o Ore (5 =o for soldier 4 ‘beam construction) oat Oaks en “@ be oan —— Retaining Suuctures and Excavations 469 Wator and uniform surcharge Sand 1sin Cl sn 6) 6. IW et, i re 37H O21 01254 © Sui lay Med. clay 0.375 7H 0 and 7h, UHCI 4H) tio of field shear strength ‘of salto laborstory vale rmt2a 93H Udy RK, tan 0 +0 Ha 4,1 os wosyt © Tee } oxlomb dstebation: Kyo sin ont sine) | a ae tet w Fig. 12.22 Loteral pressure distribution for computation of strut and tieback loads, wales, andring stifeners in braced cofferdams. (a) Saction. (b) We 5. (c) Surcherge, (d) Tschebotatolf, 1951. (e) Peck, 1969. () Tschebotariott, 1951. (g) Soft-to-mecium clay (Terzaghi and Peck, 41967). (ih) Stf fissured clay (Terzaghi and Peck, 1967). (i) Mixed soils (j) Raker braced. where |, = bearing capacity factor of the soil below the excavation (Fig. 12.48) +21 = unit weight of soil above the bottom of the excavation ‘23 = unit weight of soil below the excavation Piping oveurs if the water head is sufficient to produce critical velocities in cobesionless soils. This results in a “quick” condition at the bottom. Figure 12.24 illustrates one method for determining whether a quick condition may occur (NAVFAC DM-7, 1971), MoLean and Krizek (1971) studied the seepage of imperfect cutoffs, They concluded that when sheet piling is driven below an excavation for seepage control the penetration depth is the most important factor in controlling seepage flow. ‘Wellpoints and other dewatering methods may be used to lower the water table around the excavation. Although the water table is usually lowered, it may cause settlement problems where structures are located adjacent to the excavation. Details of methods for controlling piping and dewatering methods are siven in Chapter 7, The primary functions of the portion of the sheet piling driven more than several feet felow the floor of the excavation