3

Chng 1:

KHAI NIM V BAO V RLE

I. KHAI NIM CHUNG:

I.1. Nhim vu cua bao v rle:
Khi thit k va vn hanh bt ky mt h thng in nao cn phai k n kha
nng phat sinh h hong va cac tnh trang lam vic khng bnh thng trong h
thng in y. Ngn mach la loai s c co th xay ra va nguy him nht trong h
thng in . Hu qua cua ngn mach la:
a) Trut thp in ap mt phn ln cua h thng in
b) Pha huy cac phn t b s c bng tia la in
c) Pha huy cac phn t co dong ngn mach chay qua do tac ng nhit va c.
d) Pha huy n nh cua h thng in
Ngoai cac loai h hong, trong h thng in con co cac tnh trang vic
khng bnh thng. Mt trong nhng tnh trang vic khng bnh thng la qua
tai. Dong in qua tai lam tng nhit cac phn dn in qua gii han cho phep
lam cach in cua chung b gia ci hoc i khi b pha huy.
ngn nga s phat sinh s c va s phat trin cua chung co th thc hin
cac bin phap ct nhanh phn t b h hong ra khoi mang in, loai tr
nhng tnh trang lam vic khng bnh thng co kha nng gy nguy him cho thit
b va h dung in.
am bao s lam vic lin tuc cua cac phn khng h hong trong h thng
in cn co nhng thit b ghi nhn s phat sinh cua h hong vi thi gian

be nht, phat hin ra phn t b h hong va ct phn t b h hong ra khoi

h thng in. Thit b nay c thc hin nh nhng kh cu t ng co tn goi
la rle. Thit b bao v c thc hin nh nhng rle c goi la thit b bao v
rle (BVRL).
Nh vy nhim vu chnh cua thit b BVRL la t ng ct phn t h

hong ra khoi h thng in. Ngoai ra thit b BVRL con ghi nhn va phat
hin nhng tnh trang lam vic khng bnh thng cua cac phn t trong
h thng in, tuy mc ma BVRL co th tac ng i bao tn hiu hoc i ct
may ct. Nhng thit b BVRL phan ng vi tnh trang lam vic khng bnh thng
thng thc hin tac ng sau mt thi gian duy tr nht nh (khng cn phai co
tnh tac ng nhanh nh cac thit b BVRL chng h hong).
I.2. Yu cu c ban cua mach bao v:

I.2.1. Tnh chon loc:

Tac ng cua bao v am bao ch ct phn t b h hong ra khoi h thng
in c goi la tac ng chon loc. Khi co ngun cung cp d tr cho h tiu
thu, tac ng nh vy tao kha nng cho h tiu thu tip tuc c cung cp in.

Hnh 1.1 : Ct chon loc trong mang co mt ngun cung cp

Yu cu tac ng chon loc cung khng loai tr kha nng bao v tac ng
nh la bao v d tr trong trng hp hong hoc bao v hoc may ct cua cac
phn t ln cn.
Cn phn bit 2 khai nim chon loc:
Chon loc tng i: theo nguyn tc tac ng cua mnh, bao v co th
lam vic nh la bao v d tr khi ngn mach phn t ln cn.
Chon loc tuyt i: bao v ch lam vic trong trng hp ngn mach
chnh phn t c bao v.
U

I.2.2. Tac ng nhanh:

Cang ct nhanh phn t b ngn mach se cang han ch c mc pha
hoai phn t o , cang giam c thi gian trut thp in ap cac h tiu thu va
cang co kha nng gi c n nh cua h thng in.
giam thi gian ct ngn mach cn phai giam thi gian tac ng cua thit
b bao v r le. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp thc hin yu cu tac ng
nhanh th khng th thoa man yu cu chon loc. Hai yu cu nay i khi mu
thun nhau, v vy tuy iu kin cu th cn xem xet ky cang hn v 2 yu cu
nay.

I.2.3. nhay:
Bao v rle cn phai u nhay i vi nhng h hong va tnh trang lam
vic khng bnh thng co th xut hin nhng phn t c bao v trong h
thng in.
Thng nhay c c trng bng h s nhay Kn. i vi cac bao v lam
vic theo cac ai lng tng khi ngn mach (v du, theo dong), h s nhay
c xac nh bng ty s gia ai lng tac ng ti thiu (tc dong ngn mach
be nht) khi ngn mach trc tip cui vung bao v va ai lng t (tc dong
khi ng).
B

ai lng tac ng ti thiu

Kn = -------------------------------------------------------------B

ai lng t
Thng yu cu Kn = 1,5 2.
B

I.2.4. Tnh bao am:

Bao v phai lun lun sn sang khi ng va tac ng mt cach chc chn
trong tt ca cac trng hp ngn mach trong vung bao v va cac tnh trang lam
vic khng bnh thng a nh trc.

Mc khac bao v khng c tac ng khi ngn mach ngoai. Nu bao v co

nhim vu d tr cho cac bao v sau no th khi ngn mach trong vung d tr bao
v nay phai khi ng nhng khng c tac ng khi bao v chnh t gn ch
ngn mach hn cha tac ng. tng tnh am bao cua bao v cn:
Dung nhng rle cht lng cao.
Chon s bao v n gian nht (s lng rle, tip im t)
Cac b phn phu (cc ni, dy dn) dung trong s phai chc chn,
am bao.
Thng xuyn kim tra s bao v.
II. S NI CAC MAY BIN DONG VA RLE:
II.1. S cac BI va rle ni theo hnh Y hoan toan:
Dong vao mi rle bng dong pha (hnh 1.2). Trong ch lam vic bnh
thng hoc khi ngn mach 3 pha th :
.

Ia + I b + Ic = 3Io = 0
trong dy trung tnh (dy tr v) khng co dong. Nhng dy trung tnh vn cn
thit am bao s lam vic ung n cua s khi ngn mach cham t. S
co th lam vic i vi tt ca cac dang ngn mach . Tuy nhin chng ngn
mach mt pha N(1) thng dung nhng s hoan hao hn co b loc dong th t
khng LI0.
II.2. S cac BI va rle ni theo hnh sao khuyt:
P

Dong vao mi rle bng dong pha. Dong trong dy tr v bng:

.

I v = (I a + I c ) hay I v = I b (khi khng co Io)

B

Dy tr v (hnh 1.3) cn thit ngay trong tnh trang lam vic bnh thng
am bao cho BI lam vic bnh thng .Trong mt s trng hp ngn mach gia
cac pha (co Ib 0) cung nh khi ngn mach nhiu pha cham t, dy tr v cn
thit am bao cho bao v tac ng ung.
Khi ngn mach 1 pha pha khng t BI s khng lam vic do vy s
ch dung chng ngn mach nhiu pha.
B

Hnh 1.2 : S sao hoan toan

Hinh 1.3 : S sao khuyt

II. 3. S 1 rle ni vao hiu dong 2 pha (s8):

Dong vao rle la hiu dong
2 pha (hnh 1.4) :
.

IR = Ia Ic
B

Trong tnh trang i xng

th IR = 3 Ia . Ging nh s
sao khuyt, s s 8 khng
lam vic khi ngn mach mt pha
N(1) ung vao pha khng t may
bin dong.
Tt ca cac s noi trn
u phan ng vi N(3) va ngn
mach gia 2 pha bt ky (AB, BC,
Hnh 1.4 : S s 8
CA). V vy so sanh tng i
gia chung ngi ta phai xet n kha nng lam vic cua bao v trong mt s
trng hp h hong c bit, h s nhay, s lng thit b cn thit va mc
phc tap khi thc hin s .
B

II.4. Kha nng lam vic cua cac s :

II.4.1. Khi cham t:

Khi cham t 2 pha tai 2 im trong cac mang in h co dong cham t
be, v du im cham t th nht NB trn pha B va im cham t th hai NC trn
pha C (hnh 1.5), nu bao v cua cac ng dy ni theo s sao hoan toan
B

va co thi gian lam vic nh nhau th chung se tac ng, ca 2 ng dy

u b ct ra.
Nu cac bao v ni theo s Y khuyt hay s 8 (BI t 2 pha A & C) th
ch co mt ng dy b ct.
bao v co th tac ng mt cach hp l, BI phai t cac pha cung tn
nhau (v du A, C).
Khi xut hin h hong trn hai oan k nhau cua ng dy hnh tia (hnh
1.6), nu cac bao v ni Y hoan toan th oan xa ngun hn se b ct v co
thi gian be hn. Nu ni Y khuyt hay s 8 th oan gn ngun hn b ct
ra , iu o khng hp l.

Hnh 1.5 : Cham t kep trn

Hnh 1.6 : Cham t kep trn hai

cac ng dy khac nhau

oan ni tip nhau cua ng dy

II.4.2. Khi ngn mach hai pha sau may bin ap ni Y/ hoc /Y va ngn mach
1 pha sau may bin ap ni Y/Y0 :
B

Khi ngn mach 2 pha sau may bin ap ni Y/-11, s phn b dong h hong
trong cac pha nh trn hnh 1.7 (gia thit may bin ap co ty s bin i nB = 1).
B

2 (2)
I N , dong hai
Dong cua 1 pha (pha B, khi ngn mach 2 pha pha A,B) bng
3
1 (2)
I N . i vi may bin ap ni /Y,
pha kia (A va C) trung pha nhau va bng
3
phn b dong cac pha cung tng t nh vy.
Phn tch s lam vic cua cac bao v trong trng hp h hong noi trn ta
thy:
Bao v ni theo s sao hoan toan lun lun lam vic v co dong ngn
mach ln qua mt trong cac rle cua bao v.
Bao v ni theo s hnh sao khuyt vi BI t cac pha co dong bng

1
3

I (N2) th co nhay giam i 2 ln so vi s sao hoan toan.

Bao v dung 1 rle ni vao hiu dong 2 pha trong trng hp nay se
khng lam vic, bi v dong trong no IR = Ia - Ic = 0. Tt nhin iu nay xay ra 1
trong 3 trng hp N(2) co th co sau may bin ap ang xet.
Khi ngn mach 1 pha sau may bin ap ni Y/Y0 ta cung co quan h tng t.
B

Hnh 1.7: Ngn mach gia 2 pha sau may bin ap co t ni dy Y/-11

III. CAC PHN T CHNH CUA BAO V:

Trng hp chung thit b bao v rle bao gm cac phn t c ban sau : cac
c cu chnh va phn logic.
Cac c cu chnh kim tra tnh trang lam vic cua i tng c bao v,
thng phan ng vi cac ai lng in. Chung thng khi ng khng chm tr
khi tnh trang lam vic o b pha huy. Nh vy cac c cu chnh co th trong hai
trang thai: khi ng va khng khi ng. Hai trang thai o cua cac c cu chnh
tng ng vi nhng tr s nht nh cua xung tac ng ln phn logic cua bao v.
Khi bao v lam vic phn logic nhn xung t cac c cu chnh, tac ng
theo t hp va th t cua cac xung. Kt qua cua tac ng nay hoc la lam cho bao
v khi ng kem theo vic phat xung i ct may ct va bao tn hiu hoc la lam
cho bao v khng khi ng.