg]{ sfo{;Dd cfk"mn]
u/]sf] egL n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 .
!#= k|ltjfbLx b'u{axfb'/ a:g]t /
z]/axfb'/ v8\sfn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf]
dfly p4[t aofg Aoxf]/faf6 sfd ePkl5
?=@),))). lng] u/L b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t s'naxfb'/
vqL agL gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk / /fxbfgL lng]
;DaGwdf lhNnf k| z f;g sfof{ n osf
6f=gf=;'=k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL klkndfg;Fu ;Nnfx
eO{ sfof{nosf tkm{af6 ug'k{ g]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
lghn] g} ul/lbPsf] eGg] v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . ;fy}
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL klkndfg zfSon] lghsf]]
aofgdf pNn]v u/]sf gful/stf kmfF6df sfo{/t\
d'lvof b]jLk|;fb uf}tdn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
u/]sf] sfuh tyf ;f]sf] ;dy{gdf cbfnt;dIf
u/]sf] jskq x]bf{ klkndfgn] d]/f] ;fyLsf]
gful/stf lnP/ /fxbfgL agfpg' kg]5
{ egL
gful/stfsf] b/vf:t / clen]v /lhi6/ NofO{
5fl8 uPsf], s]xL ;dokl5 gful/stf n]lvlbg'
eof] egL ;f]Wg cfpFbf /lhi6/df s'naxfb'/sf]
kmf]6f] gb]lvPsf]n] kmf]6f] /x]g5\ eg]sf]df :yfgLo
ljsf; clwsf/Ln] k|dfl0ft u/L ;s]sf]n]
clen]vcg';f/ gful/stf n]lvlbg';\ afFsL sfd
d} cfkm}+ u/fpF5' eGg' eof] . Pp6} sfof{nodf
sfd ug]{ ;fyLn] eg]sfn] ljZjf;df k/L d}n]
gful/stf n]vL lbPF . n]lv;s]kl5 ;lx5fk
u/fpg] / kmf]6f] 6fF:g] sfo{ cfkm}{ u/fp5' egL
lnO{ uO{ s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] gful/stfdf kmf]6f]
6fF:g], l:6s/ nufpg], NofKr] nufpg], / b:tvt
u/fpg] ;a} sfd klkndfg zfSon] g} u/]sf] xf]
egL Aoxf]/f n]vfPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . s'naxfb'/
vqLsf] tLg yfg RofltPsf kmf]6fx k|ltjfbL
klkndfg zfSonfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] sf]7fsf]
kmNofs d'gLaf6 a/fdb ePsf] ;d]tsf ldl;n

;+nUg pk/f]Qm tYo / ;a"bk|df0faf6 /fxbfgL /
gful/stf agfpg] sfo{df cfk\mgf] s'g} ;+nUgtf
gePsf] eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL klkndfg
zfSosf] aofg Aoxf]/f vl08t e} cleof]u dfu
bfjLadf]lhdsf] sfo{ lghn] u/]sf] /x]5 eGg]
s'/f k'li6 ePsf] b]lvof] .
!$= To:t} k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k' g /fj] b g kqdf k| l tjfbL
b'u{axfb'/nfO{ unt tl/sfn] gful/stf /
/fxbfgL lngsf] nflu lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf
sd{rf/L klkndfg zfSo;Fu ;Dks{ u/fO{ lbg]
AolQm z]/axfb'/ v8\sf g} ePsf], k|ltjfbLxsf]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] aofgaf6 ;f]
tYo ;dly{t ePsf] cj:yf x'bF fx'bF } cbfnt;dIf
OGsf/L aofg u/] s f] eGg] cfwf/df cGo
k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug{ u|x0f ul/Psf
cfwf/xnfO{ oL k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf canDag
gu/L ;kmfO lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
q' l 6k" 0 f{ x' F b f pN6L u/L cleof] u dfu
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t lhsL/
lnPsf] kfOG5 .
!%= k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/ v8\sf / b'ua{ xfb'/
a:g]tn] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg
Aoxf]/faf6 b'ua{ xfb'/nfO{ klkndfg zfSo;Fu
kl/ro u/fOlbg] sfo{;Dd oL k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/
v8\sfn] u/]sf] eGg] v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . k/Gt'
To;/L ;Dks{ u/fpg] afx]s gful/stf tyf
/fxbfgLsf] kmf/fd eg],{ kmf]6f] 6fF:g], ;lx5fk ug]{
nufotsf cGo s'g} klg s;"/hGo lqmofdf
k|ltjfbL z]/axfb'/sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] k'li6 x'g]
7f]; cfwf/ cg';Gwfgaf6 v'Ng cfPsf] b]lvPg .
!^= ca, cf/f]lkt s;"/sf ;DaGwdf
/x]sf] k|ltjfbLxsf] pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf]
;+nUgtfnfO{ bfjLsf] sfg"gn] ;d]6g\ ] l:ylt xf],
xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] bf];f| ] k|Zgsf
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .
902
!&= cf/f] k kq x] b f{ tLg} hgf

k|ltjfbLxnfO{ d'n'sL P]g, sLt]{ sfuhsf]
dxnsf] !, ( / !@ g+= sf] s;"/df ;f]xL ( / !@
g+=, g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !%
sf] s;"/df ;f]xL bkmf !% / /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$
sf] bkmf % sf] s;"/df ;f]xL bkmf % adf]lhd
;hfo x'g dfubfjL lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .
!*= k' g /fjb] g cbfntaf6
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf z]/axfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ ;kmfO lbPsf]
z'?sf] km};nf ;b/} ePsf] / k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx
b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t / klkndfg zfSosf xsdf
cf+lzs s;"/ 7x/ u/]sf] z'? km};nf s]xL pN6L
u/L cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd g} s;"/ / ;hfo
7x/ ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
!(= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxn] tLg k[ys
k[ys P]g cGtu{tsf] s;"/ u/]sf] egL Pp6}
cleof]u k]z ul/Psf] c= j+=&@ g+= k|lts"n
ePsf], s'naxfb'/ vqLsf gfdaf6 gful/stf
k|ltlnlk lnOPsf] ;d]t sfo{ d'ns
' L P]g, sLt]{
sfuhsf] ! g++= sf] kl/efiffcGtu{t ;d]l6g
g;Sg], g]kfnL gful/sn] gful/stf lnPsf]
ljifonfO{ e"m7f ljj/0f lbO{ gful/stf lnPsf]
egL g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !%
cg';f/ d'2f rnfpg gldNg] tyf /fxbfgL lng]
sfo{ ;DkGg gePsf]n] /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf]
bkmf % sf] s;"/ g} gePsf] eGg] ;d]t lhsL/
lnPsf] kfOG5 .
@)= tLg j6f P]g cGtu{tsf tLg k[ys
k[ys s;"/df Pp6} cleof]u kqaf6 d'2f
rnfOPsf] d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+=&@ g+= sf] k|lts"n
ePsf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf
:ki6 x'gk' g]{ b]lvof] . d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= &@ g+=
df cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm lkm/fbkq lnFbf b]jfgL
/ kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] 5'f5'} lng'k5{ . ;f] afx]s
Pp6} lkm/fbkqdf Pp6} dflg;n] Pp6} dflg;pk/
hlt;'s} emu8fsf ljifosf] s'/f n]vL NofPsf] /
hlt;'s} dflg;n] hlt;'s} dflg;pk/ Pp6}
emu8fsf ljifosf] s'/f n]vL NofPsf] eP klg

lnO{ ;f] adf]lhd ;a} s'/fsf] ;f]xL lkm/fbkqaf6
OG;fkm ug'k{ 5{ === eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 . P]gdf k|o'Qm klxnf] afSon] d"ntM
b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] Pp6} lkm/fb lbg gx'g]
cyf{t\ b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] 5'f5'} lkm/fb
lbg'kg]{ egL :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . ;f] b]lv afx]s
Pp6} dflg;n] Pp6} dflg;pk/ hlt;'s} ljjfbsf
ljifo p7fO{ Pp6} d'2f lbg / w]/} dflg;n] w]/}
dflg;pk/ Pp6} ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'sf] d'2f
lbg ldN5 eGg] bf];f| ] jfSof+zsf] cf;o /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
@!= k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLx pk/
nufOPsf ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt nfu] s f
sfuhft sLt] { u/] s f] , e" m 7f ljj/0f lbO{
gful/stf lnPsf] / e"m7f ljj/0fsf cfwf/df
/fxbfgL lng] k|of; u/]sf] eGg] tLgj6} s;"/x
;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL
! cGtu{t kg]{ ;/sf/ jfbL e} rnfOg] kmf}hbf/L
d'2f x'g\ eGg] b]lvPsf]n] b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L
ljifosf d'2fnfO{ Pp6} cleof]u kqdf ;dfj]z
u/L bfjL lnPsf] eGg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5}g .
plNnlvt sfo{x Ps} lbg Pp6} jf/bftsf
?kdf z[v
\ nfa4 ?kdf ul/Psf / b'j} k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLxsf] To;df ;+nUgtf /xL ;f] ;Dk"0f{
sfo{sf] p2]Zo / clGtd kl/0ftL ljb]zdf /x]sf
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf gfdsf] /fxbfgL agfpg] g}
ePsf] x'Fbf Pp6} hl/ofaf6 pg} k|ltjfbLxn]
u/]sf] km/s km/s s;"/sf ;DaGwdf Pp6}
cleof]ukq k]z ul/Psf]nfO{ c=j+=&@ g+=+ k|lts"n
eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
hxfF;Dd ;f] sfo{ sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! g+=+
sf] kl/efiff cGtu{t g;d]l6g] eGg] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 To;sf] nflu ;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yf
b[li6ut ug'{ ;fGble{s b]lvg cfpF5 . d'ns
' L
P]g, sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! g+= df b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5M
903
! g+=.. x:tfIf/ jf cf}n

+ fsf] NofKr] ;xL
lgzfgf / 5fk OToflb e"mf agfO{ u/L jf
P]gadf]lhd /Ltk"js
{ sf] ;lx5fk eO/x]sf]
cs}{ ljifosf] ;Rrf lnvtdf n]lvPsf]
Joxf]/f s'g} t/sLj;Fu p8fO{ cs}{ dtna
lg:sg] Aoxf]/f kf/L ldnfO{ n]Vg] / Pp6f
sfdnfO{ egL ;lx5fk u/]sf] lnkmf sfuh
jf 5fk lnP lbPsf]df ;f] sfddf gnufO{
cs}{ Aoxf]/fsf] lnvtdf nufO{ jf cs}{
Joxf]/fsf] lnvt n]Vg] OToflb sfd
u/]sf]af6 csf{sf] hLp wg jf xs hfg]
gf]S;fg x'g] jf kmfObf s]xL geP klg
em"7f sfd ug]{ dflg; cfkm}n
+ fO{ jf c?
s;}nfO{ kmfObf k|df0f x'g] u/L sfd u/]sf]
/x]5 eg] To:tf em"7f sfuhaf6 sfd
u/L eO;s]sf] xj;\ jf gxj;\ sLt]{ u/]sf]
7x5{ . To:tf] sLt]{ ug]{ u/fpg]nfO{ /
hfgL a'emL sLt]{ sfuhdf a:g] ;fIfL
dltof/nfO{ ;d]t aft nfU5 .
@@= pQm ! g+= df jl0f{t sLt]s
{ f ljleGg
cjoj jf tTjxdWo] klxnf] jfSof+zdf k|oQ
' m
x:tfIf/ jf cf}n
+ fsf] NofKr] ;xL lgzfgf / 5fk
OToflb e"mf agfO{ u/L eGg] pNn]vgaf6 tLg
tl/sfaf6 sLt]{ x'g ;Sg] eGg] k"jf{j:yfnfO{
OFlut ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . sfg"gdf g} of] o:tf]
sfo{ ePu/]df sLt]{ x'g] egL ljz]if ?kdf ls6fgL
;fy pNn]v ePsf] ;f] ljifosf ;DaGwdf cndn
x'gk' g]{ jf lljwfdf kg'k{ g]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g .
k/Gt' pQm x:tfIf/ jf cf}nfsf] NofKr] ;xL
lgzfgf / 5fksf] nuQ} k5fl8 k|oQ
' m ePsf]
OToflb eGg] zAbn] cGo s]s'g yk ljifoxnfO{
hgfpg vf]hs
] f] xf] / OToflb eGg] zAbleq
csf{sf] gfdaf6 ljj/0f e/L, ;lx5fk u/L, cfk\mgf]
kmf]6f] 6fF;L gul/stf / /fxbfgL lng] lqmof
;d]l6g ;Sg] xf], xf]Og eGg] ljifo eg] AofVofsf]
ljifo b]lvG5 .
@#= ;fdfGotM s' g } klg sfg" g df

cufl8af6 k|i6 a'lemg] jf 5'lg] u/L pNn]v
ePsf gfdof] u L jf lqmofof] u L vf;vf;
zAbxsf] nuQ} k5fl8 cflb, OToflb eGg]
;fdfGo jf lj:tf/s zAbxsf] k|of]u ul/G5
eg] To; cGtu{t yk s] s:tf yk ljifox
;d]6\g] ljwflosL dg;fo /x]]sf] x'g;S5 egL
kQf nufpg] ljifo Tolt ;/n x'Fb}g . sf/0f
ljwflosfn] sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{sf jvt k|i6
?kdf pNn]v ug{ g;sL vfnL 5f]l8lbPsf]
ljifosf ;DaGwdf Goflos ljj]saf6 lgZsif{df
k'uL ljwflosL l/QmtfnfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ sfo{ Hofb}
;+jb] gzLn sfo{ ;d]t xf] . sfg"g lgdf{0f x'bF fsf]
;do / kl/j]zdf :jefljs dfGg ;lsg]]
ljifox klg sfnfGt/df c;fGble{s x'g;Sg]
l:yltn] ubf{ ;d]t sfg"gsf] l/Qmtf k"lt{ ug]{
sfo{ yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGg k'Ub5 .
@$= j:t'tM s'g} klg P]gdf cufl8af6
s'g} ljlzi6 zAbxsf] pNn]vg eO{ k5fl8af6
OToflb eGg] uf]Zjf/f / ;fdfGo cy{ af]ws
zAbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 eg] To;af6 cufl8 pNn]v
eP h:t} u'0f, k|sl[ t / rl/q (Analogy) ePsf
yk c? klg ljifoxnfO{ ;d]6g\ ] ljwflosL
cfzo /x]sf] lyof] eGg] cy{ u|x0f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
sfg"g JofVofsf ljleGg l;4fGtxdWo] Ps
Ejusdem Generis Principle sf cg';f/ s'g} vf;
zAbx cufl8 k|of]u ePsf 5g\ / To;kl5
;fwf/0f zAbx k|of]u ePsf 5g\ eg] tL ;fwf/0f
zAbxn] cufl8sf vf; vf; zAbxn] hgfP
h:t} cy{ jf ljifonfO{ hgfpb5 . b[i6fGtsf]
nflu cd's sfg"gdf a9L ultdf c;fjwfgLk"js
{
rnfOPsf] a;, 6s, hLk OToflbsf] 7Ss/n]
dflg; dg{ uPdf Hofg dfg]{ s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/G5 eg] a9L ultdf
c;fjwflgk"j{s rnfOPsf] sf/sf] 7Ss/af6
dflg; df/]sf] jf/bft Hofg dfg]{ s;"/cGtu{t
kg{] s'/f :jefljs dflgg ;Sb5 . sf/0f a;,
904
6s, hLk / sf/sf] k|sl[ t Ps} vfnsf] x'g] x'bF f

OToflb cGtu{t ;d]l6g] s'/f jf]wuDo g} x'G5 .
@%= k|:t't ljjfbdf s'naxfb'/ vqLsf
gfdaf6 k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tn]
gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk / /fxbfgL lngsf] nflu
kmf/fd e/L cfk\mgf] kmf]6f] 6fF;L b/vf:t lbPsf]
/ gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk / /fxbfgLdf s'naxfb'/sf]
;lx5fk cfkm}n
+ ] u/]sf] tyf kmf]6f] ;d]t 6fF;s
] f]
cj:yf 5 . ;f] sfo{ ug{sf] nflu lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no afUn'sf 6f=gf=;'=k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
klkndfg zfSon] sfof{nodf ug'k{ g]{ sfo{ ug{
k"0f{t ;xof]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/ ;/sf/L
5fk nfu]sf] b/vf:t kmf/fddf csf{sf] gfdaf6
ljj/0f e/L cfk\mgf] kmf]6f] 6fF:g] / ;lx5fk ug]{
tyf gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlkdf ;d]t csf{sf]
gfdsf] ;lx5fk u/L cfk\mgf] kmf]6f] 6fF:g] lqmof
:ki6 ?kdf sLt]{ x'bF f sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! g+= df
pNn]v ePsf] OToflbsf] kl/efiffleq kg]{ g}
b]lvof] .
@^= ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kqdf cfk\mgf]
kmf]6f] 6fF;s
] f] sfo{ sLt]s
{ f] kl/efiffcGtu{t kg]{
xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zg p7]sf] k'g/fj]bs jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=lrqaxfb'/ a;]n ;fsL{ ;d]t
k|ltjfbL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=)@@@
sf] ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt d'2fdf Ejusdem Generis
sf] pk/f]Qm l;4fGt ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ o;
cbfntaf6 d'ns
' L P]g, sLt]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf]
! g+= sf] klxnf] x/kmdf plNnlvt x:tfIf/ jf
cf}nfsf] NofKr] ;xL lgzfgf / 5fk OToflb===
eGg] jfSof+zdf pNn]v ePsf] ;fdfGo zJb
OToflb n] ;f] eGbf cufl8sf ljlzi6 zJbx
-x:tfIf/ jf cf}n
+ fsf] NofKr] ;xL lgzfgf / 5fk_
sf] k|s[ltsf] cGo sfo{sf] cy{jf]w x'g] /
;f] x Ladf] l hd JofVof ul/g' k g] { b] l vF b f
k|ltjfbLxdWo]sf lrqjxfb'/ j;]n ;fsL{n]
csf{sf] gfddf hf/L ePsf] ;jf/L rfns
cg'dltkqsf]] kmf]6f] pKsfO{ cfkm\gf] kmf]6f] 6f:g]
u/]sf] sfo{ klg sLt]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] !

g+=cGtu{ts} sLt]{sf] kl/efiffleq kg{ cfpg]
b]lvof] eGg] ;d]t AofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@&= To;}u/L pk/f]Qm l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
canDag ub}{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL xl/s[i0f n]sfnL
lj=g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ToyL{ ePsf] sLt]{ gful/stf
k]z u/L a}s
+ 7uL u/]sf] eGg] ;+jt\ @)^$
;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=)^$CR))^( sf] d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] csf{sf] gfdsf] g]kfnL
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf cfk\mgf] kmf]6f] 6fF;
u/]sf] sfo{ d'ns
' L P]g, sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! g+=
cg'ks} sLt]h
{ Go sfo{sf] kl/lwleq} kg]{ eGg]
;d]t AofVof eO{ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] g]sfk @)^&, lg=g+=*%)$, k[i7, !*&^_ b]lvg
cfpF5 .
@*= k|:t't d'2fdf klg ljb]z dn]lzofdf
/x]sf s'naxfb'/ vqLsf gfdaf6 gful/stfsf]
k|ltlnlk lngsf] nflu lghsf] gfdaf6 cfk\mgf]
kmf]6f] 6fF;L, ;lx5fk ;d]t u/L k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL b'u{axfb'/ a:g]tn] lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nodf bvf{:t lbO{ gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk
lnPsf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . pQm sfd s'/f
ug{ s f] nflu ;f] x L sfof{ n odf sfo{ / t\
6f=gf=;'=k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL klkndfg zfSon]
;xof]u k'ofPsf] eGg] s'/f klg k'li6 e}/xs}
5 . o;/L csf{sf] gfdaf6 cfk"mn] bvf{:t lbO{
;lx5fk u/L cfk\mg} kmf]6f] 6fF;L gful/stfsf]
k|ltlnlk lng] sfo{ d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{ sfuhsf] !
g+= n] kl/eflift u/]sf] OToflb eGg] kl/efiffleq}
kg]{ b]lvPsf] x'bF f pk/f]Qm l;4fGtx;Fu c;xdt
x'gk' g]{ s'g} sf/0f b]lvPg .
@(= g]kfnL gful/sn] gful/stf lnPsf]
ljifo g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !%
cGtu{ t sf] s;" / x' g g;Sg] eGg] klg
k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% df
b]xfoadf]lhd sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5M
905
e"m7f] ljj/0f jf aofg lbO{ g]kfnsf]

c+lus[t gful/stf jf hGd jf j+zhsf]
gftfn] gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ u/fpg] JolQm
jf ;f] ug]{ u/fpg] p2]Zon] hfgL hfgL
e"m7f] ljj/0f jf aofg lbO{ l;kmfl/z ug]{
JolQm jf ;f] ug]{ p2]Zon] e"m7f] ljj/0f
jf N:aofg lbO{ cfj]bg kq lbg] JolQmnfO{
kfFr jif{;Dd s}b jf bz xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd
h/Ljfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g5
] .
#)= pQm bkmf !% df e"m7f] ljj/0f jf
aofg lbO{ g]kfnsf] c+lus[t, hGd jf j+zh
h'g;'s} k|sl[ tsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ jf u/fpg]
sfo{nfO{ s;"/sf] ?kdf /fvL ;hfosf] Joj:yf
ePsf] k|i6 b]lvG5 . To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ ljb]zL
gful/snfO{ dfq ;hfo x'g] / g]kfnL gful/snfO{
eg] ;hfo gx'g] eGg] k'g/fj]bg kqdf lhsL/
lnPadf]lhdsf] s'g} Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf !% n]
u/]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvFb}g . ljb]zdf /x]sf
s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] gfdaf6 gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk
lng k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tn]
s'naxfb'/sf] ljj/0f e/L, lghs} gfdaf6 ;lx5fk
u/L kmf]6f] eg] cfk\mgf] 6fF;L b/vf:t lbPsf] /
;f]adf]lhd gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk lnPsf] eGg]df
ljjfb 5}g . To:tf] e"m7f ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df
gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk lngsf] nflu sfof{nosf
tkm{af6 ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nodf sfo{/t\ csf{ k|ltjfbL klkndfg
zfSon] u/fPsf] tYo z+sf/lxt ?kdf k'li6
e}/x]sf] cj:yf x'bF f k|ltjfbLxsf] pQm sfo{
bkmf !% n] lgif]w u/]sf] s;"/hGo sfo{ xf] eGg]
:ki6 b]lvg cfPsf]n] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ cfwf/lxg
b]lvof] .
#!= /fxbfgLdf ;DalGwt clws[tn] ;xL
ug'{ cufj} z+sf eO{ /fxbfgL lng] sfo{ ;DkGg
x'g gkfPsf] cj:yfdf e"m7f ljj/0f lbO{ /fxbfgL
k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] s;"/ g} gePsf]n] /fxbfgL

P]gsf] bkmf % adf]lhd ;hfo u/]sf] ldn]g eGg]
klg lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf :ki6
x'gsf] nflu /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf @$ sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf g} b[li6ut ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfpF5 .
pQm P]gsf] bkmf % df b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5M
s;}n] em"7f aofg jf ljj/0f lbO{ /fxbfgL
k|fKt u/]df jf k|fKt ug{ k|oTg u/]df jf bkmf
# sf] ljk/Lt ljb]zsf] e|d0f u/]df jf ug]{
k|oTg u/]df jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbPsf] cfb]z
jf lgb]{zgsf] kfngf gu/]df jf h'g p2]Zosf]
nflu /fxbfgL hf/L ul/Psf] xf] ;f] afx]s cGo
p2]Zosf] nflu /fxbfgLsf] k|of]u u/]df jf cfk\mgf]
gfpFsf] /fxbfgL c?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ lbPdf jf
csf{sf] /fxbfgL k|of]u u/]df jf of] P]g / o;
P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgod alv{nfk cGo s'g}
sfdsf/jfxL u/]df lghnfO{ Ps jif{;Dd s}b
jf kfFr;o ?k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf jf b'j} ;hfo
x'g ;Sg]5 .
s;}n] e"m7f aofg jf ljj/0f lbO{
/fxbfgL k|fKt u/]df jf k|fKt ug{ k|oTg u/]df
eGg] P]gsf] klxnf] jfSo v08df k|oQ' m kbfjnLaf6
e"m7f aofg jf ljj/0f lbO{ /fxbfgL lnPsf]
sfo{nfO{ dfq geO{ To:tf] e"m7f ljj/0fsf cfwf/df
/fxbfgL lng] k|of; u/]df klg ;f] bkmf cGtu{tsf]
k"0f{ s;"/ dflgg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvof] . cyf{t\
e"m7f ljj/0f k]z u/L /fxbfgL lng] jf ;f]sf]
pBf]u ug]{ b'j} cj:yfnfO{ P]gn] ;dfg cj:yfsf]
s;"/sf ?kdf /fvL Ps} ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf
ePsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf /fxbfgL lng gkfPsf]
eGg];Dds} cfwf/df s;"/ sfod gx'g] jf ;hfo
ug{ gldNg] eGg] l:ylt b]lvPg .
#@= ca, k'g/fjb]g cbfntsf] km};nf
ldn] s f] 5 5} g / k' g /fj] b s jfbL tyf
k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf]
xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] clGtd
906
**$) - /fdb]j ofbj ;d]t lj=ljz]Zj/ ofbj ;d]t
k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ ePsf] 5 . klxnf]

lg0f{o g+= **$)
k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fxdf
ul/Psf] ldl;n ;+nUg tYo k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0faf6
k'g/fjb]s k|ltjfbL b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]tn] ljb]zdf
;jf{R] r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
/x]sf s'naxfb'/ vqLsf] gfdaf6 /fxbfgL lng]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
p2]Zon] csf{ k|ltjfbL klkndfg zfSo;Fusf]
dt;Nnfx / ;xof] u df lhNnf k| z f;g
)^&WO)()*
sfof{nodf b/vf:t lbO{ cfk\mg} kmf]6f] 6fF;L
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.#.!$.%
gful/stfsf] k| l tlnlk lnPsf] / ;f] x L
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlksf] cfwf/df ;f]xL Joxf]/faf6 lgj]bsM lhNnf ;Kt/L, ef/bx ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
/fxbfgLsf] nflu lgjb]g u/L /fxbfgLdf clws[tn]
j8f g+= * a:g] /fdb]j ofbj ;d]t
k|dfl0ft ug]{ cj:yfdf kqmfp k/]sf] eGg] tYo
lj?4
;+sf/xLt tj/af6 k'li6 ePsf] x'Fbf lgh ljkIfLM lhNnf ;Kt/L ef/bx ufpF ljsf;
k|ltjfbLxn] u/]sf] pQm sfo{ d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{
;ldlt j8f g+= * a:g] ljz]Zj/ ofbj
sfuhsf dxnsf] ! g+=, g]kfn gful/stf P]g,
;d]t
@)@) sf] bkmf !% / /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf]
bkmf % f/f lgif]lwt s;"/ ck/fw b]lvPsf] x'bF f
kl/0ffddf tflTjs km/s gkf/L km};nfsf]
cf+lzs s;"/ / ;hfo 7x/ u/]sf] z'? cbfntsf]
n]vfOdf ls=g+= # pNn]v x'gk' g{d] f ls=g+=
km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L qmdzM ;kl7t d'ns
' L
! pNn]v ePsf sf/0fn] ePsf] ;fdfGo
P]g, sLt]{ sfuhsf] ( / !@ g+=+ , g]kfn gful/stf
q'l6 ;Rofpgsf] nflu km};nf ;+zf]wgsf]
P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf !% / /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$
cfb]z ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm cfb]z lhNnf
sf] bkmf % adf]lhd k|ltjfbLx b'ua{ xfb'/ a:g]t
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod
/ klkndfg zfSonfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjLcg'k
%! / %@ sf] zAb / dg;foljk/Lt
;hfo x'g] 7xofPsf] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
ePsf] gb]lvg] .
afUn'sf] ldlt @)^$.@.* sf] km};nf dgfl;j
-k|s/0f g+=%_
b]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs
km};nfdf n]vfO{ jf 6fO{ksf] ;fdfGo
jfbL / k|ltjfbL b'j} kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
e"n ;Rofpg] u/L ePsf] ;+zf]wg cfb]zn]
k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
km};nfsf] kl/0ffddf s'g} cGt/ kfg{
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .
gx'g] x'gfn] To;af6 d'2fsf] csf{] kIfsf]
xs / clwsf/df s'g} c;/ gkg{,] lghnfO{
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
yk bfloTj gnufOg], ;hfo gul/g] jf
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
;fdflhs ?kn] nfl~5t gul/g] x'bF f
;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbg'k5{ eGg'sf] s'g}
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn a}zfv !) ut] /f]h ! z'ed\=
cf}lrTo jf k|of]hg gx'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'jb] L
-k|s/0f g+=^_
km};nf e};s]sf] d'2fdf sfg"gadf]lhd
k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 ljrf/ ul/g] x'gfn]
&
907
c=j+= !& g+= sf] /f]xaf6 ljrf/ ug{] clGtd eP/ a;]sf] 5 . ljkIfL ljz]Zj/n]
cj:yf g} gx'g] .
km};nfdf pNn]v ePsf] lhNnf ;Kt/L, df}hf
-k|s/0f g+=&_ en'jf, eujfgk'/sf] ;f=ls=g+= ! sf] )!!!
sf] 3/ ;d]t km};nfdf lsQf g+= e'nn] ls=g+= #
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf ;'/G] b| v8\sf g+= x'gk' g{d
] f lsQf g+= ! n]lvg uPsf]n] km};nf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf ;'/z
] s'df/ sfsL{ ;+zf]wg ul/kfpFm egL b]=g+= !&*% sf] c+z
cjnlDa ghL/M
d'2fdf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6
;Da4 sfg"gM
k|df0f a'emL @)^&.$.@* df pQm hUufsf] lsQf
c=j+= !& g+=
g+= ;+zf]wg u/L lbg] u/L ;f] d'2fdf xfdLnfO{
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] ga'emL cfb]z ePsf] /x]5 . c+z d'2fsf] xfdL
lgod %!, %@-!_
klg kIf e} xfdLaf6 c+z gkfpg] 7x/L clGtd
km};nf ePsf] / afh] dw's/ d+8/sf] gfpFsf]
cfb]z
pQm ;f=ls=g+= # df xfdL lgj]bssf] 3/ a;f]jf;
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ePsf] / ljkIfLsf] tfobftLdf ;f] hUuf pNn]v
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd geO{ ls=g+= ! pNn]v ePsf] x'bF f tfobftL adf]lhd
o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] eO{ k]z x'g km};nf ePsf] cj:yf;Dd xfdLn] ;f] km};nfpk/
cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ k'g/fj]bg ug'k{ g{] cj:yf g} ljBdfg lyPg .
o; k|sf/ 5M
o;/L ;fljs lsQf g+= # / tfobftL /
dw's/sf] b'O{ 5f]/f h]7f :j= a}/;', sfG5f km};nfaf6 kfpFb} gkfPsf] hUuf ljkIfL ljz]Zj/
:j= xl/nfn x'g\ . a}/;'sf tLg 5f]/f xfdL / ldgLb]jL ;d]tsf] x'g] u/L ;fdfGo q'l6sf]
lgj]bsx xf}+ . xl/nfnsf] b'O{ 5f]/f h]7f u0f]zL, cfwf/df ul/Psf] km};nf ;+zf]wg j]/Ltsf] x'bF f
sfG5f ljz]Zj/ x'g\ . u0f]zLsf] kTgL ldgLb]jL ab/ ul/kfpFm egL k'g/fjb]g cbfnt /fhlj/fhdf
ofbj x'g\ . ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntdf xl/nfnsf] lgj]bg lbPsf]df ljkIfL g+= # n] ufpF ljsf;
xfFufsf] ldgLb]jLn] b]=g+= !(!! sf] c+z btf{ ;ldltaf6 $ lsNnf ;d]t a'emL @)^&.$.@*
d'2f! / ljkIfL ljz]Zj/n] b]=g+= !&*% sf] c+z sf] km};nf ;+zf]wg cfb]z lhNnf cbfnt
btf{ d'2f! u/L b'O{ d'2f xfdL lgj]bsxnfO{ lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod %@-@_ adf]lhd
k|ltjfbL agfO{ d'2f bfo/ ug'{ ePsf]df Ps} c+z d'2fsf] cleGg c ePsf]n] pQm cfb]znfO{
nufjdf /xL b'j} d'2fdf ljkIfLxsf] lktf, d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= sf] !& g+= sf] /f]xdf x]g{ gldNg]
;;'/f / xfd|f lktfx cl3 g} 3/;f/ d} 5'l x'bF f pQm cfb]z ab/ u/fpg cGo pkrf/sf]
;s]sf]n] xfdLaf6 tfobftL glng], ljkIfL ljz]Zj/ cj:yf /xL g} /x]sf]n] pQm lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldgLb]jL xl/nfnsf] xfFufsf] x'bF f lghaf6 tfobftL cfb]z kl/jt{g ug{ ldn]g egL ldlt @)^&.!).@&
dfu eO{ b'j} d'2fdf ljkIfLxaf6 tfotfbL cfO{ df cfb]z ePsf] x'bF f km};nfadf]lhd c+z 5'6o\ fpg]
tfobftL adf]lhdsf] ;f=ls=g+= ! ;d]tsf] hUuf qmddf j]/Lt;Fu ljkIfL g+= @ n] u/]sf] cfb]z
ljz]Zj/n] / ldgLb]jLn] kfpg], t/ xfdL lgj]bssf] ab/ ug'k{ g{d
] f ;b/ u/]sf] x'bF f / ljkIfLxsf]
lktf s} kfnfdf 5'L leGg ePsf] x'bF f lghn] cfb]z clGtd eO{ s'g} j}slNks pkrf/sf] cj:yf
xfdLaf6 c+z gkfpg] u/L @)^^.!.@$ df ;Kt/L gePsf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
lhNnf cbfntaf6 b'j} d'2f Ps} lbg km};nf eO{ wf/f !#, !(, !@ -#_ sf] -_ / -r_ adf]lhdsf]
908
xs clwsf/ s'l07t ePsf]n] pQm cGtl/d

;+ljwfg s} wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd lgj]bg
ug{ cfPsf] 5' .
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod %!
adf]lhd km};nfdf ;fdfGo q'l6 km};nf n]vfO{
jf 6fO{kdf e"n x'g uPsf] /x]5 ;f] ;DaGwdf
dfq lgj]bg lbg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . t/ b'O{ j6f
c+z d'2fdf cfPsf] tfobftLdf ;f=ls=g+= ! pNn]v
ePsf], ;f]xL adf]lhd km};nfdf klg ;fljs
lsQf g+= ! egL pNn]v ePsf] x'bF f km};nfdf
n]vfO{ jf 6fO{ksf] e"n xf]Og eGg] k|i6 5 .
;f=ls=g+= ! af/] km};nf clGtd eO{ a;]sf]
d'2fdf k'gM xfd|f] k/f]Ifdf k|df0f a'emL ;+zf]wg
ul/G5 eg] d'2fsf] ;DalGwt ;a} kIfxnfO{
;"rgf lbO{ ;'gj' fO ul/g'kg]{ k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGt xf] . ;f]sf] ljk/Lt x'g] lg0f{o Goflos
lg0f{o x'g ;Sb}g . k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGt ljk/Lt
ePsf] lg0f{o ab/sf] efuL 5 . c+z d'2fsf] kIf
eP klg c+z d'2fsf] km};nfnfO{ xfdLn] :jLsf/]sf]
/ xfdLaf6 c+z gkfpg] 7x/ ePsf] 5 . ;f]
km};nf ;fdfGo q'l6 afx]s km};nfdf c;/ kg{]
sfd ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf
xfdL dw's/ d08/sf] ;GtfgnfO{ ga'emL u/]sf]
lg0f{o ab/efuL x'bF f pTk|i] f0fnufot hf] rflxg]
cf1f cfb]z hf/L u/L ;+j}wflgs / df}lns
xssf] ;+/If0f u/L cfb]z ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{] xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfP kl5 jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgj]bs ;d]t pk/ d}n] ;DdfgLt ;Kt/L
lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] c+z btf{ d'2fsf]
km};nfadf]lhd c+z kfpg] 7x/L lg0f{o ePsf]
s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvPg . pQm d'2fdf

ljkIfLxaf6 c+zsf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/L bflvn
x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf d lgj]bs ;d]tn] pQm
d'2fdf tfobftL kmfF6jf/L bflvn u/]sf]df ;f]xL
tfobftL kmfF 6 jf/Lsf] cfwf/df ePsf]
km};nfadf]lhd a08f 5'6o\ fpg] sfo{ klg ;DkGg
e};s]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] c+z btf{
d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog eO{ d'2fsf] sfo{ km5\of{6}
eO{ Gofo lg/f]k0f ;DkGg e};s]sf] 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf l/6 If]qaf6 x]g{ gldNg] ePsfn] l/6
vf/]h ul/kfpFm . lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] ;f=ls=g+=
! / ;f=ls=g+= # sf] rf}xbL ;d]t ldnL cfPsf],
pQm hUufsf] jGb g+= ! pNn]v ePsf] x'bF f
ls=g+=sf] ;f aGb g+= pNn]v eO{ n]vfO{sf]
q'l6n] ls=g+= # x'gk' g{d
] f ls=g+= ! x'g uPsf]
s'/fnfO{ dfq ljjfb pTkGg u/]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf
;f=ls=g+= # sf] hUufdf jfbL cyf{t\ d k|ToyL{
ljz]Zj/ ofbjsf] xs nfUg g;Sg] s'g} k|df0f
k|:t't gu/]sf] / tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf pNn]v
u/]sf] ;fljs rf}xbL ;d]tdf s'g} ljjfb g/x]sf]
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg :jtM vf/]hefuL 5 . k|ToyL{
dWo]sf] d ljz]Zj/ ofbjsf] ;f=ls=g+= # sf]
hUufdf c+z xs gnfUg] eGg klg ;s]sf] 5}g,
jGb g+= ! sf] hUuf g} ;f=ls=g+= # sf] hUuf
ePsf]n] km};nf ;+zf]wg ;DaGwL lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod %@-@_ adf]lhd
km};nf ;+zf]wg ubf{ ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsnfO{
;"rgf lbg'kg{] / ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbg'kg{] s'g}
sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t gePsf]n] ;f] s'/fnfO{
clwsf/sf] ?kdf bfjL u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljz]Zj/
ofbjsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
dw's/ d08/ gfpFsf] ;|:] tf ptf/df aGb
g+= # ls=g+= ! egL km};nfdf pNn]v x'g uPsf]
;f] ge} aGb g+= ! ls=g+= # ePsf] x'bF f ;f]xL
adf]lhd x'g] u/L km};nf ;+zf]wg ul/kfpmF egL
jfbL ljz]Zj/ ofbjsf] b=g+= *&%@ ldlt
909
@)^&.#.@@ sf] lgj]bg x]l/of] . dfnkf]t sfof{no

;Kt/Laf6 k|fKt dw's/ d+8/ gfpFsf] ;fljs
;|:] tf x]bf{ ls=g+= # aGb g+= ! df dw's/ d+8/sf]
gfpFdf h=lj= )!!! hUufdf 3/jf; egL
pNn]v ePsf] egL n]vL cfPsf] b]lvFbf ldlt
@)^^.!.@$ ut]sf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df
plNnlvt ;f=ls=g+= ! sf] ;fdf ls=g+= # jGb
g+= ! sfod x'g] u/L ldlt @)^^.!.@$ sf]
km};nf lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod %@ adf]lhd ;RrfO lbg] u/L of] cfb]z
ePsf] / k|:t't cfb]z krf{nfO{ pQm km};nfsf]
cleGg c dfgL ldl;n ;fd]n /fVg' egL ldlt
@)^&.$.@* df cfb]z ePsf] x'bF f lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg{] x'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf ;dfj]z
eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bstkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg cljwQmf ;'/G] b| v8\sfn] ax;sf]
k|f/De ub{} z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 Ps k6s
km};nf e};s]kl5 To;sf] kl/0ffddf tflTjs
cGt/ kg{] u/L km};nf ;+zf]wg ug{ gx'g]df
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 lsQf g+= km/s kf/L
kl/0ffddf g} km/s kg{] u/L ;+zf]wg ul/Psf]
5 . tfobftLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lsQf g+= pNn]v
u/L ePsf] km};nfdf oyfy{df s'g} q'l6 g} 5}g .
tfobftLdf ePsf] q'l6 km};nf e};s]kl5 km};nf
;+zf]wg u/]/ x'Fb}g . z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6
;+zf]wg ug{ gldNg] km};nf ;+zf]wg ug{] u/L
ePsf] cfb]z / ;f] pk/ k/]sf] lgj]bgnfO{ ;b/
ug{] u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]zaf6
lgj]bssf] ;DklQ ;DaGwL xsdf c;/ k/]sf]
x'bF f lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' 5{
egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL ljz]Zj/ ofbjsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmf ;'/z
] s'df/ sfsL{n] c+z d'2fdf
tfobftL k]z x'Fbf ;|]:tfadf]lhd aGb g+= !
;f=ls=g+= # pNn]v x'gk' g{d

] f e"naf6 aGb g+= !
nfO{ ls=g+= # eO{ k]z ePsf] cj:yf xf] . d"n
km};nfdf ls=g+= ! egL pNn]v ePsf] aGb g+= !
sf] )!!! 3/ hUuf g} a08f nfUg] km};nf
ePsf] xf], ;f] afx]s pQm ls=g+= sf] c? s'g}
hUuf 5}g . lgj]bsn] km};nfadf]lhd a08f nfUg]
7x/ ePsf] cs{} 3/ hUuf 5 egL b]vfpg klg
;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . pQm 3/ hUufaf6 c+z d'2fsf
jfbL ljz]Zj/ ofbjn] c+z kfpg] eGg] 7x/
lg0f{odf s'g} tflTjs cGt/ gkg{] u/L z'? lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ul/Psf] ;+zf]wgsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt
5 . To;/L km};nfdf ePsf] ;fdfGo q'l6 ;+zf]wg
ubf{ ljkIfLnfO{ ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbg'kg{] eGg]
s'g} sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g . z'? cbfntaf6 km};nf
e};s]sf] ljifodf c=j+= !& g+= sf] lgj]bgsf]
/f]xaf6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] x]g{ gldNg] k|i6
ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zdf
;d]t s'g} q'l6 gePsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
x'gk' 5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLaf:xn]
ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL k]z ePsf] ldl;n
sfuhft cWoog ul/of] . OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ lgj]bssf] dfu cg';f/ cfb]z hf/L x'G5
x'bF g} eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{ b]lvof] .
ljkIfL ljz]Zj/ ofbj / ldgL ofbjn]
bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] c+z d'2fdf ;f ls=g+= ! ;d]tsf]
3/ hUufaf6 ljz]Zj/ / ldgLb]jLn] c+z kfpg]
u/L ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.!.@$
df km};nf eO{ pQm km};nf clGtd eO{ a;]sf]df
ljkIfL ljz]Zj/n] km};nfdf ;f=ls=g+= # pNn]v
x'gk' g{d
] f e"naf6 ;f=ls=g+= ! pNn]v eO{ q'l6
ePsf]n] ;f=ls=g+= # agfO{ ;+zf]wg ul/kfpFm
egL lgj]bg lbPsf]df lhNnf cbfntaf6 xfdLnfO{
ga'emL lghsf] lgj]bg adf]lhd km};nf ;+zf]wg
ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] s'/fdf lrQ ga'emL k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg
lbPsf]df lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z kl/jt{g gx'g]
910
egL cfb]z ePsf]n] sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf lhNnf

cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf pQm cfb]zx
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bssf]
d"Vo lgj]bg dfu /x]sf] b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{o ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ;Kt/L
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ljz]Zj/ ofbj jfbL ljkIfL
aft/ ofbj ePsf] b]=bf=g+= !&*% sf] c+z btf{
d'2fdf ldlt @)^^.!.@$ df ePsf] km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf hfFbf km};nfadf]lhd
a08f x'gk' g{] dw's/ d+8/sf] gfdsf] hUuf ;|:] tfdf
aGb g+= ! ;f=ls=g+= # ePsf]df km};nfdf ls=g+=
! eO{ q'l6 x'g uPsf]n] sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf]
x'bF f pQm km};nfsf] ;f] c+z ;+zf]wg ul/kfpFm
egL ljz]Zj/ ofbjn] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf sf/jfxL
x'bF f dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ePsf] ;|:] tfdf
ls=g+= # aGb g+= ! df dw's/ d+8/sf gfpFdf
h=lj= )!!! hUufdf 3/jf; pNn]v ePsf]n]
ldlt @)^^.!.@$ df ePsf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln
v08df plNnlvt ;f=ls=g+= ! sf] ;fdf ls=g+=
# aGb g+= ! sfod x'g] u/L lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL sf] lgod %@ cg';f/ ;Kt/L lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.$.@* df ;+zf]wgsf]
cfb]z ePsf] kfOG5 .
#= ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.!.@$ df ePsf] km};nfdf dw's/ d+8/sf
gfddf /x]sf] )!!! 3/ hUufaf6 pQm d'2fsf
jfbL o; lgj]bgsf ljkIfL ljz]Zj/ ofbjn] c+z
kfpg] egL 7x/ ePsf] tYodf ljjfb b]lvb}g .
pQm ldltsf] km};nfdf ls=g+= ! pNn]v ePsf]n]
km};nfsf] kl/0ffddf tflTjs cGt/ kg{] u/L
ls=g+= # af6 c+z lbg] u/L lgj]bsnfO{ ga'emL
ul/Psf] ;+zf]wgsf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg];Dd
lgj]bssf] lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvof] . t/ lgj]bsn]
km};nfdf c+z d'2fsf jfbLn] c+z kfpg] egL
plNnlvt dw's/ d+8/sf gfdsf] )!!! sf]
3/ hUuf ljjflbt ls=g+= # sf] 3/ hUuf geO{
cs{} 3/ hUuf xf] egL b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfO{bg} .
o;/L km};nfadf]lhd c+z kfpg] 7x/ ePsf]

hUufsf] e"nj; lsQf g+= km/s pNn]v x'g
uPsf] x'bF f ;f] s'/fnfO{ ;+zf]wgsf] cfb]zf/f
;RrfO{Psf] b]lvg cfof] .
$= lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@
sf] lgod %! df ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf ljkIf jf
lghsf] jf/];n] km};nfsf] n]vfO{df jf 6fO{kdf
s'g} e"n x'g uPsf] /x]5 eg] To; s'/fsf] lhsL/
lnO{ lgj]bg kq lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f]xL
lgodfjnLsf] lgod %@-!_ df lgod %! adf]lhd
k/]sf] lgj]bg kq ;|:] t]bf/n] cl3 d'2f km};nf jf
cfb]z ug{] GofofwLz ;dIf k]z ug{5
] . ;f]
GofofwLz cg'kl:yt ePdf cbfntdf pkl:yt
/x]sf GofofwLz ;dIf ;f] lgj]bg k]z ul/g]5 /
e"n ;'wf/ x'gk' g{] b]lvP;Dd ;f] GofofwLzn] 5'}
krf{ u/L ;Rofpg] 5 . eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ km};nfsf]
kl/0ffddf tflTjs cGt/ gkg{] u/L n]vfO{df jf
6fO{kdf ePsf] e"n jf q'l6nfO{ lhNnf cbfntaf6
5'} krf{ v8f u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
;fdfGotofM Ps k6s ;'gj' fO u/]/ cbfntn]
cfkm\gf] 7x/ lg0f{o lbO{ ;s]kl5 dflyNnf] txsf]
cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 jf ;f]xL txsf]
cbfntn] sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg u/]sf]df
afx]s cfkm}n
+ ] u/]sf] 7x/ lg0f{onfO{ k'gM cfkm}+
;Rofpg] jf x]/km]/ / ;+zf]wg ug{ x'bF g} . To;/L
kl/jt{g u/L /xg] xf] eg] Goflos lg0f{osf]
clGtdtfsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt x'G5 . To;}n] km};nf
e};s]kl5 q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] klg
km};nfsf] kl/0ffddf km/s kg{] u/L cfkm}n
+ ] u/]sf]
lg0f{onfO{ cfkm}+ ;Rofpg ldNb}g . t/ km};nfsf]
n]vfO{ jf 6fO{kdf dfgjLo jf d]zLgsf sf/0fn]
x'g uPsf] ;fdfGo q'l6nfO{ ;+zf]wg ubf{ km};nfsf]
kl/0ffddf s'g} cGt/ gkg{] x'gfn] cgfof; x'g
uPsf] To:tf] q'l6nfO{ 5'} krf{ v8f u/L ;+zf]wgsf]
cfb]z ug{ ;lsg] / To:tf] cfb]z d"n km};nfsf]
cleGg c x'g] cbfntsf] :yflkt k|rng xf] .
911
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf ePsf] pk/f]Qm sfg"gL

Joj:yfsf] d"n cfzo klg olx xf] .
%= k|:t't d'2fsf] k|;+udf x]bf{ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] ;+zf]wgsf] cfb]zn] cbfntn]
c+z lbg' egL 7x/ u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ cyf{t\ dw's/
d+8/sf gfddf /x]sf] )!!! sf] 3/ hUufaf6
c+z lbg'kg{] lg0f{o jf To;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ s'g}
cGt/ kf/]sf] b]lvb}g . km};nfsf] n]vfO{df ls=g+=
# pNn]v x'g'kg{]df ls=g+= ! pNn]v eO{ e"nj;
unt ls=g+= pNn]v ul/Psf] sf/0fn] km};nfsf]
sfof{Gjogdf k/]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0fsf] nflu
dfq lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ;+zf]wgsf] cfb]z
ePsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt lsQf g+= ! af6 g}
ljkIfLn] c+z kfPsf] xf] ls eGgnfO{ klg ;f]
lsQf g+= c+z lbg'kg{] JolQm dw's/ d+8/sf]
gfddf jf lghsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] b]lvb}g .
o;/L c+ z bftfsf] :jfldTjdf gePsf] /
cl:tTjdf g/x]sf] lsQf g+= af6 ljkIfLn] c+z
kfpg] 7x/ lg0f{o ePsf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNg]
ePg . km};nfdf q'l6j; pNn]v ePsf] lsQf
g+= ;+zf]wg gu/L lbFbf c+z d'2faf6 c+z kfpg]
7x/ ePsf] xsaf6 ;DklQsf] c+z d'2faf6
c+z kfpg] 7x/ ePsf JolQmn] jl~rt x'g'kg{]
cj:yf ;d]t x'g] b]lvof] . o:tf] tYout
cj:yfdf kl/0ffddf tflTjs km/s gkf/L
km};nfsf] n]vfO{df ls=g+= # pNn]v x'g'kg{]df
ls=g+= ! pNn]v ePsf sf/0fn] ePsf] ;fdfGo
q'l6 ;Rofpgsf] nflu ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6
km};nf ;+zf]wgsf] cfb]z ePsf] b]lvFbf pQm
cfb]z lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod %! / %@ sf] zAb / dg;fo ljk/Lt
ePsf] b]lvg cfPg .
^= cfkm"nfO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf glbO{
;+zf]wgsf] cfb]z ePsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhsL/
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ km};nfdf n]vfO{ jf 6fO{ksf]
;fdfGo e"n ;Rofpg] cfb]z ubf{ ljkIfLnfO{
lemsfO{ a'em\g' kg{] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOb}g .
912
To;/L ePsf] ;+zf]wgsf] cfb]zn] km};nfsf]

kl/0ffddf s'g} cGt/ kfg{ gx'g] x'gfn] To;af6
d'2fsf] csf{] kIfsf] xs / clwsf/df s'g} c;/
gkg{,] lghnfO{ yk bfloTj gnufO{g,] ;hfo
gul/g] jf ;fdflhs ?kn] nfl~5t gul/g] x'bF f
;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbg'k5{ eGg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo jf
k|of]hg klg x'g] ePg . ctM ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf
glbO{ km};nf ;+zf]wgsf] nflu ePsf] cfb]z
q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] lgj]bssf] lhsL/ / lgj]bstkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfsf] a;x lhsL/;Fu
;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
&= hxfF;Dd !& g+= adf]lhdsf] lgj]bgdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z ;d]t q'l6k"0f{
5 eGg] lgj]bssf] lhsL/ ;DaGwdf x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg
;'Gg] cfdf ljrf/flwg d'2fsf] sfdsf/jfxLdf
sfg"gsf] /Lt ldn] gldn]sf] x]/L j]/Lt ePsf]
b]lvPdf sfg"gadf]lhd ug{ nufpg] d'ns
' L P]g
cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] !& g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
xf] . km};nf e};s]sf] d'2fdf sfg"gadf]lhd
k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 ljrf/ ul/g] x'gfn] c=j+=
!& g+= sf] /f]xaf6 ljrf/ ug{] cj:yf g} x'g]
ePg . To;sf] ;fy} dfly ljj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/
z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zdf sfg"gsf]
s'g} q'l6 gb]lvPsf]n] lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{
kl/jt{g ug'{ gkg{] 7x/fO{ ;b/ ug{] u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]z sfg"gljk/Lt eGg
ldNg] ePg .
*= t;y{ ljz]Zj/ ofbj jfbL / k|ltjfbL
log} lgj]bs aft/ ofbj ;d]t k|ltjfbL eO{
rn]sf] b]=bf=g+= !&*% sf] c+z btf{ d'2fdf ldlt
@)^^.!.@$ df ePsf] km};nfsf] n]vfO{df hUufsf]
ls=g+= pNn]v x'bF f ePsf] ;fdfGo q'l6 ;+zf]wg
ug{] u/L z'? lhNnf cbfnt ;Kt/Laf6 ldlt
@)^&.$.@* df ePsf] cfb]z / ;f] pk/ c=j+=
!& g+= adf]lhd k/]sf] lgj]bgdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z
kl/jt{g ug'{ gkg{] 7x/fO{ ldlt @)^&.!).@& df
**$! - 8\o;
' km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln=lj=/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu ;d]t
clws[tsf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf] /fh:j

cg';Gwfg clws[tn] d"No clej[l4 s/
P] g , @)%@ df tf] l sPsf sfg" g L
k|fjwfgadf]lhd s/bftfn] ltg'k{ g{] s/
lgwf{/0f ug{;Sg] g} b]lvPsf]n] /fh:j
cg';Gwfg ljefusf /fh:j cg';Gwfg
clws[taf6 d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gadf]lhd
nfUg] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ sfg"gL
If]qflwsf/ljxLg /x]sf] egL dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
Dofbleq a'emfpg' kg{] s/ s'g} s/bftfn]
ga'emfPdf s/bftfsf] rn crn ;DklQ
sAhfdf lnO{ s/ c;"n ug{;Sg] u/L
d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf
@!-!_-v_, / bkmf @#-3_ tyf cfos/
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!) -!_-v_ n] s/
clws[tnfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] b]lvFbf pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lgj]bssf] rn
;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf] vftfsf] gub
/sd /f]Ssf /fVg / To;af6 lgwf{l/t
s/ /sd c;"npk/ ug{ s'g} sfg"gL
afwf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf vftf /f]Ssf /fVg]
sfo{nfO{ sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] egL dfGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
ePsf] cfb]z sfg"gljk/Lt gb]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf]

dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ul//xg k/]g . l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( c;f/ !$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n
&
lg0f{o g+= **$!
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
;+jt\ @)^$ ;fnsf] WO!)!)
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.@.@#.#
ljifoM pTk|i] f0fldl>t k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj] b sM sf7df8f} F lhNnf, sf7df8f+ }
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) afg]Zj/
l:yt 8\ o ' ; km\ 6 cf] e /l;h g] k fn
k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf] clwsf/k|fKt
wgs'df/ /fO{
lj?4
ljkIfLM /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu ;d]t
d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';r
" L
! sf] ;d" x & n] d' b | 0 f e} ; s] s f]
-Printed_ lstfjnfO{ ;d]6s
] f] b]lvPklg
Online ;]jfdfkm{t\ sf/f]jf/ x'g] E-book
nfO{ ;d]6s
] f] b]lvg gcfPsf]n] E-book
sf] laqmL sf/f]jf/nfO{ d"No clej[l4 s/
5"6 x'g] sf/f]jf/ dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
s/;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg'k s/
lgj]bs tkm{af6Mljfg clwjQmfx clgns'df/

l;Gxf / gf/fo0f g]kfn
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfx
t]hgf/fo0f kf}8n
] / xl/k|;fb /]UdL
cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^&, c %, lg=g+=
*#^%, k[i7 &!#
;Da4 sfg"gM
d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf
%-!_-s_ / -v_, @!-!_-v_, @#-3_
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-sd_,
&#, **-!_, ()-@_, !!) -!_-v_
913
cfb]z
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt tYo
/ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M
lgj]bs 8\o;
' km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln=,
sDkgL P]g, @)%# adf]lhd ;DalGwt lgsfosf]
:jLs[lt lnO{ ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f
P]g, @)$( sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/L pBf]u
ljefusf] ;xdltsf cfwf/df ljb]zL nufgLdf
:yflkt sDkgL xf] . of] sDkgLn] g]kfndf
OG6/g]6dfkm{t\ sDKo'6/ lzIff sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ug's
{ f] ;fy} OG6/g]6dfkm{t\ sDKo'6/
lzIff sfo{ q mdx ;~rfng ug' { s f] ;fy}
OG6/g]6dfkm{t\ ljleGg z}lIfs ;fdu|L lstfjx
-Online Books_ laqmL ug{] sf/f]jf/ ub{} cfPsf]
lyof] . lghLIf]qaf6 ljZjJofkL ?kdf k|rlnt
OG6/g]6 lzIff Pj+ 1fg ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng
u/L g]kfndf Software education, Software
Industry sf nflu rflxg] hgzlQmnfO{ k|lzIf0f
k|bfg ug{,] Educational website dfkm{t\ z}lIfs
;]jf k|bfg ug{,] ljBfyL{xnfO{ 3/df g} a;L
sDKo'6/ tfnLd lbg] h:tf ;]jf k|bfg ug{] o;sf]
p2]Zo xf] . of] sDkgLn] g]kfnL gful/snfO{
/f]huf/L k|bfg u/L /fi6sf] /fh:jdf oyf]lrt
of]ubfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] sDkgL sfg"g,
/fh:j ;DaGwL sfg"gx, ljb]zL nufgL tyf
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g Pj+ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]gsf] kfngf ub{} pQm P]gxn] tf]ss
] f] st{Jo /
bfloTjsf] clwgdf /xL k|:t't sDkgLn] cfkm\gf]
sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o; sDkgLn] tTsfn
g]kfndf w]/} k|rngdf g/x]sf] Educational
Website, Software Education h:tf k|ljlw g]kfn
leq\ofO{ hgtfnfO{ ;/n ;'ud ;]jf pknAw
u/fPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f #%-!@_ df ljb]zL k"h
F L / k|ljlwnfO{
cfslif{t ug{] /fHosf] gLlt /x]sf] 5 eg] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *(-!_ n] sfg"gadf]lhd
afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fO{g] 5}g egL
k|Tofe"lt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
k|:t't sDkgLn] sf/f]jf/ ubf{ k|rlnt
cfos/ P]g Pj+ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gn] tf]ss
] f]
st{Jo / bfloTjsf] kfngf ub{} sf/f]jf/sf] qmddf
v/Lb u/]sf j:t' / ;]jfsf] v/Lb ljn b'?:t
/fvL v/Lb vftf Jojl:yt u/]sf] / laqmL
ljhsf/f dfq laqmL sf/f]jf/ u/L laqmL ljhs
/ laqmL vftf Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5 . sf/f]jf/sf]
qmddf /xg uPsf] df}Hbft ;d]t :6s vftfdf
b'?:t /fv]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] sf/f]jf/sf qmddf
e'QmfgL lbg'kg{] /sd sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] k|lqmof
cjnDag u/L sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] b//]6cg';f/ clu|d
s/ sL u/L e'QmfgL k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] sDkgLn]
sf/f]jf/sf qmddf ;DalGwt lgsfodf ltg'k{ g{]
s/, b:t"/ z'Ns / dx;'n ;d]t sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f]
k|lqmof / ;dofjlw leq lt/L a'emfO{ cfPsf]
5 . /fh:j ;DaGwL sfg"gn] s/bftfnfO{ dfq
xf]Og, s/ k|zf;g / s/ clws[t ;d]tnfO{
sfg"gL k|lqmof cjnDag ug'k{ g{] / sfg"gadf]lhd
dfq sf/jfxL p7fpg' kg{] st{Jo / bfloTj lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL dWo]sf /fh:j
cg';Gwfg ljefun] cgflwsf/ ?kdf /fh:j
r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@
sf] bkmf & sf] k'jf{j:yf a]u/ pQm P]gsf] bkmf
$ n] tf]ss
] f] s'g} klg s;"/ / k"jf{j:yfsf]
cefjdf PSsf;L sf/f]jf/ :yndf ldlt @)^$.#.%
df cfsl:ds lg/LIf0f u/L k6s k6s 8/ qf;
b]vfO{ ljefudf af]nfpg] / bjfjd'ns 9+un]
aofg lng] cGoyf kqmfp ug{,] y'Gg] eGb} af/Daf/
qf; lbPsf] lyof] .
/fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_
P]g, @)%@ n] tf]s]sf] ljefusf] If]qflwsf/
ljgf pQm P]gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] s'g} klg s;"/sf]
cefj /x]sf] l:yltdf PSsf;L lgj]bs sDkgLsf]
914
**$! - 8\o;
ldlt @)^$.$.@$ df vftf /f]Ssf u/L sf/f]jf/

;~rfng g} cj?4 ul/Psf] 5 . oxfFg]/ of]
pNn]v ug{ cfjZos 5 sL, o; cl3 klg
lgj]bssf] ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6
vftf /f]Ssf ug{] sfo{ ePsf]df ;f] pk/ ;DdfgLt
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fdf lgj]bg lbPsf]
/ vftf /f]Ssf ug{] ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefusf] sfdsf/jfxL sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] 7x/
u/L ldlt @)^#.!@.!! sf] vftf /f]Ssf ug{]
kqnfO{ ldlt @)^$.^.!& df ;DdfgLt /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Faf6 ab/ u/L lbPsf]
lyof] . o;/L ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun]
lgj]bs sDkgLsf] ljleGg a}+sdf /x]sf] /sd
?=*,&(,#^,&@^. sf] vftf /f]Ssf u/]af6
lgj]bs sDkgL w/f;foL e} lgj]bssf] Jofkf/
Joj;fo cj?4 ePsf] 5 . h;af6 g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_, wf/f
!@-#_ / wf/f *(-!_ n] k|bfg u/]sf ;+j}wflgs
xs s'l07t ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL
/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 a}+s vftf /f]Ssf
u/] kZrft PSsf;L ldlt @)^$.(.( df cfos/
P]g, @)%* adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL u/L bflvnf
u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] eGb} cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf]
bkmf @-s_-v_ &@, *&, **, *(, (), (@,
!)), !)!, !)@, !!$, !!% / !#% sf]
ljk/Lt Psd'i6 ?=#,#&,*$)*#. gub w/f}6L
bflvn ug{ dfu ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . o;/L ul/Psf]
dfu If]qflwsf/ljxLg Pj+ cgflwsf/ /x]sf] 5,
eg] xr'jf cfwf/df s'g} klg sfg"g clwsf/sf]
;|f]t, lx;fj / cfwf/ gv'nfO{ Psd'i6 /sd
dfu ul/Psf] u}/sfg"gL 5 . oBkL lgj]bsn]
sf/f]jf/sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ EBook v/Lb ubf{
;|f]tdf s/ sL ug'{kg{] sfg"gL k|fjwfg g/x]sf]
s'/f k|i6 u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy} xfd|f] sf/f]jf/sf]
k|sl[ t cg';f/ ef/taf6 u/]sf] v/Lbsf ;DaGwdf
e'QmfgL ubf{ g]kfn / ef/t ;/sf/ aLr ePsf]
bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ;Demf}tf
adf]lhd clu|d s/ sL ug'{ gkg{] / o:tf]

sf/f]jf/df pQm ;Demf}tfadf]lhd bf]xf]/f] s/
d'lQm x'g] s'/f ;lj:tf/ hjfkm ;d]t k]z
u/]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] hjfkmsf] j]jf:tf u/L tYo
k|df0f ga'emL PsftkmL{ cgflwsf/ ?kdf gub
w/f}6L bflvnfsf nflu ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefuaf6 ePsf] lg0f{on] ;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL
xs clwsf/df cf3ft k/]sf] 5 . o;} aLr k'gM
ldlt @)^$.!).& df ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefun] d"No clej[l4 clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f
cfb]z hf/L u/L s/, h/Ljfgf, yk b:t"/ /
Jofh u/L Psd'i6 ?=!),^),(^,@@@. dfu
u/L kq k7fpg' ePsf] 5, hjls /fh:j
cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ cg';Gwfg tyf txsLsft
ug{];Ddsf] clwsf/ /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg
tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{] If]qflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
5}g . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf
#! adf]lhd cbfnt ;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{] If]qflwsf/ cfGtl/s
/fh:j sfof{noljefusf s/ clws[tnfO{ dfq
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . s/ clws[tn] d"No clej[l4
s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @)-!_-@_,-#_,-$_,-%_
tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# sf]
lgod @( adf]lhdsf] k"jf{j:yf / k|lqmof
cjnDag u/L dfq s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug{]
If]qflwsf/ /fVb5g\ . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,
@)%@ sf] bkmf @!-3_ adf]lhd s/ c;"nL ug{]
clwsf/ /fVg ;S5g\ . /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefunfO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ nfO{
x:tIf]k ug{] jf ;f] P]gn]] tf]s]sf] sfdsf/jfxL
p7fpg] If]qflwsf/ 5}g . o;/L /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefuaf6 cgflwsf/ ?kdf d"No clej[l4 s/
lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePaf6 ;f] pk/ sfg"gL pkrf/sf]
nflu lgwf{l/t s/ /sdsf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd
dfq w/f}6L /fvL dfq k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
nflu cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;dIf lgj]bg
915
lbg'kg{] Joj:yf ePaf6 lgj]bssf] ;f] eGbf

a9L /sdsf] vftf ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefuaf6 /f]Ssf u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f]xL Joxf]/f hgfO{
sfg"gadf]lhd Gofosf vflt/ cfGtl/s /fh:j
ljefu;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu
lgj]bg u/]sf] / hf] xfn ljrf/flwg /x]sf] 5 .
/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 d"No
clej[l4 clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ePkZrft\
;f]pk/ lrQ ga'emL k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
nflu lgj]bg lbgsf nflu sfg"gadf]lhd lgwf{l/t
s/sf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd ?=#,%#,^%,$)&. dfq
w/f}6L:j?k /xg ;Sg] x'Fbf ljkIfL /fh:j
cg';Gwfg ljefun] xfd|f] a}s
+ vftfaf6 /f]Ssf
u/]sf] ?=*,&(,#^,&@^. df ?=#,%#,^%,$)&.
sf u/L afFsL /sd ?=%,@%,&!,&@^. km'sj' f
ug'k{ g{d
] f pN6} ldlt @)^$.!).!* df PSsf;L
xfd| f ] a} + s vftfdf /x] s f] df} H bft /sd
?=*,&(,#^,&@^. dWo]af6 gk'u d"No clej[l4
s/ tkm{ ?=%,$!,%@,^$#. / clu|d cfos/
gnfUg]df klg ;f] jfktsf] w/f}6L /sd dfu
u/]sf] eGb} ?=#,#&,*$,)*#. ;DalGwt cfGtl/s
/fh:j sfof{nodf k7fOPsf] egL hfgsf/L u/fpg'
eof], hf] ;/f;/ clwsf/ljxLg u}/sfg"gL /x]sf]
5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ()-*_ n]
clu|d s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug'k{ j" { k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGtadf]lhd !% lbg] ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{]
;kmfOsf] df}sf k|bfg ug'k{ g{] s'/f ls6fg u/]sf]
5 . clu| d s/ /sd dfu ug{ s f] nflu
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 dfq lg0f{o cfb]z
x'g'kg{] :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefusf] w/f}6L dfu ug{] lg0f{on] s/ lgwf{/0fsf]
:j?k u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g . cfh;Dd s'g cfwf/
k|df0f sf/0f / sfg"gadf]lhd clu|d s/ dfu
ug{] lg0f{o ePsf] 5, ;f] ljkIfLxn] v'nfpg
;s]sf 5}gg / xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L klg 5}g .
u}/sfg"gL tj/af6 /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun]
ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nonfO{ clu|d
916
cfos/sf] gfddf k7fPsf] lgj]bssf] /sd /fVg]

sfo{af6 ;/sf/nfO{ cGoflos ;Da[l4 x'g k'us
] f]
5 . hf] Principle of Unjust enrichment sf]
l;4fGtadf]lhd dfGo x'g ;Sb}g .
/fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_
P]g, @)%@ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{] ljkIfL /fh:j
cg';Gwfg ljefun] pk/f]Qm w/f}6L egL xfd|f]
;DklQ sAhfdf /fVg] sfo{sf] j}wflgstf k/LIf0f
ubf{ w/f}6L dfu ug{] clwsf/ o; P]gsf] bkmf ($_ n] lbPsf] eGg] cg'dfg u/]klg bkmf *
adf]lhd #) lbgleq} cg';Gwfg tyf txsLsft
u/L sf/jfxL rnfpg' kg{] / To:tf] sf/jfxL
bkmf @) adf]lhd rnfpFbf #% lbgleq} d'2f
bfo/ ug'k{ g{] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;dli6ut ?kdf
cg';Gwfg tyf txsLsft z'? u/]sf] ldltn]
a9Ldf ^% lbgleq s'g} d'2f btf{ geP kl5
xfd|f] ;DklQ w/f}6L egL /f]Ssf /fVg] ljkIfLxsf]
clwsf/n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;Sb}g .
ctojM pk/f]Qm bkmf bkmfdf plNnlvt
cfwf/ a'Fbfdf ljkIfLxsf] sfdsf/jfxL dfly
k|s/0fxdf plNnlvt P]g sfg"gljk/Lt e}
cgflwsf/ u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd
ljkIfL /fh:j cg' ; Gwfg ljefun] ldlt
@)^$.$.@$ df vftf /f]Ssf ug{] u/L hf/L
u/]sf] kq ;f];Fu ;DalGwt cfb]z kqfrf/ eP
;f] ;d]t, ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf]
ldlt @)^$.(.( sf] gub w/f}6L bflvnf ug{]
kq / ;f];uF ;DalGwt lg0f{o / /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefun] lgj]bssf] a}s
+ vftfsf] /sd cfGtl/s
/fh:j sfof{ n odf k7fPsf] egL ldlt
@)^$.!).!* df hfgsf/L u/fPsf] kqnufot
o; ljifodf ljleGg axfgfdf xfd|f] /sd sAhf
u/L /fVg] sfo{nufotsf kq, cfb]z, lg0f{o
;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm ;fy}
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg jfkt w/f}6L bflvnf
ug'k{ g{] eGg] ldlt @)^$.!).& sf] d"No clej[l4
**$! - 8\o;
s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z adf]lhd lgj]bssf] /f]Ssf

u/]sf] a}+s vftfsf] /sdaf6 lgwf{l/t d"No
clej[ l 4 s/ /sdsf] Ps ltxfO{ /sd
?=#,%#,^%,$)&. w/f}6Ldf g} /fvL afFsL /sd
clu|d cfos/sf] gfdaf6 sAhf ePsf] /sd
;d]t ?=%,@%,&!,&@^. lgj]bsnfO{ cljnDa
lkmtf{ ug'{ egL ljkIfLdWo] cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{no, If]q g+= ! aa/dxn, sf7df8f}F /
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu nflhDkf6 sf7df8f+}sf]
gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]tsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L Gofo
OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t lgj]bssf] lgj]bg
kq .
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{] xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy} /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn
;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf]
af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg' .
lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^%.#.% sf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf /fh:j r'xfj6
-cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ n] tf]ss
] f]
ljefusf] If]qflwsf/ ljgf a}s
+ vftf /f]Ssf,
cfos/ P]g @)%* ljk/Lt w/f}6L bflvnf tyf
d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ ljk/Lt sfo{ eP
u/fPsf] eGg] lghsf] l/6 lgj]bg lhsL/ ;DaGwdf
/fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g,
@)%@ sf] bkmf ^ df s'g} JolQmaf6 ePsf]
/fh:j r'xfj6 ;DaGwL s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg tyf
txsLsft / tt\ ;DaGwL cGo sf/jfxL ljefun]
ug{5
] egL :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf
ljefuaf6 eP u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLdf If]qflwsf/
gePsf] egL ljkIfLsf] ts{ sfg"g;Ddt b]lvb}g .
o; ljefuaf6 l/6 lgj]bs 8\o;
' km\6 cf]e/l;h
g]kfn k|f=ln= sf] sf/f]jf/sf] cg';Gwfg tyf

5fgaLg kZrft\ k|f=ln= n] cfos/ P]g, @)%*
cg';f/ clu|d s/sL u/L P]gn] tf]s
] s
] f] Dofbleq
bflvnf ug'k{ g{d
] f gu/L /fh:j r'xfj6 u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] / To:tf] /sd Dofbleq bflvnf gu/]sf]
egL k|f=ln= sf cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwn] cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg ;d]tdf pQm
sfo{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L ;s]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|rlnt
cfos/ P]gadf]lhd bflvnf ug{ afFsL /x]sf]
/sd dfq ljefun] ;f] jfktsf] gub w/f}6L
/sd dfu u/]sf] xf] .
lgj]bsn] o; ljefun] d"No clej[l4
s/ P]g, @)%@ nfO{ x:tIf]k ug{] jf ;f] P]gn]
tf]s]sf] sfdsf/jfxL p7fpg] If]qflwsf/ /fVg
;Sb}g egL lnPsf] lhsL/ ;DaGwdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] cfjZos ;+Vofdf s/ clws[tx
lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5 / g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos
b]v]df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo s'g} clws[tnfO{
klg s/ clws[tsf] sfo{ ug{] u/L tf]Sg ;Sg]5
egL d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf #
df pNn]v ePsf] / ;f]xL P]gadf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^$.$.@( / @)^$.%.!# sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ tf]lsPsf s/ clws[taf6 g} k|:t't
k|f=ln= sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ tkm{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f
ePsf] xf] . pQm k|f=ln= n] /fh:j r'xfj6
u/]sf] k|df0f s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lnPsf cfwf/ /
k|df0fxaf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{sf jvt v8f
u/]sf] lg0f{o krf{df :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf #
cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 s/ clws[t tf]lsPsf]
clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0fpk/ /fh:j
Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL pkrf/
x'Fbfx'Fb} pQm dfu{ cjnDag gu/L ;DdfgLt
cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f If]q u'xfg'{ Gofo;+ut
gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg :jtM vf/]hefuL
x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm .
917
ldl;n ;+nUg lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bgdf

pNn]v ePadf]lhd k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg jfkt
w/f}6L bflvnf ug'k{ g{] ldlt @)^$.!).)& sf]
d"No clej[l4 s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zadf]lhd
lgj]bssf] /f]Ssf u/]sf] a}s
+ vftfsf] /sdaf6
lgwf{l/t d"No clej[l4 s/ /sdsf] Ps ltxfO{
/sd ?=#,%#,^%,$)&. w/f}6Ldf g} /fvL afFsL
/sd clu|d cfos/sf] gfdaf6 sAhf ePsf]
/sd ;d] t ?=%,@%,&!,&@^. lgj] b snfO{
cljnDa lkmtf{ ug'{ eGg] ljifodf k|rlnt cfos/
P]g / d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd
bflvnf x'gk' g{] /fh:j /sd sfg"gL k|lqmofcg'k
bflvnf ePsf] x'bF f lkmtf{ lbO{ /xg gkg{] ePsf]n]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t cfGtl/s
/fh:j sfof{no If]q g+= ! sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
/fh:j cg' ; Gwfg ljefusf] ldlt
@)^$.!).& sf] lg0f{opk/ l/6 lgj]bsn] o;
ljefudf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg bfo/
u/L sfg"gL pkrf/sf] k|lqmof cl3 a9L /x]sf]
tYo l/6 lgj]bsn] :jLsf/ u/L /x]sf] b]lvFbf ;f]
sfg"gL pkrf/sf] k|lqmof 6'f] gnfUb} ;DdfgLt
;jf{R] r cbfntdf c;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] u'xf/
dfu ug{ l/6 lgj]bg uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
sfg"gL pkrf/ / c;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] dfu{ Ps}
k6s cjnDag ug{ kfpg] xf]Og . cfGtl/s
/fh:j ljefu ;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
nflu lgj]bg k/] ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^%.@.#! df
OG6/g]6dfkm{t\ sDKo'6/ lzIff k|bfg ug{] u/]sf]df
;f]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]jf/nfO{ ;]jf sf/f]jf/ dfgL
/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] d"No clej[l4 s/
lgwf{/0f u/]sf]df s/bftfn] pQm sf/f]jf/leq
;]jf laqmLcGtu{t lstfj -Books_ sf] sf/f]jf/
ePsf]n] E-books sf] laqmL d"No clej[l4 s/
P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';r
" L! sf] ;d"x & cGtu{t
lstfj -Books_ sf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf]n] d"No clej[l4
s/ 5"6 x'gk' g{] egL lnPsf] lhsL/ ;DaGwdf
Online dfkm{t ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] / ;f] qmddf
pknAw u/fO{g] Electronic documents nfO{

lstfjsf] kl/efiff leq kfg{ ldNg] gb]lvPsf]n]
s/bftfsf] lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] eGg] ljefuLo
lg0f{o e};s]sf] / ;f] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg
ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] ljBdfg /x]
ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg :jtM vf/]hefuL x'bF f vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df log} lgj] b sn] /fh:j
Gofoflws/0fsf] ldlt @)^^.$.@) df u/]sf]
lg0f{opk/ o; cbfntdf ldlt @)^&.^.$ df
cg'dltsf] lgj]bg )^&LE))# b]lv ))&
;Ddsf lgj]bgx lbO{ ljrf/fwLg /x]sf]n] pQm
lgj]bgx ;Fu} of] l/6 lgj]bg klg lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.!@.@*
sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg
;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . lgj]bs tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx clgn s'df/ l;Gxf
/ gf/fo0f g]kfnn] s/ lgwf{/0f gx'bF } lgj]bssf]
vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] clwsf/ ljkIfLxnfO{ s'g}
sfg"gn] lbPsf] 5}g . s/ lgwf{/0f x'bF d
} f klg
sDkgLn] Jofkf/ Joj;fo g} ug{ gkfpg] u/L
vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] clVtof/L ljkIfLxnfO{ 5}g .
lgjb]s sDkgLn] d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ eO{
ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf d"No
clej[l4 s/ sfof{nosf] clws[tn] k|of]u ug{]
s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL clwsf/ /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefun] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] xf]Og . o:tf]df s/
c;"n ug{] clwsf/ /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{
x'bF g} . s/ c;"n ug{ sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] k|lqmof
cIf/; kfngf ul/g' kb{5 . sfg"gL k|lqmof aflx/
uO{ ePsf] sfdsf/jfxLn] j}wtf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg]
ePsf]n] ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] vftf
/f]Ssf /fVg n]vs
] f] ldlt @)^$.$.@$ sf] kqx
pTk|i] f0ff/f ab/ u/L clu|d cfos/sf] gfdaf6
918
**$! - 8\o;
sAhf ePsf] /sd ;d]t ?=%,@%,&!,&@^.

lgj]bsnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf
k/dfb]z hf/L x'g' k' b{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmfx t] h gf/fo0f kf} 8 ] n /
xl/k|;fb /]UdLn] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@
sf] bkmf # df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos b]v]df
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo s'g} clws[tnfO{ klg
s/ clws[tsf] sfo{ ug]{ u/L tf]Sg ;Sg] Joj:yf
/x]sf]n] P]gsf] pQm Joj:yfadf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^$.$.@( / @)^$.%.!# sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gsf] bkmf # /
@) sf] clwsf/ ;d]t k|of]u ug{] u/L /fh:j
cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
ul/Psf] x'Fbf cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 g} lgj]bs
sDkgLsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . lgj]bsn]
cfkm\gf] ;]jf laqmL u/] jfkt !% s/f]8 eGbf
a9L sdfPsf 5g . ;]jf laqmL jfkt s/
ljhs hf/L u/L E-books eg]/ pNn]v ub{}df
/fh:j ltg{] bfloTjaf6 lgj]bsn] pGd'lQm kfpg]
cj:yf 5}g . lgj]bs sDkgL :ki6 ?kdf s/sf]
bfo/fdf kb{5 . s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn]
@ txaf6 j}slNks pkrf/ k|fKt ul/;s]sf] /
s/ ljjfb Settle e};s]sf] x'Fbf l/6 hf/L x'g]
cj:yf g/x]sf]n] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg]
;d]t jx; ug'{eof] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf]
jx; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL OG;fkm tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
lgj]bs Deo Soft Overseas sDkgLn] g]kfndf
vf;u/L OG6/g]6dfkm{t\ E-Book laqmL ;DaGwL
sf/f]jf/ ug{] ePsf]n] d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,
@)%@ sf] cg';r
" L! sf] ;d"x & cGtu{t lstfj
-Books_ sf] sf/f]jf/ ubf{ d"No clej[l4 s/ 5"6
x'gd] f ;f]sf] ljk/Lt sfg"gn] clVtof/L g} glbPsf]
ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] s/ clws[tsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L jnk"js
{ sDkgLn] ljleGg
s/ ltg'k{ g{] u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] / ;f] c;"n
ug{] ;Gbe{df lgj]bs sDkgLsf] a}s vftf g}

/f]Ssf /fvL lgj]bsnfO{ Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{]
xsaf6 g} jl~rt ul/Psf]n] ljkIfLxaf6 ePsf]
s/ lgwf{/0f / a}s
+ vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] nufotsf
sfdsf/jfxLx pTk|i] f0ff/f ab/ u/L lgj]bssf]
/f]Ssf vftf km'sj' f ul/lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf
gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg]
d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} lgj]bsn]
bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm;DaGwL g]kfn ef/taLr ePsf]
DTAA ;Demf}tfadf]lhd cfkm"nfO{ s/ gnfUg]
eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg lhsL/ lnPsf]df ljkIfLxsf]
lnlvt hjfkmdf lgj]bsn] sfg"gadf]lhd ltg'{
a'emfpg' kg{] s/x ;/sf/nfO{ ga'emfO{ /fh:j
5nL u/]sf] sf/0f /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg
tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf ^ adf]lhd
cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf lgj]bssf] vftf /f]Ssf
eO{ ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^$.$.@( / @)^$.%.!#
sf] lg0f{ocg'k k|fKt clVtof/L adf]lhd
lgj]bsn] ltg{ a'emfpg' kg{] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L
lgwf{l/t s/ /sd ;f] /f]Ssf vftfaf6 sf u/L
bflvnf ul/Psf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] / s/
lgwf{ / 0fpk/ lrQ ga' e m] d f ;f] ;DaGwdf
lgj]bsnfO{ j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ pknAw
/x]sf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' g{] eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] kfO{of] . lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cfb]z
hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og < eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' k"j{
lgDg k|Zgxsf] lg/fs/0f ug'k{ g{] b]lvof]M
-!_
-@_
-#_
919
lgj]bs sDkgLsf] Joj;fo s/sf] bfo/f

leq k5{, kb{g} <
/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf /fh:j
cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{]
clVtof/L /x]sf] 5, 5}g <
g]kfn ef/t aLr ePsf] bf]xf]/f] s/
d'lQm ;Demf}tf -DTAA_ adf]lhd lgj]bsn]
g]kfndf s/d'QmL kfpg] cj:yf /x]sf]
5, 5}g <
-$_
-%_
lgj]bssf gfdsf] a}s

+ vftf /f]Ssf /fvL
lgj]bsn] ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg{] s/ ;f] /f]Ssf
vftfaf6 c;"npk/ ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/
ljkIfL /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{
/x]sf] 5, 5}g <
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
xf] xf]Og <
@= ;j{ky| d klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf

ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs 8\o;
' km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn
k|f=ln= ljb]zL nufgLdf sDkgL P]g, @)%#
adf]lhd ldlt @)^).!.#! df sDkgL /lhi6f/sf]
sfof{nodf btf{ eO{ ldlt @)^).@.^ df pBf]u
ljefudf sDKo'6/ tyf efiff k|lzIf0f lbg]
;]jfd"ns pBf]usf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] btf{ k|df0f
kqaf6 b]lvG5 . ;fy} lgj]bs k|f=ln= d"No clej[l4
s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no
sf7df8f}F If]q g+= ! df btf{ /x]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .
lgj]bs k|f=ln= n] btf{ k|df0ffkqdf plNnlvt
p2]Zosf cnfjf Online Internet dfkm{t\ Software
education nufotsf ljljw ;]jf lbg'sf ;fy}
cfkm\gf u|fxs ;b:oxnfO{ ljZjljBfnosf]
Course df cfwfl/t E-book x ;d]t pknAw
u/fpFb} cfPsf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bg Joxf]/f tyf
cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L
lgj]bsn] g]kfndf /x]sf cfkm\gf u|fxsxnfO{
ljljw Online ;]jfsf] laqmL sf/f]jf/ ub{} cfPsf]
eGg]df ljjfb b]lvb}g . d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,
@)%@ sf] bkmf %-!_-s_ / -v_ n] g]kfnleq
cfk"lt{ jf cfoft ePsf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/df
d"No clej[l4 s/ nfUg]5 egL pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf] laqmL sf/f]jf/ ub{} cfPsf]
;]jf d"No clej[l4 s/sf] bfo/faf6 aflx/ kg{
hfg] b]lvFbg} . lgj]bsn] E-Book sf] sf/f]jf/ ug{]
x'bF f d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] cg';r
" L
! sf] s/ 5"6 x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfx cGtu{t
;d"x & df kg{] lstfjsf] kl/lwleq kg{] ePsf]n]
s/ 5"6sf] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf]

cg;"rL ! sf] ;d"x & n] d'b0| f e};s]sf] Printed_ lstfjnfO{ ;d]6s
] f] b]lvPklg Online
;]jfdfkm{t\ sf/f]jf/ x'g] E-book nfO{ ;d]6s
] f]
b]lvg gcfPsf]n] E-book sf] laqmL sf/f]jf/nfO{
d"No clej[l4 s/ 5"6 x'g] sf/f]jf/ dfGg ldNg]
b]lvPg .
#= ;fy} lgj]bs 8\o';km\6 cf]e/l;h
g]kfn k|f=ln= n] ef/tLo sDkgL 8\o;
' km\6 Ol08of
k|f=ln= / ef/ts} MADS sDkgLdfkm{t\ cgnfO{g
;]jf Kofs]hdf k|fKt u/]jfkt ljleGg ldltdf
;]jf z'Nssf] ?kdf /sd e'QmfgL u/]sf] eGg]
/fh:j cg' ; Gwfg ljefuaf6 k| f Kt
cg';Gwfg;DaGwL ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . lgj]bs
sDkgLn] ef/tLo sDkgLxnfO{ Online ;]jf
k|fKt u/]jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sd cfos/ P]g,
@)%* sf] bkmf @-s d_ adf]lhd ;]jf z'Nsleq
kg{] b]lvPsf]n] pQm P]gsf] bkmf **-!_ df ;]jf
z'Ns /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ s'n e'QmfgL /sdsf]
kGw| k|ltztsf b/n] clu|d ?kdf s/ sL
ug'k{ g{] tyf To:tf] clu|d s/ sL ul/Psf] /sd
k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] @% lbgleq /fh:j
cg';Gwfg ljefudf bflnvf ug'k{ g{] u/L pQm
cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf ()-@_ df Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvFbf lgj]bs k|f=ln= n] ef/tLo sDkgLxnfO{
Online ;]jf k|fKt u/]jfkt ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL
ubf{ clu|d ?kdf sf ug'k{ g{] cfo s/ tyf
cfkm\gf u|fxs pkef]QmfxnfO{ cgnfO{g ;]jf
laqmL sf/f]jf/ u/]jfkt lghxaf6 nfUg] d"No
clej[l4 s/ c;"npk/ u/L ;/sf/L sf]ifdf
bflvnf ug'k{ g{] sfg"gL lhDd]jf/Laf6 pGd'lQm
kfpg ;Sg] gb]lvFbf lgj]bs sDkgL d"No clej[l4
s/ / cfos/sf] bfo/f leq} /x]sf] b]lvof] .
$= /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ s/
lgwf{/0f ug{] clVtof/L /x]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] bf];f| ]
k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ d"No clej[l4 s/
P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf # df ;f] P]gsf] k|of]hgsf]
920
**$! - 8\o;
lgldQ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;+Vofdf s/

clws[t[ x lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg] / g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cfjZos b]v]df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo s'g}
clws[tnfO{ klg s/ clws[tsf] sfo{ ug{] u/L
tf]Sg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfcg'k g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt
@)^$.$.@( / ldlt @)^$.%.!# sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd
pQm P]gsf] bkmf @) cg'k s/ lgwf{/0f ug{]
k|of]hgsf] nflu /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{
klg s/ clws[tsf] ?kdf sfd ug{] u/L clVtof/L
k|bfg u/]sf] ldl;n ;+nUg lg0f{o kmfO{naf6
b]lvG5 . o;/L s/;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn
sfg"gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg'k s/
clws[tsf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf] /fh:j cg';Gwfg
clws[tn] pQm d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ df
tf]lsPsf sfg"gL k|fjwfgadf]lhd s/bftfn] ltg'k{ g{]
s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf
xsdf /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf /fh:j
cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 d"No clej[l4 s/
P]gadf]lhd nfUg] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{nfO{
sfg"gL If]qflwsf/ljxLg /x]sf] egL dfGg ldNg]
b]lvPg .
%= g]kfn ef/taLr ;DkGg bf]xf]/f] s/
d'lQm ;Demf}tf - Double Taxation Avoiding
Agreement_ adf]lhd lgj]bsn] g]kfndf s/ d'lQm
kfpg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5, 5}g < eGg] t];f| ] k|Zgdf
ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs 8\o' ;km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn
k|f=ln= sf ;~rfnsx Clif ;xb]j tyf huhLt
;xb]j ef/tLo gful/s ePsf] sf/0f lgj]bsn]
bf]xf]/f] s/d'QmL ;DaGwL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvof] .
s'g} Pp6f b]zsf] JolQmn] ;f] b]zsf] s/bftf eO{
csf{] b]zdf klg nufgL uof] jf ToxL cfojif{df
PseGbf a9L b]zdf sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf
lghn] cfkm" jfl;Gbf /x]sf] b]zdf Pj+ nufgL
u/]sf] b]zdf Pp6} cfo jf ;DklQdf Pp6} gfdsf]
jf Ps} k|sf/sf] s/ Psk6s eGbf a9L ltg'{
gk/f]; eGg] p2]Zon] cGt/f{li6o s/ k|0ffnL adf]lhd
b'O{ b]z aLr bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] ;Demf}tf ug{]

ul/G5 . o:tf] ;Demf}tfn] vf;u/L s/bftfnfO{
bf]xf]/f] s/sf] ef/af6 d'lQm lbO{ j}bl] zs nufgLnfO{
k|fT] ;flxt ug{ d2t k'Ug] ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] cfos/
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &# n] klg ;/sf/n] ljleGg
b]z;Fu o:tf vfnsf bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm;DaGwL
;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg'k g]kfn
/ ef/t ;/sf/aLr bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] ;Demf}tf
DTAA ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn / ef/taLr ;g\
!(** df ePsf] DTAA ;Demf}tfsf] v08 # sf]
bkmf & / ;g\ @)!! df ;DkGg ;f];DaGwL
kl/dflh{t ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf @#-@_-ii_-a_ df pNn]v
ePcg';f/ s'g} ef/tLo gful/s jf sDkgLn]
g]kfndf nufgL u/L u/]sf] cfodf lt/]sf] cfos/
/sd ef/tdf lghn] ;f]xL cfojif{df ltg'k{ g{]
7xl/Psf] cfos/df 36fO{ ltg{ kfpg];Dd x'G5
eg] ef/tdf nufgL ug{] g]kfnL JolQm jf sDkgLn]
klg ;f]xL cg'ksf] cfos/ 5"6 g]kfndf kfpg]
x'G5 . g]kfndf Joj;fo ug{] ef/tLo JolQm jf
sDkgLn] g]kfndf g]kfnsf] sfg"gadf]lhd cfos/
g} ltg'{ gkg{] eGg] Joj:yf pQm bf]xf]/f] s/
d'lQm;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvb}g .
To:t} cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf **-!_ df ;]jf
z'Nsafkt /sd e'QmfgL ubf{ e'QmfgLstf{n] e'QmfgL
/sdsf] ;|ft] df g} !% k|ltzt cfos/ sf u/L
;/sf/L sf]ifdf bflvnf ug'k{ g{] sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf]df g]kfn ef/t aLr ;DkGg plNnlvt bf]xf]/f]
s/ d'lQm ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf -DTAA) df To:tf]
;|ft] df g} cfos/ sf ug'k{ g{] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
nfu" gx'g] u/L s'g} k|fjwfg /x]sf] gb]lvPsf]n]
lgj]bs sDkgLn] 8\o;
' km\6 Ol08of k|f=ln= / MADS
gfds ef/tLo sDkgLnfO{ ;]jf z'Ns jfkt e'QmfgL
u/]sf] /sdaf6 clu|d ?kdf !% k|ltzt cfos/
sf ug'k{ g{] g} b]lvof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgj]bs
sDkgLn] g]kfnsf] cfos/ ;DaGwL sfg"gadf]lhd
nfUg] cfos/ ltg{] tyf lgj]bsn] ef/tLo
921
sDkgLxnfO{ ;]jf z'Ns jfkt e'QmfgL u/]sf]

/sdaf6 clu|d ?kdf cfos/ sf u/L g]kfndf
bflvnf ug'k{ g{] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm /x]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f]
ltg{ a'emfpg gkg{] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ dgfl;j
b]lvg cfpFbg} .
^= lgj]bssf gfdsf] a}s
+ vftf /f]Ssf
/fvL lgj]bsn] ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg{] s/ ;f] /f]Ssf
vftfaf6 c;"npk/ ug{;Sg] clwsf/ ljkIfL /fh:j
cg';Gwfg ljefusf /fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{
5, 5}g < eGg] rf}yf] k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df x]bf{ dfly
k|Zg g+= !, @ / # df ePsf] ljj]rgfaf6 lgj]bs
sDkgLn] u/L cfPsf] Online ;]jf ;DaGwL sf/f]jf/
d"No clej[l4 s/ tyf cfos/sf] bfo/fdf /x]sf]
eGg] :ki6 ePsf]n] lgj]bsn] d"No clej[l4 s/
P]g, @)%@ tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] tf]ss
] f]
k|lqmof / dfkb08cg'k ltg'k{ g{] s/ ;/sf/L
sf]ifdf bflvnf ug'k{ g{] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .
lgj]bs 8\o;
' km\6 g]kfn cf]e/l;h k|f=ln= n] d"No
clej[l4 s/sf] lgldQ btf{ ePkl5 ldlt @)^).*.*
b]lv @)^@ cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] laqmL sf/f]jf/df
s/of]Uo laqmL b]vfO{ lgoldt ?kdf s/ ljj/0f
k]z u/L ;Dk"0f{ d"No clej[l4 s/ bflvnf u/L
cfPsf]df ;f] k|f=ln= n] u/L /x]sf] ;f]xL sf/f]jf/df
@)^@ ;fpgb]lv sfg"gadf]lhd d"No clej[l4
s/ ;+sng / bflvnf ug{] sfo{ gug's
{ f ;fy}
lgj]bs sDkgLn] 8\o;
' km\6 Ol08of k|f=ln= / MADS
gfds ef/tLo sDkgLnfO{ cgnfO{g Kofs]h ;]jf
k|fKt u/L ;f] ;]jf k|fKt u/]jfkt ljleGg ldltdf
?=!% s/f]8 eGbf a9L ;]jf z'Ns jfkt e'QmfgL
u/]sf]df ;f] e'QmfgLaf6 clu|d ?kdf cfos/
s6fO{ bflvnf ug'k{ g{d] f gu/]sf] eGg] ;d]tsf
sf/0faf6 lgj]bs pk/ /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg
tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ adf]lhd /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefuaf6 cg' ; Gwfg ePsf] eGg] k| f Kt
cg' ; Gwfg;DaGwL ldl;naf6 b] l vG5 .
cg';Gwfgaf6 lgj]bsn] ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg{] u/L
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] s/ /sd lgj]bs sDkgLsf
922
;~rfns ljb]zL gful/s /x]sf] sf/0f /fHo 5f8L

hfg ;Sg] jf cfkm\gf] ;DklQ c? s;}nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ug{,] x6fpg] jf n'sfpg] ;Defjgf eO{ s/ c;"nL
x'g g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lgj]bssf]
vftf /f]Ssf /fv]sf] eGg] cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL
ldl;naf6 b]lvof] . Dofbleq a'emfpg' kg{] s/
s'g} s/bftfn] ga'emfPdf s/bftfsf] rn crn
;DklQ sAhfdf lnO{ s/ c;"n ug{;Sg] u/L d"No
clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @!-!_-v_, /
bkmf @#-3_ tyf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
!!) -!_-v_ n] s/ clws[tnfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf]
b]lvFbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lgj]bssf] rn
;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf] vftfsf] gub /sd /f]Ssf
/fVg / To;af6 lgwf{l/t s/ /sd c;"npk/
ug{ s'g} sfg"gL afwf /x]sf] gb]lvFbf lgj]bssf]
vftf /f]Ssf /fVg] sfo{nfO{ sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf]
egL dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
&= cj lgjb]g dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og < eGg] kfFrf} tyf clGtd
k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ dfly k|Zg g+= !
b]lv $ ;Dd ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6 oL lgj]bs
8\o;
' km\6 cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln= n] g]kfndf ub}{
cfPsf] Online ;]jf laqmL;DaGwL sf/f]jf/ d"No
clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ / cfos/ P]g, @)%*
adf]lhd s/sf] bfo/fleq kg{] sf/f]jf/ xf] eGg]
b]lvof] . o:tf] s/sf] bfo/fleq kg{] sf/f]jf/ u/]
jfkt lgj]bsn] ltg'k{ g{] s/ /sd @)^@ ;fpgb]lv
glt/L s/ 5nL u/]sf] eGg] ljifodf /fh:j
cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 lgj]bspk/ 5fgljg /
cg';Gwfg eO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf]
bkmf # adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{
kfpg] u/L ldlt @)^$.$.@( / ldlt @)^$.%.!#
sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd lbPsf] k|Tofof]lht clVtof/L
adf]lhd /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf cg';Gwfg
clws[taf6 lgj]bs 8\o;
' km\6 cf]e/l;h k|f=ln=
n] ltg'k{ g{] s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvof] .
o;/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|Tofof]hg u/L lbPsf]
**$! - 8\o;
clVtof/L adf]lhd s/ clws[tsf] x}l;otaf6

/fh:j cg';Gwfg clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f
;DaGwL lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]sf]n] lgj]bsn] d"No
clej[l4 s/ P]g @)%@ sf] bkmf #!-s_ / cfos/
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!%-!_ adf]lhd cfGtl/s
/fh:j ljefu;dIf lgj]bg lbO{ ;f] ljefusf]
lg0f{opk/ klg lrQ ga'emfO{ pQm d"No clej[l4
s/ P]gsf] bkmf #@ tyf cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf !!^
adf]lhd /fhZj Gofoflws/0f;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbO{
;f]pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}aF f6 lgj]bssf
xsdf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o ;b/ x'g]
7x/L ldlt @)^^.$.@) df lg0f{o ePsf]df ;f]
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}aF f6 ePsf] lg0f{opk/
k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf nflu o; cbfntdf bfo/
ePsf nufpsf )^&LE)))#, )^&LE
)))$, )^&LE)))%, )^&LE)))^ /
)^&LE)))& ;d]tsf lgj]bgdf cfh} o;}
Ohnf;af6 cg'dlt k|bfg gx'g] u/L lg0f{o eO{
lgj]bsnfO{ k|fKt ;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] j}slNks
dfu{ cjnDag eO{ clGtd 6'f] nfuL ;s]sf] s/
lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;f]xL ljifodf g} /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefun] clwsf/If]q eGbf aflx/ uO{ u}/sfg"gL
?kdf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnO{ k|:t't
ljjfbsf] clGtd 6'f] nfUg' cufj} o; cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t k|:t't lgj]bg
k/]sf] b]lvof] . Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsfl/sf]
lg0f{o jf cfb]z clwsf/If]qljxLg 5 jf lghn]
k|of]u u/]sf] sfg"g g} ;+ljwfg;Ddt 5}g jf
clwsf/} gePsf] lgsfon] clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/]sf]
5 cyjf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt jf sfg"gljk/Lt
dsf{ kg{] kIfnfO{ k|ltjfb ug{] df}sf g} glbO{ lg0f{o
ePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnP/ ;DalGwt kIf To;sf]
pkrf/sf] nflu o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/df
cfPsf] 5 / lghsf] lhsL/ plrt b]lvG5 eg]
To; cj:yfdf dfq o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q cg'k ljrf/ ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 egL
-g]sfk @)%@, lg=g+= ^)#@, k|lbks'df/ cu|jfn
lj= s/ sfof{no df]/, ;'g;/L ;d]t_ ePsf]

pTk|i] f0f d'2fdf ghL/ l;4fGt sfod ePsf] ;Gbe{df
dfly k|Zg !, @, # / $ df ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6
oL lgj]bssf xsdf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;d]tsf
sfdsf/jfxLdf clwsf/If]qljxLg clwsf/Laf6 s/
lgwf{/0f ePsf] jf u}/sfg"gL ?kdf s/ lgwf{/0f
ePsf] tyf ;'gj' fOsf] df}sfaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ jlGrt
ul/Psf] eGg] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL
?kdf clVtof/ k|fKt s/ clws[taf6 sfg"gcg'k
lgj]bssf xsdf ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;d]tsf
sfdsf/jfxL o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]qaf6 ab/ x'gk' g{] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/
dgfl;j b]lvg cfPg .
*= plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0f / ljj]rgf
;d]taf6 oL lgj]bssf] gfddf /x]sf] a}s
+ vftf
/f]Ssf /fvL lgj]bsn] ltg'k{ g{] d"No clej[l4 s/
/ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf /fh:j cg';Gwfg
ljefuaf6 ePsf] lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL tyf
k|lqmofut q'l6 gb]lvPsf] / s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf
ePsf] cfb]zpk/ lgj]bsnfO{ d"No clej[l4 s/
P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf #!-s_ / bkmf #@ Pj+
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!% / bkmf !!^ /
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *
adf]lhd k|fKt pkrf/sf] j}slNks dfu{ adf]lhd
lgj]bsn] rnfPsf] sf/jfxL :j?k o; cbfntdf
o;} ljifodf k/]sf )^&LE)))# ;d]tsf
lgj]bgdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg gx'g] u/L
cfh} o;} Ohnf;af6 cfb]z eO{ clGtd 6'f]
nfu]sf] ljifodf g} kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yfsf]
ljBdfgtf gb]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L lgodfg';f/
ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( h]7 @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\ ===
Ohnf; clws[tM /fdk|;fb zdf{
923
lg0f{o g+= **$@

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
l/6 g+= )^#WO)(@!
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.&.@).!
ljifoM clwsf/k[R5f, pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
lgj]bsM a}t8L lhNnf dNnfb]jL uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= % 3/ e} xfn lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
s~rgk'/sf] vl/bf/ kbdf sfo{/t\
kb\d/fh hf]zL
lj?4
ljkIfLM lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, bfr'n
{ fsf k|dv
'
lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIfdf ul7t a9'jf
;ldlt, d' s fd a9' j f ;ldltsf]
;lrjfno lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
bfr'n
{ f ;d]t
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofg u/L c k|bfg

ubf{ sf/0f gvf]nL c k|bfg u/]sf]
sf/0fn] dfq k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cn]
dfGotf gkfpg] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
Ps k6s cfkm}n
+ ] u/]sf] lg0f{o dflyNnf]
lgsfoaf6 ab/ e} k'gM lg0f{ofy{ k|fKt
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt a9' j f
;ldltn] klxn] cfkm"n] c u0fgf ubf{
ePsf] q'l6 ;RrfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd k'gM
c u0fgf u/L klxn] ePsf] a9'jf
kl/0ffdnfO{ kl/jt{g ;d]t ug{;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L
/]jtL/fh lqkf7L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
k'g/fj]bs cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$*
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
/lhi6f/sf] cg'kl:yltdf ;f]xL cbfntsf]
@$s
pk/lhi6f/n] /lhi6f/sf] lgldQ eO{
/lhi6f/n] ug'k{ g{] ;a} sfd, st{Jo ug'k{ g{]
cfb]z
/ ;f] qmddf /lhi6f/nfO{ k|fKt ;a}
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;d]t ug{;Sg] .
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
-k|s/0f g+=%_ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
sfo{ ; Dkfbg d" N ofg kmf/fdsf] / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
lgb{l] zsfsf] bkmf ( / !! df c 36fpg
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no bfr'n
{ fdf g]kfn
;lsg] Joj:yf eP klg s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] k|zf;g ;]jf k|zf;g ;d"xsf] /f=k=cg+=+ k|yd
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgjfkt c k|bfg >]0fLsf] Ps kb sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgaf6 kbk"lt{
ubf{ ;f]sf] sf/0f pNn]v gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ug{ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f e} cfPcg';f/ ;f] kbk"lt{
TolQs} cfwf/df Psk6s k|fKt u/]sf] ug{ a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnon] ;"rgf k|sfzg
c 36\g] jf cGoyf x'g] cj:yf gx'g] . u/]sf]df ;f] kbdf b/vf:t k]z ug{ of]Uo ePsf]
-k|s/0f g+=&_ gftfn] d}n] b/vf:t k]z u/]sf] lyPF . a9'jf
;DalGwt ;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ ;ldltsf] d] / f] cf=j= @)%*)%( sf]
/ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbsf] d"Nofg g} gu/L To;jfkt c
924
**$@ - kbd/fh hf]zL lj=lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no bfr'{nf ;d]t
glbO{ k|Tof;LdWo]sf] ;a}eGbf a9L c k|fKt

u/]sf x/sl;Fx s'jF /nfO{ a9'jf ug{] egL ldlt
@)^!.*.@( df lg0f{o uof] . ;f] lg0f{o ab/ ug{
d}n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /lhi6f/;dIf ph"/L
u/]sf]df ToxfFaf6 ldlt @)^#.$.@% df a9'jf
;ldltsf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] 7xofO{ k'gM lg0f{o ug'{
egL a9'jf ;ldltdf k7fPsf] lyof] . To;kl5
a;]sf] a9'jf ;ldltn] ldlt @)^#.*.@) df
x/sl;Fx s'jF /nfO{ lghn] kfPsf] (#=%) df @
c yk u/L (%=%) k'ofO{ lghnfO{ g} a9'jfsf]
l;kmfl/z ug{] lg0f{o uof] . ;f] lg0f{odf ;d]t
d]/f] lrQ ga'emL /lhi6f/;dIf ph"/L ubf{
/lhi6f/af6 ;f] lg0f{o ;b/ u/L ldlt @)^#.!@.!*
df lg0f{o eof] . /lhi6f/sf] ;f] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt
ge} cGofok"0f{ 5 .
a9' j fsf] ph" / L ;' G g] clwsf/
k'g/fj]bgsf] /lhi6f/nfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]un]
tf]s]sf] xf] . To:tf] clwsf/ lgldQ /lhi6f/ pk/lhi6f/_ nfO{ 5}g . clwsf/ g} gePsf]
JolQmn] u/]sf] lg0f{o cglws[t x'Fbf ab/of]Uo
5 . To;}u/L, ljkIfLsf] sf=;=d"= df clt pQd
c k|bfg u/L k'i6\ofOF ;d]t lbPsf] 5}g .
ljBdfg lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnLdf (%
k|ltzteGbf a9L c lbFbf sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofgdf :ki6 sf/0f v'nfpg' kg{] clgjfo{ /
afWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;sf] cy{
k'i6\ofOF glbPdf (% k|ltzteGbf a9L c
lbPsf] dfGotf x'Fb}g eGg] g} xf] . o:tf] l:yltdf
ljkIfLsf] k'i6\ofOF gePsf] sf=;=d"= nfO{ k"/f
c lbPsf]nfO{ dfGotf lbO{ d]/f] k'i6\ofOF;lxtsf]
d" N ofg kmf/fddf cf=j= @)%&%* sf]
sf=;=d"= df k'i6\ofOF 5}g eGg] cy{ u/L dnfO{
a9'jfaf6 jl~rt ug{] u/L ePsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf]
lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] /lhi6f/sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt
5}g .
a9'jf ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^!.*.@( df
a9'jf l;kmfl/z u/L k|sflzt ldlt @)^!.*.#)
sf] ;"rgfdf ljkIfL x/sl;Fx s'Fj/sf] hDdf

k|fKtf (#=%) /x]sf] / lghn] ;f] s'/f :jLsf/
u/]sf lyP . Ps k6s :jLsf/ u/]sf] cnfO{
cGoyf eGg kfpFbg} g\ . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf #$ n] laalGwt x'G5 . ldlt @)^!.*.#)
sf] ;"rgfdf (#=%) c ePsf]df ;f]xL a9'jf
;ldltn] k|sfzg u/]sf] ldlt @)^#.*.@) sf]
a9'jf l;kmfl/z lg0f{odf ljkIfL x/sl;Fx s'jF /sf]
(%=%) c s;/L eof] < /lhi6f/sf] ldlt
@)^#.!@.!* sf] lg0f{odf ;d]t s]xL v'Nb}g .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$ /
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod &&
/ &* cg';f/ klg sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nofsg !))
csf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ldlt @)^!.*.@( sf]
a9'jf l;kmfl/zdf (#=%) c d"Nofg ePsf]df
To;df ljjfb / ph"/L lyPg . To;df kl5Nnf]
a9'jf ;ldltn] kl/jt{g ug{ ldNb}g . o:tf]
l:yltdf x/sl;Fx s'jF / nufot ;a}eGbf a9L
(#=%) k|fKt ug{] d lgj]bsn]] a9'jf kfpg' kg{d
] f
deGbf sd c kfPsf ljkIfL x/sl;Fx s'jF /nfO{
h]i7tfsf] cfwf/df a9'jf l;kmfl/z ug{] a9'jf
;ldltsf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] lgldQ
/lhi6f/sf] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL 5 .
ctM plNnlvt cfwf/df a9'jf ;ldlt
/ /lhi6f/sf] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL x'bF f ;f] lg0f{ox
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L cglws[t lg0f{o
ug{] lgldQ /lhi6f/sf] gfddf clwsf/k[R5f;lxt
/lhi6f/ ;dIf k/]sf] ph"/Ldf sfo{Ifdtf
d"Nofgdf a9L c kfpg] lgj]bsnfO{ a9'jf
l;kmfl/z u/L, ;+zf]lwt gfdfjnL k|sflzt
u/L a9'jf lgo'lQm lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm . of]
lgj]bgdf clGtd lg0f{o gx'Fbf;Dd ljkIfL
x/sl;Fx s'Fj/nfO{ a9'jf lgo'lQm glbg' egL
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
kb\d/fh hf]zLsf] ldlt @)^$.!.& sf] l/6
lgj]bg .
925
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgjb]ssf]

dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg{] xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
k|fKt ePkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ . cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]tsf] dfu ePsf] /
lgj]bsn] ph"/L ;'Gg] clwsf/ /lhi6f/nfO{
ePsf] d f lgldQ /lhi6 f /n] lg0f{ o u/] s f]
clwsf/If]qljxLg ePsf] eGg] d'Vo lhsL/
lnPsf]n] kl5 lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 k'g/\ljrf/
ug{] u/L xfn lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] kbdf
a9'jf lgo'lQm lbg] sfo{ ;DkGg gePsf] eP
lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] gfoa ;'Aaf kbdf a9'jf
lgo'lQm glbO{ oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfL
sfof{noxnfO{ n]vL k7fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{
tfd]n u/L lgodfg';f/ ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^$.!.!) sf] cfb]z .
cfkm\gf] sf=;=d"= k'i6\ofOF;lxtsf] ePsf]
/ ljkIfL x/sl;Fx s'jF /sf] sf=;=d"= k'i6\ofOF
gePsf] eGg] d'Vo cfwf/ lnO{ ph"/L u/]sf]df
b'j} kIfsf sf=;=d"= x]bf{ x/sl;Fx s'jF /sf] tLgj6}
jif{sf sf=;=d"= df cltpQd c k|fKt u/]sf]
b] l vof] eg] ph" / Lstf{ kb\ d /fh hf] z Lsf]
@)%&)%* sf] Pp6f sf=d=d'= k'li6 ;lxtsf]
/ cGo sf=;=d"= xdf k'i6\ofOF ge} clt pQd
c k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPaf6 lgj]bssf] bfjLdf k"0f{
;Totf b]lvPg . d"Nofgstf{xn] sf=;=d"=
kmf/fd ebf{sf] cj:yfdf sf/0f gv'nfPsf] eP
pDd]bjf/xn] k|fKt u/]sf] (% k|ltzt eGbf
a9L cnfO{ dfGotf glbg] egL ljBdfg lghfdtL
;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ePsf]
gkfOPsf] ;d]tsf sf/0faf6 sf/0f gvf]n] klg
sf=;=d' df clt pQd c lbPsf] cj:yfdf
k"/f c kfpg] x'bF f sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] k"/f
c u0fgf ubf{ a9'jf ;ldlt, lhNnf k|zf;g
926
sfof{no, bfr'n
{ fn] vl/bf/ kb\d/fh hf]zL /
vl/bf/ x/sl;Fx s'jF /sf] hDdf k|fKtf a/fa/
b]lvPaf6 lghxsf] vl/bf/ kbdf lgo'lQm
ldltnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cyf{t\ kbd/fh hf]zL
ldlt @)#%.&.% sf] / vl/bf/ x/sl;Fx s'jF /
ldlt @)#$.!!.@# sf] vl/bf/ b]lvFbf h]i7 vl/bf/
x/sl;Fx s'jF /nfO{ gf=;'= kbdf a9'jf u/L lhNnf
lzIff sfof{no, bfr'n
{ fdf kb:yfkg u/]sf] ldlt
@)^#.*.@) sf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvFbf kl/jt{g
ug{' k/]g . ldlt @)^*.*.@) sf] a9'jf lg0f{o
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ph"/ bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g egL
ldlt @)^#.!@.!* df o; cbfntsf tTsfnLg
lgldQ /lhi6f/n] u/]sf] lg0f{on] ljkIfL kb\d/fh
hf]zLsf] xs xgg gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/] h ul/kfpF m eGg] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt,
dx]Gb|gu/sf] /lhi6f/sf] ldlt @)^$.#.!& sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
k|=lh=c= nf]s/fh /]UdLsf] cWoIftfdf
a;]sf] a9'jf ;ldltsf] a}7sn] (#=%) c
k|fKt ug{] x/sl;Fx s'Fj/nfO{ ldlt @)^#.*.@(
df a9'jf ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] lg0f{opk/
kb\d/fh hf]zLsf] ph"/ kbf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf
/lhi6f/n] @)^#.*.@( sf] a9'jf l;kmfl/zsf]
lg0f{o ab/ u/L k'gM lg0f{o ug{ k7fPsf] lyof] .
;f]xL a9'jfdf ldlt @)^#.*.@) df a9'jf
;ldltsf] a}7s a;L sf=;=d"= df sf/0f glbO{
(% k|ltzteGbf a9L c lbPsf] l:yltdf c
sf ug{ kg{] gkg{] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf
gePsf]df klxn] c sf u/]sf] gldn]sf] egL
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf /lhi6f/af6 lg0f{o ePsf]
cfwf/df c sf gu/L k|fKt csf] d"Nofg
u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . o;/L sfg"gadf]lhd
d"Nofg ubf{ kb\d/fh hf]zLsf] / x/sl;Fx
s'jF /sf] (%=%) c e} a/fa/ c k|fKt ePsf]n]
;dfg c k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod && adf]lhd
h]i7tfsf] cfwf/df a9'jf x'g] egL Joj:yf
ePsf] x'Fbf x/sl;Fx s'Fj/sf] /f=k=cg+= ltLo

>]0fL, vl/bf/ kbdf ldlt @)#$.!!.@# /
kbd/fh hf]zLsf] @)#%.&.% df lgo'Qm ePsf]
b]lvFbf x/sl;Fx s'Fj/nfO{ a9'jf ug{] lg0f{o
u/]sf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnLdf
sf=;'=d'= df (% k|ltzt eGbf a9L / &%
eGbf sd c k|bfg u/]sf]df ;f]sf] :ki6 sf/0f
v'nfpg' kg{] Joj:yf 5 . :ki6 sf/0f gv'nfPsf]
cj:yfdf k"/} c glbPsf] eP klg kl5 k"/}
c lbbf @ c a9]sf];Dd xf] . yk c lbPsf]
5}g . of] lg0f{o /lhi6f/af6 ;b/ ;d]t e}
;s]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf k|=lh=c= sf] ldlt
@)^$.#.@^ sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] /f=k=cg+= sd{rf/Lsf]
a9'jf l;kmfl/zsf] lg0f{opk/sf] ph"/L ;'Gg]
clVtof/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /lhi6f/nfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] xf] . o:tf] clwsf/ lgldQ /lhi6f/n]
k|of]u ug{ kfpFb}g eGg ldNb}g . k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod !#s-u_
df pk/lhi6f/n] /lhi6f/sf] cg'kl:yltdf
lghsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] eGg] Joj:yf
u/]af6 pk/lhi6f/n] /lhi6f/sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
ug{ kfpFbg} eGg ldNb}g . ToxL lgldQ /lhi6f/n]
ldlt @)^#.$.@% df lg0f{o ubf{ sfg"gL x'g] /
@)^#.!@.!* df lg0f{o ubf{ cglws[t ePsf]
egL ts{ ug{ ldNb}g . ldlt @)^!.*.@( df
a9'jf l;kmfl/z ubf{ x/sl;Fxsf] (#=%) c
ePsf]df @)^#.*.@) df lg0f{o ubf{ (%=%)
s;/L eof] eGg] k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df sf=;=d"= sf]
d"Nofg ubf{ (% k|ltzt eGbf a9L / &%
k|ltzteGbf sd c lbFbf sf/0f vf]Ng'kg{] eGg]
sfg"gL Joa:yfcg';f/ sf/0f gvf]ns
] f] sf/0f @
c 36fO{ u0fgf u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
/lhi6f/af6 sf/0f gvf]n] klg c sf ug{]
Joj:yf gx'Fbf k"/} c kfpg] egL lg0f{o eP
cg';f/ ldlt @)^#.*.@) df lg0f{o ubf{ @ c
a9\g u} x/sl;Fxsf] klg (%=%) c ePsf]

xf] . ljgf cfwf/ To;} c yk u/]sf] xf]Og .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgodsf] Joj:yfcg';f/
d}n] sf=;=d' ;tk|ltzt c kfpFbf ljkIfLsf]
s'g} ;+j}wflgs xsdf cf3ft k'Ub}g . hxfF;Dd
a9'jf ;ldltn] x/sl;FxnfO{ (#=%) c lbPsf]df
lgh lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf] eGg] k|;+u 5, d}n]
;aeGbf a9L c k|fKt u/]sf] l:yltdf d}n] g}
ph"/ ug{] eGg] k|Zg g} p7\b}g . (#=%) c
lbPsf] sfo{ q'l6k"0f{ ePsf] 7fgL cfkm}+ a9'jf
;ldltn] (%=%) c k|bfg u/]sf]df d}n] cGoyf
eGg] cj:yf g} 5}g . ctM a9'jf ;ldltn]
u/]sf] ldlt @)^#.*.@) sf] a9'jf l;kmfl/z /
To;pk/ k/]sf] ph"/Ldf /lhi6f/af6 ePsf]
lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt /x] ePsf] / ;f] lg0f{okZrft\
d}n] lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^$.!.!#
df lgo'lQm kfO{ sfdsfh u/L cfPsf] x'Fbf
lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
x/sl;Fx s'Fj/sf] ldlt @)^$.$.!) sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o; sfof{nodf l/Qm /x]sf] /f=k=cg+=
k|yd >]0fL gf=;'= kb vfnL /xFbf o; sfof{noaf6
@)^).^.!@ df dfusf] cfs[lt kmf/fd e/L
k7fPsf]df ;f] kb a9'jf k|lqmof ldnfO{ kbk"lt{
ug{ k| s flzt u/] s f] ;" r gfdf ePsf]
l;kmfl/zadf]lhd dfnkf]t sfof{nosf vl/bf/
x/sl;Fx s'jF /nfO{ ldlt @)^$.!.!# df l/Qm
gf=;'= kbdf lgo'lQm u/]sf] / lghn] sfdsfh
u/L cfPsf 5g\ . a9'jf l;kmfl/zcg';f/ u/]sf]
lgo'lQm sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f ab/ x'g ;Sb}g . l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no, bfr'n
{ fsf] ldlt @)^$.#.@^ sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$*
sf] lgod !#s sf] pklgod -u_ df /lhi6f/sf]
cg'kl:yltdf lghsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{] eGg]
Joj:yf ePsf] x'bF f /lhi6f/sf] cg'kl:yltdf
927
lghsf] clwsf/ pk/lhi6f/n] k|of]u ug]{ sfg"gL

Joj:yfcg';f/ a9'jf ;ldltn] @)^#.*.@) df
u/] s f] lg0f{ o pk/sf] ph" / L d} n ] ;' g L
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . ;f] lg0f{o
sfg"g;+ut ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] /lhi6f/ w'j| s'df/ zfxsf] ldlt @)^$.*.!#
sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df a9'jf ;DaGwL sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofg ;lxtsf] kmfon / oL lgj]bs clxn]
/f=k= cg+= ltLo >]0fLaf6 /f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fLdf
a9'jf eP gePsf] af/] cBfjlws hfgsf/L ;d]t
;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, bfr'n
{ f / lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no, bfr'n
{ faf6 lemsfO{ cfPkl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.(.@% sf] cfb]z .
x/sl;F x s' F j / ;fdfGo k| z f;g
dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^%.!@.#) sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
gf=;'= -/f=k= cg+=+ k|yd >]0fL_ kbdf dfnkf]t
sfof{no bfr'n
{ fdf ;?jf ePsf] eGg] lhNnf
lzIff sfof{no, bfr'{nfsf] r=g+= **^ ldlt
@)^&.!).!* sf] kq .
lgod adf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]b] gdf ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
x'g' ePsf ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh
lqkf7Ln] lgldQ /lhi6f/n] a9'jf lg0f{opk/sf]
ph"/Ldf lg0f{o ug{ kfpb}g eGg] Joj:yf gePsf],
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf (% k|ltzteGbf a9L
c lbFbf sf/0f gvf]nd] f c 36fpg' kg{] Joj:yf
klg gePsf] tyf x/sl;Fx s'jF /n] gf=;'= kbdf
a9'jf lgo'lQm lnO{ sfd ul//x]sf] l:yltdf k|fKt
ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ c u0fgf u/L u/]sf] a9'jf ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/z / /lhi6f/sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' 5{ egL ug'{ ePsf] jx;
;'lgof] .
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d lgj]bssf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf clt pQd c k|fKt
x'gs
' f] ;fy} To;sf] sf/0f ;d]t vf]lnPsf] 5 .
ljkIfLsf] sf=;=d"= df sf/0f vf]lnPsf] 5}g .

sf/0f gvf]nL k"/f c k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgod adf]lhd k"/f c
u0fgf x'g ;Sb}g . Ps k6s a9'jf ;ldltn]
ljkIfLsf] c (#=% k|fKt u/]sf] egL ;"rgf
k|sfzg u/]sf]df ljkIfLn] To;pk/ s'g} ph"/
gu/L :jLsf/ u/L a;]sf 5g\ . To; cj:yfdf
;f] cnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ laaGwgsf] l;4fGtn]
ldNb} g . To;} u /L a9' j f ;ldltsf] a9' j f
l;kmfl/zsf] lg0f{opk/ ph"/ ;'GgnfO{ nf]s;]jf
cfof]un] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /lhi6f/nfO{ tf]ss
] f]
5 . To; cj:yfdf lgldQ /lhi6f/n] lg0f{o ug{
kfpFbg} . lgldQ /lhi6f/af6 cglws[t kdf /
lgod ldr]/ u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt gx'bF f
a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z tyf pk/lhi6f/af6
ePsf] cglws[t lg0f{o ;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn]
ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ a9'jf u/L lgo'lQm lbg'
egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg / lghfdtL ;]jf lgoddf
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgstf{n] (% k|ltzteGbf a9L
c k|bfg ubf{ sf/0f vf]Ng] Joj:yf u/]klg
sf/0f gvf]nd
] f s] ug{] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g .
(% k|ltzteGbf a9L c lbPsf], t/ sf/0f
gvf]ns
] f] x'bF f @ c s6f}tL u/L a9'jf ;ldltn]
a9'jfsf] lg0f{o u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf
/lhi6f/af6 ;f] sfo{ ab/ u/L k"/f c lbO{ k'gM
lg0f{o ug'{ eGg] lg0f{o ePcg';f/ a9'jf ;ldltn]
kl5Nnf] k6s sf=;=d"= df k"/} c k|bfg u/L
a9'jf l;kmfl/z lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] . nf]s;]jf
cfof]un] /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jfsf]
ph"/L ;'Gg] clVtof/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf
/lhi6f/nfO{ lbPsf] 5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$* df /lhi6 f / geP
pk/lhi6f/n] ;f] sfo{ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
x'bF f ;f]xL adf]lhd pk/lhi6f/n] u/]sf] lg0f{o
cglws[t 5}g . c u0fgf u/L l;kmfl/z lg0f{o
x'g] ePsf]n] c km/s kof] eGb}df laaGwg
928
cfslif{t x'bF g} . cGtl/d cfb]z k|fKt x'gk' j" { g}

lgo'lQm e} sfd ul//x]sf] / a9'jf ;ldltsf]
lg0f{o tyf /lhi6f/sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' 5{ eGg] lnlvt hjfkm
ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf d"ntM lgDg k|Zgxsf]
lg/fs/0f u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof]M
-s_ lhNnf a9'jf ;ldlt, bfr'n
{ fsf] lg0f{opk/sf]
ph"/L ;'gL k'g/fjb]g cbfntsf] lgldQ
/lhi6f/ -pk/lhi6f/_ n] u/]sf] lg0f{odf
clwsf/If]qsf] q'l6 5, 5}g <
-v_ lhNnf a9'jf ;ldlt, bfr'{nfsf] ldlt
@)^#.*.@) sf] lg0f{odf ePsf] c u0fgf
q'l6k"0f{ 5, 5}g <
-u_ lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g ;Sg] xf], xf]Og <
@= ;j{k|yd lg/f]k0f ug'{kg{] klxnf]
k|Zgsf] af/]df ljj]rgf u/f}+ . nf]s;]jf cfof]un]
lhNnf a9'jf ;ldltsf] a9'jf l;kmfl/z ug{]
lg0f{opk/ ph"/L ;'Gg] clwsf/Ldf ;DalGwt
If]qsf] k'g/fjb]g cbfntsf] /lhi6f/nfO{ tf]ss
] f]
cj:yfdf To:tf] ph"/Lpk/ k'/fj]bg cbfntsf]
/lhi6 f /n] :jo+ lg0f{ o ug' { k b{ 5 , lghsf]
cg' k l:yltdf lgldQ /lhi6 f / cyf{ t \ ,
pk/li6f/n] lg0f{o ug{ ldNb}g eGg] lgj]bsn]
d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$r= sf] pkbkmf !_ df bkmf @) adf]lhd a9'jf ;ldltn]
u/]sf] a9'jfsf] l;kmfl/zdf lrQ ga'em\g]
;DalGwt lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] To:tf] l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] ldltn] k}FtL; lbgleq nf]s;]jf cfof]udf
ph"/L lbg ;Sg]5 / To;/L k/]sf] ph"/Ldf
ph"/L ug{] Dofb gf3]sf] ldltn] ;f7L lbgleq
6'f] nufOg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg'k a9'jf
;ldltn] u/]sf] a9'jfsf] l;kmfl/zpk/ s'g}
ph"/L k/]df To:tf] ph"/L nf]s;]jf cfof]un]

x]/L lg0f{o ug'{kg{] eGg] b]lvPtf klg lhNnf
l:yt a9'jf ;ldltn] u/]sf] a9'jf l;kmfl/z
pk/sf] ph"/L ;'gL lg0f{o ug]{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
clwsf/ eg] ldlt @)%#.!!.!# sf] g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L ;DalGwt If]qsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /lhi6f/nfO{ ;'Dk]sf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . o;/L pQm /fhkqsf] ;"rgfcg';f/
lhNnf l:yt a9' j f ;ldltsf] a9' j f
l;kmfl/zpk/sf] ph"/L ;'Gg] clwsf/ ;DalGwt
If] q sf] k' g /fj] b g cbfntsf] /lhi6 f /df
k|Tofof]hg ePsf]df ljjfb /x]g .
#= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$*
sf] lgod !@ df /lhi6f/sf] clwsf/sf] af/]df
lj:t[t kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 eg] ;f]xL
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#s= df pk/lhi6f/sf] sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
lgod !#s= sf] b]xfo -u_ df /lhi6f/sf]
cg'kl:yltdf lghsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{] egL
5'} Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f]
Joj:yfcg';f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /lhi6f/sf]
cg'kl:yltdf /lhi6f/n] ug'{kg{] b}lgs sfd,
st{Jox ;Dkfbg ug's
{ f ;fy} /lhi6f/nfO{ k|fKt
ePsf ;a} clwsf/x /lhi6f/sf] lgldQ eO{
sfo{ ug{] ;f]xL cbfntsf] pk/lhi6f/n] k|of]u
ug{ ;Sg] b]lvof] .
$= k' g /fj] b g cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$* n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /lhi6f/sf]
cg'kl:yltdf lghsf] clwsf/ pk/lhi6f/n]
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] egL u/]sf] pko'{Qm sfg"gL
Joj:yfn] ldlt @)%#.!!.!# sf] /fhkqdf
k| s flzt ;" r gfcg' ; f/ lhNnfl:yt a9' j f
;ldltsf] a9'jf l;kmfl/zpk/ ph"/L ;'Gg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /lhi6f/sf] clwsf/nfO{
slxFst} afx]s u/]sf] jf ckjflbt u/]sf] cj:yf
klg 5} g . d" n tM k' g /fj] b g cbfntsf]
/lhi6f/sf] kb Gofo ;]jf, Gofo ;d"xsf]
929
/fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] kb x'g] ePtfklg

s'g} k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;f] kbdf /fhkqf+lst
k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[teGbf tNnf] txsf] clws[t
/xg g;Sg] u/L lgif]lwt ul/Psf] cj:yf klg
5}g . ;fdfGotM /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf]
/lhi6f/ /x]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf Gofo ;]jf,
Gofo ;d"xs} /fhkqf+lst ltLo >]0fLsf] clws[t
pk/lhi6f/sf] kbdf /xg] x'gfn] /lhi6f/sf]
cg'kl:yltdf /lhi6f/n] ug'k{ g{] cbfntsf] b}lgs
k|zf;gsf cltl/Qm /lhi6f/nfO{ tf]lsPsf ;a}
sfd, st{Jo k"/f ug{ / /lhi6f/nfO{ k|fKt cGo
clwsf/xsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#s= sf] b]xfo s_-v_ / -u_ n] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg
cfof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt If] q sf]
lhNnfl:yt a9'jf ;ldltn] u/]sf] a9'jfsf]
l;kmfl/zpk/ k/] s f] ph" / Ldf lg0f{ o ug{ ]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /lhi6f/ cg'kl:yt /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] x L cbfntsf] pk/lhi6 f /n]
/lhi6f/sf] lgldQ eO{ /lhi6f/sf] x}l;otaf6
;f] ljifodf lg0f{o ug{ s'g} afwf kg{] cj:yf
b]lvFb}g .
%= k|:t't ljjfbdf ldl;nsf] cWoog
ubf{ lhNnf a9'jf ;ldlt, bfr'{nfsf] ldlt
@)^!.*.@( sf] a9'jfsf] l;kmfl/zpk/ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, dx]Gb|gu/df oL l/6 lgj]bsn] g} ph"/L
u/]sf] / ;f] ph"/Lpk/ ;f] cbfntsf pk/lhi6f/
-lgldQ /lhi6f/_ w'j| s'df/ zfxaf6 lhNnf a9'jf
;ldlt, bfr'{nfsf] ldlt @)^!.*.@( sf] ;f]
a9'jf l;kmfl/z ab/ eO{ k'gM lg0f{o ug'{ egL
kmfon ;d]t lkmtf{ k7fPsf]df lhNnf a9'jf
;ldlt, bfr'{nfn] ldlt @)^#.*.@) df k'gM
lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lg0f{opk/ klg log}
l/6 lgj]bsn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, dx]Gb|gu/sf]
/lhi6f/;dIf ph"/L u/]sf] / ;f] ph"/Lpk/
klg ;f] cbfntsf pk/lhi6f/ w'|js'df/ zfxn]
lgldQ /lhi6 f /sf] x} l ;otdf g} ldlt
930
@)^@.!@.!* df bf];|f] k6s lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvg

cfof] . o;/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, dx]Gb|gu/sf]
lgldQ /lhi6f/ -pk/lhi6f/_ n] klxn] ldlt
@)^#.$.@% df lhNnf a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z
pk/ ph"/L ;'gL u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ log} lgj]bsn]
:jLsf/ u/]sf] eP klg ;f]xL kbflwsf/Ln] kl5
ldlt @)^@.!@.!* df Pp6} x}l;otaf6 u/]sf]
lg0f{onfO{ eg] clwsf/If]qsf] k|Zg p7fO{ k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg dfkm{t\ ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] dfu
u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvg cfof] . o;/L Ps k6s
pxL kbflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o :jLsf/ u/L
cfkm\gf] cg's"n lg0f{o gePsf] cj:yfdf dfq
;f]xL kbflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{odf clwsf/If]qsf]
cefj 5 eGg] k|Zg p7fO{ o; cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvFbf
lgj]bsn] ;kmf xftn] l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] eGg
;lsPg . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] /lhi6f/sf]
cg'kl:yltdf ;f]xL cbfntsf] pk/lhi6f/n]
/lhi6f/sf] lgldQ eO{ /lhi6f/n] ug'{kg{] ;a}
sfd, st{Jo ug'{kg{] / ;f] qmddf /lhi6f/nfO{
k|fKt ;a} clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;d]t ug{ ;Sg]
x'Fbf lhNnfl:yt a9'jf ;ldltn] u/]sf] a9'jf
l;kmfl/zpk/ lbPsf] ph" / Ldf ;d] t
pk/lhi6f/n] /lhi6f/sf] lgldQ eO{ lg0f{o ug{
s'g} sfg"gL cj/f]w gb]lvFbf ldlt @)^@.!@.!*
df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, dx]Gb|gu/sf] lgldQ
/lhi6f/ -pk/lhi6f/_ af6 ePsf] lg0f{o ;d]t
sfg"gsf] clVtof/LcGtu{t g} ePsf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . t;y{, lgldQ /lhi6f/n] u/]sf] pQm
ldlt @)^@.!@.!* sf] lg0f{odf clwsf/If]qsf]
cefj /x] ePsf] dfGg ldn]g .
^= ca lg0f{o ug'{kg{] bf];|f] k|Zg lhNnf
a9'jf ;ldlt, bfr'{nfsf] ldlt @)^#.*.@) sf]
lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
dx] G b| g u/sf] lgldQ /lhi6 f /sf] ldlt
@)^#.!@.!* sf] lg0f{odf sf=;=d"= jfkt c
u0fgf ubf{ s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 /x]sf] 5, 5}g
eGg]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt @)^#.*.@) sf] lhNnf

a9'jf ;ldltsf] lg0f{odf ljkIfL x/sl;+x s'jF /n]
klxn] k|fKt u/]sf] sf=;=d"= jfktsf] (#=%)
cdf kl5af6 @ c yk u/L s'n (%=%)
c k'ofO{ lghnfO{ g} a9'jf u/]sf] / To;}nfO{
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] lgldQ /lhi6f/n] ;b/
u/]sf] ldlt @)^#.!@.* sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5
eGg] lgj]bssf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofgjfkt c k|bfg ubf{ (% k|ltzteGbf
a9L jf &% k|ltzteGbf 36L c lbg' k/]df
;f]sf] :kli6s/0f lbg'kg{] cGoyf To:tf] d"Nofg
sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] eGg] k|Zg klg l/6 lgj]bsn]
p7fPsf] b]lvof] .
&= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@$s= sf] pkbkmf -&_ df sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofgjfkt ;'kl/j]Ifs jf k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n]
(% k|ltzt eGbf a9L jf &% k|ltzt eGbf sd
c k|bfg u/]sf]df ;f]sf] :kli6s/0f v'nfpg'
k5{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod &* sf] pklgod
-*s_ df ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] s'g}
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg jfkt
(% k|ltzteGbf a9L / &% k|ltzteGbf 36L
c k|bfg ug'{ k/]df ;f]sf] :ki6 sf/0f v'nfpg'
k5{ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fdsf] v08 -v_ sf]
kfgfdf / d"Nofgstf{sf] b:tvt x'g] :yfgkl5
klg sf/0f v'nfpg' kg{] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fdsf]
lgb{l] zsfsf] bkmf ( / !! df c 36fpg ;lsg]
Joj:yf eP klg s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofgjfkt c k|bfg ubf{ ;f]sf] sf/0f pNn]v
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf TolQs} cfwf/df Psk6s k|fKt
u/]sf] c 36\g] jf cGoyf x'g] cj:yf eg]
b]lvFbg} .
*= d"ntM sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgjfkt
s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ c k|bfg ubf{ (% k|ltzteGbf
a9L jf &% k|ltzteGbf sd x'g] u/L ljgf

cfwf/ s;}nfO{ clt pQd c / s;}nfO{ clt
sd c k|bfg u/L sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;df g}
gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfg] c;dfg / e]befjk"0f{
cj:yf l;h{gf x'g gcfcf];\ egL lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g / lgodfjnLn] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] Pp6f
j:t'k/s dfkb08 agfpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .
;f] x Lcg' k ;DalGwt ;' k l/j] I fs,
k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] cfkm"
dftxtsf] sd{rf/Lsf] aflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg
u/L j:t'lgi7, kf/bzL{ Pj+ e]befj/lxt tj/n]
c k|bfg u/L j[lQ ljsf;sf] cfwf/ k|bfg
ug' { k g{ ] b] l vG5 . ;DalGwt ;' k l/j] I fs,
k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] s'g}
sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofg u/L c
k|bfg ubf{ sf/0f gvf]nL c k|bfg u/]sf] sf/0fn]
dfq k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cn] dfGotf gkfpg] eGg]
x'bF g} .
(= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jfsf] lg0f{o
ubf{ klg ;DalGwt a9' j f ;ldltn]
sfg" g adf] l hd sfo{ ; Dkfbg d" N ofg u/L
lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt u/]sf] csf] u0fgf
ug{ ;Sg] / To;/L a9'jf ;ldltn] u/]sf]
csf] u0fgfdf s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ c lbg] /
s'g}nfO{ glbg] u/L sfg"gljk/Lt e]befjk"0f{
jf sfg"g ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
a9' j f ;ldltsf] lg0f{ o pk/ ph" / L ;' G g]
clwsf/k|fKt lgsfoaf6 To;df ;'wf/ u/L
lg0f{o ug{ jf sfg"gsf] q'l6 u/L ul/Psf]
a9'jf l;kmfl/z ab/ u/L k'gM sfg"gadf]lhd
c u0fgf ;d]t u/L lg0f{o ug'{ egL n]vL
k7fpg ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . To;/L Ps k6s
cfkm}+n] u/]sf] lg0f{o dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 ab/
e} k'gM lg0f{ofy{ k|fKt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt
a9'jf ;ldltn] klxn] cfkm"n] c u0fgf ubf{
ePsf] q'l6 ;RrfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd k'gM c
u0fgf u/L klxn] ePsf] a9'jf kl/0ffdnfO{
931
kl/jt{g ;d]t ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . To;}n]

lg0f{o g+= **$#
Psk6s lhNnf a9'jf ;ldlt, bfr'{nfn] ljkIfL
x/sl;Fx s'Fj/sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgjfkt
c u0fgf ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf kl5 csf{]
lg0f{o ubf{ klxn]sf] cdf kl/jt{g x'g] /
' m Ohnf;
csf{] kl/0ffd cfpg] u/L u0fgf ug{ ldNb}g dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
eGg' sfg" g ;Ddt b] l vb} g . ctM ljkIfL dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
x/sl;Fx s'Fj/n] a9'jf ;ldlt, bfr'{nfn] ldlt
@)^&WO!)&&
@)^!.*.@( df lg0f{ o ubf{ sfo{ ; Dkfbg
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.#.!@
d" N ofgjfkt hf] 8 ] s f] cnfO{ :jLsf/
ljifo M pTk]i| f0f, k/dfb]z .
ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf kl5 ldlt @)^#.*.@) df
;f]xL a9'jf ;ldltn] lghsf] sfo{;Dkfbg lgj]bsM lhNnf l;/xf, ;f]gdtL demf}/f uf=lj=;=
d"Nofg jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] s'n cdf kl/jt{g
j8f g+= # 3/ eO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no
x'g] u/L u0fgf u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] lgj]bg
l;/xf nfxfgdf jg sfo{ ;xfos
lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g] cj:yf b]lvPg .
-/f=k=cg+= l4tLo k|f=_ kbdf sfo{/t\
!)= cj lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]
/x]sf] avt u}/sfg"gL tj/n] ;]jfaf6
cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg{] xf], xf]Og eGg] clGtd
x6fOPsf] df]= d':tsLd /fOg
k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ dfly ljj]rgf ul/P cg'k
lj?4
lhNnf a9'jf ;ldlt, bfr'n
{ fsf] ldlt @)^#.*.@) ljkIfLM k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;d]t
sf] a9'jf l;kmfl/zpk/ k/]sf] ph"/Ldf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, dx] G b| g u/sf] lgldQ /lhi6 f / sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf clVtof/L lbPsf]df
pk/lhi6f/_ n] ldlt @)^#.!@.!* df u/]sf]
afx]s sfof{no k|dv
' n] dfq ug{ kfpg]
lg0f{odf clwsf/If]qsf] q'l6 gb]lvg'sf ;fy}
sfo{ / lg0f{ox lgldQ eO{ sfd ug]{
pQm lg0f{oxdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] c
sfof{no k|dv
' n] :jtM ug{ kfpg] x'G5
u0fgf u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;d]t s'g} sfg"gL
eGg gldNg] .
q'l6 gb]lvFbf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
h'g txsf clws[tnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg
b]lvPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
kfpg] u/L ;hfo ug{ tf]lsPsf] 5, ;f]
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
;hfo ;f]xL txsf clws[tn] k|rlnt
a'emfO{ lbg" .
sfg"gsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ .
;hfo ug{ kfpg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg ug{ ldNg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
cefjdf ;f] ;hfo ug{ kfpg] u/L
tf]lsPsf] clws[t jf sfof{no k|dv
'
Olt ;Djt\ @)^* sflQs @) ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] cj:yfdf
Ohnf; clws[tM nLnf/fh clwsf/L
lgheGbf d'lgsf s'g} sd{rf/L lgldQ e}
sfd ul//x] s f] cj:yfdf lghn]
sfof{nosf] gu/L gx'g] cTofjZos /
&
932
**$# - df]=d';tsLd /fOg lj=k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;d]t
b}lgs k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;~rfng dfq

ug'k{ g]{ .
ljefuLo sf/jfxL / ;hfo ug{
kfpg]nufotsf sfo{ sfg"gadf]lhd
tf]lsPsf clws[t jf sfof{no k|dv
' n]
dfq ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . ;f] sfo{ lgldQ eO{
sfd ug]{ ;xfos sd{rf/Ln] ug{ ldNg]
x'bg} , u/] clwsf/ljxLg eO ab/efuL
x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo xl/k|;fb
pk]t| L / huGgfy dxtf]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ljgf]b
kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^&, c %, lg=g+=
*#^%, k[i7 &!#
;Da4 sfg"gM
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !)
-!_, ^@, ^!-!_-5_
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]
lgod !!@-#_
cfb]z
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfxM g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_
n] o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bs ldlt @)%%!)!# sf]
kqfg';f/ jg ljefu cGtu{t jg ;]jf hg/n
km/]i6L ;d"xsf] jg sfo{ ;xfos -/f=k=cg+=
t[tLo k|f=_ kbdf ;]jf k|jz
] u/]sf] / ldlt
@)^##( sf] kqfg';f/ jg sfo{ ;xfos
-/f=k=cg+= ltLo k|f=_ sf] kbdf a9'jf lgo'lQm
kfO{ ljleGg sfof{nodf ;?jf x'bF } Ps Odfgbf/
Pj+ st{Jolgi7 sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otn] sfo{/t\
/xFb} cfPsf] lyPF .
o;} qmddf lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xf

nfxfg cGtu{t 9f]9gf /]~hkf]i6df sfo{/t\ /x]sf
jvt ldlt @)^$&!# ut] 3/df crfgs
d]/f] afofF v'fsf] 3'8F fdf -hf]8g\ L_ b'Vg z'? eO{
kl5 Swelling x'bF } hfFbf bb{n] ;xg g;s]sf] /
lxF88'n ug{ ;d]t cK7\of/f] x'g nfu]sf]n] rfF8f]
Onfh u/fpg' kg]{ x'bF f ef/tsf] b/efdf Onfh
u/fpg uPsf] / tTsfn} r]s ck u/fO{ cf}ifwL
vfFbf b'Vg cln sd ePsf]n] To;sf] ef]lnkN6
cyf{t\ ldlt @)^$&!$ df g} cfk"m sfo{/t\
sfof{nosf] gfddf pkrf/ u/fpg uPsf]n] lgsf]
gx'Gh]n ;Dd la/fdL ljbf :jLs[t u/Lkfpg
lgj]bg ToxLsf] x'nfs dfkm{t lhNnf jg sfof{no
l;/xf / /]~hkf]i6sf] gfddf hfgsf/L k7fPsf]df
;f] lgj]bg pk/ s'g} sf/jfxL eP gePsf] af/]df
s'g} hfgsf/L u/fPsf] lyPg .
To;kl5 d]/f] /f]u lgsf] x'g g;s]sf]n]
8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ cem} s]xL lbg a]8
/]i6df a:g' eg]sf]n] lgsf] gx'Gh]n ;Dd sfo{/t\
sfof{nodf pkl:yt x'g c;dy{ /x]sf] x'bF f lgsf]
gx'Gh]n ;Ddsf] nflu la/fdL ljbf kfpg k'gM
ldlt @)^%$# df x'nfs dfkm{t /lhi6/L
u/L lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfdf k7fPsf]df ;f]
kq ldlt @)^%%$ df sfof{nodf btf{ eO{
;f] lgj]bgdf cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{ tf]s cfb]z
;d]t e};s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] la/fdL ljbf :jLs[t
jf c:jLs[t ePsf] af/]df s'g} hfgsf/L dnfO{
Pj+ 3/ 7]ufgfdf k7fPsf] kfOPg . ;fy} pkrf/s}
qmddf dnfO{ h08L; /f]u ;d]t nfu]sf]n] ;f]sf]
klg pkrf/ u/fOPsf] / h08L;sf] sf/0fn] d]/f]
zf/Ll/s cj:yf ;d]t emg sdhf]/ ePsf] Joxf]/f
lgj]bg ub{5' .
d k"0f{ ?kdf lgsf] geP klg sfof{nosf]
sfd ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'us
] f]n] @)^^*!%
df cfk"m sfo{/t\ sfof{no /]~hkf]i6df xfhL/ x'g
hfFbf oxfF xfhL/ u/fpg ldNb}g, lhNnf jg
sfof{nodf g} ;Dks{ ug'x{ f]; eg]sfn] lhNnf
933
jg sfof{nodf ;Dks{ ubf{ tkfOF nfdf] ;do

;Dd lagf ;"rgf cg'kl:yt /x]sf]n] tkfOFdfly
sf/jfxLsf] nflu ljefudf k7fPsf] 5', ljefuaf6
sf/jfxLsf] 6'f] nfu]kl5 dfq tkfOFnfO{ xfhL/
u/fpg ldNg] jf gldNg] eGg] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L
u/fpg] 5', clxn] s]xL ug{ ldNb}g eGb} dnfO{
xfhL/ u/fpg OGsf/ ul/of] .
o;} aLrdf PsfPs ldlt @)^^*@*
sf] lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xf nfxfgsf] ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] af/]sf] kq x'nfs dfkm{t d]/f] 3/ 7]ufgfdf
k7fO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^!-!_
-5_ sf] s;"/df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf %(-v_-!_
adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nflu cof]Uo
g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] Joxf]/f o;} kq
dfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fOG5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] kq
ldlt @)^^(* df d]/f] 3/ 7]ufgfdf k|fKt
eO{ hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf]n] lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !!@-$_ adf]lhd
pQm ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]zsf] gSsn dfu
ubf{ klg glbPsf]n] ;f] ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] ;hfo
pk/ k|zf;sLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df
k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6 pQm k'g/fj]bg pk/
;'gj' fO eO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xf, nfxfgaf6
;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/]sf] ldlt @)^^*@* sf]
kq Pj+ lg0f{o clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] cg';r
" L
!& adf]lhd ;a'b k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/]/ Goflos
dgsf] k|of]u u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yf geO{
ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb] z lghfdtL ;] j f
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !!@ / ;'zf;g
-Joj:yf tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf
!& Pj+ sfg"g / Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt -g]sfk
@)$), k[i7 $*%, lg=g+= !&#$, g]=sf=k @)$&, c !), k[i7 ^^^, g]sfk @)$*, c
!@, k[i7 *&@, ;=c= k'g/fjnf]sg g+= ))#@)^^
/fdk|;fb e/fO{ lj?4 cy{ dGqfno ;d]t lg0f{o
ldlt @)^^!!@)_ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePsf]n]
;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L ul/Psf] lhNnf jg sfof{no
l;/xf, nfxfgsf] ldlt @)^^*@* sf] kq

ab/ x'g] 7x5{ / ljefuLo ;hfo cfb]z ug]{
kbflwsf/Laf6 cfk"mn] clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf
ug'k{ g]{ sfg"gL clwsf/If]qsf] hfgL a'emL OGsf/L
u/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^^*@* sf] kq ab/ x'g]
7x/]sf]n] k'g/fj]bs df]=d':tlsd /fOg pk/ yfngL
ul/Psf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] sf/jfxLn] k"0f{tf
kfO g;s]sf] cj:yf x'bF f lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf ^@ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/Laf6
ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z ;DkGg ug{ egL
;DalGwt ldl;n kmfOn lhNnf jg sfof{no
l;/xf nfxfgdf k7fO{ lbg' . k'g/fj]bsn]
k'g/fj]bgdf dfu u/]sf cGo ljifoxsf] ;Gbe{df
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 ljefuLo sf/jfxL
;DkGg eO{ k'g/fj]bg k/]df ;f]xL avt ljrf/
x'g] g} x'Fbf xfn s]xL af]nL /xg' k/]g egL
k|zf;sLo cbfntsf ax'dt ;b:oosf] /fo
ePsf] / pQm km};nfaf6 dnfO{ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#-!_-@_, !(-!_ /
@& f/f k|bQ df}lns xs Pj+ dfly lghfdtL
;]jf P]g / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL tyf
k|zf;sLo cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%! f/f k|bQ
sfg"gL xsxsf] ;d]t xgg\ x'g uPsf] / tL
xsx k|rng u/fpg] cGo s'g} j}slNks Pj+
k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] af6f] ;d]t gePsf] x'gfn]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ ;DdfgLt cbfnt ;dIf
pkl:yt ePsf] 5' .
ctM ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfsf]
ldlt @)^^*@* sf] kq / ;DdfgLt
k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] ax'dt ;b:oaf6 ljefuLo
;hfo cfb]zsf] lgldQ clVtof/ k|fKt clwsf/L
;dIf n]vL k7fpg] u/L ldlt @)^*!@( df
ePsf] km} ; nf nufot To;sf] cl3kl5
ljkIfLxaf6 dnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ u/L u/]
934
ePsf ofjt sfdsf/jfxL, lg0f{onfO{ pTk]i| f0fsf]

cfb]zn] ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ ;fljs kbdf
k'gj{xfnL u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] ldltb]lv ;]jfdf
k'gj{xfnL ePsf] aLrsf] cjlwsf] tnj eQf
nufot cGo ;'ljwf ;d]t lbg' lbnfpg' eGg]
k/dfb]z nufot cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]z
hf/L u/L k"0f{ Gofo kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg dfu
bfjL .
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L gx'g' kg]{ xf] <
hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP ;f]sf] sf/0f /
cfwf/ v'nfO{ ;j"b k|df0f ;lxt of] cfb]z k|fKt
ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq
ljkIfLxnfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ;"rgf k7fpg' /
cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfusf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
k|zf;sLo cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod
!)-#_ tyf o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf]
l;4fGt -g]sfk @)^&, c %, k[i7 &!# lg0f{o
g+= *#^%_ ;d]tsf] ;Gbe{df ljkIfL k|zf;sLo
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*!@( sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
ePsf] egL lg0f{onfO{ g} -Issue_ agfPsf] lgj]bg
dfu bfjLaf6 b]lvg cfPsf]n] pQm km};nfnfO{
sfof{Gjog ubf{ lgj]bsnfO{ k'Ug ;Sg] Iflt cyjf
;'ljwf / ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ug{ pko'Qm x'g] ePsf]n] of] lgj]bgsf]
6'+uf] gnfu];Dd ;f] ldlt @)^*!@( sf]
km};nf oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbOPsf] 5 . ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L ljkIfLxNffO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ egL o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL lgj]bs ldlt @)^$&!#
ut]b]lv ldlt @)^^*@* ut];Dd lagf
hfgsf/L sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] eGg] s'/fdf
s'g} ljjfb 5}g . ;f] cjlwdf ljkIfL lgj]bssf]
3/ 7]ufgfdf k6sk6s kqfrf/ eO{ uf]/vfkq
;d]tdf b'O{ k6s ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .

o;/L ljkIfL () lbgeGbf a9L lagf hfgsf/L
sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf]df lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^! -!_-5_ adf]lhdsf]
s;"/df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^^ adf]lhd ;kmfO
k]z ug]{ df}sf k6sk6s lbOPsf]df ;f]sf] j]jf:tf
u/L ljkIfL lgj]bs a;]sf] sf/0f ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf ^* adf]lhd nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{
;d]t k|fKt eO{ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
sf] lgod !!@ adf]lhd ;Dk"0f{ ;a"t k|df0fsf]
d"Nofg u/L :ki6 ?kdf sf/0f v'nfO{ ;f]xL
P]gsf] bkmf %(-v_-!_ adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L
;]jfsf] nflu cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]
u/L ldlt @)^^*@* ut]df lg0f{o ePsf]
x'bF f tf]lsPsf] cfr/0f / cg'zf;g kfng gug]{
tyf cfgf] bfloTj kfngf gug]{ ljkIfL lgj]bssf]
lgj]bg dfu em"7f ePsf] x'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf $! df
lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgwf{l/t
;dodf lgoldt ?kn] sfof{nodf xfhL/ x'g'
k5{ / ;s];Dd klxn] ljbfsf] :jLs[lt glnO{
sfdaf6 cg'kl:yt x'g' x'bF g} eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg
/x]sf] 5 . To:t} P]= P]gsf] kl/R5]b\ ( df lghfdtL
sd{rf/LnfO{ x'g] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ;DaGwdf
pNn]v ePsf] / P]= P]gsf] bkmf ^! df s;"/sf]
;DaGwdf pNn]v 5 . To:t} P]= P]gsf] bkmf ^!
v08 -3_ df ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ nuftf/ ()
lbg;Dd cfgf] sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]df To:tf]
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ eljiodf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf]
lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg
;lsg] 5 eGg] :ki6 k|fjwfg b]lvG5 . lgj]bs
ldlt @)^$&!# df la/fdL x'g' ePsf], ldlt
@)^$&!$ df x'nfs dfkm{t la/fdL ljbf
:jLs[t u/fpg lgj]bg lbg' ePsf] t/ lgj]bgsf]
sfo{jfxL af/] hfgsf/L glng' ePsf] / ldlt
935
@)^^*!% df dfq cfk"m sfo{/t\ sfof{no

/]~hkf]i6df xfhL/ x'g hfg' ePsf] ;dodf xfhL/
gu/fPsf] cj:yf lgj]bsn] g} lgj]bgdf pNn]v
ug'e
{ Psf] 5 . o;/L cfgf] kbLo lhDd]jf/Lsf]
j]jf:tf u/L ljbf :jLs[t gu/L nuftf/ ()
lbgeGbf a9L lgj] b s cfgf] sfof{ n odf
cg'kl:yt /xg' ePsf] x'bF f lgj]bsnfO{ k|lqmof
k'ofO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ul/Psf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL jg ljefusf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o; dGqfnosf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxL /
lg0f{oaf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] s'g s'g df}lns /
sfg"gL xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] xf] < ;f]
:ki6 gvf]nL tyf ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ s'g} :ki6
sf/0f ;d]t gv'nfO{ o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL
agfO{ l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ePsf] x'bF f k|f/DetM pQm
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 . l/6 lgj]bs lhNnf
jg sfof{no, l;/xf cGtu{t 9f]9gf /]~hkf]i6ddf
sfo{/t\ /x]sf] avt ldlt @)^$&!# b]lv
b'O{ jif{ eGbf a9L ;do ;Dd sfof{nonfO{ s'g}
hfgsf/L glbO{, ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ c'gkl:yt
/x]sf]n] lghnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf ^! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] b08 -5_ sf]
s;"/df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %(
sf] v08 -v_ sf] pkv08 -!_ adf]lhd eljiodf
;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L
;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] / ;f] pk/ lghn] k|zf;sLo
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/L cbfntaf6 cf]bz
;d]t ePsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bssf] bfjL cfwf/xLg
5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] jg tyf e";+/If0f
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6 log}
lgj]bsn] bfo/ u/]sf] )^^ ;fnsf] k'g/fj]bg g+=
@* sf] d'2fdf ldlt @)^*!@( df ePsf]
km};nf ;lxtsf] ;Ssn ldl;n k|zf;sLo
cbfntaf6 / l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]
u/L ePsf] lg0f{o ;lxtsf] kmfOn ;DalGwt
936
sfof{noaf6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t

lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ egL o;
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL k|zf;sLo cbfntsf tkm{af6
lnlvt hjfkm gk/]sf] .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf]
ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bssf tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf o xl/k|;fb pk]t| L / hUugfy dxtf]n]
lgj]bsnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g Pj+ lgodfjnL
adf]lhdsf] ljlw / k|lqmof k"/f gu/L cglws[t
JolQmn] sf/jfxL u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fP pk/ ;f]
ab/ ug{sf nflu k|zf;sLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
u/]sf]df ;f] cbfntaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] u/]sf] lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfsf]
ldlt @)^^*@* sf] kq ab/ u/] klg ax'dt
;b:oxaf6 lgj]bs pk/ yfngL ul/Psf]
ljefuLo ;hfosf] sf/jfxLn] k"0f{tf kfOg;s]sf]
egL lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( adf]lhd ljefuLo
;hfosf] cfb]z ;DkGg ug'{ egL kmfOn lhNnf
jg sfof{no l;/xfdf k7fO{ lbg] u/L lg0f{o
u/]sf] / ;f] lg0f{o sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'gs
' f ;fy}
To;af6 lgj]bssf] ;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL xsdf
cf3ft kg{ uPsf] x'bF f lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]
pTk]i| f0f ;lxtsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
To;} u/L ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf ljgf]b kf]v/]nn] lgj]bsnfO{
;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f
gu/L x6fPsf] b]lvPsf] x'bF f To:tf] lg0f{o ab/
u/L k'gM sfg"gsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L lg0f{o ug'{
egL ;DalGwt lgsfodf kmfOn k7fpg] u/L
k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6 ePsf] lg0f{odf s'g} q'l6
gePsf], lgj]bs pk/ rnfOPsf] sf/jfxL clGtd
ge} ckl/kSj /x]sf] / To;af6 lgj]bssf] s'g}
klg xs clwsf/df c;/ gk/]sf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
dfly plNnlvt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLn]

ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf], xf]Og < ;f]
;Dagwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
lgj]bsn] sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] clVtof/jfnf
JolQm afx]ssf cglws[t clwsf/L cyf{t\ lgldQ
jg clws[tn] ljefuLo sf/jfxL / ;hfo u/]
pk/ k|zf;sLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df
dnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{no
l;/xfsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/] klg k'g/fj]bgdf d}n]
dfu g} gu/]sf] ljifodf dnfO{ k|lts"n c;/
kg]{ u/L yfngL ul/Psf] ljefuLo ;hfosf]
sf/jfxLn] k"0f{tf kfOg;s]sf] cj:yf x'bF f lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^@ adf]lhdsf]
clwsf/Laf6 ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z ;DkGg
ug'{ egL ;f] cbfntsf ax'dt ;b:of/f JoQm
/fo ;lxtsf] lg0f{oaf6 d]/f] ;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL
xsdf k|ToIf cf3ft k/]sf] x'bF f ;f] xb;Dd
k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] lg0f{o pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zn]
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg dfu bfjL b]lvG5 .
ljkIfL k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] tkm{af6 lnlvt
hjfkm kg{ cfPsf] 5}g eg] ljkIfL lhNnf jg
sfof{no ;d]tsf tkm{af6 lgj]bs () lbgeGbf
a9L lagf hfgsf/L sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf]
x'bF f lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k'ofO{
lgj]bsnfO{ eljiodf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf nflu cof]Uo
g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o
sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f em"7f lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] lnlvt hjfkm b]lvG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn]
cfk'mnfO{ clwsf/ ljxLg clwsf/Ln] ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df
To;/L x6fpg] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ egL ab/ ug]{
;j{;Ddt ?kdf lg0f{o eP klg k|zf;sLo
cbfntsf ax'dt ;b:on] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf ^@ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/Laf6 ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z ;DkGg

ug{' egL kmfOn lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfdf
k7fOlbg' egL u/]sf] lg0f{odf JoQm pQm /fonfO{
pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm egL d'Vo
lgj]bg dfu bfjL lnPsf] kfOG5 . oL l/6 lgj]bs
ljkIfL dWo]sf] lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xf
cGtu{tsf] 9f]9gf /]~hkf]i6df jg sfo{ ;xfos
-/f=k=cg+= ltLo >]0fL k|f=_ sf] kbdf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/L /x]sf] tyf lgh ldlt @)^$&!#
b]lv v6fPsf] /]~hkf]i6df gu} o; sfof{nonfO{
;d]t s'g} hfgsf/L glbO{ cfk"mv'zL nuftf/
() -gAa]_ lbgeGbf a9L ;do;Dd sfof{nodf
cg'kl:yt /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !!@-#_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf pNn]v ePsf] ldltb]lv
nfu" x'g] u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf ^! sf] b]xfo -!_-5_ sf] s;"/df ;f]xL
P]gsf] bkmf %(-v_ -!_ adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L
;]jfsf] nflu cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6
x6fOPsf] egL lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfsf
lgldQ lhNnf jg clws[tn] ldlt @)^^*@*
r=g+= %*! sf] kqf/f hfgsf/L lbPsf] kfOG5 .
;f] kqfrf/ pk/ oL lgj]bsn] k|zf;sLo
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= k|zf;sLo cbfntsf cWoIf ;lxtsf
;a} ;b:oxn] lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]
u/L lgldQ jg clws[ t n] lbPsf] ldlt
@)^^*@* sf] lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfsf]
kq clwsf/ljxLg JolQmaf6 lbPsf] egL ;f]
kq ;d]t ab/ x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;f] kq
;j{;Ddtaf6 ab/ x'g] 7x/fP klg ;f] cbfntsf
cWoIf jfx]s ax'dt ;b:oxn] oL lgj]bs
d':tsLd /fOg pk/ yfngL ul/Psf] ljefuLo
;hfosf] sf/jfxLn] k"0f{tf kfOg;s]sf] cj:yf
x'Fbf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^@
adf]lhdsf] clwsf/Laf6 ;hfosf] cfb]z ;DkGg
ug'{ egL kmfOn lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfdf
937
k7fO lbg] u/L 5'} /fo JoQm u/L ax'dtaf6

;f] lg0f{o u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|zf;sLo cbfntsf]
o; lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ lgldQ lhNnf jg
clws[tn] kq dfkm{t ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] sfo{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] k|lts"n ePsf]df s'g}
ljjfb 5}g . ;fy} ;]jfaf6 x6fpg kfpg] clwsf/
;DkGg clwsf/Laf6 lgh lgj]bsnfO{ x6fpg]
lg0f{o jf sfo{ ePsf] geO{ clwsf/ ljxLg
JolQmaf6 ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] / ;f] sfo{ Pj+ kq
ab/ ug]{ ;d]t lg0f{odf k|zf;sLo cbfntsf
cWoIf / ;b:ox aLr dt}So g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
t/ k' g M clwsf/ ;DkGg clwsf/Laf6
sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug{ jg sfof{nodf
k7fOPsf] k| z f;sLo cbfntsf] lg0f{ o
sfg"g;+ut gePsf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] syg
5 . oL lgj]bsnfO{ sfof{nodf () lbgeGbf
a9L ;dof ;Dd cg'kl:yt /x]sf] egL lgldQ
jg clws[tn] ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] eGg] a]xf]/fsf]
hfgsf/L ldlt @)^^*@* sf] kqaf6 lbPsf]
eGg] kmfOn ;+nUg pQm kqaf6 b]lvG5 . ;f]
kqdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ lghnfO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] u/L clVtof/k| f Kt s' g } ;Ifd
clwsf/Laf6 5'} lg0f{o ePsf] 5 eGg] lnlvt
hjfkmaf6 b]lvFb}g / To:tf] lg0f{o kl5 klg
k] z x' g ;s] s f] kfOb} g . sfof{ n o k| d ' v
cg'kl:yt /xL lgldQ eO{ sfd ug]{ clws[t jf
sd{rf/Ln] sfof{nosf] b}lgs tyf ;fdfGo
k|zf;lgs sfo{dfq ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] x'G5 .
sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf clVtof/L lbPsf]df afx]s
sfof{no k|dv
' n] dfq ug{ kfpg] sfo{ / lg0f{ox
lgldQ eO{ sfd ug]{ sfof{no k|d'vn] :jtM ug{
kfpg] x'G5 eGg ldNb}g . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf ^@ adf]lhd s'g txsf lghfdtL
sd{rf/LnfO{ s] s'g clVtof/jfnfn] ;]jfaf6
x6fpg kfpg] u/L ;hfo ug{ ;S5 egL
tf]lsPsf] 5 . h'g txsf clws[tnfO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fpg kfpg] u/L ;hfo ug{ tf]lsPsf] 5 ;f]

;hfo ;f]xL txsf clws[tn] k|rlnt sfg"gsf]
sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L ;f] ;hfo ug]{ lg0f{o ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . ;hfo ug{ kfpg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg ug{ ldNg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefjdf
;f] ;hfo ug{ kfpg] u/L tf]lsPsf] clws[t jf
sfof{no k|d'v sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf]
cj:yfdf lgheGbf d'gLsf s'g} sd{rf/L lgldQ
eO sfd u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf lghn] sfof{nosf]
gu/L gx'g] cTofjZos / b}lgs k|zf;lgs
sfo{ ;~rfng dfq ug'{kg]{ x'G5 / ljefuLo
sf/jfxL / ;hfo ug{ kfpg] nufotsf sfo{
sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf clws[t jf sfof{no
k|d'vn] dfq ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] sfo{ lgldQ eO{
sfd ug]{ ;xfos sd{rf/Ln] ug{ ldNg] x'b}g,
u/] clwsf/ ljxLg eO ab/efuL x'G5 . o;}
;Gbe{df o; cbfntaf6 lgj]bs /fdk|;fb
e/fO{ ljkIfL k|d'v eG;f/ clws[t, s}nfnL
eG;f/ sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] pTk]|if0f d'2fdf
sfof{ n o k| d ' v jf ljefuLo k| d ' v sf]
cg'kl:yltdf sfof{nosf] b}lgs ?kdf e}k/L
cfpg] k|zf;sLo sfd ;DkGg ug{sf nflu
lgheGbf tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Ln] lgldQ eO{
clt cfjZos k|zf;sLo sfdsf/jfxL;Dd ug{
kfpg] x'G5 / o;/L lgldQsf] lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf]
kbflwsf/LnfO{ cw{Goflos k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o ug]{
clwsf/ sfg"gtM gx'g] -g]sfk @)^&, c %,
lg=g+= *#^%, k[i7 &!#_ egL ghL/ l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
$= oL lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L
lgldQ eO{ sfd ug]{ jg ;xfos clws[tn]
ldlt @)^^*@* df kq lbPsf] 5 t/ ;f]
adf]lhd ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvFbg} .
pQm kqaf6 ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L hfgsf/L
lbPsf] ; Dd xf] . o;y{ sfg" g n] tf] s ] s f]
clVtof/jfnf jfx]ssf JolQm lgldQ lhNnf jg
clws[tn] ljgf lg0f{o lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]
938
u/L lbPsf] ldlt @)^^*@* sf] kq Psdtn]

ab/ ug]{ k|zf;sLo cbfntsf cWoIf nufot
;a} ;b:oxsf] /fo ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] lg0f{o
To; xb;Dd dgf;La g} b]lvPsf] 5 .
%= ca oL lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]
u/L lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfsf] kq ab/ u/L
k'gM lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( adf]lhd ljefuLo
;hfosf] sfo{n] k"0f{tf kfOg;s]sf] egL bkmf
^@ jdf]hLdsf] clwsf/Laf6 afFsL sf/jfxL ug{
kmfOn pQm sfof{nodf k7fpg] u/L k|zf;sLo
cbfntsf cWoIf afx]s ax'dt ;b:on] lbPsf]
lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt 5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ k|zf;sLo cbfnt lgdofjnL, @)%! sf]
lgod !) sf] pklgod -!_ df ======== btf{
ePsf] k'g/fj]bgaf6 ljefuLo ;hfo lbg]
clwsf/Ln] ckgfPsf] sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL q'l6n]
jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] ubf{ k'g/fj]bsnfO{ dsf{
k/]sf] 5 eGg] b]lvPdf ;f]sf] sf/0f ;d]t bzf{O{
cbfntn] c? hfF r a' e m ug{ ;hfo lbg]
clwsf/LnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5==== egL Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . To:t} pklgod -#_ df cbfntn]
k|fKt sfuhftsf] cfwf/df ;hfo x'g' kg]{ cj:yfsf]
cf}lrTosf] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L ljefuLo ;hfo
lbg] clwsf/Ln] lbPsf] ;hfo ;b/ jf ab/ ug{
jf ;hfo 36fpg] jf nf:;kmfO lbg] u/L
k'g/fj]bgdf clGtd lg0f{o lbg]5 eGg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
^= k|zf;sLo cbfntsf cWoIf afx]s
ax' d t ;b:oxaf6 pQm lgod !) sf]
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ljefuLo ;hfosf] af+sL
sf/jfxL ug{ kmfOn lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfdf
k7fpg] u/L cfb]z lb+bf ljefuLo ;hfo lbg]
clwsf/Ln] lg0f{o ubf{ pQm lgod !)-!_ jdf]lhd
ckgfPsf] sfo{ljlw, ;DaGwL q'l6 -Procedural
Error_ b]lvg' kg]{ x'G5 jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn]
k'g/fj]bsnfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] b]lvg' kg]{ x'G5 tadfq
k|zf;sLo cbfntn] tL sf/0fx ;d]t bzf{O{
c? hfF r a' e m ug] { cfb] z ;f] ;hfo ug] {

clwsf/LnfO{ lbg ;Sg] b] l vG5 . cyf{ t \
sfo{ l jlwut q' l 6 u/L u/] s f] lg0f{ o af6
k'g/fj]bsnfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] b]lvg cfP ;f] sfo{ljlw
;RofO{ jf k"/f ug{ c? hf+ra'em ug{ ;Dd
cfb]z lbg ;lsg] x'G5 . t/ ;f] geO{ k|zf;sLo
cbfnt ;dIf cfPsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bssf]
k'g/fj]bgaf6 oL lgj]bsnfO{ clVtof/jfnf jg
clws[tn] ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ kfpg]df lhNnf
jg sfof{no l;/xfsf lgldQ eO{ sfd ug]{
;xfos jg clws[tn] x6fpg] u/L ;hfo u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . oL lgldQ jg clws[t lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( Pj+ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,
@)%) n] tf]s]sf] ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ kfpg]
clVtof/jfnf clwsf/L gePsf] / tL P]g Pj+
lgodfjnLn] Joj:yf u/]sf ;f/jfg sfg"gsf
Joj:yf ;d]t kfngf gu/L clwsf/ljxLg
clws[taf6 clwsf/ljxLg tj/af6 lgj]bsnfO{
;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] tYodf k|zf;sLo
cbfntsf cWoIf / ;Dk"0f{ ;b:oxsf] dt}So
/xL lg0f{ o ePsf] kfOG5 . clwsf/ljxLg
kbflwsf/Laf6 ;f/jfg sfg"g -Substantive Law_
sf] q'l6 u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L ;hfo ul/Psf]
;f] kqaf6 b]lvPsf] / ;f] kqsf] k[i7e"lddf
To:tf] lg0f{o gePsf] ;Gbe{df kqaf6 dfq
x6fPsf] sfo{ sfo{ljlwut q'l6dfq xf] eGg
ldNb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf pQm lgod !) sf]
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{
cj:yf /x]sf] eGg] b]lvFb}g .
&= csf]t{ km{ lgh lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] sfo{ k"/f eO{ lghnfO{ ;f] Joxf]/fsf] kq
lbPsf] tYo lhNnf jg sfof{non] :jLsf/ u/]sf]
lnlvt hjfkm ;d]taf6 b]lvPsf] tyf k|zf;sLo
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod !) sf]
pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L oL
lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/]sf] lhNnf jg
sfof{no l;/xfsf] ldlt @)^^*@* sf] kq
939
ab/ ug]{ 7x/ u/L k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6

lg0f{o g+= **$$
;j{;Ddt lg0f{o ePsf] kl/k]I| odf oL lgj]bs
d':tsLd /fOg pk/ yfngL ul/Psf] ljefuLo
;hfosf] sf/jfxLn] k"0f{tf kfO g;s]sf] cj:yf
;jf]R{ r cbfnt,;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
x'bF f lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^@
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
adf]lhdsf] clwsf/Laf6 ljefuLo cfb]z ;DkGg
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
ug'{ egL kmfOn lhNnf jg sfof{no l;/xfdf
@)^$CR )&#!
k7fO lbg' egL k|zf;sLo cbfntsf ax'dt
km};nf ldltM @)^(.!.$.@
;b:osf] lg0f{odf plNnlvt Joxf]/f cfkm}df
d'2f M hj/\h:tL s/0fL .
c:ki6 / lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ b]lvbf pQm lg0f{o ;f] k'g/fj]bs jfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/
xb;Dd sfg"g;Ddt b]lvg cfPg .
lj?4
*= ctM dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lhNnf wgs'6f, dxfef/t
lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf s'g} sfo{ljlwut
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^ 3/ eO{ xfn P]=
q'l6 b]lvPsf] geO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( /
wgs'6f gu/kflnsf j8f g++ $ a:g]
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) adf]lhd
z+s/ ljZjsdf{
ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ kfpg] clVtof/jfnfn] ;hfo
gu/L lgldQ lhNnf jg clws[tn] s'g} lg0f{o k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
gu/L r=g+= %*! ldlt @)^^.*.@* sf] kqf/f
df=d'=Gof=>L sfdfgGb k|;fb b]j
clwsf/ljxLg ?kdf lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf]
df=Gof=>L bLks/fh hf]zL
b] l vPsf] tyf ljkIfLxsf] ;f] sfo{ n fO{
df=Gof=>L kml0fGb|bQ zdf{
clwsf/ljxLg 7x/fO ;f] sfo{ k|f/Dedf g} ab/
u/L ;s]kl5 k'gM lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
/fo lstfjdf JoQm ePsf] /foljk/Lt
bkmf ^@ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/Laf6 ljefuLo
km};nf tof/ ug{ ldNb}g . /fo lstfjdf
;hfosf] cfb]z ;DkGg ug'{ egL k|zf;sLo
JoQm ePsf] /fo eGbf km/s /fo JoQm
cbfntsf ax'dt ;b:oxaf6 JoQm /fo u/L lnlvt km};nf tof/ ubf{ km};nfsf]
lg0f{o_ sfg"g;+ut gx'bF f ;f] xb;Ddsf] k|zf;sLo
l:y/tf jf lg0f{ o sf] clGtdtfsf]
cbfntsf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ x'g]
l;4fGtdf jfwf k'Ug] .
7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
-k|s/0f g+=@_
sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ k|:t't l/6
GofofwLzn] d'2fsf] ;'gj' fO u/L /fo
lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lstfjdf /fo JoQm u/L ;xL ;d]t
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
ul/;s]kl5 ;f] /fo :jo+ lg0f{ostf{nfO{
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
klg aGwgsf/L x'G5, cGoyf /fo g} sfod
/xg g;Sg] / lg0f{ox cljZj;gLo,
ce/kbf]{ tyf hltv]/ klg b'?kof]u ug{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'g hfG5 . To:tf] k|Zg
Ohnf; clws[tM k'ik/fh yklnof
cg'zf;gsf] lx;fjn] uDeL/ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
&
940
**$$ - g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=z+s/ ljZjsdf{
gfjflnsf !^ jif{ eGbf d'lgsf] :jf:gL

dflg;nfO{ ;xdltn] g} s/0fL u/] klg
d'ns
' L P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf]
! g+= sf] s;"/leq kg]{ x'bF f ;xdltdf
s/0fL ePsf] hj/\h:tL s/0fL x'bF g} eGg]
rm:OGsf/L lhsL/ :jLsfo{ gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
z+s/axfb'/ /fO{
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nfpk/ jfbL kIfaf6 k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ePsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/
5M
ljz]if k|sl[ tsf d'2fxsf] sf/jfxLdf
kIfsf] uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg] ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw
lgb]{lzsf, @)^$ adf]lhd k|:t't d'2fsf]
hfx]/jfnLsf] kl/rofTds ljj/0f uf]Ko /flvPsf]
5.
ldlt @)^@.#.@* ut] /flt cGbfhL (
ah]sf] ;dodf wgs'6f gu/kflnsf j8f g+= $
l:yt wgdfof lj=s=sf] 3/af6 oftgf 6]lnlkmNd
x]/L kms{b} ubf{sf] cj:yfdf af6f] 9'sL j;]sf
z+s/ ljZjsdf{n] lj/f]w u/]df l;Wofpg] wDsL
lbO{ 5'/L b]vfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/L lx8]sf] x'bF f
lgh z+s/ ljZjsdf{nfO{ cfjZos sfg"gL sf/jfxL
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] kLl8t hfx]/jfnfsf]
hfx]/L b/vf:t .
wgs'6f gu/kflnsf $ l:yt ePsf]
36gf:yn jl/kl/ /x]sf] emf/kft dfl8Psf],
dflg;sf] v'fsf] 8f]j kfOPsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
36gf:yn k|sl[ t d'rN' sf .
kLl8tsf] of]gLsf] xfO{dg] hfnL RofltPsf]

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg .
af6f] 9'sL j;]sf] z+s/ ljZjsdf{n] dnfO{
;dftL n8fO{ Ps xftn] d'v y'gL xNnf u/]df
dfg]{ wDsL{ lbO{ pQ]lht ln+u d]/f] of]gLleq
l5/fO{ :vng u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] s'/f cfdfnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fO{ hfx]/L u/]sf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
kLl8t hfx]/jfnL]sf] sfuh .
oftgf 6]nLlkmNd x]g{ cfPsf] ;'lgtfnfO{
3/ kms{bf jf6fdf z+s/ ljZjsdf{n] s/0fL u/]5g\
eGg] ;'gL yfxf kfPsf] xf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] wg
s'df/L lj=s= sf] cg';Gwfg clws[t ;dIfsf]
sfuh .
;'lgtfnfO{{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] xf]Og .
/fhL v'zLn] g} lghs} 3/df s/0fL u/]sf] xf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL z+s/ ljZjsdf{sf]
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;d]tsf] aofg sfuh .
ldlt @)^@.#.@* ut] /flt 6]lnlkmNd
x]//] kms{bf z+s/ ljZjsdf{n] 5f]/LnfO{ hj/\h:tL
s/0fL u/]sf] s'/f 5f]/Ln] eg]kl5 yfxf kfPsf xf}
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] kLl8tsf] jfj' / cfdfn] cg';Gwfg
clws[t;dIf u/L lbPsf] sfuh .
k|ltjfbL z+s/ ljZjsdf{ v/fj cfr/0f
ePsf dflg; x'g\ . lghn] kLl8tnfO{ Hofg dfg]{
;Ddsf] wDsL lbO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf]df
ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] j:t'l:ylt
d'rN' sf dfgL;x nId0f ljZjsdf{, ;fljqL
ljZjsdf{, 6+ss'df/L ljZjsdf{ / s'naxfb'/
ljZjsdf{n] n]vfO{ lbPsf] sfuh .
z'? hfx]/L b/vf:t, 36gf:yn k|sl[ t
d'rN' sf, a'lemPsf JolQmxsf] sfuh, j:t'l:ylt
d'r'Nsf, kLl8tsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
;d]tsf ;Ssn ;a"b k|df0fsf cfwf/df k|ltjfbL
z+s/ ljZjsdf{n] ldlt @)^@.#.@* ut] /flt
cGbfhL ( ah] kLl8t ;'lgtfnfO{ hj/\h:tL
s/0fL u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbL z+s/
ljZjsdf{nfO{ d'ns
' L P]g hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
941
dxnsf] ! g+= sf] s;"/df P]= # sf] b]xfo -@_

adf]lhd ;hfo u/L P]=!) g+= adf]lhd s/0fL
ug]{ lgh k|ltjfbLsf] cfwf c+z ;d]t kLl8tnfO{
e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u kq .
cleof]u dfu bfjL em"7f xf] . d}n]
kLl8tnfO{ @)^@.#.@* df hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf]
5}g . lghsf] ;xdltn] lghs} ;Nnfxcg';f/
@)^@ j}zfvb]lv g} xfdL aLr s/0fL lng'lbg'
ePsf] xf] . ldlt @)^@.#.@* ut] xf]Og . ;f]
eGbf cl3Nnf] /flt s/0fL u/]sf] xf] . ;'lgtfn] g}
/flt cfgf] 3/df jf]nfpg] / ljxfg $ ah]
c?n] b]Vnfg eg]/ p7fO{ 3/ k7fpg] ub{lyg\ .
ctM d}n] kLl8tnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf]
gx'bF f cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg' kg]{ xf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z+s/ ljZjsdf{sf] cbfnt
;dIfsf] aofg .
jfbLsf ;fIfL hfx]/jfnL, wgs'df/L
ljZjsdf{, nId0f ljZjsdf{ / s'df/L ljZjsdf{
tyf k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL vu]Gb| ljZjsdf{ / ljzfn
ljZjsdf{sf] askq ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
k|ltjfbL z+s/ ljZjsdf{n] hfx]/jfnLnfO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x5{ / ;f] 7xgf{n] lgh
k|ltjfbLnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-@_
g+= adf]lhd & -;ft_ jif{ s}b x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] wgs'6f lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^@.&.( df ePsf] km};nf .
hfx]/jfnLsf] ldlt @)^@.$.!) sf] lhNnf
:jf:Yo sfof{no wgs'6fsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgdf lghnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL eP gePsf]
eGg g;lsg], kLl8tsf] of]gLsf] xfOd]g RofltPsf]
-k'/fgf]_ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] ;fy} z/L/sf cGo
s'g} efudf gLn8fd gePsf] egL :ki6 pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . hj/\h:tL s/0fL ubf{ :qLsf] of]gLdf
cyf{t\ z/L/sf] cGo efudf 3fp rf]6 gLn8fd
3l;|Psf] lrGxx x'gk' g]{ ;f] gePsf] ;fy} of]gLdf
jf of]gLsf] j/Lk/L / sk8fdf jLo{ -sperm_
b]lvg' kg]{ ;f] s'/fx sxLFst} gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf]

s'/f 7xofO{ ePsf] km};nf pN6L u/L k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL z+s/ ljZjsdf{sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
cleo'QmnfO{ d'n'sL P]g hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] % g+= sf] s;"/df P]= #-#_
adf]lhd s}bdf cfwf;Dd s}b x'g] b]lvPsf] /
kLl8tsf] pd] / ;DaGwdf lhNnf cbfnt
wgs'6faf6 sfod u/]sf] cfwf/ Gofof]lrt\ gx'bF f
z'?sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ s}b
jif{ tLg x'g] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt wgs'6fsf] km};nf .
dfggLo GofofwLzxsf] s'grfxL+ /fo
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf xf] eGg] :ki6 x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . dfggLo GofofwLz bLks/fh hf]zLsf]
/fodf dfggLo GofofwLz kml0fGb| bQ zdf{n]
;d]t ;xdlt hgfO{ pQm /fodf ;xdlt 5 eGg]
pNn]v u/L ;lx5fk ;d]t u/L ;s]kl5 dfggLo
GofofwLz kml0fGb|bQ zdf{n] d]/f] 5'} /fo k]h ^
df 5 eGg] jfSof+z sndn] ykL k]h ^ df uP/
k|ltjfbLnfO{ s}b jif{ # x'g] 7x/ u/L dfgLo
GofofwLz bLks/fh hf]zLn] JoQm ug'{ ePsf]
/fodf /fo lstfjdf ;xdlt hgfPsf] x'F ;f] /fo
lstfjdf n]lvPadf]lhd d]/f] 5'} /fo k5fl8sf]
k]hdf n]vL JoQm u/]sf] 5' egL 5'} /fo JoQm
u/L km};nfsf] clGtddf uP/ z'? lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] /fo
lstfjdf Pp6f /fo pNn]v u/L km};nfdf /fo
lstfjsf] eGbf km/s Joxf]/f pNn]v e} /fojfemL
km};nf ePsf] b]lvPsf] tyf t];f| ] GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ;d]t /Ltk"js
{ km};nf gu/L cfb]z
krf{df d'2fsf] lg0f{o u/L km};nf ePaf6 ;d]t
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6fsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd
q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf lbPsf] aofgdf
kLl8tnfO{ ldlt @)^@.#.@* ut] s/0fL u/]sf]
5}g ;f]sf] cl3Nnf] lbg ;xdltn] g} s/0fL u/]sf]
x'F egL eg]klg clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf
942
ldlt @)^@.#.@* ut] klg s/0fL u/]sf] x'F egL

aofg lbPsf], kLl8tn] cfkm"nfO{ k|ltjfbLn]
hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] egL hfx]/L lbPsf] /
;f]xL Joxf]/fsf] cbfntdf ;d]t ls6fgL jskq
u/]sf] tyf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf kLl8tsf]
xfOdg RofltPsf] kfOPsf], 36gf:yn k|sl[ t
d'r'Nsfaf6 36gf:yndf dfl8Psf] kfOPsf],
jf/bft /ftsf] ;dodf ePsf] jf/bftsf] s]xL
;do cl3 kLl8t l5d]sLsf] 3/af6 l6=eL= x]/L
jflx/ lg:s]sf] / To;sf] s]xL ;do kZrft\
k|ltjfbL ;d]t cfPsf] egL l6=eL= ePsf] 3/sf]
3/wgLn] cbfntdf jskq u/]sf] ;d]tsf
k|df0faf6 hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] jf/bft ePsf]
k'i6\ofO{ ePsf] 5 . !^ jif{eGbf d'lgsf] :jf:gL
dflg;nfO{ ;xdltn] g} s/0fL u/] klg d'ns
' L
P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= sf] s;"/leq
kg]{df kLl8tsf] pd]/;DaGwL ldl;n ;+nUg
plNnlvt k|df0fxsf] q'l6k"0f{ d"Nofg u/L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ bfjL kl/jt{g u/L ePsf] km};nf
;f] xb;Dd q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pQm km};nf ;f]
xb;Dd ab/ u/L k| l tjfbLnfO{ cleof] u
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo u/L k|ltjfbLsf] cfwf c+z
;+j:{ j u/L kLl8tnfO{ lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] o;
cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df, k' g /fj] b g cbfntsf] /fo
lstfjdf z'?af6 ePsf] ;hfo s]xL pN6L eO{
k|ltjfbLnfO{ # jif{ s}b x'g] 7x/fPsf] b]lvG5 .
t/ km};nfdf eg] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 b'j}
GofofwLzsf aLr /fo km/skm/s JoQm ePsf]
kfOof] . o; cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nfdf uDeL/td ?kn] sfo{ k|lqmof / lg0f{o
km};nfsf] qmddf q'l6 /x]sf] kfObf 5nkmn lgldQ
ljkIfL lemsfO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L

z+s/axfb'/ /fO{n] kLl8t ;'lgtfsf] pd]/ !^ jif{
eGbf d'lg ePsf] cj:yfdf z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6
hj/\h:tL s/0fL 7x/ u/L ePsf] km};nf ldn]s}
x'bF f pQm km};nf ;b/ ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;hfo 36fpg]
gfddf nfUb} gnfUg] bkmf nufO{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L k|tLjfbLnfO{ ;hfo
ug'k{ b{5 eGg] jx; ug'e
{ of] .
k'g/fj]bg kq;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhftsf]
cWoog u/L ljfg clwjQmfsf] plNnlvt ax;
a'bF f ;d]t dgg u/L OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g
cyf{t\ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lhsL/ adf]lhd
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]ubfjLadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] xf]
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ;'gj' fOsf] nflu
Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'bF f Ohnf;df /x]sf dfggLo
GofofwLz >L lbks/fh hf]zL / >L kml0fGb| bQ
zdf{n] z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L
x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] /fodf bLks/fhn] d"n /fo
n]vL dfggLo GofofwLz >L kml0fGb|bQn] ;xdlt
hgfPsf] /folstfaaf6 k|i6 b]lvG5 . /fo
lstfjdf JoQm ePsf] /foljk/Lt km};nf tof/
ug{ ldNb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf /fo lstfjdf JoQm
/foeGbf pN6f] / km/s x'g] u/L dfggLo
Gofoflwz kml0fGb|bQn] km};nf tof/ kf/]sf]
b]lvG5 . km};nfdf ;hfo 7xofOPsf] x'bF f v/fj
cfr/0fsf] cfz+sf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf geP klg
/fo lstfjdf JoQm ePsf] /fodf km/s /fo
JoQm u/L lnlvt km};nf tof/ ubf{ km};nfsf]
:yL/tf jf lg0f{osf] clGtdtfsf] l;4fGtdf
jfwf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
#= GofofwLzn] d'2fsf] ;'gj' fO u/L /fo
lstfjdf /fo JoQm u/L ;xL ;d]t JoQm u/]kl5
;f] /fo :jo+ lg0f{ostf{nfO{ klg aGwgsf/L x'G5,
cGoyf /fo g} sfod /xg g;Sg] / lg0f{ox
cljZj;gLo, ce/kbf]{ tyf hltv]/klg b'?kof]u
943
ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'g hfG5 . To:tf] k|Zg

cg'zf;gsf] lx;fjn] uDeL/ klg x'g hfG5 .
To;}n] km};nf tof/ ubf{ h] h;/L /fo lstfjdf
JoQm /foeGbf leGg /fo lbPsf] eP klg To;nfO{
cdfGo u/L /fo lstfjsf] /focg';f/ Ps} /fo
sfod x'g] u/L sfod d'sfod d'Vo GofofwLzn]
u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ cGoyf eGg kg]{ b]lvPg . dfggLo
GofofwLz kml0fGb|bQn] /fo lstfj eGbf km/s
/fo pNn]v u/L km};nf tof/ kf/]sf] sfo{nfO{
klg dfGotf lbg ldn]g .
$= s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] OG;fkm ldn]sf] 5 5}g eGg]tkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL z+s/ ljZjsdf{n] ldlt
@)^@.#.@* ut] /flt cGbfhL ( ah] kLl8t
;'lgtfnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] k'li6 x'g
cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbL z+s/ ljZjsdf{nfO{ d'n'sL
P]g hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= sf]
s;"/df P]= # sf] b]xfo -@_ adf]lhd ;hfo u/L
P]=!) g+= adf]lhd s/0fL ug]{ lgh k|ltjfbLsf]
cfwf c+z ;d]t kLl8tnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm eGg]
d' V o cleof] u bfjL ePsf] d f cleof] u
bfjLadf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf] 7xofO{ & jif{ s}b
;hfo ePsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, wgs'6faf6
z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL pN6\ofO{
d'n'sL P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-#_
g+=adf]lhd cflw ;hfo cyf{t\ tLg jif{ dfq
s}b x'g] u/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvof] .
%= k'g/fj]bg kqdf jfbL kIfn] d'Vo
u/]/ k|ltjfbLsf] pd]/sf ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fpFb}
c;fGble{s bkmfnfO{ cfwf/ lnOPsf] ldn]sf]
5}g egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvof] . k|ltjfbLn] d'2f
x]g{] clwsf/L ;dIf aofg ubf{ s/0fL ePsf] s'/f
:jLsf/]sf / cbfnt ;dIf aofg ubf{ cleof]u
adf]lhdsf] lbgdf ge} cl3Nnf] lbg cyf{t\ cfiff9
@* ut] ;xdltdf s/0fL ePsf], cl3kl5 klg
s/0fL x'g] u/]sf] egL aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tnfO{ s/0fL g} u/]sf] 5}g egL
eGg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . pgL / kLl8taLr s/0fLsf]

jf/bft 36]sf] tYo kLl8tsf] afa' cfdfsf] sfuh,
kLl8tsf] df}sfsf] sfuh tyf cbfntdf ePsf]
askq, jf/bt:ynsf] 36gf:yn k|sl[ t d'rN' sf
tyf kLl8tsf] of]gLsf] xfO{dg] hfnL RofltPsf]
eGg] kLl8tsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6 ;d]t
k'li6 e} /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL / kLl8taLr
s/0fLsf] jf/bft ePsf] tYodf yk ljj]rgf
ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostf b]lvb}g .
^= k|ltjfbLn] hj/\h:tL x}g ;xdltdf
s/0fL ePsf] xf], ;xdltdf ePsf] s/0fL ck/fw
x'g] xf]Og egL aofgdf lnPsf] lhsL/sf] kl/k|I] odf
hj/\h:tL s/0fLnfO{ ck/flws/0f u/]sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] pNn]vg oxfF ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . d'ns
' L
P]g, hjh:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+ df s;}n]
s'g} dlxnfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]df
jf !^ jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sL aflnsfnfO{ lghsf]
d~h"/L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/0fL u/]df lghn]
hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x{5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't sfg"gL Joj:yfn] !^ jif{
k"/f ePsf] dlxnfsf] xsdf d~h"/LnfO{ ck/fw
gx'g] sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] b]lvG5
eg] !^ jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf] dlxnfsf] xsdf
d~h"/L x'g' jf gx'gn
' ] s/0fL sfo{nfO{ ck/fw
x'gaf6 cnu u/]sf] b]lvb}g . !^ jif{ eGbf sd
pd]/sL dlxnfnfO{ s/0fL g} ug{ gx'g,] h'g;'s}
tj/n] s/0fL u/]sf] eP klg ;f] ck/fw x'g] u/L
Aoj:yf u/]sf] b]lvof] .
&= k|:t't d'2fsL kLl8tsf] pd]/sf]
sf/0fn] k|ltjfbLsf] sfo{ ck/fw xf] xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf lg/fs/0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvPsf]n] kLl8tsf]
pd]/sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] . kLl8tn]
hfx]/L tyf cbfntsf] jskqdf cfgf] pd]/ !#
jif{ egL n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 . kLl8t k9\g] jfndlGb/
k|fylds ljBfnosf] /]s8{cg';f/ lghsf] hGd
ldlt @)$*.%.!@ egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPsf]
l:yltdf pQm ldltaf6 jf/bftsf] ldlt
944
@)^@.#.@* df lghsf] pd]/ !$ jif{ k"/f ePsf]

b]lvb}g . lrlsT;saf6 kLl8tsf] pd]/ ;DaGwdf
k/LIf0f ubf{ lghsf] pd]/ !# b]lv !^ jif{ egL
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOof] . k|ltjfbL :jo+n] kLl8tsf]
pd]/ !$!% jif{sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] o;
l:yltdf plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0faf6 pgsf] pd]/
!^ jif{ gk'us
] f] b]lvof] . o:tf] gfjflnsf !^ jif{
eGbf d'lgsf] :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ ;xdltn] g}
s/0fL u/] klg d'ns
' L P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] ! g+= sf] s;"/leq kg]{ x'bF f ;xdltdf
s/0fL ePsf] hj/\h:tL s/0fL x'bF g} eGg] k|ltjfbLsf]
Ogsf/L lhsL/ plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
cfwf/df :jLsfo{ b]lvg cfPg .
*= k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 z'? cbfntsf]
km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] % g+
sf] s;"/df z'?n] u/]sf] ;hfosf] cfwf dfq
;hfo u/]sf] ;DaGwdf ldn] gldn]tkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] ;xdltn] s/0fL u/]sf] eg] klg
hfx]/jfnLn] ;xdlt gegL hj/\h:tL s/0fL
u/]sf] egL hfx]/L cfkm}n] lbO{ cbfntdf jskq
;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dflysf cg'R5]bdf
plNnlvt ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df pd]/ gk'u]sL
gfjflnsfnfO{ s/0fL u/]sf] tYo k'li6 e} /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] s/0fL u/]sf] eg]sf] cj:yfdf
kLl8t gfjflnsfsf] ;xdlt /x]sf] lhsL/ ;fFrf]
eP / pd]/ k'u]sf] eP IfDo x'g ;S5 t/
pBf]u x'g] cj:yf /xb}g . gfjflnsf eGg]
kLl8tsf] lhsL/ ePsf] cj:yfdf / cGoyf
k|dfl0ft gePdf s/0fL u/]sf] /x]5 eg] s;"/sf]
u'?Tj a9\g] s'/f cfpF5 . pd]/ k'u] jf gk'u]sf
dlxnfsf] hj/\h:tL s/0fL ePsf] eP ;hfosf]
dfqf;Dd km/s kg{ ;SbYof] . k|ltjfbL :jo+n]
kLl8tnfO{ ;xdltdf s/0fL u/]sf] tYonfO{
:jLsf/ u/]sf], :kLl8t :jo+sf] lghpk/ ls6fgL
hfx]/L tyf askq e} ljz]if1sf] z/L/ k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgaf6 ;d]t s/0fL ePsf] jf/bft k'li6
e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf dgf]ut cfwf/df nfUg} g;Sg]
bkmf nufO{ pBf]usf] s;"/ 7x/fpg' sfg"g /

Gofosf] b[li6sf]0fn] :jLsfo{ b]lvPg . o;
kl/l:yltdf ;f] k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] s]xL
pN6Lsf] km};nf sfod /xg g;sL pN6L e}
cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ d'n'sL P]g,
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+ sf] s;"/df P]
sf] # g+ sf] b]xfo bkmf @ adf]lhd ;ft jif{ s}b
/ P] sf] !) g+ adf]lhd hfx]/jfnLn] k|ltjfbLsf]
c+zjf6 cfwf c+z Ifltk"lt{:j?k e/fOlng
kfpg] 7xofPsf] z'? wgs'6f lhNnf cbfntsf]
OG;fkm ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . dfggLo GofofwLz
kml0fGb|bQ zdf{n] /fo lstfjdf JoQm /fo eGbf
km/s /fo JoQm u/L km};nfsf] k"0f{kf7 tof/
u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] cfufdL lbgdf To:tf] q'l6
gbf]xf]ofpg' egL km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t
;fy} /fvL lghnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' egL o;
cbfntsf] k|zf;g dxfzfvfnfO{ n]vL k7fpg" .
c? tk;Lnadf]lhd ug"{ .
tk;Ln
dfly 7x/ v08df n] l vPadf] l hd
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6fsf] km};nf pN6L e}
z'? wgs'6f lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g]
7x/]sfn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd
sfod ePsf] nut sf u/L wgs'6f lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhdsf] nut sfod u/L
sfof{Gjog u'g{' egL z'? wgs'6f lhNnf cbfntdf
nut lbg" ===!
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L km};nfsf] hgfp
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf a'emfOlbg" ========@
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn j}zfv $ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM lji0f'k;
| fb pkfWofo
945
&
nflu tof/ ul/Psf To:tf lnvt tyf

el/Psf kmf/fdnfO{ cGo k|df0fsf]
cefjdf c+z 5'lPsf] lg/k]If k|df0fsf]]
?kdf lng gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
d"n k|df0fsf] cefjdf ;xk|df0fn]
lg0ff{os :yfg lng ;Sb}gg\ . k|df0fxsf]
z[v
\ nfdf ;+slnt ;a} k|df0fsf] ;dfg
e"ldsf x'bF g} . d'2fdf 7x/ ug'k{ g]{ s'/fnfO{
k|dfl0ft jf v08g ug{{] s'/f k|df0f x'g]
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # f/f
clelglZrt\ 5 . s'g} k|df0fn] d'2fdf
Gofostf{nfO{ lglZrt\ cjwf/0ff agfpg
c;+lbUw e"ldsf v]Nb5 eg] s'g} k|df0f
Goflos wf/0ff agfpg TolQ a9L ;Gt'li6
lbg g;Sg] k|sl[ tsf] x'G5 . oxL cfwf/df
d"n k|df0f / ;xk|df0fsf] lje]b ul/g'
kg]{ .
lnvt k|df0fsf] juL{s/0f ubf{ tL s'g
sfg"gcGtu{t s] k|of]hgsf nflu v8f
ePsf x'g\ egL x]l/g' kg]{ x'G5 . cGofGo
k|of]hgsf nflu v8f ePsf s'/fn]
c+za08fsf] #) g+=+ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu
d"n k|df0fsf] :yfg lng g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
lg0f{o g+= **$%

' m Ohnf;
k'g/fj]bg g+=@)^^- CI)^!&
km};nf ldltM @)^*.*.@*.$
d'2f M c+z gfd;f/L .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM ?kGb]xL lhNnf, n'lDagL cfbz{
uf=lj=;=,j8f g= # k8l/of a:g] ls:dtL
d'/fj ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM ef/t pQ/ k|bz
] lhNnf, dxf/fhu~h
tx;Ln yfgf gf}tgjf df}hf z]v ufpF
km/]gf a:g] egL k'g/fj]bsxn] pNn]v
u/]sf ?kGb]xL lhNnf, n'lDjgL cfbz{
uf=lj=;=, j8f g+= # k8l/of a:g]
lzjk'hg d'/fj
z'? k}m;nf ug]{
df=Gof=>L s[i0fsdn clwsf/L
k'g/fj]bg k}m;nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L ts{/fh e
df=Gof=>L an/fd lai6
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M

k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #, @&-@_, -#_
d'ns
' L P]g, c+za08fsf] !, #) g+=
e"ld;DaGwL Joj:yfkgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu

th'{df ul/Psf] P]gsf] sfof{Gjogfy{
;Dkfbg ul/Psf s'/fxn] ;f]nfO{ ;dy{g
ug] { cGo 7f] ; k| d f0fsf cefjdf
c+lzof/sf] c+z xsnfO{ k|lts"n c;/
kfg{ g;Sg] .
lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'Jol:yt ug{ tof/
km};nf
ul/Psf] dtbftf gfdfjnL
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt a'6jnsf] ldlt @)^^.#.@! sf] k}m;nfpk/
b]lvPsf] x'bF f km/s p2]Zo / sfo{sf] k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
946
**$% - ls:dtL d'/fj ;d]t lj=lzjk'hg d'/fj
sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg

k/]sf]] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;
k|sf/ 5 M
d"n k'?if h+uL d'/fjaf6 hGd]sf rf/
5f]/fxdf h]7f d lkm/fbLsf afa' uf]kL, dflxnf
r}t,' ;flxFnf t'n;L, / sfG5f xl/x/ d'/fj x'g\ .
t'n;L d'/fjsf] 5f]/f ljkIfL ef]nf d'/fj x'g\ .
r}ts
' f 5f]/f ljkIfL /fdgf/fo0f / a'xf/L ls:dtL
d'/fj x'g\ . xl/x/sf] ljjfx gxFb' } d[To' eO;s]sf]
5 . xfdL ;a} Psf;uf]ndf /xL a;L cfPsf
5f}F+ . xfd|f] c+za08f ePsf] 5}g . cfdfsf] d[To'kl5
ljkIfLxn] x] n f u/L vfgnfpgdf ;d] t
kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/ ub}{ cfPsfn] ljkIfLx;Fu
@)^@ ;fn efb| ! ut] c+z dfu ubf{ ltdLnfO{
of] 3/df a:g klg lbFbg} fF} . ;DklQ klg s]xL
kfpFbg} f} egL cGofok"0f{ hjfkm lbPsfn] lkm/fb
k/]sf] cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{ dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod
u/L c+za08fsf] @), @!, @@, @# / @$ g+
adf]lhd tfobftL kmfF6jf/L lnO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQnfO{
tLg efu u/L b'O{ efu ljkIfLsf] k/ ;f/L Ps
efu d lkm/fbLnfO{ lbnfO{ gfd;f/L btf{ ;d]t
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb kq .
gftf k':tfjf/Ldf d]/f] s'g} ljjfb 5}g .
uf]kL d'/fj ef/tdf cfgf] c+z efu lnO{ a:g'
ePsf] xf] . t'n;L d'/fj / r}t' d'/fj g]kfn
;/xbcGtu{t n'lDjgL cfbz{ uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
# k8l/ofdf ;uf]ndf a;f]af; u/L cfPsf] /
;uf]ndf sdfPsf] ;DklQ a08f u/fF+} eGbf
gdfg]sfn] @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=g+= *() sf] c+z
gfd;f/L d'2f bfo/ eO{ z'? ?kGb]xL lhNnf
cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL ef]nf d'/fjsf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
lkm/fb bfjLcg';f/ a08f ug'k{ g]{ ;DklQ
xfd|f] lhDdf Pjd\ btf{df /x]sf] eg]sf] unt xf] .
jfbL lzjk'hg, ;xk|ltjfbL ef]nf tyf xfdL
/fdgf/fo0f ;d]tsf c+lzof/ ;uf]ndf al;cfPsf]
klg xf]Og . jfbLsf] a;f]af; g]kfndf 5}g .
;uf]nsf] ;DklQ xfd|f] gfpFdf 5}g . ;Dk"0f{ s'/f

e"mf dgf]slNkt x'bF f jfbLnfO{ xfdLn] c+z lbg'kg]{
xf]Og . e"mf Pj+ u}/sfg"gL bfjLjf6 k'm;{b u/fO{
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ls:dtL
d'/fj / /fdgf/fo0f d'/fjsf] ;+oQ
' m k|ltpQ/kq .
jfbLsf ;fIfL csjfn d';ndfg /
k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL 5]bL clx/sf] jskq tyf z'?
lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ jfbL k|ltjfbLaf6
k]z ePsf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/L z'? ldl;n ;fd]n
/x]sf] .
o;df o;} nufpsf] cfh} o;} Ohnf;af6
k}m;nf ePsf] b]=g+= *() sf] c+z gfd;f/L
d'2fdf plNnlvt k|df0f ;d]taf6 oL jfbL
k|ltjfbLxsf] aLrdf c+za08f eO;s]sf] /x]5
eGg ldn]g . uf]kLsf] c+z vfg] oL jfbL lzjk'hg
/ ;f]/fhdfq /x]sf] b]lvof] . uf]kL, r}t' / t'n;L
u/L d"nt tLg c+lzof/ eO{ uf]kLsf 5f]/fx oL
jfbL lzjk'hg tyf ;f]/fh, r}ts
' f 5f]/f k|ltjfbL
/fdgf/fo0f / t'n;Lsf 5f]/f k|ltjfbL ef]nf
d'/fj x'bF f C0fsf] xsdf ;fx"sf] gfn]; k/]sf
avt 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] g} x'bF f k]z x'gcfPsf]
tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt ;DklQaf6 tLg
efu nufO{ ;f]sf] Ps efu dWo]af6 b'O{ efu
nufO{ Ps efu oL jfbLn] c+z kfpg] 7x5{ eGg]
;d]t Jox]/fsf] ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^#.!@.@* sf] k}m;nf .
nufpsf] b]=g+= *() sf] c+z d'2fdf
lj:t[t Joxf]/f v'nfO{ 5'} k'g/fj]bg u/]sf 5f}F+ .
uf]kL d'/fjsf 5f]/f nfndgsf >LdtL 5f]/fnfO{
a'lemPg . jfbLx slxNo} klg xfdL;Fu ;uf]ndf
lyPgg\ / 5}gg\ . /fdgf/fo0fn] /fi6 a}sdf gf]s/L
u/L tnj, eQf / ;]jf lgj[Q x'bF f k|fKt ePsf]
?k}ofF;d]taf6 cflh{t lghL ;DklQ ;d]t a08f
nfUg] ul/Psf] 5 . plNnlvt cfwf/df z'? ?kGb]xL
lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf pN6L u/L Gofo kfpmF
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf k/]sf] ;+oQ
' m k'g/fj]bg kq .
947
o;df /fdgf/fo0f d'/fjn] ljleGg lsQf

hUuf pv8fdf k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] /
/fdgf/fo0f /fi6 a}s
F sf] sd{rf/L eO{ ljleGg
ldltdf C0f ;x'lnot lnPsf] eGg] b]lvFbf To;tk{m
s]xL ga'emL ePsf] z'?sf] k}m;nf km/s kg{ ;Sg]
b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf nflu k|ToyL{nfO{ c=a+= @)@
g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$*
sf] lgod $& adf]lhd Dofb ;"rgf lbO{ lemsfO{
pkl:yt eP jf Dofbsf] cjlw e'Qmfg ePkl5
g]kfn /fi6 a+s
} af6 hf] h;;Fu ;DaGw 5 egL
k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf];Dd b]lvFbf /fdgf/fo0f d'/fjn]
s] s'g ldltdf s] slt C0f ;x'lnot a}saf6
lnPsf x'g\ . ;a} ljj/0f pNn]v u/L k7fpg'
egL /fi6 a}snfO{ kq n]vL lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^$.!!.@@ sf] cfb]z .
k| l tjfbL /fdgf/fo0fn] tfobftL
kmfF6jf/Ldf pv8faf6 k|fKt u/]sf] egL b]vfPsf
hUuf / /fi6 a}saf6 cjsfz x'bF f k|fKt u/]sf]
/sdaf6 3/ agfPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf]
3/jf;tk{ m sf] 3/hUuf;d] t k| l tjfbL
/fdgf/fo0fsf] lghL cfh{g 7x/ u/L c?
c+lzof/xdf a08f gnfUg] u/L k}m;nf ug'k{ g]d{ f
;uf]nsf] ;a} c+lzof/df a08f nfUg] ;DklQ
7x/ u/L u/]sf] ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^#.!@.@* sf] k}m;nf s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ .
/fdgf/fo0fn] tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf pv8faf6
k|fKt u/]sf] egL b]vfPsf] hUuf / 3/jf;tk{msf]
3/hUuf;d]t k|ltjfbL /fdgf/fo0f d'/fjsf] lghL
cfh{gsf] a08f ug'{ gkg]{ ;DklQ b]lvG5 eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnsf]
ldlt @)^^.#.@! sf] k}m;nf .
ljkIfLsf afj' uf]kL d'/fj jfbLn] k|:t't
lkm/fb bfo/ ug'{ k"j{ g]kfn gcfPsf] cj:yfdf
s]jn em"7f lkm/fb bfo/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
@)^@.%.! ;Dd ;uf]nd} al;cfPsf] eg]s}
cfwf/df df}h'bf k|df0fxsf] d"Nofg g} gu/L
;uf]nsf] c+lzof/ sfod ug]{ u/L ePsf] km};nf

q'l6k"0f{ 5 . xfd|f afa' tyf klt /fdgf/fo0fn]
@)@* ;fnb]lv g]kfn /fi6 a}+sdf hflu/
vfPsf] x'Fbf ;f]af6 cfPsf] tna Pj+ ;fk6L
;d]taf6 v/Lb ul/lnPsf] hUuf xfd|f] klt
lktfsf] lghL cfh{gsf] ;DklQ xf] . To:tf]
lghL cfh{gsf] ;DklQ c+za08fsf] !* g+= n]
a08f ug{ gkg]{ x'bF fx'bF } a08f ug]{ 7xofO{ ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] km};nf pN6L u/L
xfd|f] k|ltjfb lhsL/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
;lxtsf ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L
ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5
5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= o;df z'? lhNnf cbfntn] ;a}
;DklQnfO{ tLg efu nufO{ To;sf] Ps efuaf6
b'O{ efu nufO{ Ps efu oL jfbLn] c+z kfpg]
7x/fPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] /fdgf/fo0fn]
tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf pv8faf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
egL b] v fPsf] hUuf / 3/jf;tk{ m sf]
3/hUuf;d]t k|ltjfbL /fdgf/fo0f d'/fjsf] lghL
cfh{gsf] a08f ug'{ gkg]{ 7x/fPsf] 5 . ;f]pk/
jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] geO{ s]jn k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg k/L k|:t't d'2f ljrf/fwLg x'g cfPsf]
5.
#= k|:t't d'2fsf jfbL tyf k|ltjfbLsf
d"n k'?if h+uL d'/fj ePsf] / lghsf rf/
5f]/fxdf uf]kL, r}t', t'n;L / xl/x/ ePsf]
b]lvG5 . k|df0faf6 uf]kLsf] 5f]/f log} k|ToyL{
jfbL lzjk' h g / ;f] / fh -k' g /fj] b s
k|ltjfbLxn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k]z u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kqdf ;'/h eGg] pNn]v u/]sf]]_ /
r}t'sf 5f]/f k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /fdgf/fo0f
948
**$% - ls:dtL d'/fj ;d]t lj=lzjk'hg d'/fj
ePsf] cj:yfdf lghx Pscfk;df c+lzof/

ePsf] tYodf ljjfb b]lvPg . k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] k|ltjfbL /fdgf/fo0fn] tfobftL
kmfF6jf/Ldf pv8faf6 k|fKt u/]sf] egL b]vfPsf]
hUuf / 3/jf;tk{msf] 3/hUuf;d]t k|ltjfbL
/fdgf/fo0f d'/fjsf] lghL cfh{gsf] a08f ug'{
gkg]{ 7x/fPsf] km};nfpk/ k|ToyL{ jfbLn] lrQ
a' e mfO{ k' g /fj] b g u/] s f] gb] l vPsf] n ]
tt\;DaGwdf k|:t't k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf cGoyf
ul//xg k/]g .
$= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] oL k|ToyL{
jfbLsf afa' ;d]tsf aLr ef/td} c+za08f e}
kl5 g]kfn cfO{ 5'} a;f]af; u/]sf] / df]xLsf]
nut ljj/0f, cnUu} dtbftf gfdfjnL
;d]taf6 5'lPsf] k'li6 ePsf] egL lhsL/
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . jfbLsf afa'xaLr ef/tdf
c+za08f ePsf] k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ k|ydtM
ck'i6 b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ef/tdf c+za08f
ePsf] /x]5 eg] klg ef/tdf ePsf] ;DklQ
ef/tsf] sfg"gadf]lhd a08f x'g'nfO{ cGoyf
eGg ;lsg] x'bF g} . ef/tsf] sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf
sfd s'/fnfO{ g]kfnsf] sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf]
egL cy{ ug{ ldNg] klg x'Fb}g . ef/tsf] sfg"g
g]kfndf nfu" gx'g] / g]kfnsf] sfg"g ef/tdf
nfu" gx'g] ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df c+lzof/x
aLr d'n'sL P]g, c+za08fsf] dxnsf] ! g+= /
#) g+= adf]lhd c+za08f ePsf] k'li6 x'g
clgjfo{ x'G5 .
%= c+z c+lzof/sf] g};lu{s xssf] s'/f
xf] . d'n'sL P]g, c+za08fsf] dxncg';f/
c+za08f x'g d'n'sL P]g, c+za08fsf] #) g+=
adf]lhd c+za08fsf] sfuh v8f ug'{kg]{ / ;f]
/lhi6]zgsf] ! g+= adf]lhd kf/Lt x'g}kg]{ jf
@)#$.(.@& df ePsf] ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg cufl8
3/;f/df g/du/d ldnfO{ a08fkq v8f u/L
jf gu/L crn c+za08f u/L 5'lO{ cfgf]
cfgf] efu zflGtadf] l hd lnO{ bflvn
vf/]h;d]t u/fO{ ;s]sf] jf a08fadf]lhd

cfgf]cfgf] efusf] crn 5'f5'} ef]u laqmL
Jojxf/ u/]sf] k|df0faf6 b]lvg' kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't
ljjfbdf kf/Lt c+za08fsf] lnvt 5}g . o;
cj:yfdf ef/tdf jfbL kIfn] c+z lnO{ a;]sf]
eGg] k|ltjfbL sygn] c+za08fsf] #) g+=
adf]lhd @)#$.(.@& sf] d'n'sL P]g ;ftf}+
;+zf]wg k"j{b]lv g} Jojxf/ k|df0faf6 5'l leGg
ePsf] lhsL/ lnPsf] dfGg ldNb}g . clxn]
cfP/ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] jfbL c+z lnO{
5'lPsf] egL k|df0fsf] ?kdf e"ld;DaGwL
P]gadf]lhd df]xLn] eg'{kg]{ cg';"rL kmf/fd /
dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ cfwf/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 jfbLsf jfj' ef/td} c+z lnO{ 5'lPsf]
k|ltjfb syg k|ltjfbLn] g} k]z u/]sf oL
lnvtxaf6 lj:yflkt x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
^= ca, tL lnvtn] c+za08fsf] #)
g+= sf] k|of]hg k"/f ub{5g\ jf ub}{gg\ eGg] tkm{
ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . c+za08fsf] #) g++=
cToGt ;+odtfsf ;fy k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
o; sfg"gn] c+lzof/aLr c+za08f ePsf] lgisif{
lgsfNg ljljw k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . @)#$.(.@&
-;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg ldlt_ kl5 a08fkq kf/Lt
ePs} x'g'k5{ eg] o; k"j{ a08fkqsf] lnvt
v8f eP klg jf geP klg s]xL ;'lglZrt\
cfwf/ b]lvPdf c+za08f ePsf] dflgg ;Sb5 .
a08fkqsf] lnvt kf/Lt x'g} kg]{ d"n sfg"gL
k|fjwfg xf] . of] c+za08fsf] #) g+= sf] P]g
k|f/De ePsf] @)#$.(.@& kl5 eg] /lhi6z
] gsf]
! g+= cg';f/ a08fkq kf/Lt 5}g eg] h] h:tf
k|df0f eP klg sfg"gn] c+lzof/aLr a08f
ePsf] dflgg ;Sb}g . t/, ;f] P]g k|f/De
x'g'k"j{ eg] c+za08fsf] 3/;f/L lnvt ePdf
jf lnvt} gePsf] l:yltdf klg a08f ePsf]
dflgg ;Sg] ljlwstf{n] k|jGw u/]sf] 5 . of]
k|jGwnfO{ ;+lIfKtdf ;+jf]wg ug'{ kbf{ Jojxf/
k|df0faf6 c+za08f ePsf] dflgg] l:ylt xf] .
949
Jojxf/ k|df0faf6 c+za08f ePsf] dflgg k|df0fsf] cefjdf c+z 5'lPsf] lg/k]If k|df0fsf]]
c+za08fsf] #) g+= n] lgDg k"jf{j:yf ljBdfg ?kdf lng ldNg] x'bF g} .
/xg' kg]{ dfg]sf] 5M
(= jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr crn ;DklQ
g/du/d ldnfO{ ljeflht ePsf] b]lvg'kg]{
-!_ ;a} c+lzof/aLr 3/;f/df crn ;DklQsf] klxnf] / clgjfo{ zt{ tL lnvtn] k'li6 ub}{gg\,
g/du/d ldnfO{ ljefhg ePsf] 5,
g t oL lnvt ;DklQ lnP kfPsf] bflvn
-@_ tL ljeflht ;DklQ ;DalGwt c+lzof/n] vf/]h ePsf cfwf/ g} dflgg ;Sb5g\ . 5'f
lnO{ kfO{ lghsf gfddf btf{ bflvn vf/]h 5'} ef]u laqmL Jojxf/nfO{ klg e"ld;DaGwL
ePsf] 5,
cg';"rL / dtbftf gfdfjnLn] k'li6 ub}{g .
-#_ a08fadf]lhd bflvn vf/]h ePsf] 5}g s;sf] gfddf s] slt crn ;DklQ 5 eGg]
eg] klg cfgf] efudf k/]sf] ;DklQ 5'f5'} s'/f btf{ ;|]:tfn] k|dfl0ft ug]{ xf] . ef]u, laqmL
ef]u laqmL Jojxf/ ePsf] 5 .
/ Jojxf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt\ / lglj{jfb lnvt
;d]tn] k'li6 ug]{ xf] . c+za08fsf] #) g+=df
&= pk/f]Qm cGt/\j:t'sf] ljBdfgtf /x]sf] jl0f{t cGt/\j:t'sf] ljBdfgtfdf e"ld;DaGwL
k|df0f ef/ h;n] Jojxf/ k|df0faf6 a08f ePsf] P]g cGtu{tsf cg';"rL / dtbftf gfdfjnL
5 eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] x'G5 p;}df g} /xG5 . h:tf cfwf/ Jojxf/ k|df0faf6 c+za08f ePsf]
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @&-@_ n] c+z dfu dflgg k'li6 ug]{ ;xk|df0f x'g ;Sb5g\ . d"n
ug]{ jfbLnfO{ ;f] lbO{ jf a'emfO{ ;lsPsf] 5 eGg] k|df0fsf] cefjdf ;xk|df0fn] lg0ff{os :yfg
s'/f k|ltjfbLn] k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ jxg ug'k{ b{5 lng ;Sb}gg\ . k|df0fxsf] z[\vnfdf ;+slnt
eg] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @* n] klg Jojxf/ ;a} k|df0fsf] ;dfg e"ldsf x'Fb}g . d'2fdf 7x/
k|df0ff/f c+z lbOPsf cGt/j:t'sf] ljBdfgtfdf ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft jf v08g ug{]{ s'/f
cbfntnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg rfxg] kIfn] g} k|df0f x'g] k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # f/f
k|df0f ef/ jxg ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
clelglZrt\ 5 . s' g } k| d f0fn] d' 2 fdf
*= k|:t't ljjfbdf k|ltjfbLn] k|df0f Gofostf{ n fO{ lglZrt\ cjwf/0ff agfpg
lbPsf] e"ld;DaGwL P]gadf]lhd df]xLn] eg'k{ g]{ c;+lbUw e"ldsf v]Nb5 eg] s'g} k|df0f Goflos
cg';r
" L kmf/fd tyf df]xLsf] nut c+za08fsf] wf/0ff agfpg TolQ a9L ;Gt'li6 lbg g;Sg]
k|of]hgsf] nflu el/g] ge} pQm P]gsf] p2]Zo / k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . oxL cfwf/df d"n k|df0f /
nIo sfof{Gjog ug{ el/g] xf] . e"ld;DaGwL ;xk|df0fsf] lje]b ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . Jojxf/
Joj:yfkgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu th'd
{ f ul/Psf] k|df0faf6 c+za08f eP gePsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg'
tyf pQm P]gsf] sfof{Gjogfy{ ;Dkfbg ul/Psf kbf{ bQf{ ;|]:tf, clen]v, kf/Lt lnvt / ef]u
s'/fxn] ;f]nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ cGo 7f]; k|df0fsf laqmL Jojxf/ :yflkt ug]{ k|s[ltsf ;fj{hlgs
cefjdf c+lzof/sf] c+z xsnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ lgsfosf clen]v h:tf s'/f d"n k|df0f x'g\
kfg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbg} . To:t} lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ eg] oL s'/fnfO{ k/f]If ?kdf ;dy{g ug]{
;'Jol:yt ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;xk|df0f x'g\ . lnvt k|df0fsf] juL{s/0f ubf{
lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfo{;uF ;DalGwt b]lvPsf] x'bF f tL s'g sfg"g cGtu{t s] k|of]hgsf nflu v8f
km/s p2]Zo / sfo{sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf ePsf x'g egL x]l/g' kg]{ x'G5 . cGofGo
To:tf lnvt tyf el/Psf kmf/fdnfO{ cGo k|of]hgsf nflu v8f ePsf s'/fn] c+za08fsf]
950
**$^ - b]jgfy ;fx t]nL lj=gGb' ;fx t]nL ;d]t
#) g++= sf] k|of]hgsf nflu d"n k|df0fsf] :yfg

lng ;Sb}gg\ .
!)= oL jfbL / k|ltjfbLaLr c+za08f
ePsf] lnvt gePsf], Pscfk;df n]gb]g
sf/f]jf/ jf Jojxf/ ePsf] eGg] klg gb]lvPsf]
/ k|ToyL{ jfbLn] c+za08fsf] #) g+=adf]lhd
cfgf] efu zflGtadf]lhd crn ;DklQ lnO{
5'} ef]u Jojxf/ u/]sf] egL k|ltjfbLn] k|df0f
lbg ;s]sf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] ;d]tsf cfwf/
k|df0faf6 jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 lghL cfh{g /
pv8faf6 k|fKt ;DklQ afx]ssf] ;DklQaf6 c+z
kfpg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
cGoyf eGg] b]lvg gcfPsf]n] tt\;DaGwdf yk
ljj]rgf ul//xg k/]g .
!!= ctM z'? ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntn]
;Dk"0f{ ;DklQnfO{ tLg efu nufO{ jfbLsf
jfj' uf]kLsf] Ps efudWo]af6 uf]kLsf jfbL /
;/f]h b'O{ 5f]/f ePaf6 ;f]sf] b'O{ efu nufO{
Ps efu oL jfbLn] c+z kfpg] 7xofPsf]
km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L k|ltjfbL /fdgf/fo0fn]
tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf pv8faf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
egL b]vfPsf] hUuf / 3/jf;tk{msf] 3/hUuf
a08f gnfUg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
a'6jnsf] ldlt @)^^.#.@! sf] km};nfpk/
jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg gk/]sf] ;d]tsf sf/0faf6
ldn]sf] b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . k|:t't d'2fsf]
a'emfO{ lbg" .
lg0f{o g+= **$^

;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
)^*CI ))&)
km};nf ldltM @)^*.!@.@@.$
d'2fM ca08f hUuf a08f 5'6o\ fO{ kfpmF .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf k;f{, uf=lj=;=
x/ktu+h j8f g+ # j:g] b]jgfy ;fx t]nL
lj?4
k|ToyL+{ jfbLM lhNnf k;f{, uf=lj=;=x/ktu+h
j8f g= # j:g] gGb' ;fx t]nL ;d]t
z'? k}m;nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L jL/l;Fx dx/f
k'g/fj]bg k}m;nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L e"kWjh clwsf/L
df=Gof=>L 6+saxfb'/ df]Qmfg
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=sNof0f >]i7
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn d+l;/ @* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\=
Ohnf; clws[tM bLkss'df/ bfxfn
&
951
;fd"lxs ef]udf /x]sf] s'g} ;DklQsf

xsdf a08fkqdf ;fd"lxs jf ;femf
ef]udf /xg] hlgPg eGb}df Tof] ;DklQ
h;sf] gfddf 5 p;}sf] Psnf}6L x'g]
xf]Og . ;DklQsf] k|sl[ tn] of] k}ts
[ b]lvO{
Tof] a08f x'g] k|sl[ tsf] b]lvG5 / cGo
c+lzof/sf] ef]udf ;d]t 5 eg] o:tf]
;DklQnfO{ c+za08fsf] #% g+= cg';f/
a08fsf] dfu ub}{ gfn]; nfUg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
a08fkqdf s'g} ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL
gaf]lnPsf] cj:yfdf Tof] h;sf gfddf
5 p;}sf] dfq x'g] c? c+lzof/sf]
To;af6 xs nf]k x'g] eGg] cy{ nfUg
g;Sg] .
xssf] ;dflKt k|i6 ?kdf n]lvPsf]

cj:yfdf dfq x'G5 . s'g} ;DklQsf]
ljifodf s]xL n]lvb}g eg] To;sf] k|sl[ tn]
Tof] a08f x'g] jf gx'g] lgwf{l/t ub{5 .
;f] ;DklQ s'g} c+lzof/sf] lghL x'g]
eGg] k|i6 pNn]v gePsf] cj:yfdf k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-v_ adf]lhd cGoyf
k| d fl0ft geP;Dd Psf3/;F u sf
c+lzof/xdWo] h'g;'s} c+lzof/sf
gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQ ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ
xf] egL cg'dfg ul/g] sfg"gL Joj:yf
lqmofzLn x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lgj]bssf] tkm{af6M
ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6 M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-v_
d'ns
' L P]g, c+za08fsf] #% g+=
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLaf6 o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
kq bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
:j=s/lem+ug ;fxsf] 5f]/f fl/sf ;fx
t]nL e} fl/sf ;fx tyf pxfFsL] >LdtLsf] bfDkTo
hLjgaf6 hGd]sf tLg hgf 5f]/fdf qmdzM d
lkm/fbL gGb' ;fx, b]jgfy ;fx / d lkm/fbL
/fdgfy ;fx x'F . cfdf jfj' cfcfgf] sfnultn]
k/nf]s e} ;Sg'ePsf] 5 . tLg} hgf bfh' efOsf]
/fo ;Nnfxadf]lhd lktf fl/sf ;fxsf] gfpFdf
gfkgS;f ePsf lhNnf k;f{ uf=lj=;=x/ktu+h
j8f g= # ufp ls =g %^ sf] hUuf / ;f]df
ePsf] 3/ ! ljkIfL b]jgfy ;fxsf] gfpFdf
gfkgS;f ePsf] P] uf=lj=;= j8f g= @ df ls=g+

$* sf] ))# hUuf / ;f]df /x]sf] ufO{ e};
F L
aFfWg] u/]sf] uf]7 tyf ljkIfL b]jgfys} gfpFdf
btf{ /x]sf] P] j8f g+ @ ls=g+ !(@ sf] )!$
vl/ofgsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul//x]sf] hUuf ;d]t
ca08f /fvL ;uf]nd} ef]urng ug]{ / jfFsL
;Dk"0f{ >L;DklQ a08f ug]{ ;xdlt e} ;f]xLcg'k
ldlt @)#^.@.!%df dfnkf]t sfof{no, k;f{df
ljlwjt c+za08fsf] sfuh x'bF f plNnlvt hUuf
a08fkqdf ;dfj]z gu/L ca08f g} /fvL tLg}
hgf efOn] a/fj/ ?kdf ef]urng u/L cfO/x]sf
lyofF} . xfdL lkm/fbLxn] c6'6 ?kdf a/fa/L
?kdf ef]urng u/L cfO/x]sf], xfdLxsf] ;d]t
c+z xs lgxLt /x]sf] ljkIfL gfpF btf{sf] pQm
!($ sf] df]n ? $(,%)). hfg] )#) ca08f
hUufdWo] blIf0ftk{maf6 d lkm/fbL gGb' ;fxn]
ef]urng u/L cfO/x]sf] )!) hUuf d gGb'
;fxsf] tyf gGb' ;fxeGbf pQ/tk{m d lkm/fbL
/fdgfy ;fxn] ef]urng ul/cfO/x]sf] h=lj=
)!) hUuf d lkm/fbL /fdgfy ;fxsf] gfpdf
btf{ x'g] u/L xfdL b'O{ hgfsf] c+zefu 5'6o\ fO{
xfd|f gfddf k[ysk[ys btf{ x'g] u/L OG;fkm
lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL bfjL .
jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= !($ sf] hUufdf
ljkIfLxsf] ef]urng geO{ pQm hUuf ;fljs
b]lv xfn;Dd d}n] g} Psnf}6L ?kdf xsef]u
rng u/L cfPsf]n] jfbL bfjL c+za08fsf] #% g+
ljk/Ltsf] e} c=j+= !*) g+ adf]lhd vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
dfnkf]t sfof{no, k;f{jf6 kf/Lt ePsf]
ldlt @)#^.@.!% /=g+ @*)# sf] c+za08fsf]
lnvtsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
Psk6s ca08f ;DklQ of] olt 5 egL
lkm/fb bfo/ ul/;s]kl5 c? klg ca08f 5
egL p;} jfbLn] p;} k|ltjfbLpk/ bfo/ u/]sf]
k|:t't lkm/fb c=j=&# g+ ;d]tn] lbg gkfpg]
sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]af6 tYodf k|jz
] ul//xg'
952
k/]g, c=j=!*) g+ adf]lhd vf/]h x'g] 7x5{

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf]
@)^$.%.!) sf] k}m;nf .
z'? k}m;nfdf lrQ a'em] g, k|:t't d'2fdf
c=j= &# g+ cfs[i6 x'g] cj:yf 5 egL ljkIfLn]
k|ltjfb ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g, cbfnt cfk}mn
F ]
k|Zg p7fO{ tYoleq k|j]z u/L OG;fkm ug{
OGsf/ ug'{ Gofof]lrt xFb' g} . lghL cfh{gsf] eGg]
k|ltjfb lhsL/ ;d]t g/x]sf] / bfjLsf] hUuf
k}ts
[ ;DklQ e} @)#^ ;fndf a08fkq xFb' f
a08f ge} cfh;Dd klg ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf btf{
/x]sf] / xfdL k'g/fj]bsn] b'O{ v08 / ljkIfLn]
Ps v08 cfcfgf] c+z efusf] ?kdf ef]urng
ub}c
{] fPsf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg tYo / k|df0fjf6
;dly{t x'bF fxFb' } bfjLsf] hUufaf6 xfd|f] b'O{ v08
xs 5'6o\ fO{ lbg] u/L OG;fkm ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] gu/L
ePsf] z'? k}m;nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
jfbL k|ltjfbLx tLg c+lzof/ /x]
ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvFbg} . bfjLsf] hUuf jfbL
k|ltjfbLx aLr @)#^ ;fndf c+za08f x'ge
' Gbf
klxn]bl] v g} oL k|ToyL{sf] gfd btf{df /x] ePsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . bfjLsf] hUuf a08f gnfUg]
:jcfh{gsf] xf] egL :jod\ k|ltjfbLn] lhsL/
lng ;s]sf] ;d]t gb]lvPaf6 ;f] hUuf k}ts
[
;DklQ /x] ePs} b]lvof] . oL jfbL k|ltjfbLx
aLr ldlt @)#^.@.!% df c+za08f x'bF f ;f]
hUuf a08f ePsf jf ;f] a08fkqdf ;f] hUuf
k|ltjfbLsf] ef]udf k/]sf] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvFbg} . k'g/fj]bs Pj+ ljkIfLxn] cf
cfgf] efusf] ;f] hUufdf efuzflGt ef]urng
ub}{ cfO/x]sf] / ;f] hUuf lghL cfh{gsf] eGg]
k|ltjfbL lhsL/ ;d]t gePsf] tyf a08f geO{
;uf]ndf /fvL ef]urng u/L cfPsf] hUufaf6
cfgf] c+zefusf] hUuf 5'6o\ fO{ kfpFm egL hlxn]
;'s} dfu ug]{ clwsf/ c+lzof/nfO{ sfg"gn]
k|bfg u/]sf] k[i7e"lddf bfjLsf] hUufjf6 oL
jfbLxn] cfgf] c+zefu 5'6o\ fO{ lng kfpg] g}

b]lvG5 . t;y{ plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0f ;d]taf6
lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h x'g] 7xofPsf] k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.%.!) sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf]
gb]lvFbf ab/ eO{ lkm/fb bfjLsf] ls=g+= !($ sf]
ca08f hUufjf6 tLg v08sf] b'O{ v08 hUuf
k'g/fj]bs jfbLxn] 5'6o\ fO{ btf{ u/L lng kfpg]
7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8F fsf] k}m;nf .
jfbLn] dpk/ ca08f hUuf a08f 5'6ofO{
kfpmF egL jfbL eO{ d'2f lbg' ePsf] 5 / OGsf/L
k|ltjfb klg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;j{ky| d jfbL
eO{ cfPs} JolQmsf] lkm/fb xbDofbleq 5 5}g,
jfbLsf] xsb}of 5 5}g eGg] tYopk/ ljrf/
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @^ df
b]jfgL d'2fdf cfgf] bfjL k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/
jfbLsf] x'g5
] egL sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . jfbLn]
bfjL lng' ePsf] d]/f] gfpdf btf{ /x]s} lhNnf
k;f{ uf=lj=;= x/ktu+h j8f g= @ ls=g+ !($
sf] h=lj= )#) ca08f hUuf xf] eGg] s'/fsf]
s'g} klg lnvt k|df0f jfbLn] k]z ug{ ;Sg'
ePsf] 5}g . o;/L jfbLn] ca08fsf] k|df0f k]z
ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf bfjLsf] hUuf a08f nfUg]
u/L ePsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
bfjLsf] ls=g+ !($ sf] hUuf d]/f] gfpdf
btf{ ePkZrft\ jfbL tyf xfd|faLr cyf{t\ xfdL
tLg hgf bfh' efOxaLr c+za08f x'bF f pQm
ls=g+ !($ sf] hUuf ca08f /x]sf] s'/f ;f]
a08fkqdf s'g} st} pNn]v 5}g . pQm a08fkq
ldlt @)#^.@.!% df ePsf] 5 . ;f] a08fkqdf
jfbLsf] lrQ ga'em] sf] eP ;f] a08fkq lnvt
kf/Lt ePsf] ldltn] c+za08fsf] #@ g+ n] a08fkq
v8f ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq d'2f bfo/
ug'k{ g]{ lyof] . t/, jfbLn] ;f] tLg dlxgfsf]
Dofbleqdf ph"/jfh"/ gu/L @& jif{kl5 k|:t't
d'2f lbPsf]n] ;f] d'2f vf/]h ug'k{ g]d{ f Gofostf{Ho"n]
bfjLsf] hUuf a08f nfUg] u/L ug'{ ePsf] k}m;nf
953
q' l 6k" 0 f{ 5 . k' g /fj] b g cbfnt x] 6 f} F 8 fsf

Gofostf{Ho"n] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^$.%.!) sf] vf/]hL k}m;nfnfO{ ab/ x'g] u/L
/ lkm/fb bfjLsf] ls=g= !($ sf] hUufaf6 tLg
efusf] b'O{ efu jfbLxn] 5'6o\ fO{ btf{ u/L lng
kfpg] 7xofO{ ldlt @)^%.!).@).@ df ug'{
ePsf] q'l6k"0f{ k}m;nf pN6fO{ k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.%.!) sf] vf/]h k}m;nf
;b/ x'g] u/L / pQm ls=g= !($ sf] h=lj=)
#) df jfbLsf] 5'6o\ fO{ btf{ u/L lng gkfpg]
u/L Gofo OG;fkm ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg kq;lxt
z'? tyf /]s8{ ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx cWoog
ul/of] . o;df @)#^.@.!% df a08fkq x'Fbf
a08f ge} ca08f /xg uPsf] ls=g+ !($ sf]
hUuf tLg} hgf bfh' efOn] a/fa/ ef]urng
u/L cfPsf]df xfn ;f] hUufdf ef]urng ug{
lbGg egL ljkIfLn] eg]sf]n] ;f] hUufaf6 xfdL
lkm/fbLxsf] c+zefu 5'6o\ fO{ kfpmF eGg] d'Vo
jfbL bfjL ePsf]df c=a+= !*) g+ adf]lhd
lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h x'g] 7xofPsf] z'? k}m;nfpk/
jfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg bfo/ x'bF f z'? k}m;nf pN6L
eO{ bfjLsf] hUufaf6 tLg efusf] b'O{ efu
kfpg] u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nfdf
lrQ ga'emfO{ k|ltjfbLaf6 k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kq
bfo/ ePsf] l:yltdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf
ldn]sf] 5 5}g cyf{t\ k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'U5 k'Ub}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvof] .
@= OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLn]
d'Vo kdf c+za08fsf] #% g+ sf] lhsL/ lnFb}
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 egL
lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . c+za08fsf] #% g+= sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ b]xfoadf]lhd b]lvG5 M
#% g+= c+za08f g} gePsf] jf a08f x'bF f

ca08f uf]Zjf/fsf] lnvt ePsf] / lnvt
geP klg lx;fj zflGt b'j} y/sf] ef]u
ePsf]df hlxn];s
' } klg / lnvt / ef]u}
gePsf]df cl3 a08f e} afFsL /x]sf] jf
bafP 5kfPsf] kfpFm eGg cfPdf leGg
leGg hLp;Dd dfq gfln; nfU5
ca08f uf]Zjf/fsf] lnvt ePsf]df cf
cfkmgf] c+z xs nfUg] hlt ca08f cf
cfkm\gf] v'z x'G5 .
#= k|:t't sfg"gL Joj:yfn] u/]sf] k|jGwsf]
cWoog ubf{ c+za08f g} gePsf] jf a08f x'bF f
ca08f uf]Zjf/fsf] lnvt ePsf] / lnvt geP
klg lx;fj zflGt b'j} y/sf] ef]u ePsf]df
hlxn];s
' } klg gfn]; nfUg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ef]u}
gePsf]df cl3 a08f e} afFsL /x]sf] jf bafP
5kfPsf] kfpmF eGg cfPdf leGg leGg lhp;Dd
dfq gfln; nfUg ;Sg] b]lvof] . o;af6
c+z a08f gePsf, lnvtdf ca08f hlgPsf,
lnvtdf ghlgP klg ;fd"lxs ef]u ePsf /
lnvt / ef]u gePsf]df a08f jfFsL /x]sf rf/
k|sl[ tsf ;DklQ kl5af6 klg a08f x'g ;Sg]
b]lvof] . o; sfg"gL Joj:yfjf6 a08fkq x'bF f
ca08f eGg] hlgPg eGb}df ;f] ;DklQ ca08f
x'g} g;Sg] xf]Og . s'g} ;DklQ kl5af6 a08f x'g]
xf] xf]Og k|sl[ t / ef]usf] cj:yfaf6 lgwf{/0f
ug'k{ 5{ eGg]] c+za08fsf] #% g+= sf] cfzo xf] .
c+l+ zof/aLr Ps} k6s ;a} ;DklQ a08f ug}k{ 5{
eGg] sfg"gL afWotf x'bF g} . s'g} ;DklQ dfq klg
a08f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf] v08] c+z ePsf]
k|i6 lsl;dn] b]lvg' eg] kb{5 . ;fd"lxs ef]udf
/x]sf] s'g} ;DklQsf xsdf a08fkqdf ;fd"lxs
jf ;femf ef]udf /xg] hlgPg eGb}df Tof] ;DklQ
h;sf] gfddf 5 p;}sf] Psnf}6L x'g] xf]Og .
;DklQsf] k|sl[ tn] of] k}ts
[ b]lvO{ Tof] a08f x'g]
k|sl[ tsf] b]lvG5 / cGo c+lzof/sf] ef]udf ;d]t
954
5 eg] o:tf] ;DklQnfO{ c+za08fsf] #% g+=

cg';f/ a08fsf] dfu ub}{ gfn]; nfUg] g} cj:yf
x'G5 .
$= k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL k|ltjfbLx tLg
c+lzof/ /x] ePsf]df b'j} kIfaLr d'v ldn]s}
b]lvG5 . bfjLsf] ls g+ !($ sf] hUufsf ;DaGwdf
jfbL k|ltjfbLx aLr @)#^.@.!% df c+za08f
x'bF f ca08f /x]sf] egL lnvtdf k/]sf] kfOFbg} .
jfbLn] ls=g+= !($ sf] )#) hUufdWo]
blIf0ftkm{af6 cfkm"n] lx;fjzflGtn] ef]urng
ul/cfO/x]sf] egL bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;}
nufpsf] @)^^RI)!!* sf] ca08f hUuf a08f
5'6o\ fO kfpmF eGg] d'2fdf cfh} bfjLadf]lhd
a08f 5'6o\ fO lng kfpg] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nfdf d'2f bf]xf]ofO x]g{ ldn]g
egL cfb]z ePsf] 5 . pQm d'2fdf k|ltjfbL
btf{sf ls=g+=%@, $* / !(@ sf hUuf klg
a08f nfUg] u/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . oL tLg
lsQf hUufsf] xsdf @)^#.#.@ df lkm/fb bfo/
ePsf] 5 eg] k|:t't d'2fsf] ls=g+=!($ sf]
xsdf @)^#.!@.!* df lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf]
b]lvG5 . k|:t't ls=g+= !($ sf] hUuf klg
@)#^.@.!% sf] a08fkq x'ge
' Gbf klxn]bl] v g}
k|ltjfbLsf gfd btf{df /x] ePsf] b]lvG5 . bfaLsf]
hUuf a08f gnfUg] lghL cfh{gsf] xf] egL :jo+
k|ltjfbLn] lhsL/ lng ;s]sf] b]lvb}g+ . s]jn
@)#^ ;fndf a08f e} ;s]sf] 5, ca08fsf]
lnvt 5}g eGg] dfq lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] of] olt sf/0fn] cfkm\gf] dfq xs
nfUg] xf], a08f ug'k{ g]{ xf]Og eGg] lhsL/ lnO{
;f]nfO{ k'li6 x'g] u/L k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf]
b]lvb}g+ . oL kIfljkIfaLr @)#^ ;fndf a08fkq
x'bF f of] hUuf a08f ePsf] cyf{t\ k|ltjfbLsf]
efudf k/]sf] eGg] ;d]t a08f kqsf] Joxf]/faf6
b]lvFbg} . Psf;uf]ndf /xFbf h'g;'s} kl/jf/sf]
gfpFdf /x]sf] eP klg ;a} c+lzof/sf] ;dfg
c+z xs nfUg] / a08fkq x'bF f ;f] ;DklQsf
;DaGwdf gaf]lnPsf] cj:yfdf ;a} c+lzof/sf]

xs nfUg] g} x'G5 .
%= a08fkq x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf s'n
;DklQdWo] s] s'g ;DklQ s'g c+lzof/sf] efudf
k/]sf] xf] :ki6 pNn]v x'gk' b{5 . a08fkqdf s'g}
;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL gaf]lnPsf] cj:yfdf
Tof] h;sf gfddf 5 p;}sf] dfq x'g] c?
c+lzof/sf] To;af6 xs nf]k x'g] eGg] cy{ nfUg
;Sb}g . xssf] ;dflKt k|i6 ?kdf n]lvPsf]
cj:yfdf dfq x'G5 . s'g} ;DklQsf] ljifodf
s]xL n]lvb}g eg] To;sf] k|sl[ tn] Tof] x]:a08f
x'g] jf gx'g] lgwf{l/t ub{5 . ;f] ;DklQ s'g}
c+lzof/sf] lghL x'g] eGg] k|i6 pNn]v gePsf]
cj:yfdf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-v_ adf]lhd
cGoyf k| d fl0ft geP;Dd Psf3/;F u sf
c+lzof/xdWo] h'g;'s} c+lzof/sf gfddf /x]sf]
;DklQ ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ xf] egL cg'dfg ul/g]
sfg"gL Joj:yf lqmofzLn x'G5 .
^= ca08f uf]Zjf/fsf] lnvt ePsf]df
a08f g5'6o\ fO{ Tof] ;DklQdf cGt/e"t cfgf]
efu cfkm"vz
" ug{ c+za08fsf] #% g+= n] cg'dlt
lbPsf] 5 . o:tf] lnvt gePsf] cj:yfdf a08fsf]
lnvtn] ;f] ;DklQdf s'g} Ps c+lzof/sf] xs
k|i6 zAbdf ;'/lIft u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s
k|df0ff/f Tof] ;DklQ a08f nfUg] k|sl[ tsf] b]lvof]
eg] cGo c+lzof/sf] To; ;DklQaf6 xs nf]k
x'bF g} . o:t} cj:yfnfO{ ;+Djf]wg ug{ c+za08fsf]
#% g+= n] lnvt geP klg lx;fj zflGt b'j}
y/sf] ef]u ePsf]df hlxn];s
' } klg gfln; nfUg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] . gfln; nfUg] eGg'sf] tfTko{
To:tf] ;DklQdf ef]usf gftfn] xs k|fKt x'g]
eGg] g} xf] .
&= k|ltjfbLn] Psk6s ca08fsf] gfn]z
lbPkl5 k'g csf]{ gfn]z nfUg ;Qm}g eGg]
lhsL/sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ jfbLn] ca08f
hUufsf] bfjL ubf{ d'Vo u/]/ c+za08fsf] #% g+
sf] cfwf/ lnPsf] / pQm g+=df ePsf] sfg"gL
955
Joj:yfaf6 ef]u ePsf]df hlxn];s

' } / ef]u
lg0f{o g+= **$&
gePsf]df klg hLphLp ;Dd gfn]z nfUg ;Sg]
Aoj:yf e} cGo s'g} zt{aGb]h nufPsf] b]lvFbg} .
ljjflbt hUuf oL kIf ljkIfaLr @)#^ ;fndf
' m Ohnf;
c+za08f x'g' k"jb{ l] v g} k}ts
[ ;DklQsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] / jfbL k|ltjfbLn] cfcfkm\gf] efu lx:;f
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
ef]urng ub}{} cfO/x]sf] syg b]lvG5 . a08fkq
@)^&WO!!@&
df}g /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;fd"lxs ef]u ul//x]sf]
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.#.@$.!
eGg] jfbLxsf] sygnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] OGsf/ u/L
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fldl>t k/dfb]z .
e/kbf]{ k|df0faf6 To;nfO{ k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] lgj]bsM lh=?kGb]xL l;4fy{gu/( 3/ eO{ dN6Ln]6/n
cj:yf 5}g . k}ts
[ ;DklQsf xsdf Psnf}6L
Osf]gf]lds P;]6 l8lehg dxfzfvfdf zfvf
ef]u u/L cfPsf] eGg] sygn] Tof] lghsf] Psnf}6L
clws[t kbdf sfo{/t\ /f]zg vgfn ;d]t
eGg Gofo;+ut x'bF g} . ;f] hUuf lghL cfh{gsf]
lj?4
eGg] k|ltjfb lhsL/ ;d]t gePsf] tyf a08f ljkIfLM k//fi6 dGqfno ;d]t
geO{ ;uf]ndf /fvL ef]urng u/L cfPsf]
;DklQaf6 cfgf] c+zefu 5'6' o\ fO{ kfpmF egL
%% k|ltzt l;6 v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6
hlxn];s
' } dfu ug]{ clwsf/ sfg"gn] c+lzof/nfO{
5gf}6 x'g] / $% k|ltzt ;dfj]zLtfsf
k|bfg u/]sf] kl/k|I] odf bfjLsf] ;DklQaf6 oL
cfwf/df 5gf}6 x'g] x'gfn] Ps} txleq
jfbLxn] cfkmgf] c+z efu 5'6o\ fO{ lng kfpg]
lnPsf] Pp6} k|Zg / k4ltsf] k/LIffdf
g} b]lvFbf jfbLxn] cfkmgf] lx:;f 5'6f\ O{ lng
pQL0f{ ePsf aLr sf]eGbf sf] h]i7 jf
kfpg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt k}m;nf
slgi7 egL s]jn lj1fkg gDa/ /
sfg"g;Ddt\ g} b]lvof] .
ldltqmd jf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
*= t;y,{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0f
sf] bkmf & df pNn]v ePsf] qmdsf]
;d]taf6 lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h x'g] 7xofPsf] k;f{
cfwf/df lg0f{ o ug{ pko' Q m tyf
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.%.!) sf] k}m;nf
Gofo;+ut gx'g] .
pN6L u/L ls=g= !($ g+ sf] ca08f hUufaf6
-k|s/0f g+=+ %_
tLg efudWo] b'O{ efu hUuf jfbLxn] 5'6o\ fO{
v'Nnftkm{ / ;dfj]zLtkm{ 5'f5'} lj1fkg
btf{ u/L lng kfpg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
gDa/, 5'f5'} l;kmfl/z ug]{ x'gfn]
x]6f}8F fsf] k}m;nf d'gfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
Pp6fsf] ;"rLcGtu{tsf] JolQmnfO{
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Q}mg .
csf{sf] ;"rLcGtu{t ;dfj]z ug]{ s'/f
x'bF g} / Pp6f lj1fkg gDa/ cl3Nnf] /
u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
csf]{ lj1fkg ;f]eGbf kl5Nnf] ePsf]
pSt /fodf ;xdt 5' .
gftfn] dfq} Pp6} k/LIffaf6 rog ePsf
Gof=sNof0f >]i7
pDd]bjf/\x dWo] Ho]i7 jf slgi7 egL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t @@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
5'6o\ fpg] cfwf/ j}1flgs Pj+ Gofof]lrt\
Ohnf; clws[t M lai0f'k;
| fb pkfWofo
gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ ^_
&
956
**$& - /f]zg vgfn ;d]t lj=k//fi6 dGqfno ;d]t
Ps}k6s Pp6} k|Zgkq tyf k4ltaf6

rog ePsf k/LIffyL{nfO{ lj1fkg gDa/
tyf l;kmfl/z ldltsf cfwf/df ge}
;a} lj1fkg gDa/df 5gf}6 ePsfxnfO{
Pp6f 6f]s/Ldf xfnL lgh ;dfj]z ePsf]
k/LIffsf] d"Nofgdf k|fKt u/]sf] caf6
g} ltgLxsf] of]Uotfqmdsf] lgwf{/0f
x'gk' g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=+ !!_
lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ tyf clwjQmfx
afns[i0f g]pkfg], 8f=ledfh'g{ cfrfo{,
dfwjs'df/ j:g]t / ;'jf; cfrfo{
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL
l3ld/], ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo xl/x/
bfxfn, zDe' yfkf tyf clwjQmfx
xl/k|;fb pk|t] L / lbgdl0f kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f !%#
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] bkmf &
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)& -@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If] q
cGtu{tbfo/ e} k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt Joxf]/f / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
ljkIfL nf] s ;] j f cfof] u af6 ldlt
@)^^.(.@( df g]kfn k//fi6 ;]jfsf] zfvf
clws[t kbsf] kbk"lt{sf] nflu dlxnf lj1fkg
g+= !#$!)^^)^& ;"rgf g+= !)%)^&
^*, cflbjf;L hghflt lj1fkg g+ =
!#$!)^^^& ;"rgf g+= !)^)^&^*,
dw]zL lj1fkg ldlt !#$!)^^^& ;"rgf

g+ = !)&)^&^*, blnt lj1fkg g+ =
!#$!)^^^& ;"rgf g+= !)*)^&^*,
ckf lj1fkg g+= !#$!)^^^& ;"rgf g+=
!)()^&^*, lk5l8Psf] If]q lj1fkg g+=
!#$!)^^^& ;"rgf g+= !!))^&^*,
v'Nnf lj1fkg g+= !#$@)^&^* ;"rgf g+=
!!!)^&^* adf]lhdsf] ;"rgfcGtu{t xfdL
lgj]bsxn] qmdzM dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt
dw];L, blnt ckf, lk5l8Psf] If]qcGtu{t
x'g] k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu lgodfg';f/ cfj]bg
u/]kl5 ldlt @)^&.%.!) df ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf]
lnlvt k/LIff / To;kl5 ldlt @)^&.%.!! df
v'Nnf ;dfj]zL b'a}tkm{sf] cGtjf{tf{ k/LIff
lnPsf]df xfdL lgj]bsdWo] s]xLn] ;"rgf g+=
!!!)^&^* lj1fkg g+= !#$@)^&^*
sf] k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu ;d]t cfj]bg e/L
lnlvt k/LIffaf6 pQL0f{ ePtfklg ;dfj]zL
tkm{sf] k/LIffdf ;d]t pQL0f{ eO{ b'a}tkm{ gfd
k|sflzt ePsf]df ;dfj]zLtkm{ dfq cGtjf{tf{df
;lDdlnt u/fO{ v'Nnftkm{ ;lDdlnt u/fOPg .
;dfj]zL ;d"xtkm{ c;kmn ePsf ;Ltf a:g]t,
;fljqf cf]nL tyf xl/sfGt kf}8]n v'Nnftkm{
;kmn ePsf]n] v'Nnftkm{ l;kmfl/z x'g] xfdL
lgj]bsxeGbf of]Uo egL cy{ ug{ ;d]t
ldNb}g . pDd]bjf/x dWo] k|dLtf clwsf/L,
gf/fo0fk|;fb jfUn], pQds'df/ zfxL, s'naxfb'/
du/, /fdl;+x yfkfn] ;dfj]zL tyf v'Nnf b'a}
tkm{sf] lnlvt k/LIffdf pQL0f{ u/L of]Uotf
k|dfl0ft u/]sf lyP . ;dfj]zL tyf v'Nnf
b'a}tkm{sf pDd]bjf/xsf] nflu lnlvt k/LIff
Pp6} /x]sf] lyof] . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] plNnlvt
;"rgf cg';f/sf] kbxsf] nflu of]Uo pDd]bjf/
5gf}6 k|lqmof k"/f u/L lgj]bsx ;d]tsf
pDd]bjf/xsf] of]Uotfqmd sfod ul/Psf]
Joxf]/fsf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ubf{sf]
qmd lgDgadf]lhd lyof] .
957
-s_ lj1fkg g+= !#$!)^^)^& ;dfj]zL

-dlxnf_ kb ;+Vof % sf] clGtd r/0fsf
k/LIffx z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf cGtjf{tf{
;d]tsf] k|fKtfaf6 sfod of]Uotfqmd;DaGwL
;"rgf g+= !)%)^&^* k|sflzt ePsf] .
-v_ lj1fkg g+= !#$!)^^^& ;dfj]zL
-cflbjf;Lhghflt_ kb ;+Vof # sf] P]=P]=
sfod of]Uotfqmd ;DaGwL ;"rgf g+=
!)^)^&^* k|sflzt ePsf] .
-u_ lj1fkg ldlt !#$!)^&^* ;dfj]zL
-dw]zL_ kb ;+Vof # sf] P]=P]= ;"rgf g+=
!)&)^&^* k|sflzt ePsf] .
-3 lj1fkg g+= !#$!)^&^* ;dfj]zL -blnt_
kb;+Vof ! sf] P]=P]= sf] ;"rgf g+=
!)*)^&^* k|sflzt ePsf] .
-_ lj1fkg g+= !#$!)^& ;dfj]zL -ckf_
kb;+Vof ! sf] P]=P]= sf] ;"rgf g+= !)()^&
^* k|sflzt ePsf] .
-r_ lj1fkg g+= !#$!)^^^& ;dfj]zL
-lk5l8Psf] If]q_ kb;+Vof ! sf] P]=P]= sf]
;"rgf g+= !!))^&^* k|sflzt ePsf] .
lj1fkg g+= !#$!)^^^& -v'Nnf_
kb;+Vof !) sf] P]=P]=;"rgf g+= !!!)^&^*
k|sflzt ePsf] .
ljkIfL nf] s ;] j f cfof] u cGt{ j ftf{
l;kmfl/z zfvfn] l;kmfl/z ePsf
pDd]bjf/xnfO{ lgodfg';f/ lgo'lQm lbg' x'g /
;f]sf] hfgsf/L cfof]udf k7fpg' x'g ;d]t
lg0f{ofg';f/ cg'/f]w ul/G5 egL ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfnonfO{ n] v ] s f] kqsf] k| l tlnlksf]
cjnf]sgaf6 ;d]t dfly k|s/0f @ sf] -s_ b]lv
-5_ ;Dddf plNnlvt of]Uotfqmd oyfjt pNn]v
u/L kq k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . tt\kZrft ljkIfL
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ldlt @)^&.%.!$
df k=;+ -s=k|=s= $=!_ )^&^* r=g+= @% sf]
kqf/f >L k//fi6 dGqfnonfO{ lgodfg';f/

lgo'lQmsf nflu cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu
cg' / f] w 5 egL kq k7fPsf] / ;f] x L
l;kmfl/zkqnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL xfdL lgj]bsxdWo]
qmdz M dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt,
ckf tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d"xdf kg]{ lgj]bsxnfO{
qmdz M ! b]lv !$ ;Dddf / v'Nnf tkm{sf
ljkIfL !$ hgfnfO{ xfdL lgj]bsxsf] gfdsf]
qmdeGbf kl5 nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 z'?df k|sflzt
l;kmfl/zqmdl;nl;nf cg'k g} lgo'lQm lbO{
b}lgs xfhL/skLdf gfd pNn]v u/L lgoldt
xfhL/ u/fO{ sfddf v6fOPsf] lyof] . t/ kl5
crfgs ldlt @)^*.!.% b]lv ;dfj]zL
v'Nnftkm{sf] l/Qm kbdf lgo'lQm lnO{ sfo{/t\
/x]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"g Pj+ k|rng ;d]tsf]
ljk/Lt kl5Nnf] qmddf l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf
v'Nnftkm{sf !$ hgfnfO{ qmd;+Vof ! b]lv !$
;Dd sfod u/L xfdL lgj]bsxnfO{ qmd;+Vof
!% b]lv @* leq /xg] u/L h]i7tf Pj+ xfhL/
qmddf /fVg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] / xfhL/ skLdf
;d]t qmd kl/jt{g u/]sf] a'lemg cfO{ s] s'g
txsf] s:tf] lg0f{on] xfdL lgj]bsxsf] sfod
eO;s]sf] h]i7tfof]Uotfqmd ljkIfLx eGbf
kl5 kfg]{ u/L lg0f{o ePsf] xf] egL lg0f{osf]
gSsn dfu ubf{ ldlt @)^*.@.^ sf] kqdfkm{t\
/f]zg vgfn tyf zfvf clws[tx ;dfj]zL
egL ljkIfL k//fi6 dGqfno, ;lrj:t/sf] ldlt
@)^*.!.% sf] lg0f{on] slyt h]i7tf;DaGwL
lg0f{o xfdL lgj]bsxnfO{ k|fKt eof] .
ljkIfLxnfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]uf/f
k|dfl0ft of]Uotfqmdsf] ;"rLdf tndfly kfg]{
u/L lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ k|rlnt sfg"gn] k|bfg
u/]sf] 5}g . xfdL lgj]bsxnfO{ ldlt @)^&.%.!%
df lbOPsf] lgo'lQmkq cg';f/ of]Uotfqmd Pj+
h]i7tfqmd sfod eO;s]sf] / ;f] lgo'lQmkq
adf]lhd lgoldt xfhL/skLdf xfhL/qmd ;d]t
sfod eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . kl5 cGo sf/jfxL
958
/ lg0f{o u/L cl3 Ps k6s nf]s;]jf cfof]uf/f

lnOPsf] lnlvt df}lvs k/LIff kZrft\ sfod
x'g cfPsf] of]Uotfqmdsf] ;"rLdf x]/km]/ ug]{
u/fpg] clwsf/ ljkIfLxnfO{ k|fKt 5}g .
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod
*$*( ;d]tsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ ljkIfL nf]s;]jf
cfof]uf/f lnPsf] k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf]
gtLhfcg';f/ sfod ePsf] of]UotfqmdeGbf cGo
s'g} cfwf/df h]i7tf sfod ug{ ldNb}g .
ljkIfL ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno Pj+
nf]s;]jf cfof]unufot s;}nfO{ klg Ps k6s
ljlw / k|lqmof k"/f u/L eP u/]sf] k|dfl0ft
of]UotfqmdnfO{ tndfly ug{ kfpg] u/L s'g}
/fol;kmfl/z jf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ k|rlnt
sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . ljkIfL k//fi6
dGqfnoaf6 xfdL lgj] b sxnfO{ ldlt
@)^&.%.!% sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ lgo'lQm lbO{ ;f]xL
ldltb]lv nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z eO{
cfPsf] of]Uotfqmdcg';f/ g} xfhL/skLnufot
gf] s /L clen] v df sfod ul/;s] s f]
of]Uotfqmddf x]/km]/ ug]{u/L ldlt @)^*.!.%
df lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ s'g} sfg"gn] clwsf/
glbPsf] / ;dfj]zL tkm{sf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ ljz]if
;+/If0f lbg] u/L ePsf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] dd{ / efjgfsf] ;d]t ljk/Lt x'g]
u/L plNnlvt u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o ePsf] :ki6
5 . ldlt @)^*.!.% df u/]sf] plNnlvt
u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf lgoldt
xfhL/skLdf ;d]t k"/f of]Uotfh]i7tfqmdnfO{
pN6fO{ ljkIfL v'Nnftkm{sf] !$ kbdf l;kmfl/z
eO{ cfPsf JolQmxnfO{ qmdzM h]i7tf sfod
u/]sf] / ;f]sf] kl/0ffd b'ikl/0ffd :j?k
k//fi6 ; ] j f cGtu{ t ;] j fsfnLg tflnd,
kb:yfkg, ;?jfnufotsf k|fyldstfdf cfd"n
kl/jt{g x'g uO{ eljiodf x'g] a9'jf nufotsf
j[lQ ljsf; k|lqmof;'ljwfxs cflbsf s'/fdf
tTsfn} k|lts"n c;/ kf/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( lgodfjnL @)%) Pj+ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# ;d]tf/f k|bQ sfg"gL Pj+
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# ;d]tf/f
k|bQ sfg"gL Pj+ df}lns xs pk/ u}/sfg"gL
Pj+ cg' l rt cltqmd0f ePsf] x' F b f ldlt
@)^*.!.% sf] lg0f{ o Pj+ ;f] ;DaGwL
;Dk"0f{kqfrf/clen]v ;d]t ab/ u/L ldlt
@)^&.%.!% sf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL lg0f{ofg';f/
sfod k"j{ of]Uotf Pj+ h]i7tfqmd oyfjt\
sfod u/L Gofo kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] /f]zg
vgfn ;d]tsf lgj]bsxsf] ;+oQ
' m l/6 lgj]bg
Aoxf]/f .
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L gx'g' kg]{ xf] <
hf/L x'g gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP ;f]sf] sf/0f cfwf/
v'nfO{ ;a"b k|df0f;lxt of] cfb]zk|fKt ePsf
ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt
hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ePdf jf Dofb gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ .
o;df o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.@.@&
df ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufpg] tyf
cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfusf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf]
nflu ldlt @)^*.#.! ut] pkl:yt x'g' egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbg' egL ePsf] cfb]zfg';f/
ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf hf/L ePsf] Dofb tfd]n
x'bF f k//fi6 dGqfnodf sfo{/t\ ljkIfLx 3gZofd
e08f/L, b' / kbf ;fksf] 6 f, nId0f vgfn,
zq'3gk|;fb zdf{ kf]v/]n, clDjsf hf]zL, k|ydf
pkfWofo, nlntf l;njfn, ;Ltf j:g]t, xl/sfGt
kf}8n
] , ljzfn e/fO{, /l~htf bfxfn, Clif/fh
cfrfo{, ;fljqf cf]nL / l;h{gf clwsfl/sf
gfpFsf] Dofb ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ ga'emfO{ k//fi6
dGqfnodf a'emfPsf] b]lvFbf tL Dofbx /Ltk"js
{
tfd]n ePsf] gb]lvFbf plNnlvt ljkIfLxsf
gfpFsf] Dofb ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ca plNnlvt
k|ltjfbLxsf gfpFdf k"j{ cfb]zfg';f/ k'gM Dofb
959
hf/L u/L /Ltk"js

{ tfd]n u/L cGtl/d cfb]z
5nkmnsf] nflu ldlt @)^*.#.^ ut] pkl:yt
x'g' egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/
u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6
ePsf] cfb]z .
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug]{ gug]{ ;DaGwdf
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] /fo aflemO k"0f{ Ohnf;df
k7fpg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z ldl;n ;+nUg
/x]sf] .
lgj]bsxnfO{ kb:yfkg ug]{ u/L
@)^&.%.!% df ePsf] lg0f{odf of]Uotfqmd tf]sL
lg0f{o ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] / ljkIfLxn] To;af6
h]i7tf ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf]df cfkm"xnfO{ dsf{
kg{ cfPsf] egL lbPsf] lgj]bgsf cfwf/df g}
@)^*.!.% df k//fi6 dGqfnosf] ;lrj:t/af6
ljjflbt lg0f{o ePsf] ;d]t kl/k|I] oaf6 ljrf/
ubf{ ;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug'{ Goflos jf jf~5gLo
b]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf ljifoxdf
l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f x'bF f 7x/]adf]lhd
x'g] g} x'gfn] xfnnfO{ @)^*.!.% sf] pQm lg0f{o
lqmofzLn Pj+ sfof{lGjt gu/L oyfl:yltdf /fVg'
egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ug]{ u/]sf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz
>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbjsf] /fo dgfl;a b]lvFbf
;f]xL /fo ;b/ x'G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k"0f{
Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z .
ljkIfLxnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !#-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf]
wf/f @! Pjd\ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhdsf] df}lnsxs
Pjd\ sfg"gL xssf] xgg\ ePsf] cj:yf 5}g .
k|rlnt sfg"gdf st} klg ljkIfLxnfO{ xfdL
k|ToyL{ eGbf dflysf] :yfgdf /fvL lgo'lQm
lbg'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf gePsf] x'gfn] sfg"gdf
gePsf] jf sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhdsf]
eGbf a9L ;'ljwf dfu ug]{ xs lghxnfO{ s'g}
sfg"gn] klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . Pp6f ;fdfGo

ljj]sn] klg hlt w]/} ;+Vofdf k|lt:kwL{xaf6
pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 x'G5 Tolt g} of]Uo pDd]bjf/
5gf}6 x'g] s'/fnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . b'O{
hgfsf aLrdf ePsf] k|lt:kwf{af6 k|yd x'g]
JolQm / Ps xhf/ hgf aLraf6 k|yd x'g]
JolQmsf] u'0f, Ifdtf of]Uotfdf lgZro g} km/s
k5{ To;} l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL a9L k|ltztsf
cfwf/df 5gf} 6 ePsf] 5 ToxLcg' ; f/
of] U otfqmdsf] :yfg lgwf{ / 0f ug] { u/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ n oaf6 v' N nf
k|ltof]lutfsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ klxnf] :yfgdf /
;dfj]zL tkm{sf pDd]bjf/xnfO{ To; kl5sf]
:yfgdf qmdzM /fVb} hfg] u/L of]Uotfqmd
lgwf{/0f ug{ pko'Qm x'g] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nosf] /fonfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ /fvL k//fi6
dGqfnosf ;lrjaf6 ldlt @)^*.!.% df ePsf]
lg0f{o ljNs'n} dgfl;j 5 . ljkIfLxsf] gfd
l;kmfl/z ubf{ xfd|f] gfd eGbf dflyNnf] :yfgdf
/fvL cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] xf]Og /
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;d]t ToxL ?kdf
l;kmfl/z gu/]sf] cj:yfdf k//fi6 dGqfnosf]
e"nj; klxn] b]lvsf] :yflkt k/Dk/f / ts{
ljk/Lt q'l6k"0f{ 9+un] xfd|f] eGbf dflyNnf]
:yfgdf kfg]{ u/L ljkIfLxnfO{ lgo'lQm lbg]
sf/0fn] ljkIfLxsf] xs ;[li6 x'g ;Sb}g .
o; k" j { ldlt @)^^.%.@* tyf
@)^^.)*.!* df qmdz zfvf clws[t / gf=;'=
txsf sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf v'Nnf tkm{sf] /
;dfj]zL tkm{sf] pDd]b\jf/xnfO{ lgo'lQm lbFbf
;d]t v'Nnf tkm{sf]nfO{ h]i7tfdf /fvL lgo'lQm
lbOPsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLxnfO{ lgo'lQm lbFbf
;f] k/Dk/f / cEof;sf] ljk/Lt ePsf] sf/0fn]
g} To;nfO{ ;Rofpg' k/] s f] xf] . k//fi6
dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^*.!.% df ePsf] lg0f{o
s' g } Goflos ( Adjudicative) lg0f{ o geP/
k|zf;lgs -Administrative_ lg0f{o ePsf] x'gfn]
960
To:tf] lg0f{odf ;DdfgLt cbfntn] x:tIf]k

u/L cGoyf ug{ ldNb} g . lghfdtL ;] j f
P]g,@)$( sf] bkmf (, g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{
ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod % tyf
cg';"rL @ sf] qmd;+Vof * sf] b]xfo !* df
g]kfn k//fi6 ;]jfsf] ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{
k//fi6 dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q leq kg]{ / sfo{
;Dkfbg lgodfjnL adf]lhd zfvf clws[t
lgo' l Qm;DaGwL ljifo k//fi6 dGqfnosf
;lrjsf] clwsf/ leqsf] ljifo x'gfn] pQm
lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . ;dfj]zLtkm{
k|ltikwf{ ug]{ pDd]bjf/n] v'Nnf tkm{ k|ltikwf{
ug]{ pDd]bjf/n] h:tf] k|f/lDes k/LIff klg
lbg' gkg]{ u/L pgLxnfO{ Ps k|sf/n] ;'ljwf
k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L k|f/lDes k/LIff
ljg} l;ldt ;+Vofdf k|ltikwf{ u/L cfpg]
pgLxn] k|f/lDes k/LIff plQ{0f u/L a[xt
;Vofdf k|ltikwf{ u/L plQ0f{ ePsf v'Nnf
tkm{af6 plQ0f{ ePsfx eGbf jl/i7 x'g kfpFm
eGg' ts{;+ut gePsf] tYo :ki6 5 . v'Nnf
tkm{sf] lnlvt k/LIffdf cg'QL0f{ ePsf JolQmn]
k|f/lDes k/LIff ;d]t plQ{0f u/L a[xt ;+Vofdf
k|ltikwf{ u/L plQ{0f ePsf v'Nnf tkm{sf eGbf
jl/i7 x'g kfpFm eGg ldNb}g . xfdLn]] k|lt:kwf{
u/]sf] lj1fkgdf ljkIfLx ;a}n] k|lt:kwf{
ug{ kfpg] t/ ljkIfLxn] k|lt:kwf{ u/]sf]
lj1fkgdf xfdLn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ gkfpg] ePsf]n]
xfdLn] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf k|ltikwf{ u/L 5gf}6 ePsf
x' g fn] lgo' l Qm ubf{ of] U otfqmddf xfdLn]
k|fyldstf kfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf ls+lrt klg ljjfb
x'g ;Sb}g .
lj1fkg gDa/ jf ;"rgf gDa/sf]
;+/rgfn] pDd]bjf/sf] ljlzi6tf 5'ofpg] xf]Og .
nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ljleGg ;d"xleqsf] of]Uotf
dfq tf]ss
] f] t/ s'g ;d"x jl/i7tfdf cufl8
x'g] egL gtf]ss
] f] a? kl5 k//fi6 dGqfnoaf6
o; ;DaGwdf /fo dfUbf nf]s;]jf cfof]un]
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g} lg0f{o ug]{ eGg] /fo lbPsf]

5 . t;y{ ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df cfkm"n] of]Uotfqmd
dflyNnf] :yfg kfpg' kg]{ eGg] ljkIfLxsf] dfu
bfjLsf] s'g} ;fy{s ;DaGw g} b]lvFbg} . l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] ljkIfL 3gZofd
e08f/L ;d]tsf tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] ;+oQ' m lnlvt
hjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]
lgod !& sf] pklgod ! adf]lhd /fhkq
cg+lst lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jf ;d"x jf
;]jf pk;d"x;DaGwL dGqfnosf] ;lrjn]
lgo'lQm lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd lgo'lQmsf] nflu
;]jf ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ k//fi6 dGqfnodf
n]vL k7fpg] ;Ddsf] sfo{ o; dGqfnoaf6
ePsf] xf] . l/6 lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf ljifodf
l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L o; dGqfnoaf6
s'g} sfdsf/jfxL gePsf]n] ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f
o; dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/
ul/Psf] l/6 vf/]hof]Uo 5 eGg] ;d]tsf] ljkIfL
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k/]sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf
#&, nf]s;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] lgod
## / nf]s;]jf cfof]u -sfo{;~rfng_ lgb]l{ zsf,
@)^& sf] bkmf %% adf]lhd c k"/f eO;s]sf]
lj1fkgsf] xsdf klxnf] lj1fkg / lj1fkg
leqsf] ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] qmdfg';f/ 5'f5'}
of]Uotfqmd ;"rL k|sfzg u/L P] bkmf %^ cg';f/
;f]xLadf]lhd lj1fkgsf] qmdfg';f/ glthf tyf
l;kmfl/z k7fpg] Joj:yf ePcg'k cfof]uaf6
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] qmddf l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] x'bF f
;dfj]zL tyf v'Nnftkm{sf pDd]bjf/sf] PsLs[t
of]Uotfqmd lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ljifodf c;+nUg o;
cfof]u ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf]
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
961
nf] s ;] j f cfof] u sf] lj1fkg g+ =

!#$!.)^^.^& -;dfj]zL_ tyf lj1fkg g+=
!#$@.)^^.^& -v'Nnf_ k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffaf6
;dfj]zL tkm{ !$ hgf v'Nnftkm{ !$ hgf zfvf
clws[tL:x ldlt @)^&.%.!% df l;kmfl/z e}
k//fi6 dGqfnodf lgo'lQm x'g cfpg'ePsf] xf] .
Pp6} ldltdf l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf sf/0f
dGqfnon] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lj1fkg g+= tyf
l;kmfl/zsf] ;"rgf g+= nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
h]i7tfqmd sfod u/L ldlt @)^&.%.!% df
lgo'lQm lbO{ dGqfnodf kb:yfkg u/]sf] xf] .
v'Nnftkm{ !$ hgfn] h]i7tfqmddf lrQ
ga'emL @)^&.%.@* df ;+o'Qm lgj]bg lbO{ o;
eGbf cufl8 o;} lsl;dsf] l;kmfl/z cfpFbf
v' N nfnfO{ h] i 7tfqmddf cufl8 /flvPsf]
cfwf/df o; k6s klg ;f]xLadf]lhd sfod
ug{ cg' / f] w ug' { e Psf] d f ;f] l;nl;nfdf
dGqfnosf] nf]s;]jf cfof]u;Fu :ki6 kfl/lbg
cg'/f]w eO{ u/]sf]df cfof]un] ldlt @)^&.@.!^
sf] kq dfkm{t o;df g]kfn ;/sf/af6
cfjZos lg0f{o x'g] g} x'Fbf cfof]uaf6 s]xL
lg0f{o ul//xg' gkg]{ eGg] lg0f{o hfgsf/L
u/fPsf] xf] . ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno;Fu /fo
dfu ul/Psf]df ldlt @)^&.(.@! df kqdfkm{t\
o; dGqfnosf] wf/0ff yk :ki6 u/L k7fpg
cg'/f]w ul/g'sf ;fy} ldlt @)^*.!.& sf]
kqdfkm{t\ g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf ;fdfGo k|zf;g
;d"xsf sd{rf/Lxsf] kb:yfkgsf] xsdf
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zqmdnfO{ ^) k|ltzt
cef/ lbO{ tyf :6fkm sn]hsf] tflndaf6
k|fKt of]UotfqmdnfO{ $) k|ltzt cef/ lbO{
t];|f] of]Uotfqmd tof/ u/L kb:yfkg ug]{
ul/Psf] Joxf]/f cjut u/fOPsf] Pj+ ;f]
dGqfnon] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] /fosf
nflu cg'/f]w ubf{ To; sfof{noaf6 ldlt
@)^*.!.@ r=g+= &**) sf] kq dfkm{t v'Nnf
tkm{af6 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/sf] h]i7tf sod
962
x'g' sfg"g;Ddt x'g] b]lvPsf] eGg] /fo k|fKt

ePsf] lyof] . plNnlvt l;nl;nfdf
dGqfnocGtu{ t kb:yfkg, ;?jf, a9' j f,
tflnddf dgf] g og h:tf lg0f{ o x ubf{
h]i7tfqmdnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg] ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df
Pp6} ldltdf l;kmfl/z e} cfPsf ;dfj]zL /
v'Nnftkm{sf zfvf clws[txsf] h]i7tfqmd
sfod ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] / k//fi6 ;]jf;Fu
;DalGwt dGqfno klg k//fi6 dGqfno g}
ePsf] x'Fbf nf]s;]jf cfof]u jf g]kfn ;/sf/
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno jf cGo s'g} Goflos
lgsfoaf6 h]i7tfqmd lgwf{/0fsf ljifodf :ki6
kfg]u{ /L s'g} lg0f{o, lgb]z
{ g jf cfb]zk|fKt ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;f]xLcg'k x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf jt{dfg
;Gbe{df k//fi6 dGqfnon] o; eGbf cufl8sf]
l;kmfl/zdf h]i7tfqmd lgwf{/0f / kb:yfkg
ubf{ ldlt @)^^.%.@* sf] lg0f{o qmdzM v'Nnf,
;dfj] z L / cfGtl/s k| l tof] l utfnfO{
h]i7tfqmddf /fv]sf] tyf o; dGqfnoaf6
/fosf nflu cfu|x ubf{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{noaf6 ;d]t v'NnfnfO{ h]i7tf sfod
ug'{ sfg"g;Ddt x'g] eGg] /fo k|fKt ePsf]n]
;f]xL cfwf/df v'Nnf tkm{sf !$ hgf / ;dfj]zL
tkm{ s f !$ hgf zfvf clws[ t xnfO{
dGqfnodf b]xfocg';f/sf] h]i7tfqmddf /fVg]
u/L k//fi6 dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^*.!.% df
;lrj:t/Lo lg0f{o u/L ;f] lg0f{osf] Joxf]/f
;DalGwt ;a} zfvf clws[txnfO{ cjut
u/fOPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]tsf] ljkIfL k//fi6
dGqfno ;d]tsf tkm{af6 o; cbfnt ;dIf
k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf l/6
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ tyf clwjQmfx
>L afns[i0f g]pkfg], 8f=>L ledfh'{g cfrfo{,
>L dfwjs'df/ j:g]t / >L ;'jf; cfrfo{n]
ldlt @)^*.!.% df ePsf] k//fi6 dGqfnosf]

;lrj:t/Lo lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ pQm dGqfnosf
;lrjnfO{ s'g} sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvb}g .
of]Uotfqmd lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/f ;lrjsf] :jljj]sLo
clwsf/ xf]Og . nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z
ePadf]lhd l;kmfl/z k|fKt ePkl5 lj1fkg
gDa/sf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm lbPsf] cj:yf 5 .
kl5af6 5'} of]Uotf ;"rL sfod ug]{ s'g}
sfg"gL k|of]hg ;d]t b]lvb}g . ljkIfL k//fi6
;lrjsf] v'Nnftkm{sf l;kmfl/z eO{ uPsf
pDd]bjf/xnfO{ dflyNnf] ;"rLdf /fVg'kg]{ s'g}
cf}lrTotf b]lvb}g . l;kmfl/z ubf{ Pp6} ;"rL
hf/L ePsf] 5}g . h]i7tf g5'lPsf] cj:yfdf
dfq lj1fkg gDa/sf] cfwf/df ;"rL sfod
ug]{ xf] . ldlt @)^&.%.!% sf] l6Kk0fLsf] cfwf/df
lgo'lQmsf] lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f] lg0f{opk/ s'g}
r'gf}tL k/]sf] ;d]t 5}g / lgo'lQmnfO{ OGsf/
u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf
ldlt @)^*.!.% df v'Nnftkm{sf l;kmfl/z eO{
uPsf pDd]bjf/xnfO{ oL l/6 lgj]bsx eGbf
dfly /fVg'kg]{ s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ ;d]t ljkIfL
;lrjaf6 b]vfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . t;y{
ljkIfL k//fi6 ;lrjaf6 ldlt @)^*.!.% df
ePsf] lg0f{odf v'Nnf tkm{sf pDd]bjf/xsf]
;"rL l/6 lgj]bsx eGbf dfly kfg]{ u/L
ePsf] lg0f{o ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ x'bf ab/ u/L
lgj]bsxsf] dfu adf]lhd l/6 lgj]bsxnfO{
dflyNnf] ;"rLdf sfod /fVg' egL ljkIfLxsf
gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g'k5{ egL jx;
k|:t't ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL k//fi6 dGqfno ;d]tsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fhLjL
l3ld/]n] k//fi6 ;lrjaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o ;/sf/L
jsLnsf] /fos} cfwf/df ePsf] egL pNn]v
ePsf] cj:yf 5}g . of]Uotfqmd 3f]if0ff ug]{ jf
;+zf]wg ug]{ nufotsf] :ki6 Joj:yf b]lvb}g
;dfj]zLtkm{sf] lj1fkg klxnf / v'Nnftkm{sf]
lj1fkg kl5 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;"rgfsf] qmd x]bf{

cl3Nnf] ;"rgf h]7f] x'g] x'G5 . cl3Nnf] ;"rgfsf]
lj1fkgadf]lhd cl3 lg0f{o x'g] x'gfn] k//fi6
;lrjsf] lg0f{o s], s'g cfwf/df ePsf] xf] ;f]
:ki6 5}g . Pp6} ldltsf ljleGg lj1fkgsf
s'g ;"rgf cufl8 x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6
gLlt ;d]t /x]sf] gx'bF f ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6
o; ;DaGwdf cfjZos gLlt agfpg
ljkIfLxnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] cj:yf 5 egL
jx; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL 3gZofd e08f/L ;d] t sf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo >L
xl/x/ bfxfn, >L zDe' yfkf tyf clwjQmfx
>L xl/k|;fb pk|]tL, >L lbgdl0f kf]v/]nn]
nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ljleGg lj1fkg ;"rgf
gDa/sf ljleGg glthf k|sflzt u/]sf]n] ljleGg
;"rgfcGtu{t k|sflzt gfdfjnLx dWo] s'g
Ho]i7 egL v'nfPsf] cj:yf 5}g . nf]s;]jf
cfof]un] of]Uotfqmd tf]s]sf] cj:yf klg 5}g .
;dfj]zL tkm{sf] h'g ju{sf] qmd lghfdtL ;]jf
P]gdf pNn]v 5 ;f]xL cfwf/df lj1fkgsf]
;"rgf k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lj1fkg Pp6}
xf] of leGg leGg xf] eGg] k|Zg d"n ?kdf
;lGglxt ePsf] k|:t't ljjfbdf ljleGg ju{x
leqsf] k|fKtf le8fP/ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] glthf
lgsfNg ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg x'Fbf x'Fb} nf]s;]jf
cfof]uaf6 ;f] ul/Psf] cj:yf gx'Fbf k|:t't
ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfjZos kb
dWo] v' N nftkm{ s f] kbnfO{ 5' fO{ afF s L
;dfj]zLtkm{sf kbx 5'fO{ kbk"lt{ ;d]t x'g]
x'gfn] l;4fGttM v'Nnfdf 5'fOPsf kbx g}
cufl8 /fVg'kg]{ / ;f]xL cf}lrTosf cfwf/df
k//fi6 ;lrjaf6 ldlt @)^*.!.% df pQm
lg0f{o u/]sf] / ;f] lg0f{o ljj]s;Ddt x'Fbf
;d]t lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g'kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg 5}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
x'g'k5{ egL jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
963
kIf ljkIfsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg

sfg"g Joj;foL tyf ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] jx;
;d]t ;'gL b'at} km{af6 k]z ePsf] jx;gf]6 ;d]t
cWoog u/L cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf], xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
l/6 lgj] b g x] b f{ lgj] b gdf d" n tM
lgj] b sxnfO{ ldlt @)^&.%.!% sf]
lg0f{ o fg' ; f/ lgo' l Qm lbO{ ;f] x L ldltb] l v
nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf]
of]Uotfqmdcg';f/ g} xfhL/skLnufot gf]s/L
clen]vdf sfod ul/;s]sf] of]Uotfqmddf
x]/km]/ ug]{u/L ljkIfL k//fi6 dGqfnosf
;lrjnfO{ ldlt @)^*.!.% df lg0f{o ug]{
clwsf/ s'g} sfg"gn] glbO{ ;f] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL
ePsf] Pj+ pQm ldlt @)^*.!.% df u/]sf]
plNnlvt u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{
qmddf lgoldt xfhL/skLdf ;d] t k" / }
of] U otfh] i 7tfqmdnfO{ pN6fO{ ljkIfL
v'Nnftkm{sf] !$ kbdf l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf
JolQmxnfO{ qmdzM h]i7tf sfod u/]sf] /
;f]sf] kl/0ffd :j?k k//fi6;]jf cGtu{t
;]jfsfnLg tflnd, kb:yfkg, ;?jf nufotsf
k|fyldstfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g uO{ eljiodf
x' g ] a9' j f nufotsf j[ l Q ljsf;
k|lqmof;'ljwfxs cflbsf s'/fdf tTsfn}
k|lts"n c;/ kf/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
lgodfjnL @)%) Pj+ g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# ;d]tf/f k|bQ sfg"gL Pj+
df} l ns xspk/ u} / sfg" g L Pj+ cg' l rt
cltqmd0f ePsf] x'Fbf ldlt @)^*.!.% sf]
lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{kqfrf/clen]v
;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L ldlt
@)^&.%.!% sf] lgo'lQm;DaGwL lg0f{ofg';f/
sfod k"j{ of]Uotf Pj+ h]i7tfqmd oyfjt\
sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL b]lvG5 .
@= ljkIfL k//fi6 dGqfno ;d]tsf]

lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/fdf v'Nnftkm{ !$ hgfn]
h]i7tfqmddf lrQ ga'emL @)^&.%.@* df ;+oQ
' m
lgj]bg lbO{ o; eGbf cufl8 o;} lsl;dsf]
l;kmfl/z cfpFbf v'NnfnfO{ h]i7tfqmddf cufl8
/flvPsf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df o; k6s klg
;f]xLadf]lhd sfod ug{ cg'/f]w ePsf]df ;f]
l;nl;nfdf o; dGqfnosf] nf]s;]jf cfof]u;Fu
:ki6 kfl/lbg cg'/f]w eO{ uPsf]df nf]s;]jf
cfof]un] ldlt @)^&.@.!^ sf] kqdfkm{t\ o;df
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cfjZos lg0f{o x'g] g} x'Fbf
cfof]uaf6 s]xL lg0f{o ul//xg' gkg]{ eGg]
lg0f{o hfgsf/L u/fPsf] tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno;Fu /fo dfu ul/Psf]df g]kfn k|zf;g
;]jf ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lxsf]
kb:yfkgsf] xsdf nf] s ;] j f cfof] u sf]
l;kmfl/zqmdnfO{ ^) k|ltzt cef/ lbO{ tyf
:6fkm sn]hsf] tflndaf6 k|fKt of]UotfqmdnfO{
$) k|ltzt cef/ lbO{ t];|f] of]Uotfqmd
tof/ u/L kb:yfkg ug]{ ul/Psf] Joxf]/f cjut
u/fOPsf] ;fy} ;f] dGqfnon] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nosf] /fosf nflu cg'/f]w ubf{ To;
sfof{noaf6 v'Nnf tkm{af6 5gf}6 ePsf
pDd]bjf/sf] h]i7tf sfod x'g' sfg"g;Ddt
x'g] b]lvPsf] eGg] /fo k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .
plNnlvt l;nl;nfdf dGqfnocGtu{ t
kb:yfkg, ;?jf, a9'jf, tflnddf dgf]gog
h:tf lg0f{ox ubf{ h]i7tfqmdnfO{ cfwf/
agfpg] ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df Pp6} ldltdf l;kmfl/z
e} cfPsf ;dfj]zL / v'Nnftkm{sf zfvf
clws[txsf] h]i7tfqmd sfod ug'{ cfjZos
b]lvPsf] / k//fi6 ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfno
klg k//fi6 dGqfno g} ePsf] x'Fbf nf]s;]jf
cfof]u jf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno jf cGo s'g} Goflos lgsfoaf6
h]i7tfqmd lgwf{/0fsf ljifodf :ki6 kfg]{ u/L
s'g} lg0f{o, lgb]{zg jf cfb]zk|fKt ePsf]
964
cj:yfdf ;f]xL cg'k x'g] ePsf]n] jt{dfg

;Gbe{df k//fi6 dGqfnon] o; eGbf cufl8sf]
l;kmfl/zdf h]i7tfqmd lgwf{/0f / kb:yfkg
ubf{ ldlt @)^^.%.@* sf] lg0f{o qmdzM v'Nnf,
;dfj] z L / cfGtl/s k| l tof] l utfnfO{
h]i7tfqmddf /fv]sf] tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{noaf6 ;d]t v'NnfnfO{ h]i7tf sfod
ug'{ sfg"g;Ddt x'g] eGg] /fo k|fKt ePsf]n]
;f]xL cfwf/df v'Nnf tkm{sf !$ hgf / ;dfj]zL
tkm{ s f !$ hgf zfvf clws[ t xnfO{
h]i7tfqmddf /fVg] u/L k//fi6 dGqfnoaf6
ldlt @)^*.!.% df ;lrj:t/Lo lg0f{o ul/Psf]
xf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt Joxf]/f
tyf lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t x]bf{ ;dfj]zLtkm{
lj1fkg gDa/ !#$! cGtu{t ;"rgf g+ !)%
b]lv !!) gDa/ ;Dd / v'Nnfsf] lj1fkg g+=!#$@
df ;"rgf g+=!!! df ;"rgf k|sflzt e} lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( cGtu{tsf] k//fi6 ;]jfsf]
/fhkqfl\st t[tLo >]0fLsf] zfvf clws[t kbsf]]
nflu Pp6} k|Zgkqf/f ;~rflnt k/LIffdf
Ps;fy ;fd]n eO{ k|sflzt ePsf] k/LIffkmnsf]
cfwf/df lgo'lQm kfPsf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . oL
l/6 lgj]bs /f]zg vgfn ;d]tsf lgj]bsxn]
;dfj]zL sf]6fcGtu{t / ljkIfL 3gZofd e08f/L
;d] t sf ljkIfLxn] v' N nftkm{ s f] nflu
5'6o\ fOPsf] l;6 ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 ePsf]
eGg] ;Dd s'/fdf ljljwtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
plNnlvt lj1fkg gDa/x k//fi6 dGqfnosf]
Ps} n6sf]] dfu adf]lhd nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f e} lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf & sf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd ljleGg ju{
;d'bfodf ljefhg u/L kbk"lt{sf] k|lqmof ckgfO{
kbk"lt{ ;Dd u/]sf] kfOof] .
$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !%# adf]lhd / lghfdtL ;]jf P]g
@)$( sf] bkmf & adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{
j9L ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwd"ns agfpg] l;nl;nfdf

ljz]if Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL]cg'k
leGgfleGg} lj1fkg gDa/ /fvL lj1fkg x'g] /
;f]sf] clwgdf /xL tf]lsPsf] =ju{sf JolQmxn]
k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ h'g kb jf
txsf] nflu lng] k/LIff xf] ;f] xfn;Dd Pp6}
k|Zgkqdf cfwfl/t b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf ljleGg
ju{sf 5'f5'} ;d"xleqsf] k|lt:kwf{df tf]lsPsf]
ju{leq km/s glthf lg:sg ;Sg] eP klg
Pp6} kb jf txsf] k/LIffsf :t/sf] lx;fjn]
ljleGg :t/sf] eGg ldNg] b]lvb}g . Pp6} txsf
ljleGg ;+Vofdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ u/fpFbf d"ntM
v'Nnf ?kdf k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ l;4fGt ckgfO{
cfPsf] eP klg ;+ljwfgn] cg'z/0f u/]sf]
;dfj] z Ltfsf] l;4fGtn] ljleGg ju{ jf
;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] lx;fjn] l/Qm
kbxsf] kbk"lt{ ug]{ t/Lsfdf ljleGg ju{
;d'bfosf] nflu l;6 ljefhg ul/g] e} ;f]
cGtu{tsf] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k/LIffsf] :t/ /
l;4fGtsf] lx;fjn] ljljwtf cfpg ;Sg] s'/fnfO{
:jLsf/ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . hxfF;Dd o;/L kbk"lt{
ul/Psf]df s] s:tf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df h]i7tf
jf of]Uotfqmd lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] s'/f 5 o;
;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"gdf vf; s]xL pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvb}g . k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt hjfkm
x]bf{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z of]Uotfqmd / ;]jf k|j]z
tflndsf] d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df 5'6}[ of]Uotfqmdsf]
;"rL sfod ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] nf]s;]jf
cfof]uaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cfjZos lg0f{o
x'g] g} eGb} :ki6 hjfkm k]z u/]sf] b]lvPg .
o;af6 nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z ePsfdWo]
sf] s;nfO{ s;/L h]i7tfsf] of]Uotfqmd sfod
ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf c:ki6tf /x]sf] /
Aojxf/df Ps?ktf g/x]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
%= l/Qm kbsf] k"lt{sf] k|f/Dedf ;DalGwt
dGqfnoaf6 Ps}n6df nf]s;]jf cfof]udf
965
kbk"lt{sf] dfu u/L nf]s;]jfaf6 k|ltzt lgwf{/0f

u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & sf]
k|fjwfg v'Nnf / a9'jff/f kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf
ul/Psf]df v'NnfcGtu{t klg z'4 k|lt:kwf{
tyf ;dfj]zL k|lt:kwf{sf] nflu cnucnu
l;6 5'fO{ ljleGg lj1fkg ;"rgf gDa/ c+lst
u/L ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L kbk"lt{ k|lqmof k|f/De
ul/G5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] kbk"lt{sf] nflu
lj1fkg ubf{ h'g h'gsf] ju{ ;d'bfosf] nflu
tf]lsPsf l;6 ;+Vofdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg
vf]lhPsf] xf] tt\tt\ ju{ ;d'bfosf] nflu 5'f5'}
lj1fkg ;"rgf gDa/ lbO{ 5'f5'} kmf/d e/fO
5'f5'} ldltdf cGt/jftf{ ;d]t lnO{ 5'f5'}
k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L
x]bf{ x/]s ju{ ;d'bfosf] nflu 5'f5'} lj1fkg
/ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] eGg] efg kg{ hfG5 . z'4
v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{ / ;dfj]zL k|lt:kwf{nfO{ cnUu}
l;6 5'fP klg xfn;Dd ltgLxsf] kf7\oqmd
k|Zgkq tyf k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;d]t s'g} lje]b
u/]sf] b]lvb}g . o;/L ljleGg ju{ ;d'bfosf]]
k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L lnOPsf] k/LIffsf] k|Zgkq
/ :t/ Pp6} x'g] u/]sf]af6 l/Qm kbx dWo]
s'g} ;d'bfo ju{sf] nflu k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k/LIff
csf]{ ;d'bfo ju{sf] eGbf pQd jf sd;n
eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . h:tf] ;dfj]zLdWo]
g} dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt blnt, dw];L,
blnt, ckf jf lk5l8Psf If]qsf] ljleGg ju{
ePsf]df x/]ssf] sf]6f cg'kft / lj1fkg km/s
ePsf] l:yltdf sf];Fu s;nfO{ t'ngf u/L Ps
cfk;df h]i7tf jf slgi7 egL 5'6\ofpg] eGg]
k|Zg pkl:yt x'G5 . To:t} u/]/ %% k|ltzt
l;6 v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6 5gf}6 x'g] / $%
k|ltzt ;dfj]zLtfsf cfwf/df 5gf}6 x'g] x'gfn]
Ps} txleq lnPsf] Pp6} k|Zg / k4ltsf]
k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ePsf aLr sf]eGbf sf] h]i7
jf slgi7 egL s]jn lj1fkg gDa/ / ldltqmd
jf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & df
966
pNn]v ePsf] qmdsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug{ pko'Qm

tyf Gofo;+ut x'g] b]lvb}g . ljleGg ju{
;d'bfonfO{ /fi6;]jfdf ;dfj]z ug]{ Wo]on] ;f]
ju{ ;d'bfo 5'6\ofpgsf nflu 5'f5'} lj1fkg
ug'{ / ;f]cg';f/ cGtjf{tf{ nufotsf] 5'} ldlt
lgwf{/0f x'gF ' :jfefljs g} x'G5 . To:t} l;kmfl/z
ug]{ ldltqmd klg lgwf{/0f x'b} hfG5 . Tof] klg
:jfefljs 5 . To;s} cfwf/df s;}sf] pTs[i6tf
tyf s;}sf] slgi7tf cleJoQm ug{ ;lsb}+g /
ug'{ x'Fb}g . olb lj1fkg gDa/ jf l;kmfl/zsf]
lg0f{oqmd dfq}sf] oflGqs cfwf/df h]i7tf
5'6\ofpg] cfwf/ agfpg] xf] eg] l;kmfl/z ug]{
;+:yfn] klg ;'ljwfsf] cfwf/df s'g} ju{nfO{
nlIft u/L s'g} lj1fkgsf] eGbf csf{sf]
l;kmfl/zqmd cl3Nnf] agfpg] s;/t klg x'g
g;Sg] b]lvb}g .
^= b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngdf
sd{rf/LtGqn] v]Ng] e"ldsf cxd x'G5 . o;nfO{
:yfoL ;/sf/ klg eGg] ul/G5 . To:tf] lhDd]jf/
lgsfodf ;+nUg x'g] hgzlQm Joj;flos x'g'
jfG5gLo x'G5 . oyfy{df /fHof/f ;]jfsf] :t/
;'wf/ ug]{ / ;'zf;g ;'lglZrt\ ug]{ xf] eg] ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ JolQmxsf] d"Nofg of]Uotf /
sfo{Ifdtfs} cfwf/df ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . s]jn ldltqmd
jf lj1fkg gDa/sf] cfwf/df xf]Og . olb o;nfO{
cfwf/ agfpg] xf] eg] of] j:t'k/s geO{ Hofbf
k|fljlws aGg k'Ub5 h;sf sf/0f of]Uotd\ /
;Ifd JolQmnfO{ cGofo x'ghfG5 . cGttM k/LIff
k|0ffnLs} dd{ dg{ k'Ub5 . v'Nnftkm{ / ;dfj]zLtkm{
5'f5'} lj1fkg gDa/, 5'f5'} l;kmfl/z ug]{
x'gfn] Pp6fsf] ;"rL cGtu{tsf] JolQmnfO{ csf{sf]
;"rL cGtu{t ;dfj]z ug]{ s'/f x'bg} / Pp6f
lj1fkg gDa/ cl3Nnf] / csf]{ lj1fkg ;f] eGbf
kl5Nnf] ePsf] gftfn] dfq} Pp6} k/LIffaf6
rog ePsf pDd]bjf/x dWo] Ho]i6 jf slgi7
egL 5'6o\ fpg] cfwf/ j}1flgs Pj+ Gofof]lrt
b]lvg cfpFbg} . To;}n] To:tf] cfwf/df dfq}
h]i7tf 5'6o\ fpg] dfunfO{ j}1flgs tyf ts{;u+ t

dfGg ;lsb}g .
&= hxfF;Dd nf]s;]jf cfof]un] Ps} txsf
Pp6} kbsf ljleGg ju{ ;d"bfosf] k|ltlglwTj
u/fpg ljleGg lj1fkg u/L 5gf}6 u/L k7fPsf]
;"rL 5 ;f]df ;f] lj1fkg gDa/cGtu{t Pp6f
;d"xsf] csf]{ ;d"x jLrsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds l:ylt
k|i6 ug{ g;Sg] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ k|:t't k//fi6
;]jf cGtu{t zfvf clws[t kbdf lnOPsf
v'Nnf tyf ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] l;kmfl/z x]bf{ Ps
lj1fkg cGtu{t Pp6f ju{ ;d'bfosf] JolQmx
s'g of]Uotfqmddf 5g\ eGg] 5'6o\ fOP klg Ps
lj1fkgcGtu{tsf] ;d"xsf] JolQm / csf]{ lj1fkg
cGtu{tsf] ;d"xsf] JolQm, aLrsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds
l:ylt h:t} v'Nnfdf ! g+= df l;kmfl/z ePsf]
/ ;dfj]zL h:t} dlxnf, dw]zL jf cGo ju{ !
g+= df l;kmfl/z ePsf JolQmx dWo] sf] sf]
s'g of]Uotfqmddf kb{5g\ eGg] of]Uotfqmd
5'66\ ofOPsf] b]lvg cfpFbg} . ljkIfL k//fi6
dGqfnon] lj1fkg gDa/sf] qmdfg';f/ k|fKt
u/]sf] l;kmfl/zsf] qmddf xflh/L lstfjdf gfd
;dfj]z u/L sfddf nufPsf] ;Dd b]lvg] eP
klg To;nfO{ h]i7tf ;"rL eGg ldNg] b]lvb}g .
lsgeg] To;df cfk;df k|lt:kwf{Tds >]i7tf
emlNsPsf] b]lvb}g . k|zf;lgs ;'ljwfsf] nflu
l;kmfl/z e} cfPsf JolQmxsf] l;kmfl/zqmd
cg';f/ xflh/L lstfadf gfd r9fP klg sDtLdf
ljleGg lj1fkgcGtu{t l;kmfl/z ul/Psfxsf
xsdf ;f] pko'Qm dfkb08 dfGg ;lsg] cfwf/
b]lvb}g .
*= v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 cfPsf]nfO{
of]Uotfqmdsf] klxnf] k\tLdf /fVg'k5{ /
;dfg'kflts tkm{sf k|lt:kwL{af6 cfPsfxnfO{
;f] eGbf tnsf] of]Uotfqmd lbg'k5{ eGg] ;f]Rg'
b'a} e|fds wf/0ffx x'g\ . jt{dfg lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( cGtu{t kbk"lt{sf] ;+/rgf x]bf{
v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{ ePsf] %% k|ltzt l;6 tkm{af6
5flgPsf JolQmx ;b} a cGo $%

k| l tztcGtu{ t sf] ;dfg' k flts tkm{ s f]
k|lt:kwfaf6 cfPsfx eGbf pTs[i7 x'G5g\ eGg]
s'g} j}1flgs cfwf/ 5}g . ;dfg'kflts tkm{sf]
k|ltof]lutfleqsf] lj1fkgcGtu{t k|lt:kwf{
ug]x{ ;Fu klg pTs[i7td\ x'g] Ifdtf /xg ;Qm5,
oL ;Defjgfsf s'/fx x'g\ . cGoyf v'Nnf jf
;dfg'kflts tkm{sf k|lt:kwf{af6 5flgPsf
JolQmx tt\ tt\ ju{sf] k|lt:kwf{af6 5flgPs}
sf/0fn] j9L of]Uo jf sd of]Uo egL cg'lrt
e]befjsf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
(= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf h'g k[i7e"dLaf6
5gf}6 ePsf] eP klg of]Uotfsf] tTj clgjfo{
g} x'G5 . dlxnf ju{nfO{ 5'6o\ fPsf] l;6 dWo]af6
5gf} 6 ePsf] /x] 5 eg] ;f] ju{ leqsf]
k|lt:kwf{af6 of]Uotd\ JolQm 5flgPsf] dfGg'kg]{
x'G5 eg] To:tf] JolQmsf] t'ngfdf cGo ju{af6
5flgPsf] JolQm;Fu t'ngfof]Uo x'bF g} eGg] cj:yf
5}g . vf;u/L Pp6} k/LIffaf6 5gf}6 ePsf
cj:yfdf ljleGg ju{ ;d'bfoxsf] ljleGg
lj1fkg gDa/ cGtu{ t lnOPsf] PsLs[ t
k/LIffsf] ;Gbe{ d f Ps} jf:s] 6 df /fv] /
of]Uotfqmdsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu;Dd eP klg
Pp6} ;"rL hf/L ug{ g;Sg] b]lvb}g . To;af6
;]jf ;d"xnfO{ PsLs[t ug{ / ;+u7gn] klg
pTs[i7 ;]jf lng] cjz/ kfpg] b]lvG5 . To;/L
;]jfdf k|j]z u/L Ps kl5 lghxn] ug]{
sfdsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/sf] d"Nofgsf]
cfwf/df lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg] / kbf]GgtLsf] nflu
d"Nofg ug]{ s'/f sfg"gdf cfwfl/t ePsf]n]
To;df c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] b]lvb}g . kbf]Ggltsf]
nflu d"Nofg ug]{ cfwf/ sfg"gdf g} tf]lsPsf]n]
;dfg d"Nofg ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s xfn
sfod ul/Psf] txsf] h]i7tfsf] dfq} vf;
dxTj b] l vb} g . t/ a9' j fsf d" N ofgsf
cfwf/af6 s;}sf] c a/fa/ e} cGo cfwf/af6
;d]t a9'jfsf] nflu of]Uotd\ JolQm 5gf]6 x'g
967
g;Sg] l:ylt pTkGg ePdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]

l;kmfl/zsf] of]Uotfqmdsf] cfwf/df j9'jf ug'k{ g]{
u/L lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod
&& df Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yfdf o;/L
l;kmfl/z e} cfpg] JolQmsf] of]Uotfqmd lgwf{/0f
ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . l;kmfl/z eO{ cfpFbf
Ps} tx / Ps} kbsf] nflu x' g ] pxL
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff pQL0f{ ePsfdWo] s;sf]
of]Uotfqmd s] x'g] eGg] s'/f l;kmfl/z k|fKt
ug]{ lgsfon] lg0f{o ug]{ ljifo geO{ l;kmfl/z
ug]{ lgsfo cyf{t\ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lg0f{o
ug]{ ljifo b]lvG5 . To;f] ug{ ;+ljwfg, P]g
sfg"g / ljj]sn] ;d]t afwf k'ofPsf] b]lvb}g .
a? nf]s;]jf cfof]u :jo+sf] :jefljs lhDd]jf/L
b]lvG5 / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]
lgod && n] klg ;f] s'/fsf] ;+s]t ub{5 .
nf]s;]jf cfof]un] k/LIff lnO{ l;kmfl/z u/L
k7fPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf ;f] x L lgsfon]
pDd]bjf/xsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds l:ylt k|fKt ug{
;Sg] x'gfn] csf]{ lgsfon] ;f] lg0f{o ug'{ dgfl;j
b]lvg cfpb}g t/ o; ;DaGwdf s'g} gLltut
:ki6tf gu/L l;kmfl/z u/L k7fPsf]af6 of]
cGof]n pTkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
!)= k|:t't d'2fsf] /f]xdf ljkIfL k//fi6
dGqfnon] sfod u/]sf] of]Uotfqmdsf] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ j:t'tM k//fi6 ;lrjn] s'g} sfg"g /
cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df ljjflbt of]Uotfqmd lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] geO{ k|zf;lgs :jljj]ssf cfwf/df lg0f{o
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] lg0f{o ljj]s;+ut klg
gePsf]n] :jLsfo{ b]lvg cfpFb}g . lgj]bs
clws[ t x Pj+ ljkIfL clws[ t x Pp6}
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf ;fd]n ePsf]af6 s'g}
klg ;d"xsf] JolQm h]i7td x'g ;Sg] x'gfn]
To:tf] cj;/ vf]:g] u/L oflGqs ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
ug'{ d'gfl;j b]lvb}g . Pp6} tx / kbsf] nflu
;dfj]zL Pj+ v'Nnf tkm{sf] l;6 ;+Vof afF8kmfF8
u/L Pp6} k/LIff lnO{ glthf ;d]t lgsfnL
l;kmfl/z ul/Psf]df s'g JolQm h]i7 x'g] eGg]

s'/f lgwf{/0f ug]{ gLltut dfkb08 agfPsf] eGg]
;d]t ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvg
cfPg . t;y{ Pp6} tx / kbsf] nflu ;dfj]zL
Pj+ v'Nnf tkm{sf] l;6 ;+Vof af8kmfF8 u/L Pp6}
k/LIff lnO{ glthf ;d]t lgsfnL l;kmfl/z
ul/Psf]df s'g JolQm h]i7 x'g] eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f
ug]{ gLltut dfkb08 agfPsf] gb]lvPsf]n] ljkIfL
k//fi6 dGqfnosf ;lrjaf6 ePsf] ldlt
@)^*.!.% sf] lg0f{o dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ /
sf/0faf6 ;d]t sfg"g, Gofo tyf ts{;Ddt
b]lvg cfPg .
!!= ctM v'Nnf / ;dfj]zL tyf cf/lIft
ju{df 5gf}6 ePsf JolQmxsf] s] s;/L PsLs[t
l;kmfl/zsf] of]Uotfqmd sfod ug{ pko'Qm x'G5
eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ Ps}k6s Pp6} k|Zgkq
tyf k4ltaf6 rog ePsf k/LIffyL{nfO{ lj1fkg
gDa/ tyf l;kmfl/z ldltsf cfwf/df ge} ;a}
lj1fkg gDa/df 5gf}6 ePsfxnfO{ Pp6f
6f]s/Ldf xfnL lgh ;dfj]z ePsf] k/LIffsf]
d"Nofgdf k|fKt u/]sf] caf6 g} ltgLxsf]
of]Uotfqmdsf] lgwf{/0f x'gk{' g]{ x'G5 . d"Nofgdf
hf] of]Uo 5 plx Ho]i7 x'g] d"Nofgdf sd c
k|fKt ug]{ of]Uotfqmddf kl5 kg'{ :jfefljs g}
x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ b'jn
} fO{ Gofo x'G5 . al9 c
k|fKt ug]n
{] ] cGofo dx;"; ug'{ kb}g{ / sd c
k|fKt ug]n
{ ] klg lrQ a'emfpg] cfwf/ x'G5 .
k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ jf ;dfj]z x'g' eg]sf] g}
of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ xf] . of]Uotf
k|0ffnLnfO{ jfx]s ug]{ xf] eg] k/LIff k|0ffnL
k/LIff k|0ffnL /xg ;Sb}g . ;dfj]zL k|0ffnL
:jLsf/ ug'{ eg]sf] of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ OGsf/
ug'{ xf]Og . of]Uotd\ JolQmsf] vf]hL ug]{ sfo{
v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{Tds jf ;dfg'kflts tkm{sf
k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIff b'jd
} f d"n ljifo /x]sf]
x'G5 . t;y{ nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ;DalGwt
lgsfodf l;kmfl/z ug'k{ j" { l;kmfl/zsf] of]Uotfqmd
968
**$* - ;fljlq /fO{ lj=Psdfof j:g]t ;d]t
lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;dfg >]0fL / kbsf ljleGg

lg0f{o g+= **$*
lj1fkg gDa/ jf ;d"x ju{sf JolQmxnfO{
cfof]un] cjnDag u/]sf] k/LIffdf ltgLxn]
k|fKt u/]sf] csf] cfwf/df al9 c k|fKt ug]{
' m Ohnf;
JolQmnfO{ l;kmfl/zsf] of]Uotfqmddf ;a} eGbf
dfly cyf{t\ Ps gDa/df /fvL ;f]xLadf]lhd
qmda4 ?kn] afFsLsf] ;d]t of]Uotfqmd sfod
l/6 g+= )^^WO)*$&
u/L l;kmfl/z ug'{ j}1flgs, Gofof]lrt /
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.$.!$.!
ts{;+ut x'g] b]lvG5 .
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k|ltif]w .
!@= t;y{ dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0faf6 lgj]bsM pbok'/ lhNnf lqo'uf g=kf= j8f g+=
k//fi6 dGqfnosf] ;lrjaf6 ldlt @)^*.!.%
@ ufO{3f6 ahf/ a:g] ;fljqL /fO{
df ePsf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ b]lvFbf ;f] lg0f{o /
lj?4
tt\kZrft eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxL pTk|i] f0fsf] ljkIfLM pbok'/ lhNnf, lqo'uf g=kf= jf8{ g+= @
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca ljkIfL
ufO3f6 j:g] Psdfof j:g]t ;d]t
nf]s;]jf cfof]un] dfly ljj]lrt s'/fxnfO{
dWogh/ /fvL ;/f]sf/jfnf dGqfno jf ;]jf
s'g} klg d'2fdf clGtd lg0f{o eP
;DaGwL lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L dfkb08 agfO{
kl5;Dd klg km};nfn] rfx]sf] sfd,
of]Uotfqmd jf h]i7tf lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{
s' / f ;DalGwt kIfn] k" / f gu/] d f
/ ;f] ubf{ lj1fkg gDa/, ;"rgf gDa/ /
cbfntn] ;f] km};nf sfof{Gjog u/fO{
l;kmfl/zqmd ;+VofnfO{ of]Uotfqmdsf] cfwf/
;f] sfd s'/f ug{ nufpF5 / km};nf
gagfO{ cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm nf]s;]jf cfof]un]
sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof ;DkGg x'G5 . t/
pDd]bjf/sf] xsdf cjnDag u/]sf] lnlvt k/LIff,
;DklQ;DaGwL ljjfbdf d'2f rNbfrNb}
k|of]ufTds k/LIff / cGt/jftf{sf] k|fKtfnfO{
ljjflbt ;DklQ v/LblaqmL x'bF } uof]
cfwf/ agfpg', oL lgj]bs tyf 3gZofd e08f/L
eg] To;kl5 x'g] km};nf sfuhdf dfq
;d]tsf ljkIfLxsf xsdf klg pk/f]Qm adf]lhd
;Lldt /xg] / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof
dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L of]Uotfqmd sfod ul/lbg'
k|f/De g} x'g g;Sg] .
egL ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
clGtd km} ; nfkl5 dfq km} ; nf
;d]tsf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't
sfof{Gjog k|f/De x'G5 / ;f] cjlwdf
cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
dfq ePsf] sf/f]jf/sf] xsdf lhNnf
sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;d]tnfO{
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod
n]vL k7fO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
&*-s_ cfslif{ t x' G 5 eGg' ;f]
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg' .
lgodfjnLsf] ;+sl' rt JofVof dfq geO{
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
cJojxfl/s / lgodfjnLsf]
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
p2]Zoljk/Lt x'g] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ @$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
d'2f kl//x]sf] ;DklQdWo] s'g} klg
Ohnf; clws[tM lji0f'k;
| fb uf}td
;DklQ d' 2 f rNbfrNb} jf km} ; nf
sfof{Gjog gx'Fb} xs x:tfGt/0f u/]
&
969
u/fPdf lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL,

;f] tLg lsQf hUufx klg ;uf]n
@)%@ sf] lgod &*-s_ cfslif{t x'g] . sfod u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ldlt
-k|s/0f g+=%_ @)^).#.@@ df / ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^$.!!.* df km} ; nf ePkl5 ljkIfL
lgj]lbsf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx s'db' s'df/ nfnaxfb'/n] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu pbok'/
e/fO{, z]v/s'df/ hf]zL, ab|Lafa' /fpt, lhNnf cbfntdf ldlt @)^%.*.!% df lgj]bg
k|sfz /fpt / >Lw/f s'df/L
lbO{ To;kl5 k'gM ldlt @)^^.@.!& df ;f]xL
ljkIfLsf tkm{af6M jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/z+s/ lg/f}nf cbfntdf lgj] b g lbP/ lhNnf cbfnt
/ ljfg clwjQmf e/t /fpt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ df ldlt @)%(.$.@) df
cjnlDa ghL/M
ePsf] t];f| ] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ul/Psf] lgod &*
;Da4 sfg"gM
-s_ adf]lhd u/L kfpg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgj]bg lbPsf]df ;f] lgod &*-s_ df km};nf
lgod &*-s_
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf
c=j+= !& g+=
dfq sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]n] ;f] ls=g+= $),
^), ^@ sf] hUufx d'2fs} /f]xaf6 x]l/g' kg]{
cfb]z
x'bF f o; d'2faf6 btf{ ab/ ug{ gldNg] eGg]
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d Joxf]/fsf] cfb]z pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@!)&-@_ adf]lhd @)^^.(.# df ePsf]df ljkIfL nfnaxfb'/sf] ph"/L
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t kl5 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt
kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo @)^^.!!.!$ sf] cfb]zn] z'? lhNnf cbfntsf]
Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
cfb]z ab/ u/L lgod &*-s_ adf]lhd sfo{jfxL
ljkIfL Psdfofsf] gfpF lt/f] btf{ xssf] lsgf/f ug'{ eGg] cfb]z eof] .
pbok'/ lhNnf ufO{3f6 uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @-3_
pQm c+z btf{ d'2f lhNnf cbfntaf6
ls=g+= $) sf] )!)%, P]= P]= ls=g+= ^) sf] ldlt @)%*.%.!) df km};nf ePkl5 Psdfofn]
If]qkmn )!*, P]= P]= ls=g+= ^@ sf] )$!@ ldlt @)%*.%.@( df d]/f] gfpFdf /fhLgfdf kf/Lt
;d]tsf] hDdf h=lj= )!^% d}n] @)%*.%.@(.^ u/]sf] xf] / ;f] d'2f ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] ldlt
df /fhLgfdf kf/Lt ul/lnPsf] xf] . ljkIfL @)^$.!!.* sf] km};nfn] clGtd ePsf] xf] .
Psdfofn] ljkIfL nfnaxfb'/, gjLg / ;f] cj:yf ljkIfL nfnaxfb'/n] ldlt @)^%.*.!% tyf ldlt
hLljt /xg' ePsf klt z]/axfb'/ ;d]t pk/ @)^^.@.!& df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lgj]bg
pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] @)%% lbPsf] l:ylt 5 . ;fy} lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL,
;fnsf] b]=g+= !#&@ sf] c+z btf{ d'2fdf pk/f]Qm @)%@ sf] t];f| ] ;+zf]wg ldlt @)%(.$.@) b]lv
ls=g+= $), ^), ^@ sf] hUufnfO{ ;uf]nsf] nfu" eO{ lgod &*-s_ k"0f{ ?kdf yk ul/Psf]
a08f nfUg] hUuf xf]Og eGg] ldlt @)%*.%.!) 5 . ;f] ldlt eGbf klxn] lgod &*-s_ sf]
df km};nf ePkl5 dfq ;f] hUufx ljkIfL cl:tTj lyPg / ;f] eGbf cufj} ldlt @)%*.%.@(
Psdfofn] ldlt @)%*.%.@( df dnfO{ laqmL df d}n] ;f] hUuf kf/Lt u/fPsL 5' .
u/]sf] xf] . t/ klg ;f] c+z btf{ d'2fsf] hfgsf/L
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
dnfO{ ;f] cj:yf lyPg .
lgod &*-s_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ klg km};nf
970
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] s'g} rn crn

;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf] l:yltdf dfq
;f] lgod cfslif{t x'G5 . ljkIfL nfnaxfb'/n]
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg' eGbf w]/}
jif{ klxn] ;f] hUuf d]/f] gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] /
ljkIfL nfnaxfb'/sf] c+lzof/ d gePsf]n] klg
dpk/ lkm/fb k/L sfg"gadf]lhd km};nfn] 7x/
u/]cg';f/ g} x'g'kg]{df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhn] ;f] s f] ljk/Lt u/] s f] ldlt
@)^^.!!.!$ sf] cfb]z sfg"gk|lts"n e} To;af6
d pk/ ;fx|} cGofo ePsf] / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#, !( ;d]tf/f k|bQ
d]/f] xsdf afwf s'07f cj/f]w pTkGg u/]sf]n]
wf/f !)& adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L u/fO{ dfUg
;d]t cfPsL 5' .
c+z btf{ d'2f clGtd geO{, km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sf/jfxL z'? x'g' cufj} lgod
&*-s_ nfu" x'g' cufj} / ljkIfL nfnaxfb'/sf]
c+lzof/ d gx'bF f gx'bF } tyf dpk/ s'g} d'2f
gk/]s} cj:yfdf klg d]/f] gfpF btf{sf] hUufdf
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod
&*-s_ adf]lhd sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug'{ egL
k' g /fj] b g cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ldlt
@)^^.!!.!$ df ePsf] j]/Ltsf] cfb]z pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L ;f] cfb]zadf]lhd s'g} sfd
gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ;a} ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf
pTk|i] f0fnufot k|ltif]wsf] cfb]znufot cGo
pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{ hf/L u/L k"0f{ Gofo
u/L kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5' eGg] lgj]bg kq .
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5
jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb]z ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bgdf clGtd ;'gj' fO
x'bF f ljrf/ x'g ;Sg] g} b]lvFbf lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ tTsfn cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L u/L /xg' k/]g eGg] o; cbfntsf]

cfb]z .
z'?sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L jfbLsf
gfpF btf{sf] ljjflbt ls=g+= $), ^) / ^@ sf]
hUuf tyf k|ltjfbL nfnaxfb'/ a:g]t gfpF btf{sf]
ls=g+= !)$ sf] 3/ hUuf ;d]taf6 @ efusf] !
efu c+z jfbLn] kfpg] 7x/fPsf] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt @)^).#.@@ sf] km};nf
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 @)^$.!!.* df ;b/ ePkl5
km};nfn] a08f 5'6\ofO{ kfpg] 7x/]sf] ls=g+=
$), ^) / ^@ sf] hUuf c+z d'2f rNbf rNb}sf]
cj:yf jfbLn] ;flaqL /fO{nfO{ ldlt @)%*.%.@(
df laqmL u/]sf] x'bF f pQm tLg} lsQf g+= sf
hUufxsf] klZrd tkm{af6 cfwf hUuf a08f
5'6o\ fO{ d]/f] gfddf bf=vf= btf{ ul/kfpFm egL
k|ltjfbL nfnaxfb'/ a:g]tsf] o; cbfntdf
ldlt @)^%.*.!% sf] b/vf:t k/]sf]df k'gM
;=c= sf] km};nfadf]lhd jfbLn] c+za08f 5'6o\ fO{
lnO{ ;s]sf] / jfbLaf6 k|ltjfbLn] a08f 5'6o\ fO{
lng kfpg] 7x/]sf] ls=g+= $), ^) / ^@ sf
hUufx jfbLn] ;flaqL /fO{nfO{ laqmL u/]sf]
x'bF f pQm tLg} lsQf hUufx lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*-s_ adf]lhd
lnvt ab/ btf{ ab/ u/L d]/f gfddf bf=vf=
btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL nfnaxfb'/ a:g]tsf]
o; cbfntdf ldlt @)^^.@.!& df lgj]bg
k/]sf] lyof] .
ljkIfL Psdfof / d ;d]taLr c+z
d'2f rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL gfdbtf{sf] ls=g+=
$), ^) / ^@ g+= sf hUufx ldlt @)%*.%.@(
df ;fljqL /fO{nfO{ laqmL u/]sf] x'bF f / xfn
;=c= af6 pQm $), ^) / ^@ g+= sf lsQfxaf6
;d]t @ efusf] ! efu d}n] c+z kfpg] 7x/L
km};nf ePsf] x'bF f lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)%@ sf] lgod &*-s_ adf]lhd pQm hUufsf]
btf{ ab/ e} d]/f gfddf btf{ ;d]t u/fO{ kfpFm
eGg] k|= nfnaxfb'/ a:g]tsf] lgj]bg k/]sf]df
971
pQm laqmL ul/;s]sf] hUuf ab/ x'g] jf gx'g]

eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*-s_ g+= df
km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] s'g}
d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt rn jf crn ;DklQsf] xs
s'g} lsl;daf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] ePdf /
d'2fdf kIfn] lgj]bg lbPdf cbfntn] To:tf]
;DklQ n]gb]g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ & ;ft lbg] Dofb
hf/L u/L a'emL ;f]xL ldl;naf6 sf/jfxL /
lsgf/f ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf
oxfF d'2f clGtd km};nf e} sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf
/x]sf] ;dodf pQm ls=g+= ^), $), ^@ g+= sf
hUufx laqmL u/]sf] geO{ d'2f kbf{kb}{sf]
cj:yfdf laqmL ePsf] / ;f] pk/ d'2fs} /f]xaf6
x]l/g'kg]{ cj:yf x'bF f, laqmL e} ;flaqL /fO{sf
gfddf u};s]sf] ls=g+= ^), $) / ^@ g+= sf
hUufxsf] btf{ ab/ e} lgj]bs nfnaxfb'/sf]
c+ z xs sfod x' g ;Sg] cj:yf /x] g .
sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] lhNnf
GofofwLzaf6 @)^^.(.# df cfb]z ePsf] / ldlt
@)^^.(.# df ePsf cfb]zfg';f/ lgj]bs
nfnaxfb'/ a:g]tsf] b/vf:t adf]lhd a08f
5'6o\ fpg ldn]g, sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ egL )^^.(.(
df o; cbfntsf tx;Lnbf/af6 cfb]z e}
b/vf:t tfd]nLdf /x]sf] lyof] .
pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.(.#
sf] cfb]z q'l6o'Qm e} ab/efuL x'bF f c=j+= !& g+=
cGtu{t ab/ u/L d]/f] lgj]bg bfjLcg';f/ km};nf
sfof{Gjog ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
nfnaxfb'/ a:g]tsf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhdf lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntsf] tkm{af6
k]z ePsf] s}lkmot k|ltj]bgdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhsf] ;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^^.!!.!$
df ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfadf]lhd
km};nf sfof{Gjog ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/
ePsf]df lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*s adf]lhd km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ afwf
972
g/x]sf] tyf lhNnf cbfntaf6 g} ;fljqL /fO{nfO{

& lbg] Dofb hf/L u/L sf/jfxL ;d]t p7fg
u/L;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf To; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.(.# df u/]sf] cfb]z ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ab/
ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)%@ sf] lgod &*s adf]lhd sf/jfxL lsgf/f
ug'x{ f]nf eGg] Joxf]/fsf] cfb]z ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg
o; cbfntdf k|fKt x'g cfPsf]n] ;DdfgLt
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] cfb]zfg';f/
ljjflbt ls=g+= ^), $) / ^@ sf hUufx xfn
ljleGg JolQmxsf gfpFdf lsQfsf6 e} uPsf]
b]lvFbf pQm hUufx n]gb]g ug]{ JolQmxsf
gfpFdf lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*s adf]lhd & lbg] Dofb hf/L ug'{ eGg]
cfb]z e} ;f] cg';f/ xfhL/ ePsf JolQmxnfO{
o; cbfntdf tfl/vdf /flvPsf] 5 . t;y{, o;
cbfntsf] s'g} klg sfdsf/jfxLaf6 l/6 lgj]lbsfsf]
;+jw} flgs tyf sfg"gL xs clwsf/sf] pNn+3g
eP u/]sf] gx'bF f o; cbfntnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{
bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg]
pbok'/ lhNnf cbfnt / P]= sf txl;nbf/sf]
Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'f5'} lnlvt hjfkm .
o; cbfntdf lgj]bs nfnaxfb'/ a:g]t
ljkIfL PsdfofF a:g]t ;d]t ePsf] k|=b=g+=
!%^ sf] k|ltj]bg Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'bF f o;df
ToxfFaf6 ldlt @)^^.(.# df ePsf] cfb]z ldn]sf]
gb]lvFbf ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{
egL ldlt @)^^.!!.!$ df o; cbfntaf6
ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f lgj]bssf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5'
eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ldlt @)%*.%.@(.^ df dfnkf] t
sfof{noaf6 kf/Lt ePsf] lnvtcGtu{t pbok'/
lhNnf ufO{3f6 uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @-3_ ls=g+=
$) sf] )!)%, ls=g+= ^) sf] )!*, ls=g+=
^@ sf] )$!@ u/L hDdf h=lj= )!^%
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]lbsfnfO{ d}n] lbPsf] tYodf

ljjfb 5} g . lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL,
-;+zf]wg;lxt_ @)%@ sf] lgod &*-s_ cfslif{t
x'gsf] nflu km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
;DklQ d}n] xs x:tfGt/0f u/]/ lbPsf] x'g'
kb{5 . ldlt @)%*.%.@( df d}n] lbPsf]
plNnlvt lsQf hUuf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
cj:yfdf lyPg . ldlt @)^$.!!.* ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 km} ; nf ePkl5 dfq km} ; nf
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] dGg' kb{5 . lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnLdf @)%(.$.@) df ePsf]
t];f| ] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk x'g cfPsf] lgod &*-s_
sf] k|of]u w]/} klxn] @)%*.%.@( df kf/Lt
lnvtsf ;DaGwdf cfslif{t x'g] xf]Og .
daf6 plNnlvt hUuf v/Lb u/L lng]
qm]tf d]/f] s'g} c+lzof/ xf]Og . lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*-s_ nfu" gx'g] cj:yfdf
s'g} ;DklQ s;}n] xs x:tfGt/0f u/] dsf{ kg]{
kIfn] sfg"gadf]lhd gfln; lbO{ cfgf] xs
sfod u/fO{ lng ;Sg' kb{5 . cGo unt af6f]
cjnDag u/L dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 kf/Lt lnvt
ab/ x'g] xf]Og . d]/f] xsdf ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Psdfof a:g]tsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]lbsfn] lnPsf] bfjL ;/f;/ em"7f
xf], lsgeg] k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL /x]sf] k|ltjfbL
Psdfof a:g] t / d nfnaxfb' / a:g] t
Psf;uf]ndf /xFbfsf] cj:yfdf Psf;uf]nsf]
;DklQ dWo] plNnlvt ls=g+= sf hUufx
Psdfofsf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] lyof] . Psdfof
a:g]tn] d nfnaxfb'/ a:g]t ;d]tnfO{ k|ltjfbL
agfO{ ldlt @)%% ;fndf pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntdf lbPsf] c+z d'2fsf] tfobftL kmfF6af/L
;d]tdf pNn]v u/]sf] Ps;uf]nsf] xfdL ;a}
c+lzof/sf] c+z efu nfUg] ;DklQ pQm c+z
d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f geO{sg c+z xsaf6
lad'v u/fpg] p2]Zon] k|ltjfbL Psdfof a:g]tn]
lgj]lbsf ;flaqL /fO{nfO{ d]/f] d~h"/L a]u/ laqmL

u/]sf] xf] . c+zbtf{ d'2f txtx x'bF } hfFbf ldlt
@)^$.!!.* df o; cbfntaf6 nfnaxfb'/
a:g]tn] cfwf c+z kfpg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]
5 . c+z xs nfUg] pQm hUufx x'g\ eGg]
s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lgj]lbsfnfO{ z'?df yfxf x'bF fx'bF }
;f] af/]df s'g} yfxf hfgsf/L lyPg egL cbfnt
;d]tnfO{ u'd/fxdf /fvL bfo/ ePsf] cf}lrToxLg
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 pQm hUufxdf
d]/f] ;d]tsf] a08f nfUg] egL ePsf] km};nfcg'k
d k|ltjfbL nfnaxfb'/ a:g]tn] km};nf sfof{Gjog
;Gbe{df pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf]
lyPF .
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod &*-s_ g+= df ePsf] Joj:yfcg'k klg d
k|ltjfbL nfnaxfb'/ a:g]tn] c+z efudf kfPsf]
pQm hUufx d]/f] cfgf] gfpFdf km};nfadf]lhd
bf=vf= btf{ ug{ gkfpg] eGg] ljwflosL dg;fo
xf]Og . lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod &*-s_ g+= sf] unt JofVof u/L cbfnt
;d]tnfO{ u'd/fxdf kfg{ vf]hL bfo/ ePsf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
Psdfof a:g]t / d nfnaxfb'/ a:g]tsf]
aLrdf c+z d'2f rln/x]sf] yfxf hfgsf/L x'bF fx'bF }
klg yfxf lyPg eg]sf] / lagf s;"/df d gjLg
a:g]tnfO{ b'Mv lbg] dg;fon] k|ltjfbL agfOPsf]
;fy} lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] unt JofVof
ug{ vf]hL bfo/ ePsf] cf}lrToxLg ePsfn] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL nfnaxfb'/
a:g]t / gjLg a:g]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]lbsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx >L s'db' s'df/
e/fO{, >L z]v/s'df/ hf]zL, >L ab|Lafa' /fpt,
>L k|sfz /fpt / >L >Lw/f s'df/Ln] ls=g+= $),
^) / ^@ sf] hUuf ;uf]nsf] a08f gnfUg] egL
973
pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ePkl5 l/6

lgj]lbsfn] ljkIfL Psdfof a:g]taf6 /fhLgfdf
kf/Lt ul/lnPsf] xf] . ;f] /fhLgfdf ab/ tkm{
gfln; k/]sf] 5}g . ljkIfL Psdfof jfbL e} rn]sf]
c+z d'2fdf l/6 lgj]lbsf kIf klg xf]Og . km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf laqmL ePsf] cj:yfdf
dfq lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod
&*-s_ nfu' x'g] xf] . pQm lgodfjnLdf t];f| ]
;+zf]wg @)%(.$.@) b]lv &*-s_ yk ePsf] xf]
eg] l/6 lgj]lbsfn] @)%*.%.@( df g} ;f] hUuf
/fhLgfdf kf/Lt ul/lnPsf] x'bF f klxn] g} ePsf]
sfdsf] nflu kl5 nfu' ePsf] lgodfjnL cfslif{t
x'g ;Sb}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 lgod
&*-s_ adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug'{ egL lbPsf] cfb]z
sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ ePsfn] pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/
x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL nfnaxfb'/ a:g]t / gjLg
a:g]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L
e/t /fptn] c+z d'2f rNbfrNb} ePsf] laqmL
;b/ x'g ;Sb}g . of] cj:yfdf 5'} lnvt ab/
d'2f lbg' kg]{ xf]Og . ls=g+= $), ^) / ^@
;d] t sf] hUuf a08f nfUg] egL ;jf] { R r
cbfntaf6 clGtd km};nf ePsf] 5 . clGtd
km};nf ePkl5 dfq km};nf sfof{Gjogdf hfg]
xf] . ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 @)^$.!!.* df clGtd
km} ; nf x' g ' e Gbf cl3 g} lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLdf lgod &*s yk ePsfn]
lgodfjnLsf] ;f] Joj:yf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
qmddf nfu" gx'g] x'bF g} . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
cfb]z sfg"gadf]lhd ePsfn] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL Psdfof a:g]tsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/z+s/
lg/f}nfn] @)^$.!!.* df ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6
km};nf ePkl5 dfq km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g] cj:yf
cfPsf] xf] . Psdfofn] l/6 lgj] l bsfnfO{
@)%*.%.@( df g} hUuf /fhLgfdf ul/lbPsf]
x'bF f km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf eGbf cl3 g}

ePsf] Jojxf/sf] nflu lgod &*-s_ cfslif{t
x'g ;St}g eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
b'j} tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] pQm jx;
;d]tnfO{ ;'gL x]bf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]lbsfsf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] jf xf]Og
eGg] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, ljkIfLdWo]sf
Psdfof a:g]t jfbL / gjLg a:g]t ;d]t k|ltjfbL
ePsf] c+z btf{ d'2fdf ls=g+= $), ^) / ^@ sf]
hUuf a08f gnfUg] 7x/L pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 @)%*.%.!) df km};nf ePkl5
ljkIfLdWo]sf] Psdfof a:g]taf6 @)%*.%.@(
df l/6 lgj]lbsfn] pQm tLg lsQf hUuf /fhLgfdf
ul/lnPsf] / c+z btf{ d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhn] @)^).#.@@ df km};nf ubf{ pQm
hUuf ;d] t a08f nfUg] 7x/fO{ ;jf] { R r
cbfntaf6 ;d]t @)^$.!!.* df ;f] km};nf
;b/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] egL ljkIfLdWo]sf nfnaxfb'/
a:g]tn] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntdf lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*-s_ adf]lhd lgj]bg lbFbf ;f] cbfntn]
dfuadf]lhd ug{ gldNg] egL @)^^.(.# df cfb]z
u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;f] cfb]z ab/
u/L lgod &*-s_ adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{' egL
@)^^.!!.!$ df cfb] z u/] s fn] km} ; nf
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;DklQ ;DaGwdf
dfq nfu" x'g] lgod &*-s_ ;f] eGbf klxn] g}
laqmL ePsf] hUufsf] ;DaGwdf klg nfu" x'g]
u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z sfg"gL
q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] l/6 lgj]lbsfsf] bfjL /x]sf] b]lvof] .
#= o; ;DaGwdf k|fKt ePsf ;DalGwt
ldl;n x]bf{ l/6 lgj]lbsfn] ljkIfLdWo]sL Psdfof
a:g]taf6 ls=g+= $), ^) / ^@ sf] tLg lsQf
hUuf @)%*.%.@( df /fhLgfdf kf/Lt ul/lnPsf]
eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvPg . ljkIfLdWo]sf] Psdfof
974
a:g]t jfbL / nfnaxfb'/ a:g]t ;d]t k|ltjfbL

ePsf] c+z btf{ d'2fdf pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6
@)%*.%.!) df km};nf x'bF f pk/f]Qm tLg lsQf
hUuf a08f gnfUg] 7x/]sfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhaf6 pQm km};nf s]xL pN6L e} ;f] tLg
lsQf hUuf ;d]t ;uf]nsf] x'bF f a08f nfUg]
7x/L @)^).#.@@ df ePsf] km} ; nf o;
cbfntaf6 @)^$.!!.* df ;b/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
$= l/6 lgj]lbsfn] @)%*.%.@( df
/fhLgfdf ul/lng'eGbf cl3 g} pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 c+z btf{ d'2fdf @)%*.%.! df km};nf
x'bF f pQm hUuf a08f gnfUg] 7x/ ePsf], ;f]
;DaGwdf lnvt ab/ d'2f klg gk/]sf] / km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf klg gePsf]n] kl5 ;+zf]wg
ePsf] lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*-s_ cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] eGg] lgj]bg
lhsL/sf] xsdf pQm lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf x]g{
;fGble{s x'G5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s=
-!_ df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
s'g} d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt rn jf crn ;DklQsf]
xs s'g} lsl;daf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] ePdf /
d'2fsf kIfn] lgj]bg lbPdf cbfntn] To:tf]
;DklQ n]gb]g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;ft lbg] Dofb
hf/L u/L a'emL ;f]xL ldl;naf6 sf/jfxL /
lsgf/f ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
%= lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf ePsf]
pQm Joj:yfn] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf
/x]sf] d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0f
ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ;DaGwdf 5'} d'2f bfo/
ul//xg' gkg]{ u/L km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofnfO{
;/n / 5f]6f] agfPsf] 5 . lgodfjnLsf] lgod
&*s-!_ sf] pQm Joj:yfdf k|o'Qm km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] s'g} d'2f;Fu
;DalGwt ;DklQ eGg] zAbfjnLsf] cy{ ubf{
s'g} d'2fsf] clGtd km};nf ePkZrft\ km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] r/0f k|f/De ePkl5sf] cj:yfnfO{
dfq lng] xf] jf d'2f k/L ;s]kl5sf] ;Dk"0f{
;dofjlwnfO{ lng] xf] egL ljj]rgf ug'{ cfjZos

b] l vG5 . s' g } klg d' 2 fdf clGtd lg0f{ o
ePkl5;Dd klg km};nfn] rfx]sf] sfd, s'/f
;DalGwt kIfn] k"/f gu/]df cbfntn] ;f] km};nf
sfof{Gjog u/fO{ ;f] sfd s'/f ug{ nufpF5 /
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof ;DkGg x'G5 . t/
;DklQ;DaGwL ljjfbdf d'2f rNbf rNb} ljjflbt
;DklQ v/LblaqmL x'bF } uof] eg] To;kl5 x'g]
km};nf sfuhdf dfq ;Lldt /xg] / ;f]sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof k|f/De g} gx'g ;Sg] x'G5 .
To;sf/0f clGtd km};nfkl5 dfq km};nf
sfof{Gjog k|f/De x'G5 / ;f] cjlwdf dfq
ePsf] sf/f] j f/sf] xsdf lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*-s_ cfslif{t x'G5 eGg'
;f] lgodfjnLsf] ;+sl' rt JofVof dfq geO{
cJojxfl/s / lgodfjnLsf] p2]Zoljk/Lt x'G5 .
To:tf] ;+sl' rt JofVof / cy{af6 Gofosf] k|flKt
x'bF g} . cbfntsf] k|To]s km};nf sfof{Gjogof]Uo
x'G5 . To;sf/0f d'2f k/L /x]sf] ;DklQdWo] s'g}
klg ;DklQ d'2f rNbfrNb} jf km};nf sfof{Gjog
gx'bF } xs x:tfGt/0f u/], u/fPdf lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*-s_ cfslif{t
x'g] b]lvG5 . o;df s'g} lljwf 5}g .
^= lgodfjnLsf] pQm Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{df
k|:t't ljjfbnfO{ x]bf{ ljkIfL Psdfof a:g]tn]
nfnaxfb'/ a:g]t ;d]t pk/ pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntdf c+z btf{ d'2f bfo/ u/L ;f] d'2fdf
@)%*.%.!) df ;f] cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntn] Psdfofsf]
gfddf /x]sf] ljjflbt tLg lsQf hUuf a08f
gnfUg] 7x/ u/]sf] eP klg ;f] km};nfpk/
sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg nfUg] cjlwleq} cyf{t\
@)%*.%.@( df oL l/6 lgj]lbsfn] c+z d'2fsf]
jfbLaf6} /fhLgfdf ul/lnPsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb
ePg . pQm c+zbtf{ d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
z'? km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L ls=g+= $), ^) / ^@
sf] hUuf ;d]t ;uf]nsf] ePsf]n] c+lzof/xaLr
975
a08f nfUg] 7x/fO{ km};nf u/]sf] / ;f]xL km};nf

lg0f{o g+= **$(
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ;b/ ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
&= pQm km} ; nf clGtd ePkl5
km};nfcg';f/ a08f nfUg] 7x/]sf] ;DklQ lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*-s_
' m Ohnf;
adf]lhd a08f nufO{ kfpFm egL ljkIfL nfnaxfb'/
a:g]tn] pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
eGg] ;DalGwt ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . o; cj:yfdf
l/6 g+= )^&WO)(()
pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntn] d'2f clGtd km};nf e}
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.@.!).$
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;dodf pQm hUuf
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]z .
laqmL u/]sf] geO{ d'2f kbf{kb}s
{ f] cj:yfdf laqmL
ePsf] eP klg ;f]pk/ ;f]xL d'2fsf] km};nf lgj]bsM Ko"7fg lhNnf lah'jf/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= &
sfof{Gjogsf] /f]xaf6 x]l/g'kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . To;/L
:yfoL 3/ eO{ xfn nlntk'/l:yt OGx'/8]
x]bf{ pQm hUuf d'2f rNbfrNb}sf] cj:yfdf laqmL
OG6/g]zgndf sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ s kbdf
e} ;fljqL /fO{sf] gfddf uO{ ;s]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
sfo{/t\ clwjQmf >Ls[i0f ;'ab] L ;d]t
;f] hUufsf] btf{ lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL,
la?4
@)%@ sf] &*-s_ cg';f/ ab/ e} To;df ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
nfnaxfb'/sf] ;d]t c+z xs sfod x'g ;Sg] g}
;d]t
b]lvG5 . pQm lgod &*-s_ nfu" ePkl5sf]
Jojxf/df / km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf ePsf]
g]kfnL gful/sxsf] lzIff;DaGwL
sf/f]jf/sf] xsdf dfq pQm lgod nfu" x'g] xf]
;+jw} flgs Pjd\ sfg"gL xssf] lgjf{w
eGg] lgj]lbsf tkm{sf ljfg clwjQmfxsf] jx;
k|rng ug]{ u/fpg] tkm{ l/6 lgj]bsxn]
lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
cfgf] ;/f]sf/ b]vfO{ g]kfnL hgtfsf]
*= t;y{, plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6
lzIff;DaGwL df}lns xsk|lt cfgf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhn] u/]sf] ldlt
lrGtf, rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ b]vfpg'nfO{
@)^^.!!.!$ sf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf]
cGoyf eGg gldNg] .
b]lvG5 . pQm cfb]zaf6 l/6 lgj]lbsfsf] ;+ljwfg
-k|s/0f g+=*_
/ sfg"gk|bQ xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'us
] f] gb]lvFbf
s' g } ;fj{ h lgs lhDd] j f/L kfPsf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{ k/]g . k|:t't
kbflwsf/Ln] jf ;/sf/ jf s'g} ;/sf/L
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut
lgsfon] clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 jf
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{lbg" .
If]qflwsf/;DaGwL q'l6 u/L s'g} lg0f{o
u/]sf] jf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
/ To;af6 s'g} JolQmsf] sfg"gL xslxtdf
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
c;/ k/]sf] 5 eg] ;f] q'l6nfO{ ;Rofpg
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ;fpg !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
/ sfg"gL xssf] k|rng u/fpg cGo
Ohnf; clws[t M ljZjgfy e/fO{
sfg"gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf
eP klg k|efjsf/L gePdf To:tf] lg0f{o
&
976
**$( - OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
ab/ u/L JolQmsf] xslxt k|rng u/fpg

/ k|rlnt sfg"g nfu" u/fpg o;
cbfntn] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
k|fylds / dfWolds :t/sf cg]s lghL
ljBfnoxsf] ;~rfngaf6 lbgx'F dx+uf]
x'bF } uPsf] lzIff hgtfsf] kx'r
F eGbf
aflx/sf] j:t' aGb} uPsf] cg'el" t ul/Psf]
x'bF f lzIff P]g, @)@* / lzIff lgodfjnL,
@)%( cg' ; f/ lhDd] j f/ ;/sf/L
lgsfon] k| e fjsf/L 9+ u n] cfgf]
lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . lbgfg'lbg
cg'udg / ;fdfGo lgoGq0f, lgb]z
{ gsf]
sfdsf/jfxL cToGt lkmtnf] aGb} uPsfn]
tfTsflns kl/jt{g / ;'wf/sf] cToGt
cfjZostfsf] kl/l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb}
g] k fn ;/sf/, k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n o / lzIff
dGqfnosf] gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z
hf/L x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!*_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx >Ls[i0f
;'jb] L, slknrGb| kf]v/]n, 8f= ledfh'g{
cfrfo{, /d0fs'df/ >]i7
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL
l3ld/], ljfg clwjQmfx kz'{/fd
sf]O/fnf, ;"o{ s]=;L=, vDaaxfb'/ vftL
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf @, @-6_, -7_,
*, !^3, !^-!_, -@_, -#_, -%_, -^_, -&_,
!$^, !$&
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( lgod #!, #@-!_
#$, #%, #^, #&-!_, -@_, -#_, !$%s-!_
cfb]z
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ cGtu{t bfo/
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ cfb]z ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 M
xfdL lgj]bsx dfgj clwsf/, ;dfgtf
/ l;dfGtLs[t ju{ Pj+ If]qsf gful/sxsf] xs
clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf ;fy} cGo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf
laifoxdf jsfnt ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}+ . o;}aLr
gofF z}lIfs aif{;uF } b]ze/sf lghL ljBfnoxn]
lzIff P]g, lgodfjnL / k|rlnt sfg"gljk/Lt
ljBfnoaf6} k':tsx laqmL lat/0f u/L
cleefjs / laBfyL{xnfO{ cgfjZos bafa
lbO{ dx+uf] z'Ns ltg{ afWo agfPsf] / z}lIfs
;fdu|Lx ;d]t v/Lb ug{ afWo agfPsf] eGg]
ut xKtfb]lv g]kfnsf k|foMh;f] /fli6o b}lgsx
/ 6]lnlehg nufotsf ;~rf/ dfWoddf nuftf/
;dfrf/x k| s flzt ePsf 5g\ . t;y{
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] of] dxTjk"0f{ laifodf of]
l/6 lgj]bg ug{] xsb}of xfdLnfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
ljkIfL lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfnoxn]
;/sf/L, dfkb08 / ;/sf/n] agfPsf] gLlt
lgodljk/Lt z'Nsx p7fO/x]sf 5g\ eg] ;/sf/L
cg'dlt a]u/ cfk"mv'zL kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f ug]{ /
cfk"mv'zL k|sfzg u/L s'g} dfkb08 a]u/ k':tssf]
d"No /fVg] tyf k':tssf] u'0f:t/ / z}lIfs
kf7\o\ qmdsf] u'0f:t/ a]u/ rsf]{ k':ts d"No
lgwf{/0f u/L cleefjs / laBfyL{nfO{ v/Lb ug{
afWo agfPsf 5g\ . csf]t{ km{ k'/fgf] z}lIfs ;qdf
k|sfzg ul/Psf] / ;f]xL ;dodf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
z"Nsdf :6Ls 6fF;L / gofF z'Ns ;d]t /fvL
k' : tsx laqmL ljt/0f eO/x] s f 5g\ .
ljkIfLxn] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g tyf lgoddf pNn]v
ePadf]lhdsf] sfo{ gu/L ;+ljwfg k|bQ lzIffsf]
xs pkef]u ug{sf nflu lgMz'Ns k7g kf7g
x' g ] hg;+ V ofsf] cg' k ftdf ;fj{ h lgs
977
ljBfnoxsf] :yfkgf ug{ tkm{ s'g} sfo{ u/]sf]

5}g / cfd hgtfnfO{ lghL ljBfno hfg afWo
agfO{ cfd hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu ljkIfLxn]
s'g} sbd rfn]sf 5}gg\ . b}lgs ?kdf cleefjs
/ laBfyL{x 7luPsf 5g\ eg] cfly{s cefjsf
sf/0f lzIffsf] df}lnsxs pkef]u ug{af6 al~rt
ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, lzIff
P]g, @)@* lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( / g]kfn
kIf /x]sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(^^ ;d]tn] x/]s
gful/snfO{ lzIffsf] xsdf ;'lglZrttf u/]sf]
5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!# df ;dfgtfsf] xs / -!&_ lzIff tyf
;+:s[lt;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf 5 . lzIff P]g,
@)@* sf] bkmf $ df ljBfnosf] ;~rfng
tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g5
] / bkmf * df ljBfnon]
;/sf/af6 :jLs[t kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts nfu"
ug'k{ 5{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lzIff lgodfjnL,
@)%( sf] lgod ^ df ljBfnon] kfng ug'k{ g]{
zt{xdf kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :jLs[lt lagf
yk kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o;fdu|L k|of]u ug{
gx'g,] /fli6otfk|lt cfFr cfpg] kf7\o;fdfu|L
ePsf] kf7\ok':ts ljBfnodf cWofkg ug{,
u/fpg gx'g] Joj:yf 5 .
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !^
adf]lhd lhNnf lzIff clwsfl/sf] sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/df P]g tyf lgodfjnLadf]lhd
ljBfnox ;~rfng eP gePsf] hfFra'em ug]{
tyf To:tf ljBfnodf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg,
;'wf/ ug{ jf ljBfno aGb ug'k{ g]{ gkg]{ ;DaGwdf
lg/LIf0f u/L ljBfnosf] :t/ a9fpg', ;'wf/ ug'{
jf ljBfno aGb ug'k{ g]{ ePdf tt\;DaGwL sf/jfxL
ug],{ lg/LIfsnfO{ ljBfno lg/LIf0fdf k7fpg] /
lg/LIfsn] ljBfno lg/LIf0f u/] gu/]sf] osLg
ug{ :ynut lg/LIf0f ug]{ / ljBfnodf nfu"
ul/Psf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':tssf ;DaGwdf
;'wf/ ug'k{ g]{ / lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':tssf] ljt/0f

k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] laifodf Joj:yfkg
;ldlt tyf lzIfssf] /fo lnO{ kf7\oqmd ljsf;
s]Gb|;dIf ;'emfj k7fpg] tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf
cGo cfjZos sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg], Joj:yf 5 eg]
lgod #! df ljBfnon] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t
kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts nfu" ug'k{ g]5
{ eGg]
Joj:yf eO{ lgod #& cGtu{t :jLs[t kf7\oqmd
tyf kf7\ok':ts nfu" gu/]df jf kf7ok':ts
v/Lb ug{ nufPdf ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf
cGtu{t M
!= s'g} ljBfnon] :jLs[t kf7\oqmd tyf
kf7\ok':ts nfu" gu/]df lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/Ln] ;DalGwt k|wfgfWofksnfO{ To:tf]
kf7\oqmd jf kf7\ok':ts nfu" ug{ cfb]z
lbg' kg]5
{ .
@= s'g} klg ljBfnon] ljBfnoaf6 kf7\ok':ts
v/Lb ug{ laBfyL{nfO{ afWo ug{ x'bF g} .
#= pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lbPsf] cfb]zadf]lhd
k| w fgfWofksn] :jLs[ t kf7\ o qmd jf
kf7\ok':ts ljBfnodf k|of]u gu/]df jf
ljBfnoaf6} kf7\ o k' : ts v/Lb ug{
laBfyL{nfO{ afWo u/fPdf lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/Ln] To:tf] k| w fgfWofksnfO{
P]gadf]lhd ;hfo ug]5
{ eGg] Joj:yf 5 .
plNnlvt ;+ j } w flgs Pj+ sfg" g L
Joj:yfljk/Lt ljkIfLxaf6 ;+ljwfgdf df}lns
xssf] ?kdf /x]sf] lzIffsf] clwsf/ pkef]u
ug{af6 al~rt u/fpg] cj:yf ePaf6 pQm
clwsf/ k| r ng u/fpg / u} / ;+ j } w flgs
sfdsf/jfxL /f]sL ;+jw} flgs tyf sfg"gL ;jf]R{ rtf
sfod /fVg ljkIfLxsf gfddf To:tf]
u}/;+jw} flgs ?kdf z'? ul/Psf] clgoldt z'Ns
a[l4 / ljBfno xftfaf6} u'0f:t/xLg kf7\ok':ts,
z}lIfs ;fdu|L laqmL ug]{ h:tf sfg"gljk/Ltsf
978
sfo{x tTsfn /f]Sg ;a} ljkIfLxsf gfddf

tTsfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF / clGtd
;'gj' fOsf avt ;a{;fwf/0f JolQmsf] df}lns
xssf] ?kdf /x]sf] lzIffsf] xs pkef]u ug{af6
al~rt gug{ / x/]s JolQmnfO{ ;fj{hlgs tyf
;/sf/L ljBfnodf ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd
lgMz'Ns ?kdf u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug{
tyf gLlh ljBfnonfO{ ;d]t sfg"gadf]lhd
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf ;~rfng
ug{sf nflu lghL ljBfnoaf6 lnOg] rsf]{ z'Ns
/ rsf]{ kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] d"NonfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf
nflu P]g sfg"g th'd
{ f u/L nfu" ug{ tyf lghL
ljBfnoxnfO{ ljBfnosf] ef}lts / z}lIfs
:t/sf cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L tyf lglZrt\
dfkb08sf cfwf/df z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/fpg /
z'Nsdf Ps?ktf sfod u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n]
tf]ss
] f] z'Ns dfq lng kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ tyf
kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] xsdf sfg"gadf]lhd :jLs[t
kf7\o;fdu|L dfq k|sfzg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/f/f
tf]lsPsf] d"No lgwf{/0f u/L x/]s gful/snfO{
;a{;n
' e ?kdf lzIffsf] clwsf/ pkef]u ug]{
aftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ljkIfLxsf gfddf pTk|i] f0f,
k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg kq .
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]zk|fKt ePsf ldltn]
af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5
jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ . ;fy}
cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu ePsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf]
nflu ldlt @)^*.!.!% sf] k]zL tfl/v tf]sL
;f]sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df lghL ljBfnoxn] :jLs[t
kf7\oqmd eGbf aflx/sf k':tsx k9fpg] /
k':tsx u}/sfg"gL 9+un] tL ljBfnoxn] laqmL
lat/0f u/]sf] tyf dgf]dfgL 9+un] laBfyL{xaf6
w]/} z'Ns lnPsf] sfo{nfO{ tTsfn /f]Sg cGtl/d

cfb]zsf] dfu ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
lzIff P]g tyf lzIff lgodfjnLn] ;a}
ljBfnoxn] :jLs[t kf7\oqmd cg';f/sf k':ts
tyf ;Gbe{ k':tsxsf] cWoog cWofkg u/fpg]
Joj:yf ug's
{ f cltl/Qm lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
sf] lgod !$^ / !$& n] qmdzM ljBfnon]
lng kfpg] z'Ns tyf w/f}6L / z'Ns;DaGwL
Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] cg';f/ k"j:{ jLs[t
z'Ns dfq lng / k"j:{ jLs[t kf7\o;fdu|Lxsf]
cWoog cWofkg ug'{ u/fpg' ;a} ljBfnoxsf]
sfg"gL st{Jo /x]sf]n] To;sf] pNn+3g x'g] u/L
dgf]dfgL 9+un] cWoog/t laBfyL{xaf6 z'Ns
lng / cfk"mv'zL k':tsx k9\g nufpg] b]lv
ljBfnoaf6} laBfyL{ jf cleefjsxnfO{
k':tsx lng afWo ug]{ u/fpg] ;Ddsf sfo{x
ePdf tL sfg"gljk/Lt x'g] b]lvG5 .
o; l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf cGo
k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f clGtd lg0f{oaf6 x'g] eP
klg tTsfnsf] kl/l:yltdf pk/f]Qm sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L s'g} klg ljBfnon]
laBfyL{ jf cleefjsxaf6 k"j:{ jLs[t z'Ns
eGbf a9L z'Ns lnPdf jf ljBfno kl/;/df g}
k':tsx laqmL lat/0f ubf{ laBfyL{ jf
cleefjsxn] TolxFaf6 k':ts lng afWo x'g]
l:ylt x'Fbf To;df tTsfn /f]s gnufpFbf
sfg"gljk/Ltsf] sfd, sf/jfxLn] lg/Gt/tf
kfO/xg] / o; l/6 lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo Pjd\
;fy{stf klg ;dfKt x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .
o;y{ l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o
gx'Fbf;Dd k|rlnt sfg"gL k|lqmofadf]lhd
cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 k" j { : jLs[ t z' N s
;LdfeGbf a9L z'Ns laBfyL{, cleefjsxaf6
ljBfnoxn] glng, gp7fpg / ;DalGwt
cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 k"j{ :jLs[t kf7\ok':ts
Pjd\ ;Gbe{ k':tsx eGbf km/s k':tsx
cWoog cWofkg gug{ , gu/fpgsf ;fy}
979
ljBfno
kl/;/leq} a f6} laBfyL{ ,
cleefjsxnfO{ k':ts lng afWo gug{ gu/fpg
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] cfjZos Joj:yf ug',{ u/fpg'
egL ljkIfL lzIff ljefusf] dxflgb]z
{ s / ljkIfL
lzIff dGqfnosf] gfddf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd of]
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm cg';f/sf] cfb]z / Aoj:yf
sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpgsf ;fy} lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nox nufot cfgf ;DalGwt sfof{no
/ lgsfoxaf6 k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf] Joj:yf
;d]t ldnfO{ cg'udg ;DaGwdf ul/g] Joj:yf
/ cg'udgsf] k|ltj]bg o; l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd
lg0f{o gx'bF f;Dd k|To]s dlxgfsf] & ut] leq
o; cbfntdf k7fpg] ;d]t ug'{ egL ljkIfL
agfOPsf k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no, lzIff dGqfno,
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| / lghL tyf cfjf;Lo
ljBfno cu{gfOh]zg g]kfn -KofA;g_, /fli6o
lghL tyf cfjfzLo ljBfno Pzf]l;P;g g]kfn
-PgKofA;g_ sf] gfddf ;d]t cfb]z hf/L
ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{
lbg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] @)^*.!.!% sf] cfb]z .
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@ sf]
pkwf/f -#_ sf] b]xfo -r_ sf] k|of]hgfy{ lghL
ljBfno :yfkgf ug{ gkfpg] eGg] x'bF g} . o;/L
:yfkgf ePsf lghL ljBfnoxn] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, lzIff P]g, @)@* /
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] kfngf eg] ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 . sf]xL s;}n] ;f] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L sfo{
u/]df sfg"gdf lgwf{l/t k|lqmof / sfo{lalwsf]
canDag u/L ;f] ug]{, u/fpg] JolQm jf
ljBfnonfO{ lzIff P]g, @)@* Pj+ lgodfjnL,
@)%( adf]lhd clVtof/L k|fKt lgsfo jf
kbflwsf/Laf6 sf/jfxL x'g] s'/fdf g]kfn ;/sf/
k|lta4 /x]sf] Joxf]/f ;DdfgLt cbfntnfO{
cjut u/fpFb5' . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ljkIfL
lgj]bsn] s'g} cd's ljBfnon] laBdfg g]kfn
sfg"gsf] kfngf gu/]sf] egL :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v

ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;a} lghL ljBfnoxn]
sfg"g pNn+3g u/]sf] dfgL ;hfo ug{ ldNg]
x'bF g} . hxfF;Dd lghL ljBfnox ;d]t g]kfn
;/sf/sf] lgu/fgLdf ;~rfng x'g] Joj:yfsf
nflu cfjZos sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ egL cfb]z
hf/L ug{ dfu ul/Psf] laifo 5, tT;DaGwdf
lghL ljBfno ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ;d]t
lzIff P]g, @)@* Pj+ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
adf]lhd g} eO{ cfPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf csf]{
sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] cf}lrTo b]lvFbg} . pk/f]Qm cfwf/
/ sf/0f ;d]taf6 dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf lhsL/sf
a'bF fxdWo] lzIff lgodfjnL -;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf]
klR5]b & lgod #!, lgod ##-h_ / lgod #$
cg';f/sf sfd kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] ul//x]sf]
/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf yk gLlt lgod / cfb]z
k|fKt ePdf ;f]xLcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ ePsf]n] o;
s]Gb|sf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bssf]
s'g} sfg"gL tyf ;+jw} flgs xs xgg gePsf]n]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] kf7\oqmd ljsf;
s]Gb|sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] o; ljefu ;d]t pk/ ;DdfgLt
cbfnt;dIf bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
p7fOPsf] d'Vo laifodWo] kf7\o;fdu|L jf
kf7\ok':ts ;DaGwdf lzIff P]g, @)@* sf]
bkmf * tyf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
-;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf] kl/R5]b\ ( / ljBfnosf]
juL{s/0f tyf z'Ns ;DaGwdf lzIff P]g, @)@*
-;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf !^ u / !^3 tyf
lzIff lgodfjnLsf] kl/R5]b\ @$ / @% df lj:t[t
Joj:yf ePsf]n] sfg"gn] lgb]z
{ g u/]adf]lhd
z}lIfs ;q lj=;+= @)^* sf] nflu o; ljefusf]
laleGg ldltsf] kqaf6 ;a} lhNnfdf z'Ns
980
lgwf{/0f ug{, z'Ns cg'udg u/L l;kmfl/z eO{

cfPsf Joxf]/fx sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg / z}lIfs
;q @)^* sf] nflu laBfyL{;Fu lng] z'Ns
;DaGwdf lgb]{zg lbPsf], laBfyL{ egf{ /
z'Ns;DaGwL lgodfg';f/ x'g uf]/vfkqdf
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/Psf], z'Ns
Joj:yfkg tyf s]Gb|Lo cg'udg ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^&.!!.)@ df a;]sf] a}7saf6 ePsf lg0f{ox
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt If]qLo lzIff
lgb]z
{ gfnoxnfO{ lgb]z
{ g lbPsf] ;fy} lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( -;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf] kl/R5]b\
@% sf] lgod !$& sf] pklgod ^ n] ;fd'bflos
ljBfnon] sIff * ;Ddsf] cfwf/e"t lzIff k|bfg
ug{ laBfyL{af6 z'Ns lng ;Sg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf
ePaf6 ;f] txsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns ul/Psf]n] tYo
ljk/Lt / sfg"gk|lts"nsf] ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] lzIff ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno
cu{gfOh]zg -KofJ;g_ lghL tyf cfjf;Lo
ljBfnoxsf] ;fd"lxs xs lxtsf nflu sfo{x
ug],{ ;/sf/ ;d]tnfO{ lzIff If]qdf cfjZos
;/;Nnfx pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] ;+:yf xf] . of]
;+:yfn] g t s'g} lsl;dsf] lzIff z'Ns lgwf{/0f
jf ;+sng ub{5, g t k"j{ :jLs[lt lagf kf7\oqmd
lgwf{/0f Pj+ ;f]sf] k7gkf7g g} u/fpFb5, g t
ljBfnodf k':ts g} laqmL ub{5 . h'gh'g lghL
:s"n jf ljBfnoxn] To:tf u}/sfg"gL sfo{
u/]sf xf]nfg\ To:tf ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ u}/sfg"gL
sfo{ u/]pk/ cfjZos sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sf/jfxL
ug{ ;Sg] ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L
;d]tnfO{ k|ToyL{ gagfO{ k|ToyL{ g} agfpg gkg]{
;/f]sf/ gePsf] xfdL h:tf] ;+:yfnfO{ k|ToyL{
agfO{ k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg k|yd b[li6df vf/]hefuL
/x]sf] 5 .
k|rlnt lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf]
lgod #&-@_ adf]lhd cfk;L ;xhtfsf cfwf/df
ljBfnoaf6 sf]xL s;}nfO{ afWo gkf/L k':ts
laqmL ug{ s'g} sfg"gtM /f]s nfPsf] 5}g . o;df

;DalGwt lgsfo jf cleefjs :jo+n] s'g} k|Zg
p7fPsf] 5}gg\, of] o; lsl;dn] ;fj{hlgs xs
jf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] jf cfk"mnfO{ c;/ k/]sf] egL
b]vfpg / k|dfl0ft ug{ l/6 lgj]bsxn] g;s]sf]n]
l/6 lgj]bg xsb}ofsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t
vf/]hefuL /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfut ljBfnosf]
;~rfngsf] d"n / Psdfq ;|ft] eg]s} laBfyL{af6
p7\g] z'Ns g} /x]sf] / o;} z'Nss} e/df lzIfs
lzlIfsf, cGo sd{rf/Lsf] tna ;'ljwf Pj+
:s"nsf] ejg cflbsf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ wfGg' kg]{
ePsfn] ;/sf/L ljBfnonfO{ / lghL ljBfnonfO{
Pp6} s;Ldf bfFHg gldNg] k|i6 5, g t lzIff
P]g, @)@* Pj+ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( n] g}
o;/L Pp6} s;Ldf afFws
] f] 5, h'g s'/fdf l/6
lgj]bsn] ;d]t ljjfb u/]sf 5}gg\ .
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !$%
-!_ n] cg';"rL @! df plNnlvt cfwf/df
ljBfnonfO{ -s_ b]lv -3_ ;Dd u/L hDdf $
>]0fLdf juL{s/0f u/L lgod !$%s df ;f]xL
juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df z'Ns cg'udg ;ldltsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltsf] d'Vo sfo{
eg]s} ljBfnosf] juL{s/0f Pj+ ljBfnon] lng
kfpg] z'Nssf ;DaGwdf dGqfnonfO{ /fo ;'emfj
lbg] / ljBfnon] lgwf{l/t z'Ns nfu" u/] gu/]sf]
;DaGwdf cg'udg ug{ k|To]s lhNnfdf ;+:yfut
ljBfnosf] xsdf lgod !$%s-!_-v_ adf]lhd
cg'udg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] lgod
!$^ n] ljBfnon] lng kfpg] z'Ns tyf
w/f}6L;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; z'Ns
cg'udg ;ldltdf :jo+ laBfyL{sf cleefjs g}
/xg] x'bF f lghx ;lDdlnt ;ldltn] u}/sfg"gL
?kdf z'Ns p7fpg b]nfg\ egL ;Demg gldNg]
k|i6 5 .
lgod !$& f/f Jojl:yt z'Ns ;DaGwL
Joj:yfcg';f/ ;fdfGotofM lghL ljBfnosf]
Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lzIfs cleefjs ;+3sf]
981
sfo{sf/L ;ldlt;Fu k/fdz{ ;d]t u/L lgwf{/0f

ug{ kfpg] z'Nssf] clwstd ;Ldfleq} /xL
lgod !$&-#_ adf]lhd z}lIfs ;q z'? x'ge
' Gbf
b'O{ dlxgf cufj} lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ;dIf
laBfyL{;Fu lng] z'Nssf] k|:tfljt b/ k]z
u/]kl5 tt\ lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] hfFra'em
u/L To:tf] b/ :jLs[t ug]{ Joj:yf pklgod
-$_ n] u/]cg';f/ g} xfn;Dd ;fdfGotofM
;+:yfut ljBfnoxn] z'Nssf] k|:tfljt b/
;dod} k|:tfj u/L To:tf] z'Ns p7fpFb} cfPsf]df
s'g} klg sfg"gtM q'l6 /x]sf] 5}g . o;df olb
s'g} lghL ljBfnon] plNnlvt sfg"gljk/Ltsf]
sfdlqmof u/L lgwf{l/t ;Ldf z'Ns eGbf a9L
p7fPdf lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !^3-%_
ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ ePsf] dflgO{ pkbkmf -^_
adf]lhd clwsf/Ln] To:tf] P]g ljk/Lt z'Ns
lng] ljBfnonfO{ kRrL; xhf/;Dd h/Ljfgf
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf eO{ To:tf] a9L z'Ns c;"nL
ePsf] eP /f]Sg ;Sg] ;Ddsf] a}slNks pkrf/
x'Fbfx'Fb} To:tf] tf]lsPsf] lgsfodf s]xL ph"/L
;d]t gu/L kmut cfgf] af}l4s v'Nb'nL d]6fpg
u}/;/f]sf/ ;+:yfnfO{ k|ToyL{ agfO{, x'Fb} gePsf]
/ xgg\ g} gePsf] df}lns xsflwsf/sf] k|Zg
p7fO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg ;/f;/
vf/]hefuL /x]sf] 5 .
;fdfGotofM lghL ljBfnoxn] k7g
kf7g u/fpg] kf7\o;fdfu|L lgod #$ adf]lhd
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|f/f ;"rLs[t kf7\oqmd g}
x'g] ePsf] eP tfklg s'g} ;+:yfut jf lghL
ljBfnon] To:tf] :jLs[t kf7\ok':ts tyf
kf7\oqmd nfu" u/] gu/]sf] laifodf lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/LnfO{ lg/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg] clwsf/ k|fKt
g} /x] ePsf]df sf]xL s;}n] To:tf] :jLs[t kf7\oqmd
jf kf7\ok':ts nfu" gu/]sf] kfOPsf] cj:yfdf
lgh lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] lgod #& adf]lhd
;DalGwt k|wfgfWofksnfO{ To:tf] kf7\oqmd jf
kf7\ok':ts nfu" ug{ cfb]z lbg'kg]{ eGg] ;f/jfg
sfg"gL Joj:yf Pj+ k|efjsf/L sfg"gL k|fjwfg

x'bF fx'bF } ;f] k|efjsf/L a}slNks pkrf/df guO{
;f]em} ;DdfgLt cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg
skf]nslNkt ePsf]n] vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lghL
tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno cu{gfOh]zg g]kfnsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
/fli6o lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno
Pzf]l;Pzg g]kfn -Pg KofA;g_ ;+:yfut
ljBfnoxsf] k]zfut 5ftf ;+u7g xf] . o;
;+3n] l/6 lgj]bsxsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !& adf]lhd k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] lzIff
tyf ;+:s[lt;DaGwL df}lns xsdf cf3ft kfg]{
s'g} lsl;dsf] sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g .
s'g} klg ;+:yfut ljBfnoxn] lzIff
P]g / lzIff lgodfjnLn] tf]ss
] f] kl/lwleq /xL
cfgf] sfo{ eP u/]sf] x'G5 . lzIff P]g / lzIff
lgodfjnLsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L s'g} sfo{ eP
u/]sf] 7xl/Pdf lzIff P]g, -;+zf]wg;lxt_ @)@*
sf] bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf @-_ adf]lhd ;hfo
x'g ;Sg] ;Ddsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g] /x]sf] 5 .
lzIff lgodfjnL, -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ @)%( sf]
lgod !$% df ljBfnosf] juL{s/0f, !$%-s_
df ljBfnosf] juL{s/0f tyf z'Ns cg'udg
;ldlt, lgod !$^ df ljBfnon] lng kfpg]
z'Ns tyf w/f}6Lsf] Joj:yf / lgod !$& df
z'Ns ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+:yfut
ljBfnoxn] lgod !$& sf] pklgod -@_
adf]lhd cg';r
" L @@ df Joj:yf ePcg';f/
z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ lalw / k|lqmofx k|i6 Joj:yf
ePsf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] ljBfnoaf6 k':ts
laqmL lat/0f u/]sf], dx+uf] z'Ns lnPsf], z}lIfs
;dfu|Lx ;d]t v/Lb ug{ afWo t'NofPsf] Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/L lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bgaf6 ;d]t sf]
s;n] s'g ljBfnoaf6 pQm sfo{ ePsf] xf] ;f]
;DaGwdf 7f]; k|df0f k]z u/L cfjZos
sf/jfxLsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph"/L lbO{
sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] canDag ug{ ;Sg] k|z:t
982
af6f] x'bF fx'bF } laleGg kq klqsfdf tyf 6]lnlehg

nufotsf ;~rf/ dfWoddf k|sflzt ;dfrf/
eGb} ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qleq
k|jz
] u/L lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] /fli6o lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno
Pzf]l;Pzg g]kfn -Pg KofJ;g_ sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf * n] ljBfnon]
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts
nfu" ug'k{ 5{ egL sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] / lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod #!, #$, #% / #^
n] :jLs[t kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts nfu" ug{
hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] lgod
#& n] :jLs[t kf7\ok':ts nfu" gu/]df ;hfo
ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !$% n] ljBfno
juL{s/0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / !$& n] z'Ns;DaGwL
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt Joj:yfcg';f/
lhNnf lzIff sfof{ n oxaf6 ljBfnon]
laBfyL{;uF lng] z'Nssf] clwstd ;Ldf lgwf{/0f
ePsf] / ljBfnoxn] :jLs[t kf7\oqmd tyf
kf7\ok':ts k|of]u u/] gu/]sf], ljBfnoaf6
kf7\ok':ts laqmL u/] gu/]sf] / lgwf{l/t z'Ns
eGbf a9L z'Ns p7fP gp7fPsf] af/]df lhNnf
lzIff sfof{noaf6 lg/LIf0f 6f]nL v6fO{ k|lta]bg
lnO{ sfg"gljk/Lt sfo{ ug]{ ljBfnoxnfO{
sf/jfxL ;d]t ul/Psf] eGg] lhNnf lzIff
sfof{noaf6 k|fKt sfuhftxaf6 b]lvPsf]n]
o;/L sfg"gadf]lhdsf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog eO{
g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf 5'} cfb]z e}/xg' kg]{ cj:yf
g/x]sf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpg
cg'/f]w ub{5' eGg] lzIff dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o;df o; cbfntaf6 @)^*.!.!% df
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;f]
cfb]zdf k|lqmof ;d]t lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
;f] cg';f/ sfg"gsf] ;LdfeGbf a9L z'Ns lng
gkfpg] / ljBfnoaf6} kf7\ok':ts lsGg afWo

gug]{ / tf]lsPsf] eGbf km/s kf7\ok':ts cWofkg
gu/fpg] ;d]tsf s'/fxsf] dfl;s k|ult
k|ltj]bg k7fpg' eGg] ;d]t ;f]xL cfb]zdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ lzIff ljefuaf6 kl5Nnf]
k|ltj]bg @)^*.&.^ df o; cbfntdf k7fPsf]
b]lvG5 . pQm ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf laleGg
ljBfnoxnfO{ a9L z'Ns lng], lnPsf] ;DaGwdf
ljleGg k|sf/sf] sf/jfxL ul/Psf] eGg] ;d]t
pNn]v eP klg To;sf] kl/0ffd af/] s]xL pNn]v
ul/Psf] b]lvPg . ;fy} @)^*.!.!% sf] o;
cbfntsf] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf
cg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg k7fpg ljkIfL lghL
tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno cu{gfOh]zg g]kfn KofA;g_ / /fli6o lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno
Pzf]l;Pzg g]kfn -Pg KofA;g_ nfO{ klg cfb]z
lbPsf]df pQm b'j} ;+:yfxaf6 s'g} k|ltj]bg
k|fKt gePsf] cj:yfdf lgDgfg';f/sf] sfo{ ;DkGg
u/L k]z ug'{ M
!= lghL ljBfnoxn] @)^* k';;Dd s], s'g
k|sf/n] slt z'Ns lng] u/]sf 5g\, sfg"gn]
tf]ss
] f] eGbf a9L z'Ns lnPsf 5g\, 5}gg /
lnPsf] eP ss;n] lnPsf] / To:tfpk/
s] sf/jfxL ul/Psf], kl/0ffd ;d]t v'nfpg]
u/L !% lbgleq cBfjlws k|ltj]bg k7fpg'
egL lzIff ljefunfO{ n]vL k7fpg] .
@= KofA;g / Pg KofA;g b'j}n] clxn];Dd
k|ltj]bg gk7fPsf] plrt sf/0f eP ;f]
v'nfpg'sf ;fy} o; cbfntsf] @)^*.!.!%
sf] cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf s], s'g
k| s f/sf] cg' u dg u/] s f 5g\ / tL
;+:yfx;Fu cfa4 ljBfnoxn] pQm
ldltsf] cfb]zcg';f/sf] sfd, sf/jfxL u/]
gu/]af/] cfgf] wf/0ff ;lxt cBfjlws
k|ltj]bg !% lbgleq k7fpg' egL pQm b'j}
;+:yfxnfO{ n]vL k7fpg] .
983
pk/f]Qm n]vL k7fPsf] Dofbleq ;DalGwt

lgsfo / ;+:yfxaf6 k|ltj]bgx k|fKt ePkl5
lgodcg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
@)^*.!).$ sf] cfb]z .
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx >L >Ls[i0f
;'jb] L, >L slknrGb| kf]v/]n, 8f=ledfh'g{ cfrfo{,
>L /d0fs'df/ >]i7 tyf ljkIfL ;/sf/L kIfaf6
pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fhLjL
l3ld/], ljkIfL KofA;g tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfx >L kz'/{ fd sf]O/fnf / >L ;"o{
s]=;L= Pj+ ljkIfL Pg KofJ;g tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmf >L vDaaxfb'/ vftLn] jx;
ug'e
{ of] .
lgj] b s tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfxn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !& n] lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns
xssf] ?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lzIff P]g,
@)@* tyf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( n]
ljBfnoxn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]ss
] f] / :jLs[t
kf7\oqmd dfq nfu" ug'k{ g],{ ljBfno kl/;/af6
kf7\ok':ts / kf7\o;fdu|L laqmL ug{ gx'g],
ljBfyL{x;Fu ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] z'Ns dfq
lng kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . To:t} ljBfnon] :jLs[t
kf7\oqmd nfu" u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf lg/LIf0f /
cg'udg ug],{ :jLs[t kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts
nfu" gu/]df jf To:tf] kf7\ok':ts v/Lb ug{
jfWo kf/]df ;hfo ug]{ sfd st{Jo lzIff dGqfno
tyf cGtu{tsf ljefu / sfof{nosf] ePsf]
;f]xL P]g / lgodfjnLdf ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 .
To;sf cltl/Qm ljBfnoxn] ljBfyL{xaf6
tf]lsP eGbf a9L z'Ns lnP glnPsf] ;DaGwdf
lgoldt cg'udg u/L a9L z'Ns lnPsf] eP
To:tf] ljBfnonfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] klg P]g
/ lgodfjnLdf pNn] v 5 . t/ lghL
ljBfnoxn] P]g / lgodfjnLljk/Lt ljBfyL{af6
cfk"mv'zL dgk/L rsf]{ z}lIfs z'Ns c;"n ug],{

rsf]{ d"Nodf kf7\ok':ts / kf7\o;fdu|L laqmL
u/L ljBfyL{ / cleefjsxnfO{ lsGg afWo
agfpg], ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] dfkb08ljk/Lt
cfk"mv'zL u'0f:t/lxg kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts
lgwf{/0f u/L k7g kf7g u/fpg], klxn] k|sfzg
ePsf k':tsdf a9L d"Nosf] :6Ls/ 6fF;L laqmL
ug]{ h:tf sfo{ v'nc
] fd e} /x]sf 5g\ .
lghL ljBfnoxsf] pQm lqmofsnfkn]
;a{;fwf/0f gful/ssf] ;j{;'ne ?kdf lzIff
k|fKt ug]{ df}lns xsdfly k|ToIf cf3ft k/]sf]
5 . pko'{Qm sfo{xsf] lg/LIf0f, cg'udg u/L
lgoGq0f / sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ sfd st{Jo /
clwsf/ ePsf ;/sf/L lgsfoxn] P]g sfg"gn]
tf]s]sf] st{Jo k"/f gu/L df}g eP/ a;]sfn]
;/sf/L lgsfosf] pbf;Lgtfn] gful/ssf]
lzIffsf] xsdfly cf3ft kf/]sf] 5 . dfgj
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f] i f0ff, ljleGg
cGt/f{li6o cg'jGw / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
;d]tn] lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgj
clwsf/sf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . t/
g]kfndf lzIffnfO{ Jofkf/sf] ?kdf wg cfh{gsf]
dfWod agfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sn] u'0f:t/Lo
lzIff k|fKt ug]{ cj;/af6 jl~rt x'g k/]sfn]
lzIff P]g / lgodfjnLdf ePsf Joj:yf k"0f{
?kn] nfu" u/fpg / tL Joj:yf ckof{Kt eP
gofF P]g sfg"gsf] th'd
{ f u/L k|To]s gful/snfO{
;j{ ; ' n e ?kdf lzIff k| f Kt ug{
k/dfb]znufotsf pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z hf/L
x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL ;/sf/L lgsfosf tkm{ a f6
pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfn] l/6 lgj]bsn]
p7fPsf] ljifoj:t'sf ;Gbe{df lzIff dGqfno
nufotsf ljefu / sfof{nox ;+jb] gzLn
/x]sf 5g\ . lgj]bsn] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifoj:t' egL of] l/6 lbPsf]df o; cbfntsf]
cGtl/d cfb]z adf]lhd ljBfnoaf6 kf7\ok':ts
984
laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ aGb e};s]sf] 5 .

ljBfnoxn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t kf7\oqmd
tyf kf7\ok':ts nfu" u/] gu/]sf] / tf]lsPsf]
eGbf a9L z'Ns lnP glnPsf] ;DaGwdf lgoldt
cg' u dg / lg/LIf0f ePsf] 5 . sltko
ljBfnonfO{ sf/jfxL ul/Psf] 5 . t/ sfg"g
eGbf aflx/ uP/ sf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/ ;/sf/L
lgsfonfO{ gePsf] / lzIff P]g / lgodfjnLdf
tf]lsPsf] sfd / st{JonfO{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L
lgsfon] k"/f ul//x]sfn] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf 5}g eGg] ;d]t jx;
ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL KofA;g / Pg= KofA;g tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfxn] lgj]bsn] l/6
lgj]bgdf ljkIfL agfOPsf KofA;g / Pg
KofA;gn] ljBfyL{x;Fu z'Ns p7fpg] sfd gug]{
x'bF f ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ g} xf]Og . l/6 lgj]bgdf
s'g} ljBfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf] 5}g . g t
lhNnf lzIff sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf] 5 .
s'g s'g ljBfnon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]ss
] f] z'Ns
eGbf a9L z'Ns lnPsf] eGg] lgj]bgdf pNn]v
5}g . lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( n] u/]sf] ljBfnosf]
juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df z'Ns lgwf{/0f ;ldltn]
lgwf{/0f / :jLs[t u/]sf] z'Ns dfq ljBfnon]
p7fpg kfpg] x'G5 / ;f]xLadf]lhd p7fOPsf]
klg 5 . s'g} ljBfnon] :jLs[t eGbf a9L z'Ns
lnOPdf h/Ljfgf x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf klg 5 .
ljBfnoxn] kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|df ;"lrs[t
kf7\ok':ts g} cWofkg u/fpg] ul/Psf] / :jLs[lt
lnO{ yk z}lIfs ;fdu|L nfu" ug{ ljBfnoxn]
kfpg] Joj:yf lzIff lgodfjnLdf g} 5 . l/6
lgj] b sn] p7fPsf] ljifoj:t' ;DaGwdf
sfg"gljk/Lt sfo{ ul/Psf] eP ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 sf/jfxL rnfpg ;Sg] lzIff
P]g / lgodfjnLdf k|i6 Joj:yf 5 . ;fwf/0f
sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] x'Fbf x'Fb} ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] ljifo agfO{ l/6 If]qdf k|jz
] u/]sf]
lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]hefuL x'bF f vf/]h x'g' k5{

eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf]lsPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf b'j} kIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og eGg]
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lzIff P]g,
@)@* / lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df lghL
ljBfnoxn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f / :jLs[t
u/]sf] kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts dfq nfu" ug'k{ g{d] f
;/sf/L cg'dltj]u/ cfk"mv'zL kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f
/ kf7\o;fdu|L k|sfzg u/L rsf]{ d"Nodf ljBfno
xftfaf6} k':ts / z}lIfs ;fdu|L lsGg cleefjs
/ ljBfyL{nfO{ jfWo kfg's
{ f] ;fy} k'/fgf] z}lIfs
;qdf k|sflzt k':tssf] z'Nsdf :6Ls/ 6fF;L
gofF z'Ns /fvL laqmL e}/x]sf] 5 . lghL
ljBfnoxn] ljBfyL{xaf6 lzIff P]g /
lgodfjnLljk/Lt dxFuf] z'Ns ltg{ afWo
kfl/Psfn] ;+ljwfgdf k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] lzIff
;DaGwL xs pkef]u ug{af6 ;j{;fwf/0f jl~rt
x'g' k/]sf]df lghL ljBfnoaf6 ePsf pQm
lqmofsnfk /f]Sg ;/sf/L lgsfon] s'g} sbd
grfn]sfn] lghL ljBfnoxnfO{ ljBfnosf]
ef}lts / z}lIfs :t/sf cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L
lglZrt\ dfkb08sf cfwf/df z'Ns lgwf{/0f u/L
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]ss
] f] z'Ns dfq lng kfpg]
Joj:yf ug{ / kf7\ o ;fdu| L sf] xsdf
sfg"gadf]lhd :jLs[t kf7\o;fdu|L dfq k|sfzg
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/f/f tf]lsPsf] d"No lgwf{/0f
u/L x/]s gful/snfO{ ;j{;n
' e lzIffsf] clwsf/
pkef]u ug{] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ljkIfL ;/sf/L
lgsfosf gfpFdf pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]znufot hf]
rflxg] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] dfubfjL lnO{
lgj]bsn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
#= o; ;DaGwdf ljBfnoxn] cWofkg
u/fpg] kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts ;DaGwdf lzIff
985
P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf * df ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{

x]bf{ ljBfnon] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t
kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts nfu' ug'{k5{ eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljBfno eGgfn]
;fd' b flos jf ;+ : yfut ljBfnonfO{
;Demg'kb{5 eGg] ;f] P]gsf] bkmf @ sf]
kl/efiff v08df pNn]v ePsfn] ;fd'bflos /
;+:yfut b'j} k|sf/sf ljBfnoxn] / bkmf
@-6_ Pjd\ @-7_ cg';f/ z}lIfs u'7Ln] ;~rfng
u/]sf] lghL ljBfnonufot ;a}n] g]kfn
;/sf/af6 :jLs[ t ePsf] kf7\ o qmd /
kf7\ok':ts dfq nfu" u/L cWofkg u/fpg'
kg]{ s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . To:t} lzIff lgodfjnL,
@)%( sf] lgod ^ df ljBfnon] kfng ug'{kg]{
zt{xdf lzIff P]g / lgodfjnLdf cGoyf
n]lvPb]lv afx]s ljBfnoxn] kfng ug'{kg]{
zt{x b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v e}
b] x fo -s_ df g] k fn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[ t
kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts nfu" ug'{kg]{, b]xfo
-v_ df kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :jLs[lt lagf
yk kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o;fdu|L k|of]u ug{
gx'g], b]xfo -u_ df /fli6otfk|lt cfFr cfpg]
kf7\o;fdu|L ePsf] kf7\ok':ts ljBfnodf
cWofkg ug{, u/fpg gx'g] eGg] ;d]tsf Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] kl/R5]b\
& df ljBfnon] nfu" ug{k' g]{ kf7\oqmd tyf
kf7\ok':ts;DaGwL lj:t[t ?kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . h; cGtu{t lgod #! df ljBfnon]
g] k fn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[ t kf7\ o qmd tyf
kf7\ok':ts nfu" ug'k{ g],{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
To;sf] nflu lgod #@-!_ df kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f
tyf d"Nofg ug]{ ;DaGwdf gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{sf
nflu kf7\oqmd ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
5 . lgod #$ df kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n]
ljBfnodf cWofkg u/fpg] kf7\ok':ts tof/
ug'k{ g]{ / lgod #% df ljBfnon] yk kf7\o;fdu|L
jf kf7\ok':ts cWofkg ug{ rfx]df ;DalGwt

lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf lgj]bg ug'{kg]{ /
;f]adf]lhd k/]sf lgj]bg hfFra'em ubf{ yk
kf7\o;fdu|L jf kf7\ok':ts cWofkg ug]{ :jLs[lt
lbg dgfl;j b]lvPdf / To;/L dfu ul/Psf]
yk kf7\o;fdu|L jf kf7\ok':ts kf7\oqmd ljsf;
s]Gb|n] :jLs[t u/]sf] ;"rLdf kg]{ b]lvPdf lhNnf
lzIff clwsf/Ln] To:tf] yk kf7\o;fdu|L jf
kf7\ok':ts k|of]u ug{ :jLs[lt lbOg]5 eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvof] .
%= To:t} lgod #^ df ljBfnon] g]kfn
;/sf/af6 :jLs[t kf7\oqmd jf kf7\ok':ts
tyf cGo ;xof]uL ;fdu|L nfu" u/] jf gu/]sf]
;DaGwdf lg/LIf0f cg'udg ug]{ sfd lgb]z
{ s
tyf lhNnf lzIff clwsfl/sf] x'g,] lgod #& df
:jLs[t kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts nfu" gu/]sf]
jf kf7\ok':ts v/Lb ug{ nufPdf ;hfo ug{
;lsg] zLif{scGtu{t pklgod -!_ df s'g} klg
ljBfnon] :jLs[t kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts
nfu" gu/]df lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] ;DalGwt
k|wfgfWofksnfO{ To:tf] kf7\oqmd nfu" ug{ cfb]z
lbg'kg],{ pklgod -@_ df s'gk} lg ljBfnon]
ljBfnoaf6 kf7\ok':ts v/Lb ug{ ljBfyL{nfO{
jfWo ug{ gx'g] / pklgod -#_ df pklgod -!_
adf]lhd lbOPsf] cfb]zadf]lhd k|wfgfWofksn]
:jLs[t kf7\oqmd jf kf7\ok':ts ljBfnodf
k|of]u gu/]df jf ljBfnoaf6 kf7\ok':ts v/Lb
ug{ ljBfyL{nfO{ afWo u/fPdf lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/Ln] To:tf] k|wfgfWofksnfO{ P]gadf]lhd
;hfo ug]5
{ eGg] ;d]tsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvof] .
^= cj ljBfnon] ljBfyL{xaf6 lng
kfpg] z'Ns ;DaGwdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !^3 df ;f]
;DaGwL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm bkmf !^3_ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf]
k|fylds txsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns x'g5
] / To:tf]
986
ljBfnodf egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]

kf7\ok':ts lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg], pkbkmf
-@_ df ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] lgDg dfWolds
tx / dfWolds txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{;uF
lnOg] z'Ns tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/g]
t/ ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf blnt, hghflt /
dlxnfnufot;Fu cGo ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fd'bflos
ljBfnodf lgMz'Ns lzIff k|bfg ug],{ pkbkmf
-#_ df ljBfnon] ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} sIffdf egf{
ubf{ Psk6s egf{ z'Ns lnO{ ;s]kl5 k'gM ;f]xL
ljBfnosf] csf]{ sIffdf egf{ ug{sf] nflu s'g}
lsl;dsf] z'Ns lng gkfpg], pkbkmf -$_ df
ljBfnon] ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
ug{sf nflu ljBfyL{;uF s'g} lsl;dsf] z'Ns
lng gkfpg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL bkmf
!^3 pkbkmf -%_ df ;+:yfut ljBfnon]
ljBfyL{;uF lng kfpg] z'Ns tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Laf6
:jLs[lt u/fO{ lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{ / To;/L z'Ns
lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf :jLs[lt lbFbf tf]lsPsf]
clwsf/Ln] ljBfnon] pknAw u/fPsf] ;'ljwfsf]
cfwf/df lbg]5 eGg] pNn]v eO{ pkbkmf -^_ df
s'g} ljBfnon] o; P]gljk/Lt ljBfyL{;uF s'g}
z'Ns lnPdf tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] To:tf] z'Ns
;DalGwt ljBfyL{nfO{ lkmtf{ ug{ nufpg' kg]{ /
pklgod -&_ df o; P]gljk/Lt z'Ns lng]
ljBfnonfO{ tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] kRrL; xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOof] .
&= ljBfnon] ljBfyL{;Fu lng kfpg]
z'Ns ;DaGwdf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df
ePsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ lgod !$%s sf] pklgod
-!_ df ljBfnosf] juL{s/0f ug{, ljBfnon]
lng kfpg] z'Nssf ;DaGwdf dGqfnonfO{ /fo
;'emfj lbg / ljBfnon] lgwf{l/t z'Ns nfu"
u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg'udg ug{ k|To]s
lhNnfdf ljBfno juL{s/0f / z'Ns cg'udg
;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t}
lgod !$^ df ljBfnon] lng kfpg] z'Ns

tyf w/f}6L;DaGwL Joj:yf e} lgod !$& sf]
pklgod -!_ n] ;fd'bflos ljBfno, sDkgL
tyf z} l Ifs u' 7 LcGtu{ t ;~rflnt
ljBfnoxsf nflu 5'f5'} z'Ns lgwf{/0fsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f]xL lgodsf] pklgod
-@_ df lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] lgod !$%s
adf]lhdsf] ;ldlt;Fu k/fdz{ u/L cfgf]
lhNnfleqsf s, v, u jf 3 >]0fLsf]
ljBfnoxn] lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] z'Nssf]
clwstd ;Ldf tf]sL z}lIfs ;q z'? x'g'eGbf
tLg dlxgf cufj} ;"rgf k|sfzg ug'{kg]{,
pklgod -#_ df z}lIfs ;q z'? x'g' eGbf b'O{
dlxgf cufj} cfufdL z}lIfs ;qsf] nflu
ljBfyL{;Fu lng] z'Nssf] k|:tfljt b/ cg';"rL
@@ sf] cfwf/df k|:tfljt u/L lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{, pklgod -$_ df
pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] z'Nssf] b/ k|fKt
ePdf lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] ;f] z'Ns cg';r
" L
@@ sf] cfwf/df k|:tfj eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf
hfFra'em u/L To:tf] z'Nssf] b/ :jLs[lt ug]{,
pklgod -%_ df pklgod -$_ adf]lhd :jLs[t
z'Nssf] b/ ljBfnon] cfgf] ;"rgf kf6Ldf
6fF:g' kg]{ pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] . To:t} lgod
!%) df ljBfnon] z'Nssf] b/, z'Ns a'emfpg]
cjlw / k|lqmof;DaGwL ljj/0f ljBfyL{ tyf
cleefjssf] hfgsfl/sf nflu ;"rgf kf6Ldf
6fF:g'kg]{ pNn]v eO{ lgod !%)s sf] pklgod
! df ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] z'Ns tyf 5fqj[lQ
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf gLlt lgdf{0f ug{, o:tf
ljBfnosf] z}lIfs :t/df ;'wf/ ug{ tyf lgwf{l/t
z'Nssf] cg'udg u/L dGqfnonfO{ /fo ;'emfj
lbg] sfd ;d] t sf] nflu dxflgb] { z ssf]
;+of]hsTjdf Ps z'Ns Joj:yfkg tyf cg'udg
s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvg cfof] .
*= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{df
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb egL bfo/ ePsf]
987
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL

3f]if0ffkq (Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1948) / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGw (ICESCR,
1966) nufot cGt/f{li6o sfg"gsf ;|ft
] xsf]
pNn]v ub}{ g]kfnL gful/sxsf] lzIff;DaGwL
;+jw} flgs Pjd\ sfg"gL xssf] lgjf{w k|rng
ug]{ u/fpg] tkm{ l/6 lgj]bsxn] cfgf] ;/f]sf/
b]vfO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lgj]bsx :jod\ sfg"g Joj;foL clwjQmf x'gs
' f]
;fy} laleGg ;fdflhs ;+:yfx;Fu cfa4 /x]sf]
;d]t b]lvG5 . oL lgj]bsxn] g]kfnL hgtfsf]
lzIff;DaGwL df}lns xsk|lt cfgf] lrGtf, rf;f]
/ ;/f]sf/ b]vfpg'nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g .
clkt' hfu?s gful/ssf] bfloTj lgjf{x u/]sf]
g} dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . cfd g]kfnL hgtf;Fu ;DalGwt
lzIff ;DaGwL xssf] k| r ngdf b] l vPsf]
Jofjxfl/s ca/f]w, Jofkf/Ls/0f / ;/sf/L
pbf;Lgtf ;d]tnfO{ :ki6 ub}{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg
u/]sf] xs Pjd\ lzIff;DaGwL P]g, lgodn] u/]sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf]
sl7gfO{ ;d]taf6 k/]sf] / kl//x]sf] gsf/fTds
c;/ ;d]t pNn]v u/L k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
d'Votof b'O{ lsl;dsf] bfjL lnOPsf] kfOG5M
1=
2=
lzIffsf] ;+jw} flgs Pjd\ sfg"gL clwsf/sf]

pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt ug]{ u/L clgoldt
z'Ns a[l4 / ljBfno xftfaf6} clgoldt
kf7\ o k' : ts / z} l Ifs ;fdu| L laqmL
ljt/0fnfO{ /f]Sg] u/L ;a} ljkIfLxsf gfddf
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ .
lghL ljBfnoxsf] ef}lts / z}lIfs:t/sf]
cfwf/df ljBfnosf] :t/ lgwf{/0f u/L g]kfn
;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] z'Ns lng kfpg] /
sfg"gadf]lhd :jLs[t kf7\o;fdu|L k|sfzg
ug's
{ f ;fy} tf]lsPsf] d"Nodf laqmL lat/0f
x'g] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no /

lzIff dGqfnosf] gfddf pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]z
nufotsf] rflxg] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ .
(= lgj] b sxsf] tkm{ a f6 k| : t' t
dfubfjLsf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ o; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^*.!.!% df of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o
gx'Fbf;Dd k|rlnt sfg"gL k|lqmofadf]lhd
cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 k"j:{ jLs[t z'Ns ;LdfeGbf
a9L z'Ns laBfyL{, cleefjsxaf6 ljBfnoxn]
glng, gp7fpg / ;DalGwt cflwsfl/s
lgsfoaf6 k"j:{ jLs[t kf7\ok':ts Pjd\ ;Gbe{
k':tsx eGbf km/s k':tsx cWoog cWofkg
gug{, gu/fpgsf ;fy} ljBfno kl/;/leqaf6}
laBfyL{, cleefjsxnfO{ k':ts lng afWo
gug{ gu/fpg, sfg"gadf]lhdsf] cfjZos
Joj:yf ug',{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL lzIff ljefusf]
dxflgb]z
{ s / ljkIfL lzIff dGqfnosf] gfddf
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 .
!)= pk/f]Qm cfb]z / To;sf] cg'udgsf]
;Gbe{df o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.!).$ df
ePsf] cfb]zn] ;a} ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ eGg] lgj]bsxsf] klxnf]
dfu ;Daf]wg eO;s]sf] 5 . ;f]xL l;nl;nfdf
ljkIfLdWo] lzIff ljefun] ldlt @)^*.#.^ /
@)^*.!!.!^ df k7fPsf] kq x]bf{ cg]s lghL
ljBfnoxsf] cg'udg ul/Psf] / lgwf{l/t eGbf
a9L z'Ns lng] s]xL ljBfnopk/ sf/jfxL ;d]t
ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ljBfno
xftfaf6 kf7\o Pjd\ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] laqmL
lat/0f /f]Sg lgb]z
{ g lbPcg';f/ ljBfnoxsf]
xftfaf6 laqmL lat/0f ug]{ sfo{ aGb eO;s]sf]
eGg] ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm tYonfO{ lgj]bs
tkm{af6 klg 5nkmnsf] bf}/fg :jLsf/ ul/Psf]
kfOPsf] 5 . o;/L u}/sfg"gL 9+un] lgwf{l/t
z'Ns eGbf a9L z'Ns lng] sfo{ lgoGq0f ug]t{ km{
sbd rflnPsf] / u}/sfg"gL 9+un] Pjd\ laBfyL{
988
/ cleefjsx dfly a9L cfly{s ef/ kg]{ u/L

ljBfno kl/;/af6} ToxfF k9fOg] kf7\o;fdu|L
Pjd\ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx laqmL ul/g] sfo{ aGb
k|foM e};s]sf]n] oL lgj]bsxn] o;tkm{ b]vfPsf]
;/f]sf/ ;fy{s eO{ o; l/6 lgj]bgsf] klxnf]
k|of]hg k"/f eO;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;y{, ;f]
;DaGwdf cfpg] lbgxdf ;DalGwt lgsfon]
cg'udg ug'{ afx]s o; Ohnf;n] ca yk
laj]rgf ug'{ / af]Ng' kg]{ b]lvPg .
!!= ca lgj]bsxsf] bf];f| ] dfutkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsxn] pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]znufot
hf] rflxg] cf1f, cfb]z hf/L ug{ dfu u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;j{ky| d pTk|i] f0fsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ s'g} ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] kbflwsf/Ln]
jf ;/sf/ jf s' g } ;/sf/L lgsfon]
clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 jf If]qflwsf/;DaGwL q'l6
u/L s'g} lg0f{o u/]sf] jf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o
u/]sf] 5 / To;af6 s'g} JolQmsf] sfg"gL xslxtdf
c;/ k/]sf] 5 eg] ;f] q'l6nfO{ ;Rofpg /
sfg"gL xssf] k|rng u/fpg cGo sfg"gL
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf eP klg k|efjsf/L
gePdf To:tf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L JolQmsf] xslxt
k|rng u/fpg / k|rlnt sfg"g nfu" u/fpg
o; cbfntn] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{] ub{5 . To;}u/L To:tf]
lg0f{oaf6 ;Dk"0f{ hgtf jf 7"nf] hg;d'bfo jf
dflg;xsf] 7"nf] ;d"x jf s'g} ju{ jf If]qsf
dflg; jf hg;d'bfosf] xslxtdf c;/ k/]sf]
eP klg To;sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ unt sfo{nfO{
;Rofpg pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/G5 .
!@= k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ oL
lgj]bsxn] pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zaf6 ljkIfLdWo]
s;sf] s'g ldltsf] s'g lg0f{o ab/ ug{ dfu
u/]sf] xf] ;f] s]xL klg lgj]bgaf6 v'Nb}g . ljkIfLx
dWo] s;}af6 klg of] ldltdf o:tf] lg0f{o ePsf]
xf] / To;af6 oL lgj]bsx ;d]t jf cfd
g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fj{hlgs lxtdf ljk/Lt c;/

k/]sf] 5 egL l/6 lgj]bgdf st} pNn]v ul/Psf]
kfOFbg} . cGt/f{li6o sfg"gn] / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg ;d]tn] ;a} gful/snfO{ lzIffsf]
xsflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ o;df ljjfb 5}g .
sfg"gsf] 7Ls 9+un] kfng x'gk' 5{, o;df klg
ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfndf
lzIff;DaGwL xssf] k|rngsf nflu lzIff P]g /
lgodsf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] kfng / k|rng
geO/x]sf] / lzIff;DaGwL xssf] k|rngsf nflu
;/sf/L :t/af6 k|efjsf/L sfd, sf/jfxL gePsf]
tkm{ o; lgj]bgaf6 o; cbfntsf] Wofgfsif{0f
cjZo u/fOPsf] 5 . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jf
s' g } vf; ;/sf/L lgsfo jf s' g } vf;
kbflwsfl/sf] s'g} lg0f{oaf6 oL lgj]bsx jf
g]kfnL hgtf jf g]kfnL hgtfsf] s'g} vf;
;d'bfo, ju{ jf If]qsf afl;Gbfxsf] xslxtdf
c;/ k/]sf] 5 eGg] lgj]bgdf v'nfOPsf] 5}g .
o;af6 oL l/6 lgj]bsxn] lzIffsf] xs /
lzIff;DaGwL P]g, lgodsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
geO{/x]sf] af/] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs jx; rnfpg
rfx]sf] ;Dd b]lvG5 .
!#= l/6 lgj]bgdf h:t} lgj]bs clwjQmf
>Ls[i0f ;'ab] L ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ul/Psf]
lnlvt ax;gf]6df klg dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* / cfly{s ;fdflhs
tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(^^
af6 lIfIffsf] xs;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] p4/0fx
pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} o; cbfntaf6
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/;DaGwL ljjfb (PIL) df ePsf
s]xL lg0f{o / o; ;DaGwdf ef/tsf ;jf]R{ r
cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL lg0f{osf] klg l/6 lgj]bg
/ jx;gf]6df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/ s;sf],
s'g lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg of] l/6 lgj]bgdf pTk|i] f0fsf]
dfu ul/Psf] xf] ;f] lgtfGt k|f/lDes / cfwf/e"t
s'/f l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v gePaf6 7f]; /
jf:tljs sfg"gL pkrf/ k|fKt ug'{ eGbf ;fj{hlgs
989
xs / ;/f]sf/;DaGwL ;}4flGts, af}l4s jf

gLltut jx; rnfpg] tkm{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
a9L pGd"v /x]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . of] cd's cfb]z,
lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm egL :ki6 dfubfaL gePaf6
dfu adf]lhd pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{ k/]g .
!$= o:t} k/dfb]zsf] dfu ug's
{ f] klg
cfwf/ / sf/0f l/6 lgj]bgdf :ki6;Fu v'nfOPsf]
5}g . ljkIfL agfOPsf lzIff ljefu, kf7\oqmd
ljsf; s]Gb|, lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno
cu{gfOh]zg g]kfn (PABSON) / /fli6o lghL
tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno Pzf]l;Pzg (N PABSON)
sf] xsdf s'g} klg cfb]z hf/L ug{ l/6 lgj]bgdf
dfu ul/Psf] 5}g . cfb]z hf/L x'g bfjL gul/Psf
tL ljkIfLxsf gfddf bfjLeGbf aflx/ uP/
s'g} klg :yfoL lsl;dsf] / ljz]if k|sl[ tsf]
cfb]z hf/L ug]{ cj:yf g} /x]g . l/6 lgj]bgsf]
leqL Joxf]/faf6 pk/f]Qm lgsfox klg lzIff
P]g / lgod 7Ls;Fu sfof{Gjog gug],{ gu/fpg]
sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] eGg] ;Dd pNn]v ul/Psf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ ls6fgL ?kn] ljkIfLdWo] g]kfn
;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
/ lzIff dGqfnosf] gfddf dfq cfb]z hf/L x'g
dfu ul/Psf]n] pQm b'O{ lgsfo afx]ssf cGo
ljkIfLxsf gfddf k/dfb]znufot s'g} klg
cfb]z hf/L ug'{ k/]g .
!%= ca dfu ul/Psf] b'O{ lgsfosf gfddf
k/dfb]z hf/L x'g,] gx'g] eGg] tkm{ x]bf{ k|wfgdGqL
/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{non] / lzIff dGqfnon]
sfg"gn] ug{ gx'g] vf; s'g sfd u/]sf x'g\ jf
sfg"gn] ug'k{ g]{ vf; s'g sfd gu/]sf x'g\ eGg]
klg l/6 lgj]bgdf :ki6;Fu s]xL pNn]v ul/Psf]
5}g . o:t} pQm lgsfo xsf] gfpFdf s] s:tf]
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
klg l/6 lgj]bgdf :ki6 v'nfOPsf] 5}g . vf;
s'/fsf] bfjL gePsf] cj:yfdf dfu ul/Pcg';f/
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]zpk/f]Qm lgsfoxsf gfddf hf/L
ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvPg .
!^= o; l/6 lgj]bgaf6 h] h:tf] dfu

ul/Psf] eP klg g]kfnsf] k|fylds / dfWolds
tx ;Ddsf] k|rlnt lzIff k4ltdfly s]xL uDeL/
k|Zgx;Fu o; l/6 lgj]bgsf] cGt/j:t'
cGt/;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lzIff;DaGwL
xssf] k|rngdf /x]sf s]xL uDeL/ afwfxnfO{
;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fOPsf]n]
To;k|lt o; cbfnt pbf;Lg /xg ;Sg] jf
a]jf:tf ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . ;fd'bflos /
;+:yfut ljBfnox / clwsflws ;+Vofdf
u'7L jf sDkgLsf] ?kdf btf{ eO{ rfn" /x]sf
lghL ljBfnoxsf] ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg, ToxfF
k9fOg] kf7\ok':ts, kf7\o;fdu|L, egf{ k|lqmof /
z'Ns lgwf{/0f / ljBfyL{xaf6 lnOg] clgolGqt
z'Ns nufotsf s'/fxnfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt
ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostf 68\sf/f] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
;/sf/L vr{df rNg] ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut
ljBfno klg ;Gtf]ifk|b 9+un] ;~rfng gePsf]
eGg] Jofks k|ltlqmof laleGg If]qaf6 JoQm
ePsf] kfOG5 . cg]s lghL ljBfnoxn] egf{
z'Ns b]lv lnP/ nfUg] dfl;s z'Ns afx]s klg
cg]s k|sf/sf z'Ns}z'Ns lng] u/]af6 cfd
hgdfg;nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !&-!_ / !&-@_
n] k|bfg u/]sf] lzIff ;DaGwL xs, wf/f !#-r_
n] k|bfg u/]sf] s'g} k]zf, /f]huf/;DaGwL xs,
wf/f !* n] k|bfg u/]sf] /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs
;'/Iff;DaGwL xs / wf/f @(-!_ n] k|bfg u/]sf]
zf]if0f la?4sf] xs ;d]t oyfy{df kl/0ft
(Materialize) x'g uDeL/ afwfca/f]wsf] l;h{gf
ePsf] :ki6 cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko lghL
ljBfnodf egf{ x'g ljz]if /sd a'emfpg' kg]{ jf
egf{ k/LIffsf] gfddf egf{ kmd{sf] 7"nf] / clgolGqt
d"No /fv]/ w]/n
} fO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] t/ yf]/s
} f]
egf{ lng] Pjd\ dfl;s k9fO{ z'Ns afx]s w/f}6L
/sd, k':tsfno z'Ns, Lab z'Ns, ejg dd{t
z'Ns, cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk z'Ns, z}lIfs e|d0f
z'Ns, k/LIff z'Ns, Jofofd z'Ns, dgf]/~hg
990
z'Ns, OToflb lng] ul/Paf6 jf:tjdf laBfyL{ /

cfd cleefjs kLl8t / zf]lift ePsf] Jofks
hgu'gf;f] cg]s ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ;do;dodf
k|sflzt / k|;fl/t eO{ g} /x]sf] tYo ;j{ljlbt
5 . o; ;DaGwdf lzIff P]g, lgodcg';f/
cg'udg / lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfoxaf6 k|efjsf/L
cg'udg / lgoGq0f x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
!&= o;sf] cltl/Qm cg] s lghL
ljBfnoxdf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 k"j{ :jLs[lt
glnPsf] sltko kf7\ok':ts / kf7\o;fdu|L k9fOg]
k|rng klg lrGtfsf] csf]{ ljifo ag]sf] 5 . o;
k|al[ Qdfly ;dod} lgoGq0f ul/Pg eg] o;n]
/fli6o ;f]r / /fli6otfdf klg uDeL/ ;d:ofsf]
l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] s'/f ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
lzIffsf] o; xb;Dd Jofkf/Ls/0f ePsf] 5 ls
sltko ljBfnon] cfk"mv'zL d"Nodf ljBfyL{n]
nufpg] kf]zfs / k|of]u ug]{ kf7\ok':ts Pjd\
kf7\o;fdu|L ;d]t laqmL ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . Pp6f
k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]kl5 dflyNnf] sIffdf :jtM egf{
ug'k{ g]d
{ f gu/L egf{ z'Ns lng] / cfk"mv'zL
dfl;s z'Nsdf jif}{ lkR5] a[l4 ug]{ ul/Psf] klg
kfOPsf] 5 . o; l/6 lgj]bgdf k|fKt lnlvt
hjfkmxdf pQm s'/f /f]lsPsf] eGg] pNn]v
ePaf6 / o; cbfntaf6 hf/L cGtl/d cfb]zsf]
cg'udgaf6 klg pQm s'/f b]lvg cfO;s]sf]
5 . k|fylds / dfWolds :t/sf cg]s lghL
ljBfnoxsf] o; lsl;dsf] ;~rfngaf6
;du|df lbgx'F dx+uf] x'Fb} uPsf] lzIff cfh
hgtfsf] kx'r
F eGbf aflx/sf] j:t' aGb} uPsf]
cg'el" t ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIff P]g, @)@* / lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( cg';f/ lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/L
lgsfon] of t k|efjsf/L 9+un] cfgf] lhDd]jf/L
k"/f ug{ rfx]sf] 5}g jf cfgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{
;s]sf] 5}g . lbgfg'lbg cg'udg / ;fdfGo
lgoGq0f, lgb]z
{ gsf] sfdsf/jfxL cToGt lkmtnf]
aGb} uPsf] cfefif x'G5 . o; l:yltdf tfTsfnLs
kl/jt{g / ;'wf/sf] cToGt cfjZostf 5 .
!*= o;y{ o; kl/l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf

/fVb} ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / lzIff dGqfnosf] gfddf
b]xfoadf]lhd ug'{ u/fpg' egL lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z
hf/L ul/Psf] 5M
!=
lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf # cg';f/ lghL

ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt lbg' k"j{
ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ plrt / k|ofKt
k"jf{wf/ v8f u/], gu/]sf], s8fO{sf ;fy
;DalGwt lgsfon] x]gk{' g],{
@= ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnoxdf klg
ef}lts ;'ljwfsf kof{Kttf / k9fO{sf] :t/af/]
uDeL/tfk"js
{ / s8fO{sf ;fy lhNnf lzIff
sfof{noaf6 lg/Gt/ cg'udg / lg/LIf0f
x'gk' g],{
#= lghL ljBfno nufot s'g} klg ljBfnon]
dfWolds :t/;Ddsf] s'g} sIffdf egf{ z'Ns
lng gkfpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt\ ug],{
$= egf{ k/LIff lng] ljBfnon] cfk"m sxfF pknAw
l;6 ;+Vofsf] bf]Aa/ eGbf a9L cfj]bs
ljBfyL{nfO{ egf{ k/LIffdf ;dfj]z u/fpg
gkfpg] / egf{ kmd{ Pjd\ k/LIff b:t"/
qmdzM ?=@%. / ?=!)). eGbf a9L lng
gkfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ u/fpg],
%= ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 k"j{ :jLs[lt gu/fO{
s'g} klg z'Ns lng gkfOg] ;fy} Ps k6s
lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] z'Ns tLg jif{;Dd a9fpg
gkfpg] / a9fpg] :jLs[lt k|bfg gug]{ s'/f
;'lglZrt\ ug'k{ g],{
^= k"j{ :jLs[t d'Vo kf7\ok':ts, ;xfos jf
a}slNks kf7\ok':ts / kf7\o;fdu|L afx]s
cGo / cglws[ t kf7\ o k' : ts Pjd\
kf7\o;fdu|L k9fpg gkfpg] / ljBfnon]
cfgf] kf7\oqmddf :jLs[t eGbf afx]s s'g}
klg k':ts jf kf7\o ;fdu|L ;dfj]z ug{
gkfpg] .
991
&=
s'g} ;fd'bflos, ;+:yfut jf lghL ljBfnon]

lg0f{o g+= **%)
laqmL sIf vf]nL ljBfnokf]zfs / ;fdu|L
Pjd\ kf7\ok':ts / kf7\o;fdu|L laqmL ug{
gkfpg] .
' m Ohnf;
*= lzIff P]g, @)@* cg';f/sf] lzIff ljefu,
If]qLo lzIff lgb]z
{ gfno / lhNnf lzIff
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
sfof{noaf6 ul/g] cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{
;+jt\ @)^*WO)&$(
k|efjsf/L agfpg] / tL lgsfon] lbOPsf]
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.#.!*.@
lgb]{zg kfng gug]{ ljBfnoxdfly
d'2f M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
k|efjsf/L sf/jfxL ug]{ u/fpg],
(= ef}lts k"jf{wf/cg';f/ ljBfnoxsf] s, lgj]bsM l;/xf lhNnf nxfg gu/kflnsf *
v, u, 3 / u/L kfFr >]0fLdf juL{s/0f
l:yt dw]z zxLb /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fgsf
ug]{ / ;f]xLcg';f/ Go"gtd\ / clwstd\
tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt tyf cfgf] xsdf
z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug],{
;d]t P]= k|lti7fgsf cWoIf nId0f dxtf]
!)= lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod ^, &, !^,
la?4
#!, #@, #$, #%, #^, #& df ePsf] Joj:yf ljkIfLM ;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg ;ef, ;+;bLo
/ z'Ns ;DaGwdf lzIff P]gsf] bkmf !^3
Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno ;d]t
Pjd\ lzIff lgodfjnLsf] lgod !$%s, !$^,
!$& / !%)s df ePsf] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L
h'g k|of]hg / k|lti7fgsf nflu /sd
9+un] nfu" ug]{ u/fpg],
lalgof]lht ul/Psf] xf], ;f]xL k|of]hgsf
!!= lzIff P]g, / lgodfjnLsf] ;du| cg'udg
nflu vr{ x'g] u/L ;f]xL k|lti7fgnfO{
Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfpFb} o; lgb]z
{ gnfO{
k|bfg ug]{ clwsf/ ljlgof]hgstf{ g]kfn
s8fO{sf ;fy nfu" ug{ lzIff lgodfjnLdf
;/sf/nfO{ g} x'g] .
cfjZos kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{g ;d]t ug]{
:ki6 sfg"gL xssf] cfwf/a]u/ ah]6
u/fpg] .
k'l:tsfdf lalgof]hg ul/Psf] /sd
!(= of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmf
lgj]bsn] g} kfpg] u/L o; cbfntn]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL
x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x ug]{ u/L
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / lzIff dGqfnonfO{
cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] .
lbg'sf ;fy} pk/f]Qm lgb]z
{ gx sfof{Gjog eP
h'g p2]Zo, k|of]hg, sfd / ;+:yfsf] nflu
geP tkm{ cg'udg ug{ o; cbfntsf] cg'udg
ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] xf] ;f]sf] klxrfg ug]{ /
tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvfnfO{ of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk
;xL sfdsf nflu, ;xL ;+:yfnfO{ /sd
k7fO{ l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/L nut sf u/L ldl;n
k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg ;/sf/s} x'g
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{lbg" .
cfpF5 . o; sfo{sfl/0fL k|sl[ tsf] sfddf
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
;/sf/sf] lgot / Ifdtfdfly g} z+sf ug]{
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
u/L lgj]bsnfO{ lalgof]lht /sd lbg' egL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 !) ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
cfb]z hf/L ug]{ cj:yf gx'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M ljZjgfy e/fO{
-k|s/0f g+=^_
992
**%) - /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fg ;d]t lj=;+ljwfg ;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t
pknAw ;fwg / ;|ft] sf] ljlgof]hg ubf{

/ /fHosf]ifaf6 /sd ljt/0f ubf{
:j]R5frf/L 9+un] ug'{ /fHo ;~rfngsf
nflu :yflkt d"No / dfGotfljk/Ltsf]
s'/f xf] . /fHosf]if vr{ ug]{ cflwsfl/s
lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;/sf/ /fHosf]
Ps c ePsf]n] o;n] k|rlnt sfg"g
/ lglZrt\ dfGotf Pjd\ lgwf{l/t dfkb08
cg';f/ vr{ ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
sfg"gsf] ljBdfgtf gePsf] cj:yfdf
k"j{ lgwf{l/t dfkb08 / :ki6 cfwf/
agfO{ /fHosf]ifsf] /sd vr{ ug'k{ b{5 .
o;sf] cefjdf /sd afF8b\ f jf s'g}
JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ k|bfg ubf{ /fHosf]ifsf]
b'?kof]u x'g ;Sg] k|an ;DefjgfnfO{
OGsf/ ug{ g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf huGgfy
dxtf]
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]zs'df/
yfkf, ljfg clwjQmf ;'/z
] s'df/ sfsL{
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
km};nf
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ cGtu{t
o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ k|:t't lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
@)^# ;fnsf] dw]z cfGbf]ngdf /d]z
dxtf]nufot zxfbt k|fKt ePsf zxLbxsf]
;Demgfdf k|lti7fg :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zon] dw]z
zxLb /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fg gfds ;+:yf btf{
P] g , @)#$ adf] l hd -b=g+ = &*)_ ldlt
@)^^.%.!! df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no l;/xfdf
btf{ eO{ ;f]sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no l;/xf lhNnf

nxfg gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * df :yfkgf u/L
;+:yfsf] p2]Zocg'k sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
o;} qmddf l;/xf lhNnfsf] nxfg g=kf=
j8f g+= ! l:yt d"n ;8s /fhdfu{df zxLb
/d]z rf}s gfdfs/0f eO{ ;f] :yfgdf zxLbxsf]
;flns lgdf{0f ug]{ / k|lti7fg :yfkgf ug]{
p2]Zon] ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno
cGtu{tsf zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f
ljefuaf6 lj:t[t nut Ol:6d]6 u/L u/fO{
g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu cg'bfg pknAw u/fO{ kfpg
lgj]bg u/]sf]df cf=j= )^*.)^( sf] ah]6
aStJodfkm{t\ dw]z zxLb /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fg
l;/xfsf] gfddf ?=$),)),))). -rfln; nfv_
ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePcg'k dw]z cfGbf]ngsf
zxLb /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fg :yfkgfy{ ;xof]u
l;/xfsf gfddf ?=!),)),))). -bz nfv_ /
dw]z cfGbf]ngsf zxLbxsf] ;Demgfdf ;flns
lgdf{0f cg'bfg l;/xfsf gfddf ?=#),)),))).
-tL; nfv_ dw]z zxLb /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fg
l;/xf nfxfgsf] gfddf pQm /sd ljlgof]hg
ePsf] s'/f g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u
cGtu{t lhNnfxdf ;~rfng ul/g] ljsf;
sfo{qmd / ljlgof]lht /sd -cf=j= )^*)^(_
@)^* eGg] jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd k':tsdf
k|sflzt ePcg';f/ pQm zxLb /d]z dxtf]
k|lti7fg nfxfg l;/xfdf :yfkgfy{ ;xof]u /sd
?=bz nfv pknAw u/fO{ kfpg tTsfn ldlt
@)^*.&.$ sf] kqaf6 ljkIfL ;+:s[lt dGqfno
;dIf dfu u/]sf] lyPF .
ljkIfLdWo]sf] lagf ljefuLo dGqL
/fhnfn ofbjn] dw]zL zxLb /d]zs'df/ dxtf]
:d[lt k|lti7fg gfds ;+:yf gofF jfg]Zj/
sf7df8f}d
F f s]Gb|Lo sfof{no /xg] u/L lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no sf7df8f}d
F f btf{ u/L -b=g+=
!!&@_ ;f] ;+:yfn] klg ;f] /sd lgsf;fsf]
nflu dfu u/]sf] /x]5 . ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf]
993
ldlt @)^*.(.!# sf] kqaf6 pQm dw]zL zxLb

/d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[lt k|lti7fg gofF afg]Zj/
sf7df8f}s
F f gfddf g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqL:t/sf]
ldlt @)^*.(.* sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ pknAw
u/fO{Psf] cg'bfg /sd ?=!),)),))). A/c
PAYEE r]s g+= @)($($% af6 k7fPsf] /
;Demf}tfcg';f/sf] sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/L k|ult
ljj/0f pknAw u/fO{ lbg x'g cfb]zfg';f/ cg'/f]w
5 eGg] s'/f pQm kqsf] Joxf]/faf6 cjut x'g
cfof] .
dw]z zxLb /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fg
l;/xfsf gfddf cf=j= )^*)^( sf] ah]6
aStJodfkm{t\ ljlgof]hg P]gcg';f/ l;/xfdf
k| l ti7fg :yfkgfsf] ;xof] u sf] nflu
?=!),)),))). / dw]z cfGbf]ngsf zxLbxsf]
;Demgfdf ;flns lgdf{0f cg'bfg l;/xfdf
?=#),)),))). -tL; nfv_ lalgof] l ht
ul/Psf]df To;/L dw]z zxLb /d]zs'df/ dxtf]
:d[lt k|lti7fg gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df8f}s
F f gfddf
lgsf;f ug]{ ljkIfL ;+:s[lt dGqLsf] lg0f{o
ab\lgotk"0f{ b]lvG5 . Tolt dfq geO{ zxLbxsf]
;Demgfdf ;flns lgdf{0fsf] nflu lalgof]lht
/sd ?=#),)),))). klg ljkIfLxaf6 lgsf;f
u/L nfg ;Sg] k|jn ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
Joj:yflksf ;+ ; baf6 cf=j=
@)^*.)^( sf] ah]6 jStJodfkm{t\ ljlgof]hg
P]gcg';f/ o; k|lti7fgsf] gfddf ljlgof]lht
ul/Psf] /sd ;d]t kf/Lt eO{ 5'6\ofPsf] pQm
/sd cs}{ k|lti7fg jf ;+:yfsf] gfddf ljt/0f
Pj+ lgsf;f ug]{ lg0f{oaf6 pQm P]gadf]lhd
k|fKt xs xgg\ ePsf] 5 . ;fy} l;/xf lhNnfsf
laleGg bnsf dfggLo ;ef;b Pj+ cGo ;ef;b\
;d]t o; k|lti7fgsf gfddf k|lti7fg :yfkgfy{
/ ;flns lgdf{0fsf] nflu cf=j= )^*)^(
df :jLs[t ah]6 lgsf; u/L lbg cg'/f]w
ul/Psf]nfO{ ljkIfLxn] ;d]t a]jf:tf ul/Psf]
kfOG5 .
ctM ljkIfL ;+:s[lt dGqLHo"af6 ldlt

@)^*.(.* df dw]z zxLb /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fg
l;/xfsf] gfddf g]kfn ;/sf/f/f ljlgof]hg
P]gcg';f/ ljlgof]lht ul/Psf] /sd dWo]
?=!),)),))). cg'bfg /sd ljkIfL dw]zL
zxLb /d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[lt k|lti7fg gofF
afg]Zj/ sf7df8f}s
F f] gfddf ljt/0f ug]{ lg0f{o
Pj+ pQm r] s ;d] t x:tfGt/0f ug] {
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf nluPsf] pQm /sd ;d]t lkmtf{
ug'{ u/fpg' Pj+ sfg"gadf]lhd lgj]bssf] gfddf
cg'bfg /sd lgsf;f ug'{ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug's
{ f] ;fy} ljlgof]lht ul/Psf] afFsL /x]sf]
cg'bfg /sd ljkIfL pQm k|lti7fg gofF afg]Zj/sf]
gfddf ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' eGg]
k|ltif]wsf] cfb]znufot cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm
cfb]z ljkIfLxsf] gfddf hf/L ul/kfpFm /
afFsL cg'bfg /sd ljkIfL k|lti7fgsf gfddf
lgsf;f gug'{ eGg] cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] l/6 lgj]bg dfu bfjL .
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf k|:t't cfb]z / l/6 lgj]bgsf]
Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf
k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ .
o;df lgj]bsn] cGtl/d cfb]z dfu
u/]sf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ @)^# ;fnsf] dw]z
cfGbf]ngdf zxfbt eO{ zxLb ePsf /d]z dxtf]sf]
gfddf l;/xf lhNnf nxfg g=kf= j8f g+= * df
dw]z zxLb /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fg ;+:yf btf{
eO{ l;/xf lhNnf nxfg g=kf= j8f g+= ! df
zxLbxsf] ;flns lgdf{0ffy{ ;f] k|lti7fgsf
gfddf ut jif{ ?=!,%),))). k|bfg eO;s]sf]
/ cf=j= )^*)^( sf] ah]6 aStJodfkm{t\
994
?=!),)),))). k| l ti7fg :yfkgfy{ /

?=#),)),))). dw]z cfGbf]ngsf zxLbxsf
;flns lgdf{0f cg'bfg l;/xfsf gfddf cf=j=
)^*)^( sf] ah]6 aStJo dfkm{t /sd
ljlgof]hg ePsf] k|i6 b]lvPsf]df ;f] ;+:yfnfO{
lbg'kg]{ /sd lgj]bg lhsL/cg';f/ ;f] ;+:yfnfO{
glbO{ ljkIfL /fhnfn ofbjn] ah]6af6 ljlgof]hg
g} gePsf] a];/f]sf/sf] c? g} ;+:yf dw]z zxLb
/d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[lt k|lti7fg gofF afg]Zj/sf
gfddf ldlt )^*.(.* df lg0f{o u/L lagf cfwf/
sf/0f ?=!),)),))). lgsf;f u/fO{ /sd a'em]sf]
kfOPsf] / afFsL /sd ?=#),)),))). ljkIfLn]
cgflwsf/ ?kdf a'emL nfg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf]n]
ah]6df pNn]v ePsf] dw]z zxLb /d]z dxtf]
k|lti7fg nfxfg ;+:yf eGbf a]Un} ;+:yfsf gfddf
lgsf;f ePsf] ;f] ?=!),)),))). vr{ gug{"
tyf ah] 6 df lalgof] h g ePsf] afF s L
?=#),)),))). xfn of] d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f
geP;Ddsf nflu lgsf;f gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd of] cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;"rgf
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbg' eGg] o; cbfnt Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*.!!.!$ df
ePsf] cfb]z .
o; dGqfnosf] :jLs[t aflif{s sfo{qmddf
l;/fxf lhNnfsf] dw]z cfGbf]ngsf zxLb /d]z
dxtf] k|lti7fg :yfkgfy{ ;xof]u sfo{qmddf
?=!) nfv / dw]z cfGbf]ngsf zxLbxsf]
;flns lgdf{0f cg'bfg sfo{qmddf ?=#) nfv
lalgof]hg ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddWo] l;/fxf
lhNnfsf] dw]z cfGbf]ngsf zxLb /d]z dxtf]
k|lti7fg :yfkgfy{ ;xof]u sfo{qmddf ljlgof]lht
/sd ?=!) nfv lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
l;/fxfaf6 btf{ ePsf] dw]z zxLb /d]z dxtf]
k|lti7fg, nxfg / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
sf7df8f}d
F f btf{ ePsf] dw]zL zxLb /d]zs'df/
dxtf] :d[lt k|lti7fg, gofF afg]Zj/ ;d]t b'O{

k|lti7fgxn] lgsf;f dfu u/]sf] x'bF f Pp6}
gfddf b'O{j6f k|lti7fg u7g ePsfn] s'g
;+:yfnfO{ /sd lgsf;f lbg] eGg] ljifodf o;
dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^*.*.! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/
l;/fxf lhNnfsf] sfo{qmd ePsf]n] pQm lhNnfaf6
lgjf{lrt ;ef;b\xsf] ;xdltdf lgsf;f lbg]
lg0f{ o ePsf] lyof] . ;f] adf] l hd b' j }
k|lti7fgxnfO{ o; dGqfnoaf6 hfgsf/L
u/fOPsf]df dw]zL zxLb /d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[lt
k|lti7fg, gofF afg]Zj/sf] r=g+= %!)^! ldlt
@)^*.*.& sf] kq;fy l;/fxf lhNnfaf6 lgjf{lrt
;ef;b\xdWo] rf/hgfn] ldlt @)^^ ;fn
c;f/ ! ut] sf7df8f}d
F f btf{ ePsf] dw]zL
zxLb /d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[lt k|lti7fg, gofF
afg]Zj/sf] kIfdf lnlvt ?kdf ;dy{g hgfpg'
ePsf] l;kmfl/z k|fKt ePsf] x'Fbf dfggLo
;ef;b\xs} l;kmfl/zadf]lhd o; dGqfnosf]
ldlt @)^*.(.* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ pQm /sd
lgsf;f ePsf] xf] . l;/fxf If]qaf6 k|ToIf?kdf
lgjf{lrt hgtfsf k|ltlglw ;ef;b\xsf] /fo,
l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf cfwf/df /sd lgsf;f ul/Psf]
x'bF f ;f] /sdsf] b'?kof]u x'g] ;Defjgf egL
z+sf JoQm ug'{ lgj]bssf] dgf]ut wf/0ff dfq
xf] .
o; dGqfnoaf6 l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ l;/fxf
lhNnfaf6 lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw ;ef;b\xsf]
;xdlt lnO{ cfpg cg'/f]w ul/Psf]df lghn]
s'g} k|ltlqmof ghgfO{ a:g'ePsf] ;f] /sd lgsf;f
u/]kl5 dfq xfn cfP/ l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ug'e
{ Psf]
b]lvFbf cs}{ k|lti7fgnfO{ /sd lgsf;f ul/Psf]
eGg] s'/fsf] cf}lrTo b]lvFbg} . o; dGqfnonfO{
ljkIfL agfPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;+3Lo dfldnf ;+ljwfg ;ef ;+;bLo
Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqL tyf ;f] dGqfno /
dGqfnosf ;lrj ;d]tsf tkm{af6 Pp6} Joxf]/fsf]
cnu cnu lnlvt hjfkm .
995
j:t'tM g]kfn ;/sf/ of]hgf cfof]u /

g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ljkIfL lgj]bs ;+:yfn] g}
cg'bfg /sd kfpg] u/L s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]
lg0f{osf] cfwf/df /sd lalgof]hg ul/Psf] eGg]
s'/fsf] s'g} j:t'lgi6 cfwf/ k|df0f / lg0f{o k]z
ug{ g;s]sf] x'bF f xsb}of ljxLg l/6 lgj]bssf]
bfjL k|yd b[li6d} vf/]hefuL 5 .
l/6 lgj]bsn] zxLb /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fg
ldlt @)^^.%.!! df l;/xfdf btf{ u/fPsf] eGg]
pNn]v 5 . t/ ;f] cl3 cyf{t\ @)^^.#.! ut]sf
lbg xfdL k|ToyL{ /x]sf zxLb /d]zs'df/ dxtf]sf
bfh' /fds[i0f dxtf] pkfWoIf /xL sf7df8f}F lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{nodf btf{ u/fO{ lqmofzLn /x]sf]
/d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[lt k|lti7fg ljkIfLsf]
cWoIftfdf ul7t ;+:yf eGbf h]7f] ;+:yf xf] .
ljkIfLn] /d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[lt k|lti7fgnfO{
k|efljt u/fpgsf nflu lghsf] gfd /d]zs'df/
dxtf] eP klg, /d]z dxtf] gfd dfq pNn]v
u/L s'df/ x6fO{ kl5af6 ;+:yf btf{ u/]sf] /
xfdL k|ToyL{sf] ;+:yfnfO{ k|efljt u/fpgsf nflu
u7g ul/Psf] eP klg xfdL k|ToyL{xn] zxLb
/d] z s' d f/ dxtf] s f] :d[ l tdf sfo{ q md /
lqmofsnfk ;d]t ;~rfng u/L cfPsf] s'/fnfO{
l;/xf lhNnfsf] clwsf+z k|ToIf lgjf{lrt
;ef;b\xn] klg l;kmfl/z u/L k'li6 u/L /x]sf]n]
ljkIfLn] cfk"m cflwsfl/s ;+:yf /x]sf] egL
lnPsf] lhsL/ ;d]t :jtM vl08t eO{ l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
;fdflhs ;+:yfxn] kfpg] cg'bfg
/sdx s] s'g p2]Zosf] nflu kfpg] jf lbg]
;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lg0f{o
k|lqmofcg';f/ pknAw u/fpg] xf], o; k|lti7fgn]
sfo{of]hgf;lxt ldlt @)^*.^.@* df cg'bfg
/sd dfu u/]sf] / ljkIfL ;d]tn] tt\kZrft\
@)^*.&.$ ut]sf lbg dfu u/]sf]df ;f] pk/
s;nfO{ /sd lbg] ;DaGwdf lljwf pTkGg
ePkl5 ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf] @)^*.*.! ut]sf]
996
lg0f{ o af6 l;/xf lhNnfaf6 lgjf{ l rt

;ef;b\Ho"xsf] ;xdltaf6 lg0f{o x'gk' g]{ u/L
hfgsf/L u/fO{Psf]df k|ToyL{ k|lti7fgn] g}
/d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[ltdf lqmofsnfk / sfo{qmd
ub}{ cfPsf] cflwsfl/s ;+:yf /x]sf] egL ^ hgf
;ef;b\ dWo] $ hgf ;ef;b\n] l;kmfl/z u/]sf]
/ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt l;/xfsf] @)^*.^.#)
sf] l;kmfl/zdf ;d]t k|ToyL{ ;+:yfnfO{ ?=!)
nfv cg'bfg /sd pknAw u/fpg] u/L ;+:s[lt
dGqfnonfO{ l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] ;d]t cfwf/ /
o; k|lti7fgn] :yfkgfsfn b]lv g} /d]zs'df/
dxtf] nufot l;/xfsf ;a} dw]zL zxLbxsf]
:d[ltdf ;flns lgdf{0f ljBfno lgdf{0f / zxLb
kl/jf/sf] ;Ddfg / pxfFxsf] afnaRrfsf]
oyf]lrt ?kdf lzIff kfpg] Joj:yfdf lqmofzLn
/x]sf] x'bF f, ljkIfL ;+:yfn] s'g} k|sf/af6 cfhsf
ldlt ;Dd s'g} sfo{ gu/]sf] / ljkIfLn] /d]zs'df/
dxtf]sf] :d[ltdf u7g e};s]sf] ;+:yfnfO{ k|lts"n
c;/ k'ofpg] p2]Zoaf6 u7g u/]sf] ;+:yfn]
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg /sd kfpg' kg]{
u/L bfjL ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb}gg\,
Psk6s Pp6f ;+:yf :yfkgf eO{ lqmofzLn
/x]sf]df ;f]xL p2]Zo / ;f]xL gfdaf6 csf]{ ;+:yf
u7g ug{ gkfOg] k/Dk/f / gLlt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt
/x]sf] ljkIfL ;+:yf :jo+dd
\ f u}/sfg"gL /x]sf]n]
lghn] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] clwsf/df cf3ft
eof] egL bfjL ug]{ xsb}of gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ljkIfL dWo]sf dw]zL zxLb
/d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[lt k|lti7fg / P] sf cWoIfsf
tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf]
ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6
pkl:yt /xg'ePsf ljfg clwjQmf >L huGgfy
dxtf]n] l;/xfdf btf{ ePsf] /d]z dxtf]
k|lti7fgsf] gfddf lgsf;f ePsf] /sd sf7df8f}F
afg]Zj/df :yflkt /d]zs'df/ dxtf] k|lti7fgnfO{
lbg] ePsf]n] To;nfO{ /f]Sg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf]

5 . /fli6o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt cf=j=
@)^*.)^( sf] sfo{qmddf lgj]bs k|lti7fgnfO{
/sd k|bfg ug]{ egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . bz nfv
?k}ofF ljkIfLnfO{ k|bfg ePsf] / afFsL /sd klg
lbg nfu]sf] cj:yf x'bF f ;f]nfO{ /f]Sgsf] nflu
l/6 lgj]bg hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jx;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
/xg'ePsf ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]zs'df/
yfkfn] ljkIfL lgj]bssf] eGbf cufj} sf7df8f}dF f
dw]zL zxLb /d]zs'df/ dxtf] k|lti7fg :yfkgf
ePsf] 5 . dw]z cfGbf]ngsf zxLbsf] ;flns
lgdf{0ffy{ ;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf] xf] . /sd s'g
k|lti7fgnfO{ lbg] eGg] :ki6 gePsf] cj:yfdf
cbfntn] l/6 hf/L ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL dw]zL zxLb /d]zs'df/ dxtf]
k|lti7fgsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt /xg'ePsf ljfg
clwjQmf >L ;'/z
] s'df/ sfsL{n] ljkIfL lgj]bsnfO{
:jtGq cfjfudg / k]zf Jofkf/ ug]{ clwsf/df
xfdLn] /f]s nufPsf] 5}g . dw]z cfGbf]ngsf
qmddf JolQmut?kdf lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;flnssf]
/sd lkmtf{ ul/Psf] 5 . lgsf;f ePsf] /sdaf6
alnbfgL lbj;nufotsf sfo{qmdx ;DkGg
ePsf 5g\ . ljkIfL ;+:yfsf] gfddf /sd
5'6o\ fPsf] eGg] b]lvFbg} . lgj]bsn] s'g} sfg"gL
xs xgg gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'e{ Psf]
jx; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL x]bf{ l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu
bfjLadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ xf], xf]Og
;f]xL ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, @)^# ;fnsf]
dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf zxfbt k|fKt zxLbxsf]
;Demgfdf k|lti7fg :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zon] dw]z
zxLb /d]z dxtf] k|lti7fg gfds ;+:yf l;/xf

lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf ldlt @)^^.%.!! df
btf{ eO{ p2]Zocg'k sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;}
qmddf l;/xfsf] nfxfgsf] d"n ;8sdf zxLb
/d]z rf}s gfdfs/0f eO{ ;f] :yfgdf zxLbxsf]
;flns lgdf{0f ug]{ / k|lti7fg :yfkgf ug]{
p2]Zon] cg'bfg lgsf;f kfpg lgj]bg u/]sf]df
cf=j= @)^*.)^( sf] ah]6 aQmJodfkm{t\ $)
nfv ah]6 lalgof]hg ePsf] lyof] . pQm
/sddWo] ljkIfL /fhnfn ofbjf/f sf7df8f}F
afg]Zj/df :yflkt dw]zL zxLb /d]zs'df/
dxtf] :d[lt k|lti7fgnfO{ ?=!) nfv k|bfg
ul/;s]sf] / afFsL /sd klg lghn] nfg ;Sg]
cfz+sf ePsf]n] nu]sf] /sd lbg] lg0f{o ab/
u/L afFsL ljlgof]lht /sd lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'
egL k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg
dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvof] .
#= ljkIfL ;+3Lo dfdnf, ;+ljwfg;ef,
;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno ;d]tsf]
lnlvt hjfkmaf6 l;/xf lhNnfsf lgjf{lrt
;ef;b\xsf] ;xdltsf cfwf/df /sd lgsf;f
lbg] eGg] lg0f{o ePadf]lhd lgjf{lrt $ hgf
;ef;b\xn] dw]zL zxLb /d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[lt
k|lti7fgsf] nflu lnlvt ;dy{g hgfPsf]n] ;f]
;+:yfnfO{ lalgof]lht /sd lgsf;f k|bfg ul/Psf]
eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
$= oL lgj]bs nId0f dxtf] dw]z zxLb
/d]z dxtf] k|lti7fgsf cWoIf /x]sf] / ;f] ;+:yf
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no l;/xfdf btf{ /xL sfo{/t\
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL /fhnfn ofbj cWoIf
/x]sf] dw]zL zxLb /d]zs'df/ dxtf] :d[lt
k|lti7fg sf7df8f}F lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf
btf{ /xL gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df8f}d
F f sfof{no
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . sf7df8f}d
F f :yflkt k|lti7fg
ldlt @)^^.#.! df btf{ ePsf] / l;/xfdf :yflkt
oL lgj]bssf] k|lti7fg ldlt @)^^.%.!! df btf{
e} sfo{/t\ /x]sf] 5 .
997
%= hxfF;Dd lgj]bssf] k|lti7fgsf gfddf

ljlgof]hg ePsf] cg'bfg /sd ljkIfL /fhnfn
ofbjf/f sf7df8f}dF f :yflkt k|lti7fgsf gfpFdf
lgsf;f ePsf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] lgj]bg
lhsL/ 5, tt\;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, g]kfn ;/sf/
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt cf=j=
@)^*.)^( sf nflu lhNnfxdf ;~rfng ul/g]
ljsf; sfo{qmd / ljlgof]hg /sd ;DaGwL
k'l:tsfsf] k[= !)% df ;+:s[lt k|jw{g sfo{qmd
zLif{s cGtu{t dw]z cfGbf]ngsf zxLb /d]z
dxtf] k|lti7fg l;/xfsf nflu !) nfv ljlgof]hg
ul/Psf] / dw]z cfGbf]ngsf zxLbxsf] ;Demgfdf
;flns lgdf{0fsf nflu #) nfv cg'bfg lbg] egL
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o; k'l:tsfsf] cWoogaf6
l;/xfdf d[To' ePsf /d]z dxtf] Pj+ cGo dw]zsf
zxLbxsf] ;Demgfdf 7f]; sfo{qmd ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;f] /sd ljlgof]hg k|:tfj
u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 .
^= h'g k|of]hg / k|lti7fgsf nflu /sd
lalgof]lht ul/Psf] xf], ;f]xL k|of]hgsf nflu vr{
x'g] u/L ;f]xL k|lti7fgnfO{ k|bfg ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . t/
;f] /sd k|bfg ug]{ clwsf/ ljlgof]hg stf{ g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ g} x'g] b]lvG5 . To:tf] s'g} /sd cfgf]
nflu ljlgof]hg x'g] / k|fKt ug]{ s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/
oL lgj]bsn] b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfOFbg} . :ki6 sfg"gL
xssf] cfwf/ a]u/ ah]6 k'l:tsfdf lalgof]hg
ul/Psf] /sd oL lgj]bsn] g} kfpg] u/L o;
cbfntn] x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x ug]{ u/L
cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} . h'g p2]Zo, k|of]hg ,
sfd / ;+:yfsf] nflu ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] xf] ;f]sf]
klxrfg ug]{ / ;xL sfdsf nflu, ;xL ;+:yfnfO{
/sd k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg ;/sf/s} x'g cfpF5 .
o; sfo{sfl/0fL k|sl[ tsf] sfddf ;/sf/sf] lgot /
Ifdtfdfly g} z+sf ug]{ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ lalgof]lht
/sd lbg' egL cfb]z hf/L ug]{ cj:yf x'bF g} .
&= t;y{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ /
sf/0faf6 oL lgj]bs ;+:yfsf gfddf /sd lgsf;f
x'g' kg]{ / ePsf] eGg] :ki6 sfg"gL cfwf/

ljBdfg g/x]sf] x'bF f lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . ;f]
xb;Ddsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
*= cj k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df
p7]sf] ljjfbsf] k|sl[ t x]bf{ /fHosf]ifaf6 k|bfg
ul/g] cg' b fg /sdsf] ljt/0f ;DaGwdf
uDeL/tfk"js
{ ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . hgtfn]
lt/]sf] s/af6 k|fKt /fHosf]if / /fHosf cGo
;fwg / ;|ft] sf] vr{ sfg"g;Ddt 9+un] Gofok"0f{
tj/n] ug'k{ g]d
{ f s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g . o;/L pknAw
;fwg / ;|ft] sf] ljlgof]hg ubf{ / /fHosf]ifaf6
/sd ljt/0f ubf{ :j]R5frf/L 9+un] ug'{ /fHo
;~rfngsf nflu :yflkt d"No / dfGotf
ljk/Ltsf] s'/f xf] . /fHosf]if vr{ ug]{ cflwsfl/s
lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;/sf/ /fHosf] Ps c
ePsf]n] o;n] k|rlnt sfg"g / lglZrt\ dfGotf
Pjd\ lgwf{l/t dfkb08 cg';f/ vr{ ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . o;df b'Od
{ t x'g ;Sb}g .
(= /fHosf] i faf6 vr{ ubf{ cGo
lgsfoxsf] ;d]t /]vb]v / lgoGq0f ug]{ b]zsf]
;/sf/n] a9L lhDd]jf/Lk"js
{ vr{ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
dgf]dfgL 9+un] / s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xsf] tfTsflns
kmfObfsf nflu, csf]{ JolQm jf ;d"xk|lt e]befj
x'g] u/L /fHosf]ifsf] /sd cfk"mn] rfx]sf] jf dg
k/]sf] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ s'g} lglZrt\ cfwf/ /
dfkb08 a]u/ afF8b\ } jf vr{ ub}{ hfg] ck]Iff
hgtfn] u/]sf] x'bF g} . ;se/ sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
k|lqmofcg'k /fHosf]if vr{ ug'k{ b{5 . sfg"gsf]
ljBdfgtf gePsf] cj:yfdf klg k"j{ lgwf{l/t
dfkb08 / :ki6 cfwf/ agfO{ /fHosf]ifsf] /sd
vr{ ug'k{ b{5 . o;sf] cefjdf /sd afF8b\ f jf
s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ k|bfg ubf{ /fHosf]ifsf]
b'?kof]u x'g ;Sg] k|an ;DefjgfnfO{ OGsf/
ug{ ;lsFbg} .
!)= ca /fHosf]ifaf6 s'g} klg /sd
s'g} lghL JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ 9+un]
998
**%! - uf]kfne"if0f k/fh'nL lj=k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/f ;d]t
k|bfg ug]{ jf ljt/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu sfg"g

lg0f{o g+= **%!
agfpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . t;y{ pk/f]Qm
k|of]hgsf nflu pko'Qm sfg"g agfpg kxn
ug{ / To:tf] sfg"g gag];Ddsf nflu /fHosf]ifaf6
/sd k|bfg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu b]xfosf s'/fx
' m Ohnf;
;d]t v'Ng] u/L lgb]l{ zsf agfP/ lghL JolQm jf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
;F:yfnfO{ /fHosf]ifsf] /sd lat/0f jf k|bfg jf
vr{ ug'{ egL ljkIfL ;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg
@)^^-WO-)$#*
;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.@.@$.$
;d]tsf gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf]
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f .
5 . lgb]l{ zsfdf ;dfj]z ug'k{ g]{ Go"gtd s'/fxM lgj]bs M sf:sL lhNnf, kf]v/f pkdxfgu/kflnsf
j8f g+= @ a:g] dbge"if0f k/fh'nLsf]
s_ ;xfotf:j?k /sd k|fKt ug{;Sg] nlIft
5f]/f uf]kfne"if0f k/fh'nL
JolQm jf ;F:yfsf] kl/rofTds ljj/0f,
lj4
v_ ;f] JolQm jf ;F:yfn] ug]{ u/]sf] sfo{ jf ljkIfLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/f ;d]t
;]jfsf] k|sl[ t,
u_ ;f] JolQm jf ;F:yfn] ;dfh, ;d'bfo jf
tTsfn ul/g] cGt/sfnLg k|s[ltsf
/fi6nfO{ k'ofO/x]sf] jf k'ofpg] of]ubfgsf]
cfb]z km};nf ;/xsf geO{ To; a]nfsf]
ljj/0f,
cf}lrTosf cfwf/df ul/g] tTsfnsf
3_ k|bfg ul/g] /sd pkof]usf] tl/sf /
nflu lbOg] cfb]z x'g, h;n] ;j"b
zLif{s,
k|df0f ;+sng / k/LIf0f kl5 ltgsf]
_ To;/L /sd pknJw u/fpFbf ;dfhsf
d"Nofgsf cfwf/df x'g] km};nfnfO{ k|efj
sdhf]/ ju{ jf ;fdflhs, cfly{s /
kfg{ g;Sg] .
;fF:s[lts b[li6sf]0faf6 lk5l8sf ju{ /
/f]Ssf cfb]z ljjfbdf cfPsf] rn crn
;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf ;fdflhs Gofok|lt
;DklQ cfjZostfcg';f/ k|ltpQ/
/fHosf] pQ/bfloTj k"/f ug{df ;xof]u
gk/];Ddsf nflu jf d'2f lsgf/f
ug]{ k|lj4tf .
geP;Ddsf nflu oyfl:yltdf /fVg]
;d]tsf] sfg"gL pkqmd xf] . o:tf] cfb]z
!!= of] cfb] z sf] ;" r gf
s;}sf xssf] l;h{gf / s;}sf] xssf]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ n odfkm{ t \ ;a}
;dflKts} cfwf/ aGg g;Sg] .
ljkIfLxnfO{ / o; cbfntsf] cg'udg tyf
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lg/LIf0f dxfzfvfnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf
/f]Ssf cfb]zx pTk|i] f0ff/f ab/ u/L
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO lbg" .
ljjflbt hUuf lgj]bssf gfddf btf{
ul/lbg' eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L ubf{ lkm/fb
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
/ k|ltpQ/df p7fOPsf] ljifodf k|jz
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ !* ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
u/L ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L lgisif{
Ohnf; clws[t M r'/fdg v8\sf
lgsfNg'' kg]{ x'G' 5 . aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f afx]s
999
cGo l/6sf xsdf ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"Nofg

ug}{ ;lsGg . To;df klg dftxt
cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg d' 2 fsf
ljifoj:t's
' f xsdf lglj{jfb tYo / k|i6
sfg"gL q'l6 ljBdfg /x]sf] / ;a""b
k|df0fsf] d"Nofg ug}{ gk/L ;fdfGo
cjnf]sgaf6} lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsg]
cj:yfdf afx]s pkNnf] cbfntn]
x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
lgj] b s tkm{ a f6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
Zofdk| ; fb v/] n tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx k|d] axfb'/ v8\sf, /d0fs'df/
>]i7, hogf/fo0f kf}8n
] / uf]kfne"if0f
k/fh'nL
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf u+ufk|;fb
kf}8n
] Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx xl/k|;fb
;'jb] L, 1fg]Zj/ k/fh'L, s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f,
s[i0faxfb'/ u'? / uf]kfnk|;fb zdf{
cjnlDat ghL/M g] s fk @)$*, c;f] h ,
lg=g+=$#!#, k[i7 #)$, g]sfk @)$(,
k';, lg=g+= $^@), k[i7 *%)
;Da4 sfg"gM
c=j+= !&, !&! g+=
c+za08fsf] @) g+=
cfb]z
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ sf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t o; cbfntdf
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
d]/f] lhh'afh] kl08t /Tgfv/ k/fh'nLsf
gfddf !*&& ;fn sflt{s ! ut]sf lbg k"j{
;]tL u08sLsf] l8n blIf0f s07nf]rg uf}8fsf]
;fFw klZrd aneb| k/fh'nLsf] df]xl/of sL
u'7Lsf l8nsf] ;fw / pQ/ sf]O/fnfsf] habL

u'7Lsf] ;fw olt rf/lsNnfleqsf] 3}ofsf] aLh
d'/L !( kfyL % dfgf hfg] hUuf ljtf{:j?k
k|fKt e} cljl5Gg ef]urng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] ;fljs
ls=g+= ##* / %(! sf] atf;] nfDkf6f] /
lga'jf3f/L, @))@ ;fnsf] 3/b/ d'rN' sf, @)!)
;fnsf] ldnfkq, @)!! ;fnsf] kf/Lt a08fkq,
@)!^ ;fnsf] ljtf{ ljj/0f, @)!( ;fnsf] gDa/L
btf{, @)@) ;fnsf] 5f]8kq, @)#) ;fnsf]
gS;f d'rN' sf, ldlt @)##.*.!$ sf] klZrdf~rn
If]qLo cbfnt kf]v/fsf] km};nf, @)$* ;fnsf]
sf:sL lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf, @)%) ;fnsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] km};nf, @)^@.^.(
sf] ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] km};nf, @)^%.$.!# /
@)^%.$.!% sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] cfb]z ;d]tn]
d]/f] Psnf}6L xs sfod e} axfn ;d]t kfpg]
hUuf xf] . @)!# ;fndf plNnlvt ljtf{
hUufdWo]sf] ;fljs ls=g+= #$! / #$# sf]
k'/fgf] 6Fl' 8v]nsf] hUuf ;fljs g]zgn xfO:s"nsf]
xfn /fli6o pRr dfWolds ljBfnonfO{ d]/f
xh'/a'jf kl08t hLjgfy k/fh'nLn] bfgkq
ul/lbg' ePsf] s/La &% /f]kgL hUuf xfn;Dd
klg pQm ljBfnosf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 5 .
ls=g+= ##* / %(! sf] hUuf @)!!
;fnb]lv ;fOlg xl:k6nn] ef8fdf lnO{
c:ktfn ;~rfng ub}{ ef8f a'emfpFb} cfPsf]df
tTsfnLg c~rnfwLzn] pQm xl:k6nn] pkef]u
u/]sf] hUuf ;fj{hlgs ;/sf/L hUuf xf] egL
bfjL u/]tfklg pQm hUuf ;fj{hlgs ge} d]/f
k"jh
{ n] k|fKt u/]sf] ljtf{s} hUuf 7x/ e} pQm
hUufsf] axfn /sd d}n] a'em]sf] 5' . pQm hUuf
d]/f lktfsf] Psnf}6L xs 7x/L axfn ;d]t e/L
kfpg] clGtd km};nf ePkl5 xfdLx ;d]tsf]
xs nfUg] xf] egL x]/Da/fh k/fh'nL ;d]tn]
bfjL lnPsf]df plNnlvt b'j} lsQf hUufx
d]/f] dfq Psnf}6L xs sfod eO{ hUufsf] axfn
;d]t d}n] g} kfpg] 7x/ e} ldlt @)^@.^.( df
1000
o; cbfntaf6 km};nf e} d]/f] Psnf}6L xs

sfod ePsf] 5 . ldlt @)^@.^.( sf] km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu dfnkf]t sfof{no sf:sLdf
hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm egL ldlt @)^@.!@.!^ df
lbPsf] lgj]bg xfn sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf 5 .
ls=g+= %(! / ##* sf hUufxdf s'g}
s;}sf] xsflwsf/ gePsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLxn]
a];/f]sf/sf JolQmx / d]/f k"j{ emul8of ;d]tsf]
ldn]dtf]af6 lghxnfO{ ;d]t k|ltjfbL agfO{
km};nf ab/ u/L hUuf ;fj{hlgs sfod ul/kfpFm
egL ldlt @)^^.!.!# df sf:sL lhNnf cbfntdf
lkm/fbkq bfo/ u/L c=j+= !&!s cg';f/ hUuf
btf{ bf=vf= gfd;f/L tyf a]rlavg ug]{ sfo{
/f]Ssf /fvL kfpFm egL lgj]bg ubf{ ljkIfL sf:sL
lhNnf cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz ef]nfgfy
rf}nfufO{sf] Ohnf;af6 oL lgj]bs jfbLxsf]
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ab/ u/L
ls=g+= ##* / %(! sf hUuf ;fj{hlgs sfod
ul/kfpFm egL lkm/fb k/]sf] / pQm hUufsf]
lkmN8a'sdf hUufwgLsf] gfd y/ jtg vfnL
/x]sf] / hf]tfxfsf] dxndf ;fO{lg xl:k6n
egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{
ljrf/ u/L k|ltpQ/ k/]kl5 hUuf km'sj' fsf]
lgj]bg k/]sf avt k'gM ljrf/ ug]{ u/L xfn
lgj]bgdf plNnlvt hUuf sf]xL s;}sf] gfddf
btf{ gu/L oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL dfnkf]t
sfof{no sf:sLdf n]vL k7fpg' egL ldlt
@)^^.!.!% df cfb]z ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 .
pQm ljjflbt hUuf d]/f lhh'jfh]n]
nfndf]x/af6 k|fKt ug'e
{ Psf], d]/f lktfhLsf
gfddf btf{ ePsf], lt/f] lt/fg eO{ a08fkq
;d] t sf cfwf/df ;jf] { R r cbfntsf]
km};nfcg';f/ lglj{jfb d]/f] Psnf}6L xs :yflkt
ePsf] hUuf x'bF f ;f] cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug]{
qmddf sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] pQm ldlt
@)^^.!.!% sf] cfb]z ab/ u/L ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf]
cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug'{ egL dfnkf]t sfof{no
sf:sLsf gfddf cfb]z ul/kfpFm egL ldlt

@)^^.@.!) df k|ltpQ/;lxt lgj]bg btf{
u/]sf]df ljkIfL sf:sL lhNnf cbfntn] d}n]
k]z u/]sf tYoo'Qm k|df0f ;d]tsf] s'g} ljj]rgf
/ ljZn]if0f ;d]t gu/L k|:t't lgj]bg dfusf
;DaGwdf kl5 cbfntaf6 d'2f km};nf xFbF' fsf
avt 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] g} x'bF f clxn] g} lgj]bg
dfucg';f/ ldlt @)^^.!.!% sf] cfb]z kl/jt{g
jf vf/]h ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvPg lgodfg';f/
ug'{ egL @)^^.@.@& df u/]sf] cfb]z ljkIfL
k' g /fj] b g cbfnt kf] v /faf6 ldlt ldlt
@)^^.&.% df ;b/ ePsf] /x]5 .
;j]{ gfkLsf] lkmN8a'sdf ;fOlg xl:k6n
pNn]v x'bF d
} f ;fj{hlgs x'g ;Sb}g . xl:k6nsf]
;]jf ;fj{hlgs x'g ;Sb5 . t/, ef}lts ;+/rgf
jf ejg jf xl:k6nn] pkef]u u/]sf] hUuf
;fj{hlgs gx'g klg ;Sb5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf
ljkIfLxn] ;fj{hlgs egL bfjL ul/Psf] d'Vo
cfwf/ g} ;fOlg xl:k6n /x]sf] eGg]5 . pQm
xl:k6n ;fj{hlgs hUufdf g/xL d]/f] plNnlvt
ls=g+= %(! / ##* sf] hUufdf agfO{ ;~rfng
u/]sf] / jflif{s ?kdf dnfO{ axfn a'emfPsf]
s'/f k|df0fn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . @)@! ;fndf
axfn ;d]t lbnfO{ kfpFm egL d'2f bfo/ u/L
d'2f rNbfrNb}sf] cj:yfdf @)#! ;fndf gfkL
x'bF f hUufwgLsf] gfd vfnL /fvL hf]tfxfsf] dxndf
;fOlg xl:k6n ePsf] / ldlt @)##.*.!$ df
klZrdf~rn If]qLo cbfnt kf]v/faf6 km};nf
x'Fbf d lgj]bssf] xs sfod x'g], ;fOlg
xl:k6naf6 axfn e/L kfpg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]
5 . ;f] km};nftkm{ x]b{} gx]/L lkmN8a'sdf hf]tfxf
dxndf d'2f xfg]{ kIfsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] egL
;fj{hlgs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfLxsf]
bfjLsf cfwf/df km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ k|efj
kg]{ u/L hUuf btf{ ;d]t /f]Ssf ePsf] 5 .
c=j+ = !&! s= g+ = n] u/] s f] sfg" g L
Joj:yfcg';f/ ljjflbt hUuf ljkIfLxsf]
1001
bfjLcg';f/ ;fj{hlgs x'g;Sg] ;Ddsf tYo,

cfwf/ / k|df0f ;d]t ljBdfg /x]sf] / hUuf
btf{ eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq pQm P]g cfslif{t
x'g] xf] . tTsfn k]z ePsf] sfuh k|df0fxn]
jfbLsf] bfjL k'Ug ;Sg] h:tf] b]lvPdf dfq xs
x:tfGt/0f gu/fpg] k|of]hgsf nflu oyfl:yltdf
/fVg cfb]z lbg ldNb5 eGg] s'/f pQm P]gn]
k|i6 u/]sf] 5 .
ctM cgflwsf/ JolQmxf/f bfo/
ul/Psf] cfwf/df d]/f] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fvL kfpFm
egL c=j+= !&!s cg';f/ btf{ ePsf] lgj]bgdf
ljkIfL sf:sL lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] u}/sfg"gL
cfb]z, ;f]nfO{ ;b/ ug]{ ljkIfL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf]v/fsf] cfb]z ab/ u/L o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nf sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpmF . k|:t't lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'u+ f]
gnfu];Dd sf:sL lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^^.!.!%, ldlt @)^^.@.@& / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf]v/fsf] ldlt @)^^.&.% df ePsf] cfb]z tTsfn
sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' eGg] cGtl/d cfb]z
;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg Joxf]/f .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf]
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z /
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug]{ jf gug]{ ljifodf
5nkmn ug{ ljkIfL lemsfpg] eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^^.*.@( sf] cfb]z .
jfbL h;axfb'/ u'? ;d]tsf] lgj]bgdf
ljjflbt hUuf dfucg';f/ btf{ ;d]t /f]Ssf
/flvPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;d]taf6 ;f]
cfb]z sfod /x]af6 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] sf:sL lhNnf cbfntsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
sf:sL lhNnf cbfntn] ldlt @)^^.!.!%
/ @)^^.@.@& df u/]sf cfb]zx sfg"gadf]lhd
u/]sf] b]lvFbf o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6
;b/ ePsf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' '
kb{5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf]

lnlvt hjfkm .
ljjflbt hUuf /f]Ssf /fVg] u/L ePsf]
cfb] z d' n ' s L P] g c=j+ = !&!s g+ = sf]
efjgfljk/Lt 5}g . ldlt @)^@.^.( sf] ;jf]R{ r
cbfntsf] km};nfn] lgj]bssf] gfddf bf=vf=
ug]{ laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ xs l;h{gf u/]sf] 5}g .
xfdLxn] bfo/ u/]sf] d'2faf6 ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf cbfntsf] hgljZjf; a9fpg]
/ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ;+/If0f ug]{ k|of]hgaf6
d'2f bfo/ ePsf] xf] . ;Dk"0f{ km};nfx ab/
u/L ;fj{hlgs sfod ul/kfpFm egL sf:sL lhNnf
cbfntsf] cg'dltn] d'2f bfo/ eO{ xfn
ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf 5 . ;fOlg xl:k6nnfO{
ljtf{ pGd"ng P]g, @)!^ cfpg' k"j{ ef8fdf
lbPsf] sf/0fn] dfq cv08 ?kdf ;f] hUufdf
xsef]u /x]sf] eGg ldNg] xf]Og . lgj]bsn] bfjL
ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] hUuf @)#@ ;fnsf] ;e]{ gfkL
/ @)^) ;fnsf] goFf gfkLsf] hf]tfxf dxndf
;fj{hlgs xl:k6n egL hlgPsf] 5 . b'j} k6ssf]
;e]{ gfkLdf sfod ePsf] ;fOlg xl:k6nsf]
lsQfsf6 cfh;Dd sfod 5 . ;f] lsQfsf6
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] sf]xL s;}sf] bfjL ph"/L
k/]sf] 5}g . kfFr jif{sf] ef8f;Dd e/fpg] 7x/]sf]
@)## ;fnsf] km};nfn] hUufsf] lglj{jfb xs
:yflkt gx'g,] lglj{jfb xs :yflkt geP;Dd
l/6 If]qaf6 lgj]bssf] ;+jw} flgs xs ;+/If0f
gx'g] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] h;axfb'/ u'? ;d]t hgf
!@ sf] ;+oQ
' m lnlvt hjfkm .
k|ToyL{ ;a}sf] tkm{af6 lnlvt hjfkm
k]z e};s]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bg dfusf ;DaGwdf
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf clGtd ;'g'jfO x'Fbfsf
avt ljrf/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x] ePs} b]lvPsf]
/ oxL ljjflbt hUufsf ;DaGwdf sf:sL lhNnf
cbfntdf km};nf ab/ d'2f bfo/ eO{ ljrf/fwLg
/x]sf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ lgj]bssf]
1002
dfucg';f/ tTsfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L

/xg k/]g eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^^.!!.( sf] cfb]z .
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n
;+nUg sfuhftsf] cWoog tyf ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L Zofdk|;fb v/]n tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx >L k|d] axfb'/ v8\sf, >L /d0fs'df/
>]i7, >L hogf/fo0f kf}8n
] / lgj]bs :jod\
clwjQmf >L uf]kfne"if0f k/fh'nLn] ljjfb
b]vfOPsf] hUuf xfd|f] kIfsf lhh'afh] /Tgfv/
k/fh'nLsf] gfddf !*&& df ljtf{ :j?k k|fKt
eO{ ef]urng xFb' } cfO{ ;f]dWo] &% /f]kgL hUuf
ljBfnonfO{ bfgkq u/L lbOPsf] 5 . o;
;DdfgLt cbfntn] hUUff xfd|f] kIfsf] lghL xf]
egL ldlt @)^@.^.( df km};nf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]
km};nfadf]lhdsf] xs sfod u/L ef]urng ug{
gkfpFb} cgflws[t JolQmsf] lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df
sf:sL lhNnf cbfntn] /f]Ssf /fVg] cfb]z u/]sf]
5 . cbfntsf] km};nf tyf ljleGg k|df0fn]
lghL eGg] b]vfO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf]v/fn] klg lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z
;b/ u/]sf] 5 . c=j+= !&! s g+= adf]lhd
;fj{hlgs sfod x'g ;Sg] h:tf] b]lvPdf dfq
/f]Ssf /fVg] xf] . sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ /f]Ssf cfb]z
ab/ u/L km};nf sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' egL
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/f / sf:sL
lhNnf cbfntsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L u+ufk|;fb kf}8n
] n] @))@
;fndf lgj]bs ;d]tsf e}ofbaf6 3/b/ d'rN' sf
x'bF f ljjflbt hUuf ;d]tsf rf/lsNnfleqsf]
hUuf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf /flvPsf] 5 . @)!)
;fnsf] ldnfkqdf klg hUuf wfld{s sfo{df
nufpg] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/faf6 ldnfkq ePsf]
b]lvFbf ljjflbt hUuf ;fj{hlgs k|sl[ tsf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . To;} u/L lkmN8a'sdf hUufwgLsf] gfd

y/ jtg vfnL /x]sf] / hf]tfxfsf] dxndf ;fOlg
xl:k6n pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] cbfntxaf6
ePsf cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt 5g . hUuf lghL jf
;fj{hlgs s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf sf:sL lhNnf
cbfntdf rn]sf] km};nf ab/ u/L ;fj{hlgs
sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2faf6 l5gf]kmfgf] x'g] g}
x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fn] ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ h;axfb'/ u'? ;d]t !@ hgfsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx >L xl/k|;fb
;'j]bL, >L 1fg]Zj/ k/fh'nL, >L s[i0fk|;fb
;fksf]6f, >L s[i0faxfb'/ u'? / >L uf]kfnk|;fb
zdf{n] @))@ ;fnsf] 3/b/ d'rN' sf / @)!)
;fnsf] ldnfkqn] ;f] hUuf ;fj{hlgs hUufsf]
?kdf /x]sf] 5 . @)!! ;fnb]lv ;fOlg
xl:k6nn] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ub}{
cfO/x]sf] 5 . @)#! ;fnsf] ;j]{ gfkL tyf
@)^) ;fnsf] gfkLdf klg ;f] hUUffsf]
lkmN8a'ssf] hf]tfxf dxndf ;fOlg xl:k6n
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ldlt @)^@.^.( sf] km};nfn]
lgj]bssf] hUUff xf] eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . sf:sL
lhNnf cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg d'2f km};nf x'bF f
7x/]adf]lhd x'g] g} x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
b'j} tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf], xf]Og
eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ l/6 lgj]bsn]
ljjflbt hUufdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nf
;d]taf6 cfkm\gf] xs :yflkt eO;s]sf] l:yltdf
;f] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug's
{ f] ;f km};nf ab/
d'2f bfo/ ePsf sf/0faf6 btf{ /f]Ssf /fVg]
;d]tsf cfb]zx pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L
@)^@.^.( sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg'
1003
egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpg dfu

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{xsf]
hUuf ;fj{hlgs xf], ;a"b k|df0f, ldnfkq, gfkL
lkmN8a's / ef]u;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] ;f] km};nf
ab/df cg'dlt lnO{ lkm/fb bfo/ eO;s]af6
d'2f km};nf x'bF f 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] g} x'bF f xfn
klxn]sf] cfb]z kl/j{tg ug]{ cj:yf 5}g eGg]
syg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
#= lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ km};nf ab/
u/L hUuf ;fj{hlgs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2f
rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] d'2fsf] sf/0faf6 ljjflbt
hUuf btf{ ;d]t /f]Ssf /fVg] egL ul/Psf
cfb]zx pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
lgj]bssf gfddf hUuf btf{ ul/lbg dfnkf]t
sfof{nonfO{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lbg'kg]{ xf] xf]Og
eGg] k|Zgdf lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 .
$= lhNnf cbfnt cfkm\ g f]
clwsf/If]qcGtu{t cfkm";dIf bfo/ d'2fsf
;Gbe{df ;a"b k|df0f ;d]tsf] d"Nofg u/L jfbL
bfjL k'Ug] jf gk'Ug] ;d]t km};nf ug{ k"0f{ ?kdf
;Ifd 5 . lhNnf cbfntsf] ;f] km};nfsf] Goflos
k/LIf0f k'g/fj]bg tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6
sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] k|lqmof klg ;'lglZrt\ 5 .
;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t ;DkGg x'g] oL
Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ c;fwf/0fIf]qsf] dfWodn]
;jf]R{ r cbfntdf k|jz
] u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgaf6
s]xL af]Nbf ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t dftxtsf
cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg d'2fsf] :jfefljs lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf s'g} x:tIf]k t x'g k'Ub}g eGg] s'/fdf
cToGt Goflos ;+odtf ckgfpg kg]{ x'G5 .
%= ljjflbt hUufsf] ef8f ljifodf rn]sf]
d'2fdf ePsf] km};nf ab/ ug{ dfq h;axfb'/
u'? ;d]taf6 c=j= *^ g+ cGtu{tsf] bfjL
lnO{ sf:sL lhNnf cbfntdf lkm/fb u/]sf] geO{
;f]sf] cltl/Qm hUuf cfjfb ug]s
{ f] $ g+ ;d]tsf]
;xf/fdf ;f] hUuf ;fj{hlgs sfod ul/kfpg
;d]t dfu ul/Psf] 5 . of] lkm/fb bfjLaf6
p7]sf] d'2fdf ljjflbt hUUff ;fj{hlgs geO{

cfkm\gf] btf{ k|df0fsf] lghL xf] eGg] ;d]tsf]
To; d'2fsf k|ltjfbL oL lgj]bssf] lhsL/ 5 .
o;/L hUuf lghL ls ;fj{hlgs eGg] k|Zgsf]
;d]t ;a"b k|df0f ;d]tsf] /f]xdf cbfntn]
lgisif{ lgsfNg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ljjflbt hUuf
cfkm\gf gfddf ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.^.(
sf] km};nfcg';f/ btf{ ;d]t u/L kfpg dfnkf]t
sfof{no sf:sLdf k/]sf] lgj]bg ljrf/fwLg /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f]xL km};nf ;d]t ab/ ul/kfpg /
hUuf ;fj{hlgs sfod ul/kfpg lkm/fb k/]sf]
5 . o; cj:yfdf lhNnf cbfntn] c=j= !&!
s g+ sf] clVtof/L k|of]u u/L ;f] hUufsf] btf{
;d]t /f]Ssf ug{ lbPsf] cfb]z k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
;d]taf6 cg'df]bg ePsf] 5 .
^= d'ns
' L P]g c=j+ !&! s= g+= sf]
cWoog ubf{ cGo Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm rn
crn ;DklQ jf ljuf] bfjL ePsf] tyf xs
a]xssf] k|Zg p7]sf] d'2fdf======rn crn
;DklQsf] pkef]u;DaGwL k|Zg p7]sf]df To:tf]
pkef]u ;DaGwdf pko'Qm Joj:yf u/fpg======
/fhLgfdf jf cGo s'g} Joxf]/faf6 To:tf] rn
crn ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0f gu/fpgsf] nflu
kIfn] lgj]bg lbPsf]df cbfntn] d'2fsf] k|sl[ t
/ cf}lrTo x]/L k|ltpQ/ gk/];Ddsf] nflu jf
d'2fsf] lsgf/f geP;Ddsf] nflu jfbLsf] bfjL
k'Ug ;Sg] h:tf] b]lvPdf bfjL k'Ug];Ddsf] ;DklQ
/f]Ssf ug{ jf cGo pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{
;Sg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
&= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] jfbLsf]
bfjL k'Ug] h:tf] b]lvPdf btf{ gfd;f/L ;d]t
/f]Ssf /fVg ;Sg] clVtof/L lhNnf cbfntnfO{
ljlwstf{n] k|bfg u/]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .
o:tf tTsfn ul/g] cGt/sfnLg k|sl[ tsf cfb]z
km};nf ;/xsf geO{ To; a]nfsf] cf}lrTosf
cfwf/df ul/g] tTsfnsf nflu lbO{g] cfb]z x'g,
h;n] ;j"b k|df0f ;+sng / k/LIf0f kl5 ltgsf]
1004
d"Nofgsf cfwf/df x'g] km};nfnfO{ k|efj kfg{

;Sb}g . /f]Ssf cfb]z ljjfbdf cfPsf] rn crn
;DklQ cfjZostfcg';f/ k|ltpQ/ gk/];Ddsf
nflu jf d' 2 f lsgf/f geP;Ddsf nflu
oyfl:yltdf /fVg] ;d]tsf] sfg"gL pkqmd xf] .
o:tf] cfb]z s;}sf xssf] l;h{gf / s;}sf]
xssf] ;dflKts} cfwf/ aGg ;Sb}g . o:tf
cfb]zaf6 lgj]bssf] df}lns xs jf sfg"gL xs
g} :yfoL kl/0ffd lbg] k|sl[ tn] ckxl/t x'g
uPsf] l:ylt gb]lvP;Dd c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q
cfslif{t x'bF g} .
*= pQm /f]Ssf cfb]zn] cfkm\gf] xs
xgg\ ePsf] eGg] ;Gbe{df lgj]bsn] p7fpg'
ePsf k|Zgx tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ nfdf] ;do d'2f
n8L lhltkfPsf] km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ ;f] /f]Ssf
cfb]zn] cj?4 u/]sf] eGg] sygnfO{ Pp6f
a'bF fsf ?kdf p7fOPsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't ljifo
ljjflbt hUuf lghL xf] ls ;fj{hlgs eGg] k|Zg
p7L tt\ ;DaGwdf Pp6f lg0f{o eO{ km};nfsf]
tk;Ln v08df sfof{Gjogsf nflu n]vL k7fpg]
pNn]v eP/ tbg'?k cbfntaf6 dfnkf]t
sfof{nonfO{ kq k|l] ift ul/Psf] d'2f xf]Og .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf ljlw ljwfg d'ns
' L P]g
b08 ;hfosf] dxn tyf lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLf/f lgwf{l/t 5g\ . k|:t't ljifo
k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]t gx'g] cfb]z ePsf] @)^@.^.(
sf] km};nf ;d]tsf cfwf/df lgj]bs kIfsf
gfddf btf{ gfd;f/L ;d]tsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no
;dIf df+u ePsf] d'2f xf] . df+usf] o; k|sl[ tn]
g} cfwf/, ;j"b k|df0f ;d]tsf] d"Nofg /
cbfntxsf k"j{ km};nfxsf] tYo, df+u /
cy{ Pj+ cg'z/0fsf ;Ldfxsf] ck]Iff /fVb5 .
(= @)^@.^.( sf] ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf]
km};nf ab/ d'2fsf] km};nfdf jfbL bfjLadf]lhd
km};nf ab/ x'g g;Sg] eGg] 7x/ kl5 ;f] hUuf,
k|ltjfbLsf] Psnf}6L xs sfod eO{ axfn
;d]t e/L kfpg] 7x5{ elgPsf] 5 . pQm d'2fsf]
ljifoj:t' g} gePsf], sf]6k{ mLljgf g} xs sfod

ug]{ elgPsf] / k|ltjfbLsf] xs sfod x'g] ;d]t
n]lvPsf] v08 c;+ut syg (Obiter dicta)
ePaf6 To;sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g, To;}n] cg'z/0f
ug{ of]Uo gePsf] eGg] ljkIfL h;axfb'/ u'?
;d]tsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ts{ 5 .
of] s] s;f] xf] ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t dftxt
cbfntdf bfo/ d'2faf6 af]lng] ljifo xf] .
!)= o; cbfntaf6 sf:sL lhNnf
cbfntdf bfo/ plNnlvt km};nf ab/ u/L
hUuf ;fj{hlgs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fsf]
lkm/fb / k|ltpQ/df p7fOPsf s'/fxsf ;Gbe{df
s]xL af]lnlbFbf Goflos k|lqmofdf x:tIf]k x'g
hfG5 . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfu cg'k /f]Ssf
cfb]zx pTk|i] f0ff/f ab/ u/L ljjflbt hUuf
lgj]bssf gfddf btf{ ul/lbg' eGg] k/dfb]z
hf/L ubf{ lkm/fb / k|ltpQ/df p7fOPsf] ljifodf
k|jz
] u/L ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L lgisif{
lgsfNg'' kg]{ x'G' 5 . aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f afx]s cGo
l/6sf xsdf ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"Nofg ug}{ ;lsGg .
To;df klg dftxt cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg d'2fsf
ljifoj:t's
' f xsdf lglj{jfb tYo / k|i6 sfg"gL
q'l6 ljBdfg /x]sf] / ;a"b" k|df0fsf] d"Nofg
ug}{ gk/L ;fdfGo cjnf]sgaf6} lgisif{ lgsfNg
;lsg] cj:yfdf afx]s pkNnf] cbfntn] x:tIf]k
ug{ ldNb}g . o;f] ul/Pdf lhNnf cbfntdf
ljrf/fwLg ljifoj:t's
' f xssf ;jf]R{ r cbfntn]
k|jz
] u/]sf] dflgg] eO{ clwsf/If]qdf cltqmd0f
x'g hfG5 . clwsf/If]qdf cltqmd0f sfg"gsf
cfFvfdf c;dfGo cj:yfdf afx]s alh{t x'G5 .
o; ;Gbe{df dftxt cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg
d'2fnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ u/L ;jf]R{ r cbfntn]
gaf] N g] ;Gbe{ d f g] s fk @)$*, c;f] h ,
lg=g+=$#!#, k[i7 #)$, g]sfk @)$(, k';,
lg=g+= $^@), k[i7 *%) / ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
a'n
' l] 6g, @)^), ;fpg!, k[i7 @@ df ;+:yflkt
ghL/ pNn]vgLo 5g\ .
1005
!!= k|:t't ljjfbdf l/6 hf/L x'g' kb{5

eGg] ;Gbe{df lgj]bs kIfsf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxn] ;"o" a{ xfb'/ s]=;L= ;d]t lj=k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf]v/f ;d]tsf] @)^^WO$## df
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 @)^&.(.@! df ePsf] cfb]z
Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ;f] ghL/df
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;a} k|ltjfbLxaf6 tfobftL
dfUg] cfb]z ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ab/ ePsf] kfOG5 .
pQm ghL/df lgZro g} lhNnf cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg
c+z d'2fdf lhNnf cbfntn] jfbLsf klt lktf;Fu
dfq tfobftL df+u ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf]df c=j+= !&
g+ cGtu{tsf] lgj]bgdf sf/jfxL x'bF f k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] ;f;" ;;"/fafh] aHo}b]j/sfsfx
;d]t;Fu tfobftL dfu ug]{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
cfb]z ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L
u/L ab/ u/]sf] 5 . t/, ;f] d'2fsf] tYo cWoog
ubf{ @)%*.!).( df ldnfkq u/L jfbLsf
kltlktfn] c+z lnO{ leGg ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
cbfntdf ;DkGg pQm ldnfkq lj?4 s'g} r'gf}tL
5}g . pQm ldnfkq ug]{ kIf;Fu jfbLsf] @)^@.#.#
df dfq ljjfx ePsf] 5 . @)^$.$.!$ df ;f]
c+z d'2f bfo/ ePsf] 5 . pQm d'2fsf jfbLxsf]
ljjfx / hGdk"j{ g} ;DkGg r'gf}tL/lxt ljlwjt
;DkGg ldnfkq sfod /x]sf] tYo lglj{jfb 5 .
ldnfkqsf] kl/0ffdn] lghsf kltlktf c+z lnO{
@)%* ;fn d} cnu ePsf] :yflkt 5 . ;uf]ndf
/x]sf JolQm;Fu dfq tfobftL dfUg] c+za08fsf]
@) g+ ;d]tdf k|i6 sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . o;
cj:yfdf 5''l leGg eO;s]sf] JolQmx;Fu
tfobftL dfu ul/g] cfb]z ab/ ul/g] lg0f{o
plePsf] tYo / k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo;Fu s'g}
tfbfTDotf 5}g . ToxfF klg dftxt cbfntsf]
ljrf/fwLg d'2fdf x:tIf]k eof] t;y{ oxfF klg
l/6 hf/L x'gk' b{5 eGg] ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf]
ax; lhsL/;Fu ljifoj:t'sf] k[ystfn] ubf{ ;xdt
x'g ;lsPg . a? ;=c= a'nl] 6g, @)^) ;fpg!,
k[i7 @@ sf] ghL/sf] ljifoj:t' k|:t't ljjfbsf]
;lGgs6 5 . o; ghL/df klg ljjflbt hUuf

lghL xf] jf ;fj{hlgs xf] eGg] ljjfb dftxt
cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg 5 / ;f] d'2fdf klg ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ s] x'gk' g]{ xf]
eGg] k|Zg p7fOPsf] 5 . o; d'2fdf dftxt
cbfntn] ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L xs a]xsdf
af]Ng' kg]{ ePaf6 ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 l/6 If]qaf6
af]Ng gldNg] dfGotf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . ghL/sf]
k|of]u ubf{ ;f] s'g tYo / sfg"gsf cfwf/df
k|ltkflbt 5 eGg] s'/f klg x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . tYout
/ sfg"gut ;fdLKotfsf cfwf/df ghL/sf] k|of]u
x'g] xf] .
!@= t;y{, d'ns
' L P]g, c=j++ !&!s=g+=
adf]lhd u/]sf] cfb]zn] s;}sf] xs ;dfKt eO{
c? s;}sf] xssf] l;h{gf gx'g,] o; cbfntaf6
@)^@.^.( df ePsf] km};nfnfO{ g} ab/ ug]{
dfusf cltl/Qm ;f] hUuf ;fj{hlgs sfod
ul/kfpg] dfu ub}{ lkm/fb k/L d'2f sf/jfxLo'Qm
/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L
x'bF f sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf] d'2fnfO{ c;/
kg],{ lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] ghL/ o; ljjfbdf
cfslif{t gx'g] / sf:sL lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/
ePsf] lkm/fbnfO{ km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ cj/f]w
k'ofpg] p2]Zon] bfo/ ePsf] egL dfGg ldNg]
gb]lvPsf] ;d]tsf cfwf/ sf/0faf6 sf:sL lhNnf
cbfntaf6 @)^^.!.!% tyf @)^^.@.@& /
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] @)^^.&.% sf] cfb]z
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L @)^@.^.( sf] o;
cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf]
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm cfb]zdf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 @$ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M eLdaxfb'/ lg/f}nf
1006
&
**%@ - ulGwofb]jL sg'Og lj=hub]j ;fx sfg" ;d]t
lg0f{o g+= **%@
cfjf6 ePsf] e"nsf] sf/0f tk;Ln

v08df 5"6 x'g uPsf] cj:yfdf kfpg]
c+z efusf] hUuf km};nfsf] tk;Ln
v08df 5"6 ePsf] sf/0fjf6 pQm c+zdf
xs} gx'g] eGg gldNg] .
xs a]xssf] k|Zg cbfntsf] km};nfsf]
7x/ v08af6 lgikflbt x'g] ljifo xf] .
7x/ v08df xs sfod ul/Psf]
;DklQdf xsef]u ug]{ clwsf/nfO{
tk;Ln v08df pNn]v gePs} sf/0faf6
lgik|of]lht jf lgik|efjL t'Nofpg
gldNg] .
7x/ v08af6 lgikflbt OG;fkmsf]
ljifonfO{ tk;Ln v08df cw'/f] ?kdf
pNn]v ug'{ eg]sf] ;fdfGo q'l6 g}
dfGg' kb{5 . To:tf] q'l6nfO{ Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(-@_
n] ;Rofpg s'g} lglZrt\ xbDofb
gePsf]n] cbfntnfO{ To:tf] ;fdfGo
e"n jf q'l6 ;Rofpg s'g} afwf gb]lvg]
/ b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+= sfof{Gjog
tkm{sf] ljifodf ePsf] sfg"g x'Fbf
;fdfGo q'l6 jf e"n ;Rofpg P]=
b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+= cfslif{t ;d]t
gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+ot' m Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] CI)^#%
km};nf ldltM @)^*.!).!*.$
d'2f M c+z btf{ .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM lhNnf k;f{ uf=lj=;= cnf}
j8f g+= % a:g] hob]j ;fx sfg"sf]
>LdtL ulGwofb]jL sg'Og
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lhNnf k;f{, uf=lj=;= cnf}
jf8 g+= % a:g] uf]ljGb ;fx sfg"sf]]
5f]/f hub]j ;fx sfg" ;d]t
z' km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L tLy{/fh b]jsf]6f
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
df=Gof=>L 6+saxfb'/ df]Qmfg
7x/ v08df k|df0fxsf] d"Nofg kl5
s] s;n] slt xs kfpg] eGg] ;Gbe{df
Gofostf{sf] /fo cleJoQm ePsf] x'G5 .
ljjfbsf] lgSof]n
{ 7x/ v08df x'g] x'bF f
s] lg0f{o eof] eGg] s'/f 7x/ v08jf6 g}
k|i6 x'g cfpFb5 . tk;Ln v08 eg]sf]
k}m;nf sfof{Gjog ;Gbe{df ;xh jgfpg
lj:t[ t ?kdf pNn] v u/L k| i 6tf
Nofpgsf nflu pNn]v ul/g] ;Dd xf] .
tk;Ln v08sf] cfwf/ g} 7x/ v08 xf]
/ 7x/ v08 eGbf jflx/ tk;Ln v08
hfg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg j}tlgs clwjQmf

aljtf pk|t] L 9sfn
k|ToIfL k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !( -@_
b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+=
1007
km};nf
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd o; cbfntsf]
clwsf/If]q leq kg]{ k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
k|ltjfbL nf]Ug], h]7fh' tyf ;f}tf ;d]tn]
dnfO{ vfg nfpg glbO{ c+z ;d]t 5'6\ofO{
lbPsf gx'bF f s'n ^ v08sf] ! v08 c+z kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d'Vo lkm/fb bfjL .
bfh' af;'bj] n] d;Fu c+zd'2f u/L ldlt
@)$#.!@.!^ sf] ldnfkqn] 5'L leGg e};s]sf]
x'bF f lghnfO{ k|ltjfbL agfO{ c+lzof/ b]vfPsf]
jfbL bfjL em"7f x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL hub]j ;fxsf] d'Vo k|ltpQ/
lhsL/ .
bfjLadf]lhd c+z 5'6o\ fO{ lnPdf d]/f]
d~h"/L 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL af;'bj]
;fxsf] d'Vo k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
jfbL c+lzof/ ePsf]df k|ltjfbLx
;fljt e} /x]sf, h]7fh' af;'bj] / nf]Ug]aLr c+z
d'2f rnL ldnfkqaf6 leGb} a;]sf] b]lvFbf leGb}
/x]sf af;'bj] c+lzof/ b]lvg gcfO{ jfbL Pj+
k|ltjfbL hub]j dfq c+lzof/ b]lvFbf jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLxaf6 ^ v08sf] ! v08 c+z kfpg]
7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)$^.!!.!* sf] km};nf .
pQm )$^.!!.!* sf] km};nfadf]lhd
k|ltjfbLxn] k]z u/]sf] tfobftLdf plNnlvt
;DklQsf] ^ v08sf] ! v08 kfpg' kg]d
{ f km};nf
tof/ x'bF fsf avt e"na; ls=g+= (* sf] )
!%) hUufdWo] klt hub]jn] aLraf6 c+zefu
kfpg] )!!) hUuf dWo] ^ v08sf] ! v08
klZrd tkm{af6 )!^.. dfq c+z kfpg] pNn]v
x'g uPsf] / ;f]xLadf]lhd d jfbLn] a08f 5'6o\ fO{
lnPsf] pQm hUuf d]/f gfpFdf bf=vf= gx'bF }
ljkIfL kltn] c?nfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f u/L lbPsf]n]
b'lift btf{ ab/ u/L d]/f gfpFdf btf{ ul/kfpFm
eGg] d]/f] lgj]bg k/L k]z x'bF f km};nfadf]lhd

tfobftL kmFf6jf/Ldf plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ
km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df pNn]v x'g 5"6 ePsf]
s'/f yfxf kfPsL x'bF f tk;Ln v08 ;+zf]wg
lglDt of] lgj] b g lbPsL 5' . ctM ldlt
@)$^.!!.!* sf] lg0f{odf c;/ gkg]{ u/L
tfobftLdf plNnlvt ls=g+= @@@, @@!, @!(,
%*, ^) ;d]tsf hUufxaf6 d}n] c+z kfpg]
u/L ;+zf]wg cfb]z ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
jfbL ulGwofb]jL sg'Ogsf] lgj]bg .
af;'bj] afx]ssf k|ltjfbLaf6 ^ v08sf]
! v08 c+z kfpg] u/L km};nf ePsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf k|ltjfbL hub]jn] ldlt @)$#.!@.# sf]
ldnfkqn] c+zefudf k/]sf hUuf bf=vf= btf{
ug{ afFsL /x]sf] b]vfO{ ls=g+= (* tyf ls=g+=@@@,
@@!, @!(, %*, ^) ;d]tsf hUuf b]vfO{
tfobftL kmfF6jf/L k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ ;f]
)$^.!!.!* sf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df ls=g+=
(* dfq pNn]v eO{ cGo % lsQf hUuf pNn]v
x'g 5"6 ePsf] b]lvFbf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd
km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df e"n;'wf/ u/L pQm
%*, ^), @@@, @@!, @!( ;d]tsf lsQfx
;dfj]z ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ldlt @)^#.$.@ sf] z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf]
;+zf]wg cfb]z .
km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08sf] ;+zf]wgsf
gfddf km};nfsf] 7x/ v08df g} uDeL/ / k|ToIf
c;/ kg]{ u/L @)^#.$.@ df ePsf] z'? k;f{
lhNnf cbfntsf] pQm ;+zf]wg cfb]zdf d]/f]
lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g . km};nfsf] n]vfO jf 6fOkdf
ePsf] e"n;Dd ;Rofpg kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
ljk/Lt 7x/ v08df uDeL/ c;/ kg]{ u/L
ePsf] ;f] ;+ z f] w g ab/efuL 5 . ldlt
@)$^.!!.!* sf] km};nf clGtd eO{ jfbLn] c+z
5'6o\ fO{ kfpFm eGg] b/vf:t lbO{ km};nfadf]lhd
a08f d'rN' sfnufot tfd]nL krf{ ug]{ ;d]t
km};nfsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;dfKt e};s]sf] cj:yfdf
1008
!& jif{sf] cGt/fn kl5 lbPsf] lgj]bgnfO{ cfwf/

lnO ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg cfb]z sfg"g;+ut 5}g .
e"n;'wf/sf] nflu xbDofb tf]lsPsf] 5}g eGb}df
km};nfadf]lhd c+z lnO{ bf=vf= ;d]t u/fO{
;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;+zf]wg ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . d
b]jLofb]jLsf gfpFsf] hUuf lghL xf] eGg] pNn]v
u/L kmfF6jf/L lbPsf] km};nfdf pQm hUufaf6
c+z kfpg] eGg] pNn]v gePaf6 km};nfsf] 7x/
v08df uDeL/ c;/ kg]{ u/L ePsf] pQm ;+zf]wg
cfb]z km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL hub]j / b]jLof ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}8F fdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df km};nf ;d]t sfof{Gjog u/fO{
c+z 5'6o\ fO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf km};nf ;+zf]wg
u/]sf] z'?sf] OG;fkm km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvPsfn]
5nkmnsf] lgldQ k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ pkl:yt eP
jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fsf] ldlt
@)^$.@.#! sf] cfb]z .
jfbLn] ^ v08sf] ! v08 c+z kfpg]
7x/] s f] c+ z d' 2 fdf z' ? km} ; nf ldlt
@)$$.!!.!* df ePsf] / ;f] km};nfadf]lhd
c+z 5'6o\ fO{ kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf] lgj]bg k/L ldlt
@)$&.!@.@# df g} a08f d'rN' sf ePsf] z'?
tyf k|df0f ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . a08f d'rN' sf
u/fpFbf kmfF6jf/Ldf pNn]v ePsf bfjLsf hUuf
a08f d'rN' sfdf gk/]sf] egL tTsfn bfjL gu/]sf]
/ tfd]nL cfb]z eO;s]kl5, To;df klg, w]/}
jif{kZrft\ ;+zf]wgdf lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
pQm c+z d'2fdf k]z ePsf] c+zsf] kmfF6jf/L
jfbLn] ;'gL ldlt @)^$.!).!% df ;'lgkfPsf]
sfuh ul/lbPsf] b]lvFbf c+z kmfF6jf/Ldf ljjflbt
hUuf ;dfj]z /x]sf] af/] jfbLnfO{ p;} avt
hfgsf/L /x]sf] dfGg' kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . b08
;hfosf] $^-!%_ g+= n] a08f 5'6o\ fPsf]df lrQ
ga'em]sf] hlt s'/fdf P]gsf] Dofb leq ph"/
ug'k{ g]{ eGg] pNn]v eO{ km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
l;nl;nfdf ePsf] sf/jfxLdf lrQ ga'em] !%

lbgleq ph"/L ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf b08;hfosf]
^! g+= df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f] Dofb ;d]t
u'hf/L km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog ;d]t e};s]kl5 w]/}
jif{sf] cGt/fndf k/]sf] lgj]bgdf ;+zf]wg cfb]z
ePsf] b]lvof] . ;fy} ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(-@_ sf] Joj:yf
x]bf{ ;fdfGo q'l6dfq ;lRrg ;Sg] pNn]v ePsf]n]
;f] P]gsf] bfo/f eGbf aflx/ uO{ ;+zf]wg ug{
ldNg] b]lvg cfPg . ;+zf]wgn] km};nfsf] OG;fkm
v08 g} km/s kg]{ u/L u/]sf] k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.$.@ sf] km};nf ;+zf]wg
cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ b]lvFbf ;f] cfb]z ab/ x'g] 7x5{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fsf]
ldlt @)^%.#.#! sf] km};nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fn] k|:t't d'2f
k}m;nf ubf{ ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] !(-@_ sf] Joj:yf ;fdfGo q'l6
dfq ;lRrg ;Sg] ePsf] ;f] P]gsf] bfo/f
jflx/ uO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ g} gldNg] s'/fdf jfbLsf]
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd ;+zf]wgn] k}m;nfsf] OG;fkm
v08 km/s kg{ hfg] b]lvof] . OG;fkm g} km/s
kg]{ u/L u/]sf] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^#.$.@ sf] k}m;nfsf] ;+zf]wg cfb]z q'l6k"0f{
x'g] egL u/]sf] k}m;nf sfg"g tyf Gofo;+ut
5} g . k| l tjfbL hub] j ;fx sfg" n ] ldlt
)$^.!).!% ut] k]z u/]sf] tfobftL kmf+6jf/Ldf
k;f{ uf=lj=;= ;'uf}nL j8f g+= * ls=g+= (*
sf] h= lj= )!%), P]= uf=lj=;= cnf} j8f
g+= % ls=g+= %* h= lj= ))!$ ;f] df
ePsf] 3/, P]= ls=g+= ^) h= lj= ))$ ;f]df
ePsf] 3/ tyf P]= P]= j8f g+= $ ls=g+= @@@
sf] h= lj= )@!), P]= P]= ls=g+= @@! sf] h=
lj= )@% tyf P]= P]= ls=g+= @!( sf] h= lj=
= )%) ;d]t ^ lsQf hUufx tfobftLdf
pNn]v u/L bfobftL k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . ldlt
@)$^.!!.!* ut]sf] k}m;nfdf tk;Ln v08df
1009
ls=g+= (* sf] hUuf dfq pNn]v eO{ cGo %

lsQf hUuf 3/ pNn]v x'g 5"6 ePsf] ;f] 5"6
ePsf] hUufjf6 jfbLn] c+z gkfpg] eGg] s'/f
;d]t k}m;nfsf] 7x/ v08df pNn]v geO{ bfjL
cg';f/s} jfbLn] ^ v08sf] ! v08 c+z 5'6\ofO{
lng kfpg] / ;f] hUuf btf{ ;d]t u/fO{ lng
kfpg] pNn]v ePjf6 jfbLn] ;Dk"0f{ lsQfjf6
c+z kfPsf] k|i6 /x]sf] 5 . k}m;nf tof/ ubf{sf]
cj:yfdf tk;Lndf n]vfO{df e'n x'g uO{
hUufx 5"6 x'g uPsf] n]vfO{sf] e'n ;Rofpg
;lsg] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(
-@_ tyf lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, )%@ sf]
lgod %!%@ df sfg"gL Joj:yf /x] ePsf] ;f]
adf]lhd k;f{ lhNnf cbfntn] ldlt @)^#.$.@
ut] e"n ;RofO{ u/]sf] cfb]zn] plNnlvt d'2fsf]
)$^.!!.!* sf] k}m;nfsf] OG;fkm v08df s'g}
km/s gkf/L k}m;nfsf] OG;fkm v08adf]lhd
/x]sf] tk{m ;DdfgLt k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fn]
Wofg g} glbO{ xr'jf ts{ v8f u/L cfTdk/s
?kdf u/]sf] k}m;nf sfg"g tyf Gofo;+ut
geO{ c= j+= !*$-s_!*% tyf k|df0f P]g,
)#! sf] bkmf %$ tyf lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod %!%@ ljk/Lt
eO{ ab/efuL 5 . t;y{ ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhsf]
j:t'lgi7 cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8fjf6 ldlt )^%.#.#! ut] ePsf] k}m;nf
ab/ u/L k;f{ lhNnf cbfntjf6 ldlt )^#.$.@
ut] ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g tyf Gofo;+ut /x]sf]n]
;b/ u/L d]/f] c+z efu 5'6\ofO{ d]/f] lgj]bg
dfu bfjLadf]lhd d]/f] gfddf btf{ ;d]t
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntdf
jfbLsf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df z'? ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{
jfbL ulGwofb]jL sg'Ogn] lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod %! tyf Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(-@_ adf]lhd
km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08 ;+zf]wgsf] nflu z'?
lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

plNnlvt P]g / lgodfjnLsf] pQm k|fjwfgn]
km};nf ;+zf]wgsf] nflu s'g} ;do;Ldf g}
gtf]ss
] f] cj:yfdf To;tkm{ s'g} ljj]rgf gu/L
z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;+zf]wg
cfb]z ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}8fsf] ldlt @)^%.#.#! sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
e} OG;fkmdf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] 5nkmnsf]
nflu k|ToyL{nfO{ lemsfO{ xfhL/ x'g cfPkl5
jf ;f]sf] cjlw Joltt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!!.!(
sf] cfb]z .
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod %! tyf Gofok|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !(-@_ df km};nf ;+zf]wgsf] nflu lgj]bg
lbg kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5g egL eGb}df
;bfsf] nflu km};nf ;+zf]wg ug{ kfpF5 egL
eGg dfGg ldNb}g . ldlt @)$^.!!.!* sf]
km};nf clGtd e} pQm km};nfnfO{ g} :jLsf/
u/L ljkIfLn] km};nfadf]lhd cfaf6 8f]/ v6L
uO{ ldlt @)$&.!.@ df a08f d'r'Nsf ;d]tsf]
sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ km};nfadf]lhdsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
;DdGg eO{ ldlt @)$*.@.!( df tfd]nL krf{
;d]t e};s]sf]df !$ jif{ kl5 k/]sf] lgj]bgnfO{
xbDofbsf] Joj:yf gePsf] eGg] cfwf/df
xfdLnfO{ pQm d'2fdf lemsfObf lnPsf] pQm
cfwf/ sfg"g;+ut 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL hub]j ;fx sfg" ;d]tsf] lnlvt
k|ltjfb .
lgodadf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf b}lgs k]zL
;"lrdf r9L cfh lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n
;d]t cWoog u/L x]/L k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6
pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljfg j}tlgs clwjQmf >L
aljtf pk|t] L 9sfnsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
o;df ldlt @)$^.!!.!* sf]
km} ; nfadf] l hd k| l tjfbLxn] k] z u/] s f]
1010
tfobftLdf plNnlvt ;DklQsf] ^ v08sf] Ps

v08 kfpg' kg]d
{ f km};nf tof/ x'bF fsf avt
e"na; ls=g+= (* sf] )!%) hUufdWo] klt
hub]jn] aLraf6 c+zefu kfpg] )!!) hUuf
dWo] ^ v08sf] Ps v08 klZrd tkm{af6 )!
!^.. dfq c+z kfpg] pNn]v x'g uPsf] /
;f]xLadf]lhd d jfbLn] a08f 5'6o\ fO{ lnPsf]df
km};nfadf]lhd tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt
;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df pNn]v
x'g 5"6 ePsf] s'/f yfxf kfPsL x'bF f tk;Ln
v08 ;+zf]wgsf nflu jfbLsf] lgj]bg k/L z'?
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 pQm tk;Ln v08df
5"6 x'g uPsf] lsQf hUufx ;d]t tk;Ln
v08df ;dfj]z u/L lbg] u/L ldlt @)^#.$.@
df e"n ;'wf/ ug]{ u/L cfb]z krf{ ePsf]df
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8faf6 pQm ldlt @)^#.$.@
sf] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z ab/ x'g] 7x/
u/]sf] ldlt @)^%.#.#! sf] cfb]zpk/ jfbL
ulGwofb]jL sg'Ogsf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
kg{ cfPsf] b]lvof] .
lg0f{otk{m ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf lgDg
lnlvt k|Zgxdf lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg cfof]M
!=
@=
k}m;nfsf] 7x/ v08df jf]lnPsf] ljifo

tk;Ln v08df 5"6 x'g uPsf] cj:yfdf
kl5jf6 hfgsf/L ePdf ;f] 5"6 ePsf]
xsdf sfo{Gjog ug{ ldNg] ls gldNg] <
ldlt @)^#.$.@ sf] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntn]
u/]sf] cfb]z ab/ x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}8fn] u/]sf] cfb]z ldn]sf] 5
jf 5}g <
@= k|yd k|Zgsf] xsdf ljrf/ ubf{ @)$%

;fnsf] b]=bf=g+= !#$@ sf] c+z d'2fsf] k}m;nf
ldlt @)$^.!!.!* df x'bF fsf cj:yf log} jfbLn]
log} k|ltjfbLxjf6 tfobftLdf plNnlvt ;DklQ
dWo] ^ v08sf] Ps v08 c+z kfpg] / pQm
hUuf jfbLsf] gfpFdf btf{ ;d]t x'g] 7x5{ egL

pNn]v u/]sf] kfOof] . pQm k}m;nfsf] 7x/cg';f/
tk;Ln v08df tfobftLdf plNnlvt
bfjLadf]lhdsf] ;j} lsQf gDa/x pNn]v u/L
tt\ tt\ ls=g+= xjf6 ^ efusf] ! efu jfbLsf]
c+z efu 5'6o\ fpg' kg]d
{ f ;f] gu/L tfobftLdf
ePsf] ls=g+= (* sf] Psdfq lsQf h= lj= )
!%) hUufdWo] oL jfbLsf klt hub]jn] aLrjf6
c+z efu kfpg] h= lj= )!!) sf hUuf dWo]
^ v08sf] Ps v08 klZrd tk{mjf6 )!!^..
dfq c+z kfpg] egL q'l6k"0f{ ?kdf pNn]v x'g
uPsf] /x]5 . ;f]xLcg'k jfbLn] c+z efu klg
5'6o\ fO{ cfgf gfddf sfod u/]sf] ;d]t kfOof] .
#= oBlk pQm @)$% ;fnsf] b]=bf=g+=
!#$@ sf] c+z d'2f ldlt @)$^.!!.!* df
k}m;nf ePsf]df pQm d'2fsf] ldl;n x]bf{ k|=
hub]j ;fx sfg"n] )$^.!).!% df k]z u/]sf]
tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf lhNnf k;f{ ;'uf}nL uf=
lj= ;= j8f g+= * ls=g+= (* sf] h= lj= )!%
), uf=lj=;= cnf} j8f g+= % ls=g+= %* h= lj=
))!$ P]= df ePsf] 3/, P]= ls=g+= ^) h=
lj= ))$ P]= df ePsf] 3/ tyf P]= j8f g+=
$ ls=g+= @@@ sf] h= lj= )@!), P]= ls=g+=
@@! h= lj= )@% tyf P]= P]= ls=g+= @!( sf]
)%) ;d]t hDdf ^ lsQf hUuf pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 . ldlt @)$^.!!.!* sf] pQm km};nfdf
klg jfbL bfjLadf]lhd tfobftLdf plNnlvt
hUufsf] 5 efusf] Ps efu oL jfbLn] c+z efu
kfpg] 7x/ v08df k|i6;Fu pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
tyflk jfbLsf] c+z efu 5'6o\ fpFbf ls=g+= (*
sf] )!%) dWo]sf] If]= km= )!!) dWo]jf6
h= lj= )!!^.. sf] cltl/Qm cGo % lsQfjf6
klg jfbLsf] c+z efu 5'6o\ fpg] s'/f 7x/ v08n]
lgSof]{n u/L ;s]kl5 tk;Ln v08df klg
;f]xLadf]lhd pNn]v x'g' kg]d
{ f To;f] ul/Pg .
$= j:t'tM 7x/ v08df k|df0fxsf]
d"Nofg kl5 s] s;n] slt xs kfpg] eGg]
1011
;Gbe{df Gofostf{sf] /fo cleJoQm ePsf] x'G5 .

ljjfbsf] lgSof]n
{ 7x/ v08df x'g] x'bF f dfggLo
GofofwLzjf6 s] lg0f{o eof] eGg] s'/f 7x/
v08jf6 g} k|i6 x'g cfpFb5 . tk;Ln v08
eg]sf] k}m;nf sfof{Gjog ;Gbe{df ;xh jgfpg
lj:t[t ?kdf pNn]v u/L k|i6tf Nofpgsf nflu
pNn]v ul/g] ;Dd xf] . tk;Ln v08sf] cfwf/
g} 7x/ v08 xf] / 7x/ v08 eGbf jflx/
tk;Ln v08 hfg ;Sb}g . cyf{t\ 7x/ v08df
;Lldt /x]/ g} tk;Ln v08df k|i6\ofpg] ;Dd
xf] . o; ;Gbe{df 6]saxfb'/ v8\sf lj= adaxfb'/
v8\sf ePsf] 7uL d'2fdf -g]sfk @)$^, c
!!, k[i7 !!@)_ o;} ;DdfgLt cbfntjf6
d'2fdf 7x/ v08 / tk;Ln v08 jflemPsf]
cj:yfdf 7x/ v08n] dfGotf kfpg] egL ghL/
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] ;d]t b]lvg cfpFb5 .
%= ca bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ k|:t't d'2fsf] ldlt @)$^.!!.!* sf]
k}m;nfsf] 7x/ v08df jfbL bfjLadf]lhd 5
v08sf] Ps v08 c+z kfpg] egL 7x/ ePsf]df
tk;Ln v08df dfq Ps lsQf ls=g+= (*
dWo]]af6 5 v08sf] Ps v08 h= lj= )!!^..
c+z efu jfbLn] kfpg] u/L q'l6k"0f{ ?kdf
jf]lnPsf] kfOG5 hals k|ltjfbL hub]j ;fx
sfg'n] ldlt @)$^.!).!% df k]z u/]sf] tfobftL
kmfF6jf/Ldf ljleGg 5 lsQf hUufx ;d]t
v'nfO{ kmfF6jf/L k]z u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;/L
7x/ v08 / tk;Ln v08 Ps cfk;df jflemg
uPsf]df To:tf]df 7x/ v08n] dfGotf kfpg]
k|i6 b]lvPsf] 5 . hxfF;Dd @)$^.!!.!* sf]
k}m;nf sfof{Gjog nfdf] ;dokl5 dfq jfbLn]
c+z kfpg 5"6 ePsf] egL k}m;nf ;+zf]wg ug{
cfPsf] eGg] ljkIfL tk{msf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf]
lhsL/sf] k|Zg 5 ;f] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ xfd|f] sfg"gn]
/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntjf6 AofVof ePcg';f/ c+z
;DaGwL g};lu{s clwsf/ egL To;df xbDofb
gnfUg] / ;uf]nsf] c+lzof/sf] gfpFdf c+z
efusf] ;DklQ sfod ePsf]df To:tf] ;DklQjf6

c+z efu hlxn];'s} bfjL ug{ kfpg] tyf c+z
kfpg] ;Gbe{df s'g} xbDofb sfg"gn] gtf]s]sf]
x'Fbf oL k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] bfjL u/]sf] pk/f]Qm
plNnlvt ^ lsQf hUuf log} k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf
btf{df /xL ef]u efu u/]sf] / pQm ldlt
@)$^.!!.!* sf] k}m;nfsf] tk;Ln v08df
5"6 x'g uPsf] sf/0f oL jfbL lhDd]jf/ geO{
cfjf6 ePsf] e"nsf] sf/0f tk;Ln v08df
5"6 x'g uPsf] x'bF f To:tf] cj:yfdf 7x/ v08n]
^ lsQf hUufaf6 jfbLn] kfpg] c+z efusf]
hUuf km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08df 5"6 ePsf]
sf/0fjf6 jfbLsf] xs pQm c+zdf gx'g] eGg
ldNb}g . xs a]xssf] k|Zg cbfntsf] km};nfsf]
7x/ v08af6 lgikflbt x'g] ljifo xf] . 7x/
v08df xs sfod ul/Psf] ;DklQdf xsef]u
ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ tk;Ln v08df pNn]v gePs}
sf/0faf6 lgik|of]lht jf lgik|efjL t'Nofpg
ldNb}g . hxfF;Dd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fn]
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(-@_ /
d'n'sL P]g b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] ^! g+= sf]
k|Zg p7fO{ z'?sf] km};nfnfO{ pN6L u/]sf] 5
To; ;Gbe{df x]bf{ km};nfsf] 7x/ v08nfO{
tk;Ln v08df pNn]v u/L km};nf sfof{Gjog
ul/g] xf] . 7x/ v08af6 lgikflbt OG;fkmsf]
ljifonfO{ tk;Ln v08df cw'/f] ?kdf pNn]v
ug'{ eg]sf] ;fdfGo q'l6 g} dfGg' kb{5 . To:tf]
q'l6nfO{ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(
-@_ n] ;Rofpg s'g} lglZrt\ xbDofb gePsf]n]
cbfntnfO{ To:tf] ;fdfGo e"n jf q'l6 ;Rofpg
s'g} afwf gb]lvg] / b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+=
sfof{Gjog tkm{sf] ljifodf ePsf] sfg"g x'Fbf
;fdfGo q'l6 jf e"n ;Rofpg P]= b08 ;hfosf]
^! g+= cfslif{t ;d]t gx'g] x'Fbf c;fGble{s
sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8faf6
km};nf ePsf]n] ;f] sfod /xg ;Sg] b]lvPg .
tk;Ln v08df 5' 6 fPsf] s' / f ;RofpF b f
1012
**%# - jL/dfg n']nL -du/_ lj=g]kfn ;/sf/
km};nfsf] 7x/ v08df s'g} c;/ gkg]{ x'gfn]

k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] tk;Ln v08 ;+zf]wg ul/kfpFm z' km};nf ug]{ M
egL lbPsf] lgj]bg lhsL/ cg';f/ k;f{ lhNnf
df=Gof= >L ch'g{ k|;fb sf]O/fnf
cbfntjf6 ;+zf]wg x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] k}m;nfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fn] pN6L ug]{ u/]sf]
df=d'=Gof=>L k'iff]Qd k/fh'nL
ldlt )^%.#.#! sf] lg0f{o gldn]sf] x'Fbf pN6L
df=Gof=>L lji0f'bj] kf}8n
]
eO{ lhNnf cbfntn] tk;Ln v08df ;+zf]wg
u/L 5"6 ePsf lsQf gDa/x k'gM tk;Ln
kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf hl/ofsf] l;4fGt
v08df ;dfj]z u/L pk/f]Qm plNnlvt a08f
(Doctrine of Causation) cg' ; f/
x'g'kg]{ ls=g+= sf hUufxjf6 5 efusf] Ps
kmf}hbf/L bfloTj jxg u/fpgsf nflu
efu jfbLn] kfpg] u/L ePsf] ;+zf]wg ug]{
kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] kl/0ffd
cfb]z krf{ ldn]sf] b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
s;sf] sfo{af6 pTkGg ePsf] xf] eGg]
s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'g] .
a'emfO{ lbg' .
sfo{ / kl/0ffdsf] cjlw nfdf]
cGt/fno'Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf t];f| ] kIfsf]
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
s'g} sfo{ jf d[tssf] cgk]lIft Jojxf/
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn df3 !* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] lgif]lwt kl/0ffd
Ohnf; clws[t cfTdb]j hf]zL
Nofpgdf of]ubfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf]
kl/0ffdsf] nflu klxnf] lhDd] j f/
&
dflgPsf] k|ltjfbLsf] kmf}hbf/L bfloTj
lgwf{/0f ug'{ Gofo lg/f]k0f ug]{ lgsfosf]
lg0f{o g+= **%#
cToGt dxTjk"0f{ / hl6n bfloTj aGg
k'Ug] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
' m Ohnf;
6fpsfsf] xL k'm6]sf] / ;f]xL rf]6af6
ynf k/L d[To' ePsf] k|dfl0ft eO/x]sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwLsf] * g+= cfslif{t
@)^&-CR-)$!@
x'g] .
km};nf ldltM@)^(.$.@$.#
-k|s/0f g+=*_
d'2fM st{Jo Hofg .
c=j++ !** g+= sf] k|of]u ubf{ klg s]xL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf emfkf, e'6fgL z/0ffyL{
Goflos cfwf/ cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
lzlj/ j]n8fFuL! ;]S6/ A, x6 g+= !!*
cGoyf ljlwstf{n] 7"nf] ljZjf;sf ;fy
3/ eO{ xfn sf/fuf/ sfof{no, eb|k/'
Gofostf{nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] of] thljhL
emfkfdf y'gfdf a:g] aL/dfg n'' n
] L -du/_
clwsf/sf] ;b'kof]u x'g g;Sg] .
lj4
bfp/fsf] rL/k6sf] k| x f/nfO{
k|ToyL{ jfbLM lrqaL/ du/sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn
;fjwfgLk"js
{ ePsf] k|xf/ dfGg gldNg] .
;/sf/
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
1013
lrQdf nfUg] eGg] s'/f dgf]ut x'g

;Sb}g . ;j{k|yd cfwf/ / sf/0fsf]
ljZn]if0faf6 g} c=j+= !** g+= sf] k|of]u
x'g] jf gx'g] lgisif{ lgsfNg' kb{5 .
GofofwLzn] ug]{ lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ
x'g k'Ug] ePaf6 lrQdf nfUof] t;y{
;hfo 36fOof] eGg' g} c=j+= !** g+=
sf nflu kof{Kt gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6Mljfg clwjQmf
nLnfdl0f kf}8n
]
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !, ^, !#, !#-#_,
!$, !%, !^, !&, !*, @*, @*s, @*u,
3 g+=+
c=a+= !** g+=
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^&.#.( sf] km};nfpk/
o; cbfntdf k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]]
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf] 5 M
ldlt @)^$.!@.@$ ut] laxfg c+= &=))
ah]sf] ;dodf vfgf gagfPsf] lgx'd
F f cleo'Qm
jL/dfg n'n
] L du/n] lghsL >LdtL jif{ !(
sL dgdfof du/nfO{ rL/k6 bfp/fn] 6fpsf]
lxsf{O{ d/0ff;Gg kf/]sf]n] lghnfO{ pkrf/fy{
ljleGg c:ktfn x'bF } ef/t l;nu'9Ll:yt Go"/f]
c:ktfndf k'ofO{ ldlt @)^%.%.@ ut];Dd ;f]xL
c:ktfnsf] cfO{= ;L= o"= jf8{df /fvL nfvf}+
k}ofF vr{ u/L pkrf/ ubf{ ;d]t xf]; gv'nL
;DalGwt 8fS6/n] lkmtf{ u/]sfn] a]xf]; l:yltdf
g} a]n8fFuLl:yt 3/df NofO{ /fv]sf]df xf]; gv'nL

;f]xL s'6kL6sf] rf]6af6 ynf k/]sL 3fOt] dgdfof
du/sf] ldlt @)^%.&.* ut] laxfg #=)) ah]
d[To' ePsf] x'bF f 36gf ;DaGwdf tTsfn Hofg
dfg]{ pBf]u d'2f rnL sf/fuf/df y'gfdf /x]sf
cleo'Qm jL/dfg n']nLnfO{ st{Jo Hofgdf
sf/jfxL rnfO{ kfpFm egL lgh dgdfof du/nfO{
pkrf/ u/fPsf sfuhft;lxt ;+nUg /fvL
d[tssf afa' lrqjL/ du/n] lbPsf] hfx]/L
b/vf:t .
a]n8fFuL ! ;]S6/ lj= $ x6{ g+= $&^
l:yt 3/leq pQ/ 6fpsf], blIf0f uf]8f eO{
pQfgf] cj:yfdf /x]sL jif{ !( sL dgdfof
du/sf] nf; /xL cg'xf/ k"/} kx]nf] ePsf], b'j}
cfFvf aGb, 6fpsf]df k'/fgf] 3fprf]6 b]lvPsf]
eGg] nf;hfFr k|sl[ t d'rN' sf .
cleo'Qm jL/dfg n']nL du/n] ldlt
@)^$.!@.@$ ut] laxfg c+= &=)) ah]sf]
;dodf 3/leq r'Nxf]df cfuf] km'Sb} u/]sL
jif{ !( sL dgdfof du/nfO{ lghn] eg]sf]
;dodf vfhf gagfPsf] egL ;f]xL :yfgdf
/x]sf] rL/k6 bfp/fn] k5fl8af6 6fpsf]df
dRrfP/ k| x f/ u/L ;Vt 3fOt] a] x f] ;
agfPsf]df lgh dgdfof du/nfO{ tTsfnb]lv
xfn;Dd ljleGg ;fwg;DkGg c:ktfndf
k'ofO{ nfvf}+ k}ofF vr{ u/L pkrf/ u/fpFbf
;d]t xf]; gv'nL pkrf/ x'g g;Sg] eg]sfn]
lghnfO{ a]n8fFuL! l:yt 3/df NofO{ /fv]sf]df
xf]; gv'nL g} ldlt @)^%.&.* ut] laxfg c+=
#=)) ah] d[To' ePsfn] cleo'Qm jL/dfg
n']nLn] s'6kL6 u/]sf] rf]6sf] sf/0faf6 lgh
dgdfof du/sf] d[To' ePsf] x'Fbf To;/L st{Jo
u/L Hofg df/]sf]df jL/dfg n']nL du/nfO{
sfg"gadf]lhd cfjZos sf/jfxL xf];\ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] :yfgLo xs{dfg du/ ;d]tsf
dflg;xn] n] v fOlbPsf] Ps} ldnfgsf]
j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsf .
1014
d[ts dgdfof du/sf] d[To'sf] sf/0f,

egL pNn]v ePsf] k|fylds
:jf:Yo s]Gb| d+unaf/] df]/af6 ePsf] zj k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg .
ldlt @)^$.!@.@$ ut] laxfg >LdtL
dgdfof du/nfO{ vfhf agfpg nufpFbf l9nf]
u/]sf] / d cToGt em8 /L; p7\g] dfgl;s
/f]uL ;d]t ePsf] x'bF f tTsfnLg l/;sf] cfj]zdf
>LdtLnfO{ 3/leq r'Nxf]df cfuf] km'Sb} u/]sf
avt ToxLF /x]sf] rL/k6 bfp/fn] k5fl8af6
lghsf] 6fpsf]df lxsf{O{ ;f]xL rf]6af6 a]xf];
eO{ 9n]sLdf pkrf/sf] qmddf ;fwg;DkGg
ljleGg c:ktfnxdf nuL pkrf/ u/fpFbf
;d]t xf]; gv'n]sf], a]xf];l:yltdf g} 3/df
kmsf{P/ NofO{ /fv]sf]df ^.& dlxgfkl5 ldlt
@)^%.&.* ut] laxfg d]/L >LdtLsf] d[To' ePsf]
eGg] yfxf kfPsf] x'F . >LdtLsf] d[To' x'Fbfsf
avt d ;f]xL ;DaGwdf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u
d'2fdf k'k{Ifsf] nflu y'gfdf x'Fbf nf; b]v]
x]/s
] f] 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL aL/dfg
n'n
] L du/sf] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf ePsf]
aofg .
;+slnt sfuh k|df0fsf] cfwf/df
k|ltjfbL aL/dfg n'n
] L du/n] d[tsnfO{ rL/k6
bfp/fn] 6fpsf] h:tf] ;+jb] gzLn cdf dfg]{
lgotn] k|xf/ u/L pkrf/ x'bF fx'bF } Hofg ;DaGwL
dxnsf] * g+= adf]lhdsf] kl/aGbaf6 d[tssf]
d[To' ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !
/ !# g+= sf] s;"/df P]= !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
cleof]u kq .
ldlt @)^$.!@.@$ ut] laxfg d]/f]
lbdfun] sfd gu/]sf]n] bfp/fsf] rL/k6n] d]/f]
>LdtL dgdfof du/nfO{ 6fpsf] / z/L/df
lxsf{P5' . ;f] ljifodf dpk/ Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u
d'2f bfo/ eO{ y'gfdf 5' . d]/f] >LdtLsf] pkrf/
x'bF fx'bF } ldlt @)^%.&.* ut] d[To' eP5 . l/;sf]
"due to head injury"
emf]sdf dg]{ u/L g} lxsf{P5' . /Qmrfk a9]sf]

sf/0faf6 To:tf] x'g uPsf] xf] . clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf d}n] u/]sf] sfuh 7Ls 5 eGg]
;d]tsf] k|ltjfbL jL/dfg n'n
] L du/n] cbfntdf
u/]sf] aofg .
k|df0f a'b} hfFbf 7x/] adf]lhd x'g] u/L
xfn d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= !!*-@_ g+= cg';f/
k|ltjfbLnfO{ y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf] k'kI{ f ug'{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z' cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.(.!
sf] cfb]z .
ldlt @)^$.!@.@$ ut] laxfg
k|ltjfbLn] d[ts dgdfofnfO{ cfFvfdf s'6]kl5
xltof/n] 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/]/ ynf kf/]kl5
ljleGg c:ktfndf pkrf/ x' F b fx' F b } ldlt
@)^%.&.* ut] laxfg k|ltjfbLsf] 3/df d[To'
ePsf] x'Fbf log} k|ltjfbLsf] s'6kL6sf] sf/0f
d[To' ePsfn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ xb};Ddsf] ;hfo
x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] hfx]/jfnf lrqjL/ du/n]
u/]sf] askq .
cfb]zfg';f/ j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sfsf dflg;
cfOtl;Fx du/, tf/fjL/ du/, ofbj du/,
36gf:yn nf; hfFr d'rN' sfsf dflg; eLd
du/ / slj/fh du/n] u/]sf] askq ldl;n
;+nUg /x]sf] .
o;df k|ltjfbLn] s;"/ :jLsf/L aofg
u/]sf], hfx]/jfnfn] 36gf k'li6 ub}{ u/]sf] askq,
d[tssf] 6fpsf]df nfu]sf] rf]6sf] sf/0fn] d[To'
ePsf] eGg] zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg / nf;hfFr
dr''Nsf ;d]taf6 k|ltjfbL aL/dfg n']nL
du/n] bfjLadf]lhdsf] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf]
b]lvFbf lghnfO{ d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
!#-#_g+= adf]lhd ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b x'g] 7x5{ .
;fy} d[tsnfO{ dfg'{kg]{;Ddsf] oy]i6 sf/0f,
k"j{of]hgf / dg;fo gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
;j{:j;lxtsf] hGds}b rsf]{ kg]{ x'bF f k|ltjfbLnfO{
d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= !** g+= adf]lhd ;ft jif{
s}bsf] ;hfo x'g dgfl;a x'g] /fo k]z ul/Psf]
1015
5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z' emfkf lhNnf

cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^^.(.!# sf] km};nf .
d[tsn] vfhf gagfPsf] sf/0fn] cfj]zdf
cfO{ l/; yfDg g;sL d}n] lxsf{Psf] sf/0faf6
kg{ uPsf] rf]6 eP klg P]gsf] Dofb gf3L cGo
sf/0faf6 d[tssf] d[To' x'g uPsf], d[tsnfO{
dfg'k{ g]{ s'g} sf/0f l/;OjL ;d]t gePsf], z/L/df
PSsf;L /ut tftL ;[lht 36gfaf6 ePsf]
jf/bft k'li6 eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf d'ns
' L P]g,
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+= sf] eljtJo 7xg]{
Joj:yf ;d]tdf s]lGb|t g/xL / ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt -g]sfk @)$$,
c !), k[i7 !)%), lg=g+= #@#( d'2f st{Jo
Hofg_ sf] ljk/Lt uO{ dnfO{ ;hfo x'g] u/L
ePsf] z' emfkf lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
x'bF f ;f] ab/ u/L cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpFm
eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
6fpsf] h:tf] ;+j]bzLn cdf k|xf/
u/]sf] b]lvPkl5 Hofg ;DaGwLsf] bkmf ^
adf]lhd;Dd ;hfo x'gk' g]{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
;d]t d'gfl;a gb]lvFbf k'g/fj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf]
ghL/ o; d'2fdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg .
o;y{ k|:t't k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u
bfjLaf]lhdsf] s;"/bf/ 7x/fO{ ePsf] z' emfkf
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.(.!# sf] km};nf
d'gfl;a} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . cfkm"n] k|d
] ljjfx
u/L NofPsf] >LdtLnfO{ Hofb} lgd{dtfk"j{s
bfp/fn] 6fpsf]h:tf] ;+jb] gzLn c+df dg]{ g}
u/L hf]8n] kl/0ffdsf] Vofn} gu/L k|xf/ ug]{
k'g/fj]bsnfO{ z'n] nufPsf] /fo adf]lhd &
jif{dfq s}bsf] ;hfo ug'{ Hofb} Go"g x'g] b]lvPsfn]
lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ s}b jif{ !% sf] ;hfo x'g
d'gfl;a 7fgL c=j+= !** g+= adf]lhd /fo
;d]t hfx]/ ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)^&.#.( sf]
km};nf .
d}n] d[tssf] s'g} c efRg] l5gfNg]

u/L s'6kL6 u/]sf] 5}g . Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
kl/eflift s;"/ u/]sf] eP & dlxgf;Dd
d[tssf] afRg] cj:yf g} x'g] lyPg . d}n]
cfj]zdf d[tsnfO{ ;dfGo k|xf/ u/]sf] x'Fbf
cGo /f]usf sf/0f d[tssf] & dlxgfkl5
d[To' ePsf] xf] . 6fpsf]df rf]6 nfu] klg c
efFlrg], l5Gg] u/L xfg] s'6]sf] xf]Og . zj
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgn] klg ;f] s'/f ls6fgL ug{
;s]sf] gx'Fbf Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] * g+= n]
kl/eflift s;"/df d}n] ;hfo kfpg] cj:yf
5}g . d}n] dfg]{ p2]Zon] k|xf/ gu/]sf] / clns
j8L l/; p7\g] dfgl;s /f]uL ePsfn] vfhf
gagfPsf] lgx'd
F f ;js l;sfpg ;fdfGo kdf
s'6s
] f] / 36gf ePsf] & dlxgfkl5 cfGtl/s
/Qm>fj eof] jf 6fpsf]df rf]6 k/]sf] sf/0fn]
d[To' ePsf]n] dnfO{ ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}b ug{
ldNg] xf]Og . d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ lgotlagf vfhf
gagfPsf] lgx'd
F f ;fdfGo k|xf/ ubf{ nfUg uPsf]
rf]6sf] sf/0fn] c eflrO{ jf l5gL d[To'
ePsf] xf]Og . dfg]{ lgot gePsf] x'Fbf eljtJo
7x/ x'g'kg]{df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdn] emfkf
lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf ;b/ ub}{ & jif{
;hfo x'g] u/L JoQm ul/Psf] /fonfO{ a9fO{
!% jif{ ;hfo x'g'kg]{ /fo;lxtsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nfdf uDeL/ q'l6 x'Fbf
pQm km};nf pN6fO{ ;kmfO kfpg] u/L jf
eljtJodf ;hfo ul/kfpFm . To:tf] l:ylt g/x]df
klg lhNnf cbfntn] & jif{ ;hfo u/]sf]
/fonfO{ ;b/ ug]{ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
>L nLnfdl0f kf}8]nn] oL lgj]bsn] d[tsnfO{
dfg]{ lgotn] k|xf/ u/]sf] xf]Og . d[ts oL
k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtL ePsf]n] lghn] ;dodf
1016
vfhf gagfPsf] lgx'Fdf tTsfn cfj]zdf cfO{

rL/k6 bfp/fn] xfGbf d[tssf] 6fpsf]df nfUg
uPsf] / lghnfO{ pkrf/ ubf{ub}{ ;f9];ft
dlxgfkl5 lghsf] d[To' x'g uPsf] xf] . oL
k|ltjfbL pRr /Qmrfksf] /f]uL ePsf]n] lgh
cfj]zdf cfO{ Ps k6s dfq k|xf/ u/]sf] xf] .
;f] s'/f oL k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/ g} u/]sf] cj:yf
5 . oL k|ltjfbLsf] sfo{ Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf]
* g+= n] kl/eflift u/]sf] sfo{leq kg]{ cj:yf
;d]t 5}g . d[tssf] s'g} c efRg] jf l5Gg]
u/L k|xf/ ePsf] klg xf]Og . d[tssf] d[To'
tTsfn geO{ ;f9];ft dlxgfkl5 ePsf]n] oL
k|ltjfbLsf] rf]6n] g} d[To' ePsf] eGg] cj:yf
klg z+sf/lxt tl/sfn] k'li6 ePsf] 5}g .
o:tf] cj:yfdf oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ Hofg h:tf]
uDeL/ ck/fwsf] bf]ifL 7x/ ug'{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g .
d[tsnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg Psk6s u/]sf] k|xf/n]
rf]6 nfUg uPsf] / nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fnkl5
lghsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/
u/L eljtJosf] jf/bft x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5 .
z' lhNnf cbfntn] c=j+= !** g+= adf]lhd
;ft jif{ dfq s}b ug{ pko'Qm x'g] egL hfx]/
u/]sf] /fonfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt !% jif{;Dd
a9fpg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f / cfwf/ 5}g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf ljkIfLnfO{ lemsfO{ 5nkmn u/L oL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cToflws ;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ u/L eljtJo
7x/fO{ Gofo x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; lhsL/
k|:t't ug'{eof] .
k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L
k' g /fj] b ssf tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhsL/
;d]t ;'gL ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfdaf6 ldlt @)^&.#.( df ePsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] 5, 5}g / k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
k'Ug ;Sg] xf], xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt

@)^$.!@.@$ ut] laxfg c+= &=)) ah]sf] ;dodf
vfhf gagfPsf] lgx'd
F f aL/dfg n'n
] L du/n]
lghsL >LdtL dgdfof du/nfO{ rL/k6 bfp/fn]
6fpsf]df lxsf{O{ d/0ff;Gg kf/]sf] / pkrf/fy{
ljleGg c:ktfn x'bF } ef/t l;nu'9Ll:yt Go"/f]
c:ktfndf k'ofO{ ldlt @)^%.%.@ ut];Dd
pkrf/ ubf{ ;d]t xf]; gv'nL ;DalGwt 8fS6/n]
lkmtf{ u/]sfn] a]xf]; l:yltdf g} 3/df NofO{
/fv]sf]df xf]; gv'nL ;f]xL s'6kL6sf] rf]6af6
ldlt @)^%.&.* ut] laxfg #=)) ah] d[To'
ePsf] x'bF f aL/dfg n'n
] LnfO{ st{Jo Hofgdf
sf/jfxL rnfO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d[tssf
afa' lrqjL/ du/n] lbPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf]
cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg sf/jfxL p7fg
ePsf] b]lvG5 . oL k|ltjfbL jL/dfg n'n
] Ln]
u/]sf] k|xf/af6 Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] * g+=
adf]lhdsf] kl/aGbaf6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] eGg]
cfwf/df lghnfO{ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! / !#
g+= sf] s;"/df P]= !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] cleof]hg kIfsf] cleof]u dfu
bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= cg'xf/ k"/} kx]nf] ePsf], b'j} cfFvf
aGb, 6fpsf]df k'/fgf] 3fprf]6 b]lvPsf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nf;hfFr k|sl[ t d'rN' sf / d[ts
dgdfof du/sf] d[To'sf] sf/0f, "due to head
injury" egL zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvPaf6 d[tssf] d[To' st{Joaf6 ePsf] b]lvg
cfof] .
$= cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd oL
k|ltjfbLsf] st{Joaf6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] xf]
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ oL k|ltjfbLn]
cg' ; Gwfgsf] qmddf aofg ubf{ ldlt
@)^$.!@.@$ ut] laxfg >LdtL dgdfof
du/nfO{ vfhf agfpg nufpFbf l9nf] u/]sf]
x'Fbf tTsfn cfj]zdf r'Nxf]df cfuf] km'Sb}
ubf{ ToxLF /x]sf] rL/k6 bfp/fn] k5fl8af6
1017
6fpsf]df lxsf{O{ ;f]xL rf]6af6 a]xf]; eO{

9n]sLdf pkrf/ ug{ ljleGg c:ktfnxdf
nuL pkrf/ u/fpFbf ;d]t xf]; gv'n]sf] /
a]xf]; l:yltdf g} 3/df kmsf{P/ NofO{ /fv]sf]df
ldlt @)^%.&.* ut] laxfg d]/L >LdtLsf]
d[To' ePsf] eGg] yfxf kfPF, l/;sf] emf]sdf
dg]{ u/L g} lxsf{P5', /Qmrfk a9]sf] sf/0faf6
To:tf] x' g uPsf] xf] , clwsf/k| f Kt
clwsf/L;dIf d}n] u/]sf] sfuh 7Ls 5 eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
ePsf] aofgsf] Joxf]/f tyf s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L
aofg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
%= oL k|ltjfbLn] s;"/ cleof]u :jLsf/
u/L u/]sf] aofg d[tssf] nf;hfFr k|s[lt
d'r'Nsf, zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt
Joxf]/f, hfx]/jfnfn] cbfntdf cfO{ hfx]/Lsf]
Joxf]/fnfO{ ;dy{g u/L u/]sf] askq tyf
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf sfuh ug]{ JolQmxn]
cbfntdf u/]sf] askq ;d]tsf k|df0faf6
;dly{t ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . oL k|ltjfbLn]
ldlt @)^$.!@.@$ df d[ts dgdfof du/nfO{
k|xf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] lghsf] d[To' ldlt
@)^%.&.* df ePsf] b]lvg5 . d[tsnfO{
k|ltjfbLn] k|xf/ u/]kl5 ;f]xL rf]6n] a]xf];
eO{ pkrf/sf] qmddf ;d]t xf];df gcfO{
;f]xL rf]6kL/n] lghsf] d[To' ePsf] eGg]
hfx]/jfnfsf] askq, zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf
plNnlvt d[To'sf] sf/f0f tyf k|ltjfbLsf]
aofgaf6 ;d] t b] l vPsf] 5 . j:t' l :ylt
d'r'Nsfsf tf/fjL/ du/, ofbj du/, eLd
du/ / slj/fh du/n] klg k|ltjfbLn] k|xf/
u/]sf] rf]6af6} d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] x'Fbf
cleo'QmnfO{ xb};Ddsf] ;hfo x'g'k5{ egL
askqdf n]vfOlbPsf] b]lvG5 . d[ts xf];df
cfO{ kl5 cGo s'g} /f]u jf sf/0faf6 lghsf]
d[To' ePsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ ;d]t
/x]sf] 5}g .
^= kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf hl/ofsf] l;4fGt

cg';f/ kmf}hbf/L bfloTj
jxg u/fpgsf nflu kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] lgif]w
u/]sf] kl/0ffd s;sf] sfo{af6 pTkGg ePsf]
xf] eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s'g} JolQmsf]
sfo{sf] kl/0ffd:jk cfk/flws 36gf ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;f] lgif]lwt kl/0ffdsf] nflu To:tf]
sfo{ ug]{ JolQm lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . sfo{ /
kl/0ffdsf] cjlw nfdf] cGt/fno'Qm ePsf]
cj:yfdf t];|f] kIfsf] s'g} sfo{ jf d[tssf]
cgk]lIft Jojxf/ jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] lgif]lwt
kl/0ffd Nofpgdf of]ubfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] kl/0ffdsf] nflu klxnf] lhDd] j f/
dflgPsf] k|ltjfbLsf] kmf}hbf/L bfloTj lgwf{/0f
ug'{ Gofo lg/f]k0f ug]{ lgsfosf] cToGt dxTjk"0f{
/ hl6n bfloTj aGg k'Ub5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf
oL k|ltjfbLsf] rf]6 k|xf/n] a]xf]; ePsL d[ts
pkrf/sf] qmddf ;d]t lg/Gt/ a]xf]; /xL
;f]xL sf/0faf6 lghsf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvPsfn]
oL k|ltjfbLs} rf]6 k|xf/af6 d[tssf] d[To'
ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvPg .
&= k|ltjfbLn] o; cbfntdf bfo/
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/df d}n] d[tsnfO{ dfg]{
p2]Zon] k|xf/ u/]sf] xf]Og, d pRr /Qmrfksf]
/f]uL tyf cToGt s8f l/; p7\g] dfgl;s
/f]uL ePsf] x'Fbf cfj]zdf cfO{ bfp/fn] xfgL
lgh 3fOt] ePsLdf ;f]xL rf]6 kL/n] ;ft
dlxgf kGw| lbgkl5 d[To' ePsf]n] cleof]u
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo x'g'kg]{ xf]Og egL lhsL/
lnPsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . k|:t't lhsL/sf] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ oL k|ltjfbLn] cfk"m cfgf] sfo{sf]
k|sl[ t / kl/0ffd a'g g;Sg] xb;Ddsf] dfgl;s
/f]uL ePsf] egL lhsL/ lng ;s]sf] cj:yf
5}g . lghsf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf / cbfntdf
ePsf] aofgsf] cWoogaf6 ;d]t lghsf]
dfgl;s cj:yf o'lQmo'Qm hjfkm lbg ;Sg] jf
cfgf] Joxf]/f cfk"mn] rfx]adflhd n]vfpg
(Doctrine of Causation)
1018
;Sg]:t/sf] ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . s'g} ;dodf

crfgs cToflws l/; p7\g] jf pRr /Qmrfk
jf cGo /f]usf] sf/0fn] s'g} ;dodf cfk"mpk/sf]
lgoGq0f s]xL If0fsf nflu u'dfpg] JolQmn]
kmf}hbf/L bfloTjaf6 k"0f{ pGd'lQmsf] bfjL ug{;Sg]
k|lt/Iff;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t ePsf]
kfOFb}g . cToflws l/; jf cfj]z d[tssf] s'g}
lqmof, egfO{ jf Jojxf/sf] k|ltlqmof:jk
k|ltjfbLdf pTkGg x'g;Sg] dfgjLo :jfefljs
cj:yf xf] . oL k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf cToflws
l/; jf cfj]zdf cfpg' kg]{;Ddsf] s'g} sfo{ jf
Jojxf/ d[tsn] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf oL k| l tjfbLsf] ;f] bfjLnfO{
:jLsf/of]Uo dfGg ;lsFb}g .
*= oL k|ltjfbLsf] Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
* g+= cfgf] xsdf cfslif{t gx'g] eGg] lhsL/sf]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lghn] d[tssf] 6fpsf]
h:tf] ;+jb] gzLn cdf k|xf/ u/]sf] :jLsf/
u/]sf 5g\ . d[tssf] d[tssf] 6fpsf]sf] xL
km'6L cfGtl/s /Qm>fj ;d]t ePsf] eGg] zj
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbLsf] k|xf/af6 g} d[tssf] 6fpsfsf] xL
k'm6]sf] / ;f]xL rf]6af6 ynf k/L d[To' ePsf]
k|dfl0ft eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwLsf] *
g+= oL k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] sfo{sf] xsdf cfslif{t
x'g] b]lvg cfpFbf lghsf] ;f] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt
x'g ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg . o;af6 oL k|ltjfbLs}
rf]6 k|xf/af6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] k'li6 x'g
cfof] .
(= ca c=j+= !** g= sf] /fotkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ ;f] g+ sf] k|of]u u/L ;hfo 36fpg
/ b08 lgwf{/0f ubf{ ck/fw ug]{ JolQmsf] kfl/jfl/s
/ ;fdflhs k[i7e"ld, ;'lgof]lht tl/sfn]
dg;fok"js
{ xTof ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og, xTof
q"m/tfk"js
{ ePsf] 5 jf 5}g < ck/fwsf] k|sl[ t
/ To;sf] ;dfhdf kg]{ c;/ tyf ck/fw ug]{
JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s cj:yf ;d]tnfO{
ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf oL k|ltjfbLnfO{

km};nfn] 7x/ ePsf] ;hfo rsf]{ kg]{ egL z'
lhNnf cbfntn] ;ft jif{ / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kGw|jif{;Dd s}b ug'k{ g]{ egL /fo hfx]/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
!)= c=j++ !** g+= sf] k|of]u ubf{ klg
s]xL Goflos cfwf/ cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
cGoyf ljlwstf{ n ] 7" n f] ljZjf;sf ;fy
Gofostf{ n fO{ k| b fg u/] s f] of] thljhL
clwsf/sf] ;b'kof]u x'g ;Sb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf
vfhf ;dodf gagfPsf]n] tTsfn p7]sf]
cfj]udf bfp/fsf] rL/k6n] k|xf/ ug{ k'Ubf
d[tssf] 6fpsf]df rf]6 k'uL d[To' ePsf] 5 .
k6s k6s k| x f/ u/L d[ t snfO{ dfg] { g}
dg;fosf] k' l i6 ePsf] 5} g . of] Ifl0fs
cfj]uafx]s d[tsnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] dfg'{kg]{ sf/0f
klg s]xL 5}g . bfp/fsf] rL/k6nfO{ hf]lvdL
xltof/ eGg klg ;lsFb}g . of] k|xf/ 6fpsf]df
afx]s cGoq k/]sf] eP d[tssf] Hofg hfg
g;Sg] l:ylt klg kb{Yof] . bfp/fsf] rL/k6sf]
k|xf/nfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s ePsf] k|xf/ dfGg
ldNb}g . d[ts k|ltjfbLsL >LdtL x'g\ eGg]
s'/f ;hfo 36fpg] cfwf/ aGg ;Sb}g . Ps
JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmsf] Hofg lnG5 / Hofg
;DaGwLsf] & g+= ;d]tsf pGd'lQm kfpg]
cj:yfdf kb}{g eg] of] ;hfoefuL ck/fws}
sf]6Ldf kb{5 . ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0faf6
Hofg dfg] { dg;fosf] cefj, Hofg lng'
kg]{;Ddsf] OjLsf] cefj, n'sL rf]/L xfg]sf]
cfwf/sf] klg cefj, p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] /L;
yfDg g;Sbf bfp/fsf] rL/k6n] u/]sf] k|xf/af6,
arfpg] oyf;Dej k|of; ubf{ klg ;Dej geO{,
d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
!!= pko'{Qm tYo k|df0fsf cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}b
ubf{ rsf]{ kg]{ Gofostf{sf] lrQdf nfUg' kg]{
cj:yf 5 5}g ljj]rgf x'g cfjZos 5 . OG;fkm
1019
ug]{ xflsdsf] lrQdf eljtJo xf] ls eGg

x'g;
] Ddsf] zf pTkGg x'g] sf/0f / cj:yfsf]
ljBdfgtf 5 5}g jf ck/fw u/]sf] cj:yf
ljrf/ ubf{ s;"/bf/nfO{ P]gadf]lhdsf] ;hfo
lbFbf rsf]{ kg]{ dx;"; ug]{ cfwf/ 5 5}g eGg]
osLg ug'k{ g]{ jfWotf c=j+= !** g+= n] l;h{gf
u/]sf] 5 . lrQdf nfUg] eGg] s'/f dgf]ut x'g
;Sb}g . ;j{ky| d cfwf/ / sf/0fsf] ljZn]if0faf6
g} c=j+= !** g+= sf] k|of]u x'g] jf gx'g] lgisif{
lgsfNg' kb{5 . GofofwLzn] ug]{ lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs
;DklQ x'g k'Ug] ePaf6 lrQdf nfUof] t;y{
;hfo 36fOof] eGg' g} c=j+= !** g+= sf nflu
kof{Kt x'bF g} . k|:t't ljjfbdf pkNnf] k|s/0fdf
ljj]lrt cj:yfn] c=j+= !** g+= k|of]u x'g
plrt 5 . o; ;Gbe{df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
/fonfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g .
!@= ca c=j+= !** g+= adf]lhd oL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ slt ;hfo 36fpg] cyf{t\ slt
s}b tf]Sg] eGg] s'/fdf klg lglZrt\ dfkb08sf]
;xof]u lnOg' kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df Hofg;DaGwL
dxnsf] s}b ;hfo tf]Sg] ^, !#, !$, !%, !^,
!&, !*, @*, @*s, @*u / @*3 gDa/xdf
tf]lsPsf s}bsf xb dfkb08 x'gk' b{5 . ljrf/fwLg
d'2f oL sfg"gL Joj:yfdWo] s'g;Fu tfbfTDotf
/fVb5 egL x]/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ s}b 7]Sg' Gofof]lrt
x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ oL k|ltjfbLn]
k"jl{ /;OjL / dfg]{ g} dg;fo tyf OjL gePsf]
cj:yfdf tTsfn cfj]zdf cfO{ nf7f ;/xsf]
bfp/fsf] rL/k6n] k|xf/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ xb};Ddsf] ;hfo ubf{
rsf]{ kg]{ b]lvFbf !)-bz_ jif{ s}b ;hfo ug'{
pko'Qm b]lvg cfof] .
!#= t;y{, plNnlvt ljj]lrt cfwf/
/ sf/0faf6 oL k|ltjfbLsf] rf]6sf] sf/0fn]
d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] k'li6 x'g cfpFbf lghnfO{
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+ = adf] l hd

;j{:j;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] 7x/fPsf]
z' emfkf lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.(.!#
sf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.#.( sf] km};nf ldn]s}
x'bF f ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd
lghnfO{ pQm ;hfo rsf]{ kg]{ b]lvPsfn] lghnfO{
c=a+= !** g+= adf]lhd !) -bz_ s}b x'g]
7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
cdf tk;Lnadf]lhd ug'{ .
tk;Ln
dfly 7x/ v08df n] l vPadf] l hd
k|ltjfbL aL/dfg n'n
] L -du/_ nfO{ d'ns
' L P]g
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g++ adf]lhd
;j{:j;lxt hGds}b x'g] 7x/L c=a+= !** g+=
adf]lhd lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ s}b jif{ !) -bz_
dfq x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n] lgh ldlt
@)^%.!.* b]lv y'gfdf /x]sf] b]lvFbf ;f]xL ldltaf6
s}b sf x'g] u/L ldlt @)&%.!.& ;Dd s}bdf
/fvL ldlt @)&%.!.* df s}baf6 5'6L hfg] u/L
nut s;L ;f]adf]lhd s}b c;"n ug{ nut /
s}bL k"hL{ ;+zf]wg u/L k|ltjfbL tyf ;DalGwt
sf/fuf/ sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg' egL z' emfkf
lhNnf cbfntnfO{ n]vL k7fpg" =======!
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" ===@
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ;fpg @$ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk|t] L
&
1020

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69 Asoj

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eGg] Ps dfq sf/0fn] nfdf] ;do;Dd

;f] hfx] / Lsf] ljifodf k| e fjsf/L

lg0f{o g+= **#&

k'g/fj]bssf] tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf ef]h/fh

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h

d lgj]bs ;Ltf s}gLsf] >Ldfg ;fdfGo

u/L ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( n] tf]ss

**#& - ;Ltf s}gL lj=lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tgx'F

lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfof{no tgx's

k|lqmofx adf]lhd Hf] k"/f ug'k{ 5{ u/L ;f]xL

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h

sfof{nosf] /x]sf]df lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no tgx'F

b]lvPg . ;]gfsf clws[t ;d]tsf] gfd ls6fg

**#& - ;Ltf s}gL lj=lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tgx'F

kltnfO{ ldlt @)%(.!.!^ sf] /flt cfdL{sf]

pko'Qm gx'g] egL / csf]{ dfggLo GofofwLzn]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h

sf/jfxL / k|lqmofsf] af/]df lj:t[t Joj:yf

g;Sg' lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . sfg"g ;a}sf] nflu

**#& - ;Ltf s}gL lj=lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tgx'F

cg';Gwfg sfo{ jf cleof]hg ug]{ u/fpg] xf]Og .

agfO{ /fVg' s'g} klg b[li6sf]0faf6 plrt /

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h

;f]xL s'/fsf] ;"rgf ug'{ egL ljkIfL sfof{noxsf]

lgj]bs sfo{/t\ sfof{no ;dfj]z gePsf]

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

**#* - Zofds'df/ cf]emf lj=;jf]R{ r cbfnt, j9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno ;d]t

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ljgf]b

o;} aLrdf nf] s ;] j f cfof] u ,

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h

Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL

c;"nL Gofoflws/0f cGtu{tsf /f=k=cg+=

**#* - Zofds'df/ cf]emf lj=;jf]R{ r cbfnt, j9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno ;d]t

cWoog ubf{ g]kfn Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf

lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t' x]bf{ rfF8f] lsgf/f

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h

lgsfodf C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f pNn]v

sf] ;d"xsf] k|sl[ tn] g} C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f

**#* - Zofds'df/ cf]emf lj=;jf]R{ r cbfnt, j9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno ;d]t

b'jt} km{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]

Gofo ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg,

>]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm, ;jf, a9'jf_ lgodx

@= ;j{ky| d klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h

**#* - Zofds'df/ cf]emf lj=;jf]R{ r cbfnt, j9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno ;d]t

P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf $ cg';f/ ldlt @)^).$.!

&= o; cbfntn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h

sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# / lghfdtL

s'g} ;d"xdf clxn];Dd gk/]sf] cj:yfnfO{

**#( - b'u{axfb'/ j:g]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

Pp6} hl/ofaf6 u/]sf] km/skm/s

lg0f{o g+= **#(

k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbL tkm{ a f6Mljfg jl/i7

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h

cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^&, lg=g+=*%)$,

ul/lbg] / ;f] jfkt ?=@),))). lbg] zt{df d]/f]

**#( - b'u{axfb'/ j:g]t lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

ljb] z ePsf] dflg;sf] gful/stf

lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{no :yfkgf ;DaGwL

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, c;f] h

bkmf % df jl0f{t s;"/ ck/fwdf ;f]xL % g+=

z]/axfb'/;Fu ;f]wf] . lghn] tkfO{n] cfkm\gf] kmf]6f]