BUILDING DRAWING

ENGINEERING DRAWING

Engineering Drawing or Engineering Graphics is

the graphical representation of shape of any
physical object, part of a machine, building, dam,
road or airport facility etc.

It is the common language for all concerned

engineers

Other Methods (Model, Camera pics)

What is a Building ?

Any structure constructed of whatsoever

material and used for residential, business,
commercial, educational, industrial or other
purpose

Purposes of a building
Sufficient accommodation for which constructed.
Protection from heat/ glare of sun/ storm/ rain

etc.
Protection against thieves and housebreakers.

Basic Parts Buildings

Substructure
Anything below ground level (GL)
Most important component of a building
Whole building structure rests on it
Has to be properly designed

Super Structure
Anything above the ground level (GL)
Main Components of a building fall in super structure
It is in direct use of occupants
Has to be properly designed
Helps achieve basic objective of the building

How to Achieve Objective

Thick outer walls or cavity walls

Sun shades/ double glass
False ceiling
Copper lightening conductor/ roof slope/
window grills/ strong pans etc
Minimum required openings/ doors
Etc.

Requirements of a Good
Residential Building

Good building site.

Properly planned and designed.
Adequate provision for sleeping, bathing,
rest and recreation.
Rooms properly placed according to utility.
Properly oriented.
Privacy from outside and inside.
Free movement within the building.
Flexibility for usage for functions.
Quality fittings and fixtures.

Logical steps of building

construction

Site Selection and Orientation

Architectural Design

Engineering Design

Execution at site

Site Selection

Selection of site is only valid once there

are multiple choices. For example if one
decides to purchase a plot he should
consider orientation of plot and its
location. On the other hand if a person
wants to reconstruct ancestors house he
has no choice but to achieve objectives at
the same location

Factors for Site Selection

Level of site.
Climatic conditions.
Subsoil conditions.
Modern amenities.
Other facilities.
Surroundings.
Type of building i.e. residential, educational,

hospital etc.
Other considerations like noise/ air pollution,
well-drained, safe horizontal and vertical
distance from ht/ lt line etc.

Orientation

The art of placing a building in such a position so that its

front faces a particular direction is called orientation.
It also includes the arrangements of rooms of a building
so as to provide natural comfort to inmates.
Orientation needs first consideration after selection of site
for proper planning and design of a building.
In Punjab if the building side is towards south or
southeast, it will be very hot in summers.
Verandahs, baths or stores may be provided towards
south to save bedrooms, drawing and dining from heat of
summers. On this side, windows are made narrow and
must be provided with sunshades.
Cavity walls may also be considered.
Longer side of building is exposed towards the wind
direction for better ventilation.

Objects of Orientation

Suits the surroundings.

Natural comfort to inmates.

Privacy.

Free from dust and noise nuisance.

Minimum portion in direct shower of rain.

To have a good design.

General considerations for

orientation

Surroundings of the site.

Proximity of road or street.
Suns path and relative position. Sun is a source of
natural light and heat. A good ventilating and germs
killing agent. Sunrays may fall sufficiently on the
building and enters through doors or windows.
Direction of wind. Orientation should be such that
cool breeze enters in evenings in summers but not in
winters. Should also prevent dust nuisance caused by
heavy intensity winds.
Character of rain should be considered in orientation
so that direct shower of rain and dampness inside the
building is also avoided.

Design of a house

Every effort is made to utilize the full natural

resources such as wind, sun etc. Maximum facilities
should be provided within the funds and space
available.
Plot sizes are measured in ft2, yd2, Marla or kanal. 1
kanal = 20 Marla, 1 Marla = 272 ft2 (actual) or 225 ft2
where kanal is f 500 yd2.
Standard size of 1 kanal plot is 50 x 90 and 10
Marla plot is 35 x 65.
A suitable rectangular plot has length 1.85 times the
front of the plot.

Design of a house

Restrictions vary from society/ authority to society/ authority.

These form building bylaws. For example; common construction
restrictions are: Covered area should not be > 60% of plot area.
10 open space in front.
5-10 open space in rear.
5 open space at one side.

A two-storey building is normally 20% cheaper than one storey

building if covered area is the same.
In ordinary house area covered by walls is approximately 15%
of the covered area.
Rectangular rooms provide better utilization of space. Length /
breadth ratio should be 1.25 up to 200 ft2 area and beyond this,
it may be 1.50.

Basic Components of a building

Bed Room with attached Bath

Drawing Room
Living Room
Dining Room
Pantry
Kitchen
Store or Box Room
Stair Case
Verandah
Servant Room
Car porch

Bed Room with attached

Bath

Min size of bed room for small house 8-6 x

12-0 (100 ft2)
Reasonable size for small house 12- 0 x
15-0 (180 ft2)
Min size of bath room 5-0 x 6-0 (30 ft2)
One side must be towards open side for
better ventilation.
Sometimes dress room is added, min 25 ft2.
Cupboards are provided with min of 21
depth and suitable height for hanging of
clothes.

Drawing Room

Min size 12-0 x 18-0 (215 ft2).

Direct approach from main entrance.
Powder room (min size 12 ft2) is to be
attached with drawing room or
through living room. Powder room is
to be fitted with WC, WHB and
hangers etc.

Living Room

Also known as TV lounge or common

room.
Should be more comfortable and
graceful with direct access to other
components of the house.
Generally the biggest component of the
house (215 ft2 to 325 ft2)
Should give an impression of being open;
large glazed windows on suitable side
may be recommended.

Dining Room

Min area 150 ft2. Should be adjacent

to drawing or living room. Kitchen
should be connected.
Suitable cupboards are provided.

Pantry

50 ft2 area should be provided

between kitchen and living for
storage of kitchen articles.
In modern houses, drawing, dining
and living rooms may be combined in
convenient pattern thus reducing the
requirement of the area slightly.

Kitchen

Reasonable size is 80 ft2; foremost

requirement is good ventilation

Store or Box Room

Reasonable size is 50 ft2; foremost

requirement is safety. Provided in interior
part of the house

Stair Case

May be provided in separate stair hall or

directly in the living.
Preferably on opening to outside and one to the
living room.
Natural light should always be available.

Verandah

Should be 6 to 10 wide on front or back. In hot

areas direction of sun be considered; providing
towards south be appropriate

Servant Room

Area is generally 100 ft2. Provided in one kanal

or bigger house.
On ground floor; it should be independent and
on the backside.
On top floor; it should have separate approach
with steel stairs.
Independent bathroom should also be provided.

Car porch

Constructed in front: open from two or three

sides. 8 x 16 for one car and 16 x 16 for two
cars is the min requirement.

Guidelines for Openings

Doors and windows should be minimum as

these utilize space and increase cost. In a
normal house windows should cover 15 to 20%
of floor area. On the other hand windows and
doors provide ventilation and light. These if
provided on opposite side, provide ventilation.
Suitable dimensions of the doors are: Main gate min 8-0
Main doors 4-0 x 7-0
Bed room doors 3-0 x 7-0
Bath room doors 3-6 x 7-0

Adjusting Plans of an Ordinary

Buildings

Look at the funds; plot size and requirements. Fix the sizes of
different rooms, add 9 in each direction for half walls on both
sides and draw components separately according to a suitable
scale. Cut rectangles to a suitable scale.

Draw boundary of the plot on the same scale on another graph

paper and mark necessary open space according to the prevalent
bylaws. Try to adjust the different components in a suitable way by
placing the rectangles over the plot area to be covered.

Make different trials to achieve the best solution keeping the

position of doors to be provided. According to the selected plan
roughly draw the plan on a graph paper making small and
necessary adjustments. Decide the positions of doors, windows,
ventilators, cupboards, exhaust fans, air conditioners etc.

Adjusting Plans of an Ordinary

Buildings

If the features cannot be adjusted accurately,

reconsider the arrangements. Now a days computer
software have made the job easy.

If the features cannot be adjusted accurately,

reconsider the arrangements. Now a days computer
software have made the job easy.

Civil engineering drawings

Perspective View

If the rays of sight emerging from the object

tend to meet at any station point and a
picture plane is introduced in between, the
view obtained on the picture plane will be
perspective view. There are also two and
three point perspectives.

Civil engineering drawings

Isometric View

Pictorial view, which often looks unnatural,

is drawn to dimensions as far as possible.
Isometric axis are 120 degrees to each
other

Civil engineering drawings

Orthographic Views

It is a method of representing the exact

shape of an object by carrying
perpendicular rays from two or more sides
of the object to picture planes generally at
right angle to each other; collectively the
views on these planes describe the object
completely

Proposal drawings and Perspective

Architect makes a number of proposals

keeping in mind the requirement for the
building. Then he discusses with the client
and makes changes according to his wishes.

These drawings are made attractive even

by using colours and different angles of
perspective view

Submission Drawings

Submission drawings are actually the legal documents

used to get the plans approved from the controlling
authority like CDA etc
Building plan.

Site Plan.
Location plan.
Schedule of Openings.
Schedule of Areas.
Total area of plot,
covered area,
allowable covered area,
GF covered area and
1st floor covered area etc

Submission Drawings

Submission drawings also indicate the

owners name, address and signatures and
are signed by the licensed architect.
Sometimes the stability certificate is also
required.

Construction can be commenced after

approval

Working Drawing

Architectural Working Drawings

Structural Working Drawings

Foundation plan
Reinforcement details
Plumbing works
Details of doors and windows
Bath and kitchen details
Electrification plan

Completion Drawing