‘TECHNICAL BULLETIN 8283 CONCRETE TECHNOIOGY Ea SEPTEMBER 1983 ASSOCIATES 1123 PORT OF TACOMA ROAD / TACOMA. WASHINGTON 98421 / (208) 383-2545 REVIEW OF ACI CODE Dr. Theodose M. Trochalakis Richerd G, Anderson CTA 19 475 —476SYNOPSIS REVIEW OF ACI CODE The ACI Code contains a number of articles where, in order to avoid lengthy and time- consuming ealeulations or to treat subjects not yet fully investigated, simplified design methods are specified. For the sake of general applicability the specified methods are intended to be conservative, but, in extreme cases, even they may be unsafe. The code calls the attention of the engineer to the limitations of some of these methods and allows the use of viable alternatives. This bulletin reports the results of a study to determine areas in which CTA members might benefit by having access to alternative methods of design and analysis. In a review of the ACI Code, fifteen such cases were identified. On the basis of Steering Committee input, the topics "Prestress Losses" and “Hypothetical Tension Stresses" have been judged worthy of further investigation. The topie of "Prestress Losses" has gained in significance owing to changes in the ACI Code which render "lump-sum" loss estimates obsolete. Reliable prediction of the Tesponse of prestressed concrete to applied loads, including prestressing, remains a goal ‘of considerable importance, Adoption of a reeommended procedure for ealeulating losses and calibration of the method with the appropriate data are the main tasks which need to be accomplished. This topic has been prepared for submittal to the CTA membership as a project for 1983-84, ‘The topic "Hypothetical ‘Tension Stresses" addresses the increasingly significant matter ‘of the performance of a precast conerete structure in the post-cracking range. CTA members expect to take fuller advantage of code provisions which allow service load tension stresses to exceed 6/7 provided the structure ean be shown to satisfy various performance criteria. The methodology developed in CTA Bulletin 8184, Partial Prestressing, provides the necessary analytical fire-power to satisfy current code Fequirements. The proposed topic "Service Load Performance of Partially Prestressed Members" has been prepared for possible adoption as a project for 1983-84 to close the remaining gap between theory and practice. a7CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1_GENERAL ‘The evolution of codes of practice is a continuous process of improvement whereby design methods are refined to give inereased accuracy with a high degree of reliability and materials are used to their full potential through inereasing knowledge of their properties. ‘The purpose of "Review of ACI Code” as a research topic was based on this concept of evolution and its goal is to identify sections of the ACI code in its revised 1983 version where the engineer is allowed or encouraged to use alternative methods of design, provided sufficient theoretical and/or experimental evidence is provided to substantiate the validity of the proposed method. In this study, areas where alternative design methods can be used are identified and evaluated based on the input of the members of the Steering Committee. The number of topies is reduced to those that are practical and relevant to precast prestressed conerete. The finel selection will be used as proposed research topies for the year 1983-84, 1.2_SPECIAL SYSTEMS OF DESIGN OR CONSTRUCTION ‘The spirit of the ACI Code, and indeed most contemporary specifications, is to encourage new developments in analysis and construction techniques so that the state~ of-the-art does not stagnate. ‘This principle is most-clearly established in Article 1.4 of ACI318-83, whieh states: 4.4- Approval of special systems of design or construction Sponsors of any system of design or construction within the scope of this code, the adequacy of which has been shown by successful use or by analysis or test, but which does not conform to or is not covered by this code, shall have the right to present the data on which their design is based to a board of examiners appointed by the 47aBuilding Official. This board shall be composed of competent engineers and shall have authority to investigate the data so submitted, to require tests, and to formulate rules governing design and construction of such systems to meet the intent of this code. These rules when approved by the Building Official and promulgated shall be of the same force and effect as the provisions of this code. 479CHAPTER 2 ALTERNATIVES TO THE METHODS SPECIFIED BY ACI CODE 1_GENERAL ‘The following is a list of fifteen topies where the code either explicitly suggests or implies the use of alternatives: AC-1. AC-2, AC-3, ACH4, AC-5. AC-6. AC-1. AC-8, AC-9, AC-10, AC-11, ACH12, AC-13. AC-14. AC-15. 2.2 REVIEW OF ALTER! The alternatives ident REVIEW OF EARTHQUAKE CODES (Appendix A) DESIGNING WITH CRACKED STIFFNESSES (Art. 8.6.1, 8.10, 8.10.1, 8.10.2, 9.5.2.3, 9.5.2.4) LOSS OF PRESTRESS (Art. 18.6.1) PRECAST CONCRETE (Art. 16.2.2, 16.2.3, 16.204) SLENDERNESS EFFECTS IN COMPRESSIVE MEMBERS (Art. 10.10.1, 10.11.5.1) HYPOTHETICAL TENSILE STRESSES, CRACK WIDTHS, AND DE- FLECTIONS (Art. 18.4.2, 18.4.3) CONCENTRATED LOADS NEAR SUPPORTS (Art. 11.1.3, 111.21, 11.1.3.) WARPING TORSION (Art. 11.6) REDUCED TORSIONAL STIFFNESS (Art. 11.6.2, 11.6.3, 11.6.3.1) OUT-OF-PLUMB PRECAST COLUMNS (Art. 10.3.6 ACT 77) MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT IN WALLS (Art. 14.2.7) WAIVER OF MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS (Art. 11.5.5.2) EQUIVALENT UNIFORM TORSIONAL LOADING (Art. 1.8.3.2) STUDDED CONNECTIONS IN COLUMNS (Art. 11.7.3, 11.7.4) MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE (12.6.1, 12.6.2) IVES. are outlined on the following pages along with comments Prepared by the CTA staff. 4802.2.1 AC~ BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS {ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) APPENDIX A — SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN ‘Code Appendix A ~ Page 77 through 81 Revise Appendix A (in total) to read as fotlows: A.2 — General requirements A.2.1 — Seope A.2.1.1 — Appendix A contains special requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete members of a structure for which the design forces, related to earthquake motions, have been determined on the basis of energy dissipation in the nonlinear range of re- sponse. A.21.5 — A reinforced concrete struc- tural system not satisfying the require ments of this appendix may be used if it is demonstrated by experimental evi- dence and analysis that the proposed system will have strength and toughness equal to or exceeding those provided by ‘ comparable monolithic reinforced con crete structure satisfying this appendix. 2.2.1.1 CTA Staff Comments REVIEW OF EARTHQUAKE CODES BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY APPENDIX A — SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN Revise Commentary Appendix A (in to- tal) to read as follows: A.2 — General requirements A.2.1 — Seope Field and laboratory experience which has Ted to the special proportioning and setailing requirements in Appendix A has been predominantly with monolithic re~ inforeed eonerete building structures. Projection of these requirements to other types of reinforced conerete strue- tures, which may differ in concept or fabrication from monolithie construe tion, must be tempered by relevant phys- ical’ evidence and analysis. Precast and/or prestressed members may be used for earthquake resistance provided it is demonstrated that the resulting strue- ture will provide the safety end service ability (Curing and after the earthquake) levels expected from monolithic con- struction. The practical choice is between (a) a system with sufficient strength to re- spond to the ground motion within the linear or nearly linear range of response and (b) @ system with adequate details to permit nonlinear response without criti- eal loss of strength. Current practice for precast conerete resisting seismic loads is to provide, in accordance with (a) in the commentary, "a system with sufficient strength to respond to the ground motion within the linear or neerly linear range of response.” In reality this usually means Shear walls. Note that CTA Bulletins 7386, 74B8/9, and 76B6 address this form of construction in detail.The present North American practice of earthquake resistant design for reinforeed monolithic conerete structures is based to a large extent on the reserve capacity found ina duetile structure, Ductility is a highly desirabie quality in a redundant structure as it reduces stress concentrations by redistributing moments from highly stressed regions to other parts of the structure where there is available strength capacity and eliminates the chance of brittle failure. ‘The SEAOC and UBC codes specify design loads that are only a fraction of the setual loads that the structure may experience during an earthquake. It is not known how much smaller than the actual are the specified design loads. As the provided factor of safety is roughly approximated, the codes attempt to provide a reasonable margin of safety by Geveloping ductility. ‘The criteria of judging if sufficient ductility has been provided are based on observing the performance of ductile reinforeed conerete frames sudjected to actual earthquakes. The codes recognize the fact that nonlinear design eriteria are developed to suit the physical properties of monolithic reinforced concrete, but allow alternate methods to be developed to suit the properties and construction techniques of precast and/or pre stressed concrete by using a suitable ratio of the modes of energy dissipation between Unear and nonlinear response. However, it has to be demonstrated that the resulting structure has the same degree of performance as the monolithic reinforced concrete. ‘The FIP and New Zealand codes have already published recommendations for the design of prestressed conerete structures. ‘One option would be to review existing earthquake codes and evaluate precast pre- stressed conerete frame concepts in their linear and nonlinear response when subjected to earthquake loads. A brief outline of a suggested program for earthquake analysis based on accepted design practice is given below: 1. Assume the proportion of earthquake energy which will be dissipated between linear and nonlinear response. This proportion, known as the displacement duetility index, has already been established for monolithic reinforced eonerete structures as ap- proximately four, although this may not be the right proportion for a precast frame. 2 Using the assumed displacement ductility index and an accepted earthquake Tesponse speetrum, such as E] Centro, derive the corresponding lateral design earthquake forces. 3. Analyze the assembled precast frame for the lateral force derived in step 2 and obtain ultimate lateral drifts. 4. Compute ductility demands (capacities for plastic rotation) that correspond to the calculated lateral crift. 5. Compare rotational or ductility demands of each connection to the actual rotetional capacity. If the available exceeds the required, the structure is safe. Otherwise, modify the structure and/or assume a lower displacement ductility index and repeat eyele. It appears that this topic is the focus of on-going research sponsored, by the National Science Foundation as well as PCI. 482DESIGNING BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS (ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) 8.6 — Stifiness 8.6.1 — Any reasonable assumptions may be adopted for computing relative flexu- Fat and torsional stiffnesses of columns, walls, floors, and roof systems. Assump- tions shall be consistent throughout anal- ysis. 8.10 — T-beam construction 810.1 — In T-beam construetion, the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded togeth- er. 8.10.2 — Width of slab effective as a ‘T-beam flange shall not exeeed 1/4 the span length of the beam, and the effec tive overhanging flange width on each side of the web shall not exceed: (a) 8 times the slab thickness, nor (o) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web. 95.2.3 — Unless stiffness values are obtained by @ more comprehensive anal- ysis, immediate deflection shall be com- puted with the modulus of elasticity Ey for conerete as specified in Section 8.5.1 (normal weight or lightweight conerete) and with the effective moment of inertia as follows, but not greater than ig. Mey ofr (Me) I 7) (8) and for normal weight concrete, 127, 8-3) 433, 'H CRACKED STIFFNESSES BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY 8.6 — Stiffness 8.6.1 — This section allows the use of any reasonable assumption when com- puting the stiffnesses for use in a frame analysis provided the assumptions made are consistent throughout the analysis. Ideally, the member stiffnesses, EI and GJ should reflect the degree of cracking and inelastic action which has occurred along each member immediately prior to the onset of yielding. 8.10 — T-beam construction This section contains provisions identical with those of previous ACI Building Codes for limiting dimensions related to stiffness and flexural caleulations. Spe- cial provisions related to T-beams and other flanged imembers are stated in Section 11.6.1 with regard to torsion.When lightweight aggregate concrete is used, one of the following modifications shall apply: (a) When fot is specified and con- crete is proportioned in aeeord- ance with Section 4.2, fy shall be modified by substituting fet/6.7 for Fe, but the value of fot/6.7 shall not exceed y™. (b) When fot is not specified, fp shall be multipfied by 0.75\for "all-lightweight” concrete, and 0.85 for "sand-lightweight™ con- crete. Linear _ interpolation may be used when partial sand replacement is used. 95.2.4 — For continuous spans, effective moment of inertia may be taken as the average of values obtained from Eq. (8-7) for the critical positive and nega- tive moment sections. 2.2.2.1 CTA Staff Comments ‘The ACI Code allows any reasonadie and consistent assumptions to be made in computing stiffnesses as input to structural analysis. For the sake of simplicity, typical practice for “fully prestressed" construction is to use the gross uneraeked cross section for the computation of the moment of inertia and stiffness. The code specifies dimensions for gross eross sections in article 8.10. The method has been used successfully for several decades and has produced safe stuctures, However, with the introduction of partial prestressing, a more rational ap- proach is required that will give results that can be directly compared to design eriteria for deflections (see articles 9.3.4 and 18.4), CTA Bulletins 75B4 and 8184 report investigations of this subject and present refined methods for calculating the response of cracked flexural members to gravity loads. Designing for cracked stiffnesses will also give the the designer an opportunity to modify to some extent the final design moment distribution by selecting appropriate reinforee- ment ratios, since the cracked stiffness is a function of the amount of reinforcement used. It would be possible to analyze several illustrative examples considering gross and cracked stiffnesses and compare results. It is expected to show how negative moments over supports can be reduced by the appropriate choice of negative reinforcement, and thus utilize to a larger extent the positive moment capacity of precast members while preserving continuity. 4842.2.3 AC-3: LOSS OF PRESTRESS BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS (ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) 18.6 — Loss of prestress. 18.6.1 — To determine effective pre~ stress fse, allowance for the following sources of loss of prestress shall be con- BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY 18.6 — Loss of prestress 18.6.1 — For an explanation of how to compute prestress losses, see the reports of ACI-ASCE Committee 423,182 Act sidered: Committee 435,183 and the PCL Com- mittee on Prestress Losses.18.16 The lump sum losses of 35,009 psi for preten- sioning and 25,000 for post-tensioning that appeared in the report of Commit- tee 423 generally give setisfactory re- sults for many applications. (a) Anchorage seating loss (>) Blastic shortening of conerete (e) Creep of conerete (a) Shrinkage of conerete (act-318-77) (e) Relaxation of tendon stress ‘Commentary Section 18.6.1 — Page 106 (£) Friction loss due to intended or unintended curvature in post- tensioning tendons. Revise the first paragraph of Commen- tary Section 18.6.1 to read as follows: 18.6.1 — Lump sum values of prestress losses for both pretensioned and post- tensioned members which were indicated in previous editions of the Commentary are considered obsolete. (1983 Revision) 2.2.3.1 CTA Staff Comments In the commentary to the ACI 318-83 Code proposed revision, the need is emphasized for a more realistic assessment of prestress losses. In past editions of the ACI Code, ‘equivalent lump sum losses have been recommended. This approach has been widely adopted by designers and thousands of fully prestressed structures designed with these recommendations have performed satisfactorily, irrespective of the degree of accuracy involved in the lump sum losses. Though the above procedure has the merit of simplicity, there are some inherent disadvantages that may occasionally produce adverse effects. For example, there are instances where more prestress is provided than is necessary. For temporary and rarely occurring loads, such as snow loads of short duration, the structure will be over-prestressed for most of its life and excessive camber may develop. With the inereasing acceptance of partially prestressed structures, it is necessary to define the effeetive prestress and the related applied load that produce decompression in 435the precompressed fibers. Following decompression, the incremental stresses in the brestressing steel are no longer linearly related to the applied loads, and when losses are not reasonably assessed, the actual stresses may be quite different from calculated. The proposed revision of the code commentary considers the previously recommenced method of using lump sum prestress losses as obsolete. As there is a need for a more accurate assessment of prestress losses, it is suggested to survey various proposed methods of estimating prestress losses and select one or more recommended procecuire. Guidelines for the use implementation of recommended procedures would be developed. 486,4_AC-4: PRECAST CONCRETE BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS. (ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) CHAPTER 16 — PRECAST CONCRETE 16.2 — Design 16.2.2 — In precast construetion that does not behave monolithically, effects at all interconnected and adjoining de- tails shall be considered to assure proper Performance of the structural system. 16.2.3 — Effects of initial and long-time deflections shall be considered, ineluding effects on interconnected elements. 18.2.4 — Design of joints and bearings shall inelude effects of all forces to be transmitted, including shrinkage, creep, temperature, elastic deformation, wind, and earthquake. BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY 16.2 — Design It is also vitally important to consider the effects of connections and intercon nected elements with respect to precast members. The structural behavior of precast members may differ substantial- ly from that of similar members that are east-in-place and are monolithic. Design of joints to transmit forces due to shrinkage, creep, temperature, elastic deformation, wind forees, and earth- quake forees requires particular care in precast construction. Details of such joints are especially important for ade~ quate performance of precast construc tion, 2.2.4.1 CTA Staff Comments A precast frame is an assembly af precast elements flexibly joined at the connections, The response of the resulting statically indeterminate structure at service loads and at ultimate conditions depends on the relative stiffnesses of the members and of the connections. AU component parts must interact to produce a stable equilibrated system. Various types of connections have been used so far to join precast elements. when welded steel connections are used, for example, @ unique performance is expected due to the interaction of two materials that have basically different properties. Concrete ereeps, shrinks, and cracks. Its properties are time and environment-dependent. In addition, as the load inereases and cracks develop, further changes in properties result. On the other hand, the welded steel at the connections follows different rules of response and remains elastic up to the yield point. ‘The constantly changing properties of a conerete member, the elastic and inelastic Tesponse of the connections and the variable applied loads and environment set into play @ continuous redistribution of internal forees in a composite frame composed of precast conerete members. Here the mission would be to study this type of structure for serviceability loads with particular emphasis on redistribution and resulting deformations. Note that the PCI project, "Economical Moment-Resisting Beam/Column Connection” and the NSF study, "Design of Connections for Precast, Prestressed Conerete Buildings for the Effeets of Earthquakes" will focus on the same topic. 487BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS {ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) Code Section 10.0 — Page 32 and 33 Delete existing Notation 6, and add the following new notations: &) = moment magnification factor for frames braced against side-~ sway to reflect effects of member curvature between ends of compression members 5, = moment magnification factor for frames not braced against sidesway to reflect lateral drift resulting from lateral and grav- ity loads Mgy value of larger factored end moment on compression mem- bers due to loads which result in no appreciable sidesway, cal- culated by conventional elastic frame analysis value of larger factored end moment on compression mem- ber due to loads which result in appreciable sidesway, caleu- lated by conventional elastic frame analysis. Code Section 10.11.5.1 — Page 36 Revise Section 10.11.5.1 to read as fol- lows, and renumber subsequent equations accordingly: 10.11,5.1 — Compression members shall be designed using the factored axial load Py from a conventional frame analysis and a magnified factored moment Me defined by M, Man + BM (10-6) where 488 SLENDERNESS EFFECTS IN COMPRESSIVE MEMBERS BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY 10.10 — Slenderness effects in compres- sion members Commentary Section 10.11-5.1 — Page 49 and 50 Add new Commentary between existing first and second paragraphs to read as foltows: When Code Eq.(10-8) is used the de~ signer’s judgment combined with aporo- priate analysis are essential elements in determining the effectiveness of such "oracing.” “The member stiffnesses used in the anelysis should allow, at least approximately, for eracking of the flexu- ral members. Since the moment magnification proce- dure of Seetion 10.11 is an approximate procedure, some judgment must be used in the application of Ea.(10-6). For use in this approximate technique, a deflee- tion ratio of 4 > £y/1500 is a reasonable upper limit above which sway deflections become "appreciable." If the lateral Joad deflections involve a significant torsional displacement, the moment magnification in the columns farthest from the center of twist may be underestimated by the moment magni- fier procedure. In such cases a second- order analysis is recommended. 10.11.5.2 — In defining the critical load, the main problem is the choice of a stiffness parameter El, which reasonably ‘approximates the stiffness variations due to cracking, creep, and the nonlinearity of the concrete stress-strain curve. Note that the code states that ET in Eg(10-8) may be taken as either value obtained from Eq.(10-3) or (10-10) in lieu of a more preeise calculation. In(10.7) - hi ato oe (10-8) RP and Et Ker (10-9) Py and ZP¢ are the summations for all columns ina story. For frames not braced against sidesway, Doth ép and shall be computed. For frames braced against sidesway, 5 shall be taken as zero. In calculation of Pe, k shell be computed according to Section 10.11.21 for 8p and according to Section 10.11.2.2 for 8. 2.2. CTA Staff Comments this respect, the code refers to a more accurate value of EI as obtained from moment-curvature relationships, based ‘on the integration of acceptable nonline- ar stress-strain diagrams for concrete in flexure. Any stress-strain funetion which provides agreement with test data may be used (see Code Section 10.2.6). The more accurate values of El may be used for designing columns or walls un- der the provisions stated in Chapter 19. ‘The ACI Building Code provisions for slenderness evaluation of reinforced con- erete members were entirely rewritten with the 1971 code, based on reeommen- Cations of ACI-ASCE Committee 441, Reinforeed Conerete Columns.10-18 This recommendation called for the use of improved structural analysis procedures Wherever possible or practical (Section 10.10.1). In lieu of such improved analy- sis the code provides for an approximate design method (Section 10.11) based on a moment magnifier prineiple and similar to the procedure used as part of the American Institute of Steel Construction specifications. 10.19 10.10.1 — The 1971 ACI Building Code encouraged the use of second-order frame analyses or PA analyses which include the effects of sway deflections ‘on the axial loads and moments in a frame. Since publication of ACI 318-71, this subject has been studied extensively and it is now feasible for a designer to use @ seeond-order analysis in the design of reinforced concrete buildings, Gener- ally, the moments from a second-order analysis are a better approximation to the real moments than those from Sec- tion 10.11. For sway frames ot lightly braced frames, economies ean be achieved by the use of second-order analyses. Slenderness effects are considered to inelude buekling and secondary moments developed as a result of lateral deflections. The term buckling describes the mode of failure of a slender axially loaded member produced by lateral instability. It is a function of the column geometry, end boundary conditions and flexural rigicity (ED). 489Lateral column deflections can be classified into two groups. ‘The first type of lateral deflection is found in braced structures where theoretically there is no relative lateral movement between the top and bottom and is accompanied by flexural stresses devel- oped along the height of the column. For a column to classify as braced, its ends must be restrained by other relatively stiff members. The second type of lateral deflection is found in unbraced columns where relative lateral movement occurs between the top and bottom of a column, and lateral deflections along the height of the column ere accompanied by relative end movements and flexural stresses. Again, the stiffness of the column and of the component parts of the framework play a crucial role in the response of the column. For both types of deflection, seeond order moments are produced as the geometry of the structure changes under load (PA effects), It can be concluded that slenderness effects in compression members are to a large extent determined by the distribution of the flexural stiffness in the framework in Telation to the stiffness of the column. The ACI Code has developed a simple design procedure where the influence of the above variables is introduced in a mathematical expression. On the other hand, the code recog- nizes the limitations of the approximate method and calls the attention of the designer repeatedly to the need to use judgment as to when the method ean be used safely, For a Gesigner to acquite the necessary judgment as to when the ACI method is dependable and when not, more exact methods must be explored for comparison and application. It is suggested to survey some of the more exact methods of predicting slenderness ef- fects and compare with code procedure. The approach presented in CTA Bulletins 74B8/9 and 77B3 is one example of such a method. 4902.2.6 AC-6: HYPOTHETICAL TENSILE STRESSES, CRACK WIDTHS & DEFLECTIONS BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS {ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) 18.4.2 — Stresses in conerete at service loads (efter allowance for all prestress Josses) shall not exceed the following: (a) Extreme fiber stress incompression. .. . . . .0.45f%e (b) Extreme fiber stress in tension in rrecom- Pressed tensile zone... . 61% (©) Extreme fiber stress in tension in precom- pressed tensile zone of members (except two- way slab systems) where analysis based on trans- formed cracked sections and on bilinear moment- deflection relationships show that immediate and long-time __ deflections comply with require ments of Section 9.5.4, and where cover require ments comply with Sec tion R732. 2 1B 18.4.3 — Permissible stresses in concrete of Section 18.4.1 and 18.4.2 may be exceeded if shown by test or analysis that performance will not be impaired. 491 BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY 18.4.2(c) — The permissible tensile stress of 12/M% provides improved service ioad performance, especially when live loads are of 2 transient nature. To take advantage of the increased permissible stress, the engineer is required to in- erease the conerete protection on the reinforcement, as stipulated in Section 7.7.3.2, and to investigate the deflection characteristics of the member, particu- larly at the load where the member changes from uneracked behavior to cracked behavior. The load deflection curves of prestressed concrete members may be idealized by a bilinear curve. The first portion of the curve extends a5 a straight line from initial load up to the load that causes cracking of a magnitude sufficient to significantly reduce the member's stiff- ness. The second portion of the curve proceeds from this point of cracking at a flatter slope as load is increased. The change in slope is @ function of the reduetion in member stiffness EI at cracking. 18.4.3 — This section provides a mechan- ism whereby development cf new prod- ucts, materials, and techniques in pre- stressed concrete construction need not be inhibited by limits on stress which represented the most advanced require- ments at the time the code provisions were adopted. Approvals for the design should be in accordance with Section 1.4 of the code.ly = cracked section, mo- ment of inertia **The cracked section moment of inertia shali be calculated neglecting the effect of the prestress force on the loca- tion of the neutral axis. Ie is approximately equal to nAsd2(1-vp), an empirical re~ lationship that may be used lieu of a more exaet anely- sis. (Recommended by PCI Com- mittee on allowable stresses in prestressed concrete and adosted by ACD. 2.2.6.1 CTA Staff Comments ‘The ACI Code allows a maximum tensile stress of 12% in the precompressed fibers of Prestressed beam provided deflections are checked by a bilinear (or nonlinear) moment deflection relationship. The allowable tensile stress is higher than the concrete tensile strength, and in fact will never be attained, It is a hypothetical stress, a numerical incex derived empirically, and when used in conjunction with other limitations controls the performance of a member. The effectiveness of limiting erack widths by hypothetical tensile stresses depends on the section geometry and the amount and distribution of the tensile reinforcement (Stressed and unstressed). The code allows for the influence of reinforcement on the crack widths indireetly by controlling post-cracking deflections (cracked stifiness control). Beams that are lightly reinforced will crack extensively, deflect excessively at the hypothetical tensile conerete stress level and thus be excluded from use. ‘The shortcomings of the eracked stiffness method are that it has not been verified for continuous structures, it does not take directly into account tension stiffening, and post- cracked incremental steel stresses and fatigue effects eannot be predicted. The last condition may be critical for prestressed beams used in bridges and other structures whieh receive many cycles of live load. A rational procedure based on moment curvature relationships is a more powerful design tool. It can predict ineremental (possibly fatigue) steel stresses, crack widths, deflections, and can be used for continuous structures. Such a procedure has already been developed (see CTA Bulletin 81B4) and needs only to be “calibrated” so that CTA members can put it into practical use, The calibration of this program will be the subject of a proposed R&D topic for 1983-84. 4922.2.7 _AC-T: CONCENTRATED LOADS NEAR SUPPORTS BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS (ACT 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) Code Section 11.1.3 — Page 41 Revise Section 11.1.3 to read as follows: 11.1.3 — Maximum factored shear foree ‘Yu at supports may be computed in ac~ cordance with Section 11.1.3. or 1.1.3.2 when both of the following con ditions are satisfied: (a) support reaction, in direetion of applied shear, introduces compres- sion into the end regions of member, and (b)_no concentrated load oceurs be- tween face of support and location of critical section defined in Section 11,1.3.1 or 1.1.3.2, REASON: To further restrict applica~ tion of Section 11.1.3 to cases where an abrupt change in shear does not oceur between face of support and location of maximum shear Vy, This restriction is currently discussed in Commentary Sec- tion 11.1.3. 11.1,3.1 — For nonprestressed members, sections located less than a distance d from face of support may be designed for the same shear Vy a that computed ata distance d, 11.1.3.2 — For prestressed members, sections located less than a distance h/2 from face of support may be designed for the same shear Vy as that computed at a distance n/2. 2 CTA Staff Comments BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY 11.1.3 — shear strength near concen- trated loads or reactions is increased if compression is introduced into the mem- ber. Accordingly, the code permits de- sign for a maximum factored shear force Vy at a distance ¢ from the support for Ronprestressed members, and at a dis- tance h/2 for prestressed members. Support conditions where this provision should not be applied include: (2) Mem- bers loaded such that the shear at sec tions between the support and a distance di differs radicaily from the shear at distanee 4, This commonly occurs in brackets and in beams where a concen- trated load is located close to the sup- port, as shown in Fig. 11-2(d). in this ease the shear at the face of the support should be used. ‘The eode recognizes the beneficial effects of the additional compression in the vieinity of the support produced by the reaction by defining a region a-b where the incremental sheer 4 V1 due to uniform load shown in the figure below can be disregerded. However, the incremental shear & V2 due to concentrated loads acting within the region a-b is to be fully considered. 493Goncentrated loads applied near the supports are transferred to the reactions by a combination of compressive and shearing stresses, ‘The nearer the concentrated load to ihe reaction, the larger the portion of the load to be transferred by compressive stresses, Zuls load path of direct transfer of concentrated loads to the reactions through compressive stresses is not recognized by the code, and a conservative assumption 1s made of having the total concentrated load transferred to the reactions entively by shearing stresses. It is possible to carry out @ two-dimensional plane stress analysis for such eases and Getermine the percentage of lond carried by compression to the reactions for giver positions of the load. The outcome will be reduced design shears when concentested Joads are applied near the supports. aya 4942.2.8 AC~8: WARPING TORSION BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY (ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) 11.6— Combined shear and torsion strength for _nonprestressed members with rectangular or flanged sections In the development of the torsion design criteria, the effect of restrained warping was not included. In designing thin- walled open sections, consideration of the torsion caused by restrained warping may be necessary. 2.2.8.1 CTA Staff Comments Generally, torque applied externally to a prismatic member is resisted by a combination of St. Venant and warping torsion. ‘The proportion in which external torque is carried by each of the above load paths depends on the geometry and boundary conditions of the structure. Long structures with open thin profiles pick up most of the torsional load by warping, while in short structures with a closed hollow or solid profile the predominant torsional load path is through St. Venant torsion. With the development of high strength conerete, reinforcing steel, and prestressing strand, the application of improved constcuetion techniques and the use of refined calculations, concrete structures are being built in long spans and thin sections. In developing torsion design criteria, the ACI Code has not included warping torsion, but calls the attention of the designer to effects whenever significant. There are instances that considerable flexural and shearing stresses are developed in a structure due to warping. For the sake of illustration, a few examples where warping torsion can be significant are given: 1. Skew decks built from double tees or channels. 2 Single double tees or channels supporting unsymmetrical loads applied to one stem only. Or supporting symmetrical loads on skew supports. 3. Lateral buckling and instability of slender beams is partly resisted by warping torsion. 4. Unsymmetrical prestressed cylindrical shelis and folded piates. It is suggested that CTA survey methods of mixed torsional analysis (warping and St. Venant) and prepare a computer program that will analyze sueh effects. The computer program developed in CTA 8185 could probably be mocified to perform this analysis. 4952.2.9 AC-9: REDUCED TORSIONAL STIFFNESS BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS (ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) 11.6— Combined shear and torsion strength for nonprestressed members with rectangular oc flanged seetions 11.6.2 ~ If the factored torstonal mo- ment Ty in a member is required to maintain equilibrium, the member shall be designed to carry that torsional _mo- ment in accordance with Sections 11.6.4 through 1.6.10. 11.6.3 — in a@ statically indeterminate structure where reduction of torsional moment in @ member can occur due to redistribution of internal forces, maxi- mum factored torsional moment Ty may be reduced to $(¥Po x2y/3). 11.6.3.1 — In such a case the corre- spondingly adjusted moments and shears in adjoining members shall be used in design, 2.2.9.1_CTA Staff Comments BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY 11.6.2 and 11.6.3 — In designing for torsion in reinforced conerete struc- tures, two conditions may be aistin~ guished; 11-18,11.19 (a) The torsional moment cannot be re- duced by redistribution of internal forces (Section 11.6.2). This is referred to as “equilibrium torsion," since the torsional moment is required for the structure to be in equilibrium, (o} The torsional moment can be re- duced by redistribution of internal forces after eracking (Section 11.6.3). This will oceur, for example, in a spandre]il.20 beam if the torsion arises from the member twisting in order to maintain compatibility of deformations. This type of torsion is referred to as "eompati- bility torsion.” ‘The code allows the use of a reduced torsional stiffness in a structural analysis whenever torsional effects can de classified as "compatibility torsion" and the framework is designed for corresponding adjusted moments. The adjusted moments corresponding to @ torsional post-cracking stage represent the final redistribution. There may be intermediate stages before torsional cracking takes place that are critical for other members. The following simple example will iJlustrate this concept. Consider a roof built from slabs, beams, and columns, as shown in the attached figure. Whenever long spans are used in the direction of the tee beams, torsional moments develop in the spanérel beam and their magnitude, before torsional cracking, depends on the rigidity of the columns. There are cases where the columns are not stiff enough to crack the spandre! beam torsionally and the assumed design moments actually never develop while the columns are overstressed, 496it is suggested that CTA investigate similar To examine this problem more precisely, ommendations when such effects cannot be cases analytically and make suitable rec neglected, Looe Pines 4972.2.10 AC-10: OUT-OF-PLUMB PRECAST CONCRETE COLUMNS BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS {ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) 10.3.6 — All members subjected to a compression load shall be designed for the eeeentricity e corresponding to the maximum moment which ean accompany this loading condition, but not Jess than Lin., or 0.05 for spirally reinforced or composite steel eneased compression members, or 0.10h for tied compression members, about either principal axis. Slenderness effects shall be included ac- cording to the requirements of Sections 10.10 and 10.11. For precast members, the minimum design eccentricity may be reduced to not less than 0.8 in. provided that the manufacturing and ereetion tol BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY 10.3.5 and 10.2.6 The specified minimum eccentricities were originally intended to serve a5 @ means of reducing the axial load design strength of @ section in pure compression to account for accidental eccentricities not considered in the analysis that may exist in a compression member. Design aids and computer programs based on the minimum eccentricity re~ quirement of the 1963 and 1973 ACI Building Codes are equally applicable for usage. erances are limited to one-third of the minimum design eccentricity. (act 318-71) (Commentary to ACI 318-77) 2.2.10.1 CTA Staff Comments Extensive field measurements in conerete and steel buildings have shown that most columns are out-of-plumb in their final position. ‘The major causes of out-of-plumbness are deviations of the column axes from straight- ness produced by construction imperfections and from verticality produced by erection errors. Generally, these errors are distributed in a random fashion, but # surveying or layout error may introduce a systematic lean in one direction. ‘The leaning of a moment-resisting frame in one direction will produce additional mo- ments in the framework, In the past, the ACI (318-71) Code attempted to partially account for these imperfec- tions by introducing the concept of minimum eccentricity in a column as a funetion of the cross sectional dimensions. The out-of-plumbness imperfections affect both the col- umas and beams, and tend to de proportional to the height of the column rather than its ¢ross sectional dimensions. To establish the order of magnitude of the secondary effects produced by out-of-plumb columns, it is recommended that this topic be studied analytically with special emphasis on frames built from precast elements, 4982.2.11 AC-11: MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT IN WALLS SEL ACTH: MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT IN WALLS BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY (ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) CHAPTER 14 — WALLS. Code Chapter 14 — Page 63 and 64 Revise Chapter 14 (in total) to read as follows: 14.2.7 — Quantity of reinforcement and limits of thickness required by Seetions 14.3 and 14.5 may be waived where structural analysis shows adequate strength and stability. 2.211. CTA Staff Comments Normally, minimum amounts of reinforeement are specified in reinforeed concrete to Feuer ihe effects of ill-defined influences that have been observed through testing and field studies. As the influence is not well defined, there is a tendeney to specity conservative procedures. In the ease of conerete walls, there are many loading conditions, end re- straints and construction techniques that may dictate the final amount of reinforcement, The main attempt of the code is to cover cases that are either not well cefined os involve complicated calculations. Grack control under serviceability loads for walls that act as deep beams and respond with a nonlinear stress distribution is another aspect that affects reinforcement. an investigation of the elastic and post-eracking response of walls is worth considering as Aney tend to act like plates rather than beams. Conceivably, a computer program Gould be developed, considering all effects, to provide # complete structural analysis as suggested in the ACI Code. 4992.%12 AC-12: WAIVER OF MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS (ACL 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) CHAPTER 11 — SHEAR AND TORSION Code Section 11.5.5.2 — Page 43 Revise Section 11.5.5.2 to read as fol- tows: 1.5.5.2 —- Minimum shear reinforcement requirements of Section 11.5.5.1 may be waived if shown by test that required nominal flexural and shear strengths can be developed when shear reinforcement is omitted. Such tests shall simulate effects of differential settlement, creep, BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY Commentary Seetion 11.5.5 — Page 59 Revise second paragraph of Commentary Section 11.5.5 to read as follows: 11.5.5.2 — In addition to slabs, footings, Joists, anc shallow beams as defined in Section 11.5.3.1, shear reinforcement may be exeluded from other members if it is shown by physical tests that the required strength can be developed when shear reinforcement is omitted. If a member is restrained, development of forees and moments in the member due to the factors listed can result in a significant reduction in shear strength if wed reinforcement is omitted. It is, therefore, appropriate that these effects should be simulated in any test designed to demonstrate adequate shear strength without the use of web reinforcement. shrinkage, and temperature change based on a realistic assessment of such effects oveurring in service. 2.2121 CTA Staff Comments CTA sponsored research has covered this topic rather thoroughly, including Performance of Double Tees Without Web Reinforcement (7384), Shear Strength of Prestressed Conerete Beams (7681/12), Shear Strength of Hollow-Core Members (78B1), and Shear Strength of Continuous Hollow-Core Systems (79B4). Compared to earlier practice, revisions to the 1983 code place greater emphasis on volume changes as they affect shear strength, ‘The effects that volume changes can have on the performance of @ concrete structure are specified as another type of loading to be considered in design. We can design for volume changes either by providing soft connections that will permit deformations to take place or by partially or fully preventing the deformation from developing and designing for the corresponding created redundant forces. Volume changes, when restrained, generally create tensile stresses. For a prestressed pretensioned member with thin unreinforeed webs, tensiie stresses can be detrimental in lowering the shear capacity. There are many instances where the carrying capacity of a prestressed member is determined by shear and its failure mechanism is developed when the principal tensile stress exceeds the strength of the unreinforced concrete. Com- bining shear with additional tensile stresses will lower the shear capacity. Whenever the shear capacity of a member is to be demonstrated by test, the ACI Code emphasizes the need to simulate in the test the actual load concitions including possible tensile forces. 500As this requirement will affect the design, it is suggested that CTA carcy out experimental and analytical investigations that will allow tensile forces to be considered in Gesigning hollow-core slabs, double tees, etc. Based on the experimental investigation, the shear capacity under varying axial tensile forces can be determined using analytical estimates of the possible tensile forces that can be developed due to volume changes. 501BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS (ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) 11.6— Combined shear and torsion strength for nonprestressed members with rectangular or flanged sections 11.6.3.2 —~ In lieu of more exact analysis, torsional loading from a slab shall be taken as uniformly distributed along the member. 2.2.13.1 CTA Staff Comments EQUIVALENT UNIFORM TORSIONAL LOADING BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY 12.6— Combined shear and torsion strength for nonprestressed members with rectangular or flanged sections Section 11.6.3 relates to typical and reg- war framing conditions. With layouts which essentially impress significant tor sional rotations within a limited length of the member, such as a heavy torque loading located close to a stiff column, ‘or a column which rotates in the reverse direction because of other loading, a more exaet analysis is advisable. The code allows the use of an equivalent uniform torsional loading whenever the engineer Judges that such an approximation is valid. For example, it is not advisable to introduce equivalent uniform loads to represent concentrated torsional loads at the intersection of unbalaneed beams. in reality, the developed torsional loading is proportionel to the angle of twist. Each case should be evaluated ang a suitable procedure adopted. As an illustration of the principles and of the degree of approximation involved, when equivalent uniform loads are used, an analysis of several representative examples could be performed. 5024_AC-14: STUDDED CONNECTIONS IN COLUMNS 2214 AG-14: STUDDED CONNECTIONS IN COLUMNS BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS (ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) 11.7.3 — Fig, 11-7e illustrates a column Code Seetion 11.0 — Page 39 face plate. The headed studs function as shear-friction reinforeement, and should Add the following new notation to Sec be firmly anehored into the confined tion 11.0: core of the column. Ties may be needed to enclose the shear-frietion reinforee- 11.7.3 — A crack shall be assumed to ment, so as to prevent a secondary fail- occur along the shear plane considered. ure plane from forming eround the Required area of shear-friction rein- headed studs. forcement Ayp across the shear plane may be cesigned using either Section 11.7.4 or any other shear transfer design & metnods that result in prediction of tabs steength in substantial agreement with FEL TeFiae Tesults of comprehensive tests. ZL Fane Cock 11-7 (c) COLUMN FACE PLATE CTA Staff Comments ‘The type of connection shown in the figure is a standard detail used extensively to support a precast element on a column. The PCI Handbook presents a design procedure based on the ultimate shear capacity of the concrete that surrounds the embedded studs. As the method is based entirely on the shear (or tensile) capacity of the surrounding concrete, a brittle failure develops. The code commentary calls the attention of the designer to the need to provide ties in the vicinity of the studs. However sufficient research has not been carried out yet to formulate recommendations for the design and detailing of the reinforeement around the studs and eliminate the brittle Link between studs and concrete. Preliminary tests at Laval University indicated that the connection is very sensitive to reinforcing details. This connection deserves to be studied further, experimentally and analytically, to achieve sufficient ductility. 5032.2.15 AC-15: MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS (ACI 318-77, INCLUDING 1983 REVISIONS) 12.8 — Mechanical anchorage 12.6.1 — Any mechanical device capable of developing the strength of reinforee- ment without damage to conerete may be used as anchorage. 12.6.2 — Test results showing adequacy of such mechanical devices shall be pre- sented to the Building Official. (PCI GUIDE SPECTFICATIONS) 3.1.5 — Bonded Tendons @) Anchorages — The anchorages shall develop at least 90 percent of the minimum specified __ultimate strength of the prestressing steel, tested in an unbonded state without exceeding anticipated set. The an- chorage shall be so arranged that the prestressing foree of the tendon may be verified prior to removal of the stressing equipment, if so de sired. 3.1.6 — Unbonded Tendons (Q) Anchorages — The anchorages of unbonded tendons shall develop at least 95 percent of the minimum specified ultimate strength of the prestressing steel without exceeding anticipated set. the total elonga- tion under ultimate load of the ten- don shai not be less than 2 percent measured in a minimum gauge length of 10 ft. 504 BUILDING CODE COMMENTARY Commentary Section 12.6 — Page 73 Revise Commentary Section 12.6 to read as follows: delete existing Commentary Section 12.7. 12.6 — Mechanical anchorage 12.6.1 — Mechanical anchorage can be made adequate for strength both for prestressing tendons and for bar rein- foreing.2.2.18.1 CTA Staff Comments Post-tensioning is often used with precast elements, especially in conjunction with segmentally-built structures or when loading conditions or strength considerations require prestress to be applied in stages. The performance of an anchorage for bonded tendons is evaluated mainly by two criteria: static strength and static ductility. A significant part of the eost involved in post-tensioning is the provision of reliable anchorage. CTA might test several types of available anchorages and compare their performance and cost. ‘The possibility of improving the anchorage of pretensioned strands through some such mechanical device might be worth examining. 505,CHAPTER 3 RATING OF TOPICS 1_RATING OF TOPICS BY STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS 3:1_RATING OF TOPICS BY STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS The topies outlined in Chapter 2 were circulated among the members of a steering committee representing five CTA member companies. The results of their review and evaluation of the technical and economie significance of the topies are presented in Table 3.1. The overall ratings are obtained by assigning the values 10, 5 and 0 to High, Medium and Low votes, respectively. TABLE 3.1 EVALUATION OF ACI CODE TOPICS ; Technical Economic Overatl Topic Subject Significance Significance Rating iz afu[i. AC-1 | Earthquake rf- fa Ac-2 | Cracked stiffness ay3ada 50 AC-3 | Prestress Losses a fad- 85 AC-4 | Precast Conerete 2tife 60 AC-5_ | Slenderness rtailas 35 AC-6 | Hypothetical Stresses 3] 2 fe 80 AC-7 | Coneentrated Loads -[a]2 20 AC-8 | Warping Torsion -|3f2 35 AC-8_ | Torsional Stiftness ~}-]s 5 AC-10 | Precast Columns ~J2]s 25 AC-11 | Minimum Wall Reinf. 2}fi]2 50 AC-12 | Minimum Shear Reinf. af2fa 45 AC-13 | Equivalent Torsion -faifa 15 AC-14 | Studded Connections 2jifa 56 AC-15 | Mechanieal Anchorage -|- fs 8 5062 SUMMARY OF RATINGS ‘Twa topies, AC-3 ("Prestress Losses") and AC-6 ("Hypothetical Tension Stresses"), were rated by the project steering committee as being of significant overall interest. Four topies, AC-4 ("Precast Concrete"), AC-14 ("Studded Connections"), AC-2 Stiffness"), and AC-11 interest. ("Cracked ("Minimum Wall Reinforcement") were rated as being of some All other topies were rated as being of little interest. 507HAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS 4.1 OVERVIEW OF LEADING TOPICS ‘The topics "Prestress Losses" and "Hypothetical Tension Stresses" have been selected in this investigation as being of primary interest to the members of Concrete Technology Associates. These topics are to a large degree interrelated and in reality represent different aspects of the same subject. Both address the service load performance of prestressed concrete structures and both are implicitly concerned with deflections, eracking and possible corrosion. The interaction of prestress force, seetion geometry, applied loads and the constituent material properties provides the root of the problem as well as the basis for its solution. Research requirements in this area relate to the need for consistent, logical and easily implemented analytical methods backed up by the appropriate data to generate accurate and believable predictions of the performance of prestressed members. 2 STATE-OF-THE-ART ‘The area covered by these two topics has been the subject of research and development from the earliest days of the prestressed conerete industry. A review of CTA published literature indicates that four relevant technical bulletins have been produced. Two major tasks emerge from an evaluation of the state-of-the-art. First, for each case, a recommended analytical method must be selected so that consistent computationel procedures can be developed. Second, the required data must be Senerated to effectively calibrate the recommended method. A lessor task remains, that of creating design examples illustrating the use of the methods, preferably taken from actual practice. ‘The relative magnitude of these tasks cannot be fully assessed until ¢ concensus is established relative to the chosen methods), a task which could in itself require a major effort, 5084.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CTA RESEARCH For the purposes of this bulletin, the following steps are recommended for further research, 4.3.1_Prestress Losses A three phase program to develop @ unified method of estimating prestress losses is recommended, as outlined in Appendix A. ‘The first phase of this program consists of selecting a preferred method or analytical approach, followed by calibration and implementation phases. 4.3.2 Hypothetical Tension Stresses ‘The recommendation for this topic is to adopt the procedure developed in 81B4, "Partial Prestressing for the Precast Industry,” specifically the program "FNSEG."" The designer can use this program to evaluate the long-term performance of prestressed flexural members and thereby satisfy the requirements of articles 18.4.2 and 18.4.3. If 8184 is accepted as Phase I of this program, Phase II would be to test flexural members and obtain the characteristie material parameters necessary for implementing the program. Phase U, which was first introduced as a proposed topie for 1982-83, will be resubmitted to the CTA membership for 1983-84. 509APPENDIX PROBLEM STATEMENTS FOR “PRESTRESS LOSSES" AND "HYPOTHETICAL TENSION STRESSES" PRESTRESS LOSSES With the increased emphasis on obtaining realistic estimates of the prestress losses for important prestressed structures and the rejection of "lump sum" losses in the 1983 revision of the ACI Code, there is a need for an accurate assessment of the physical Properties of precast concrete and for reliable and versatile analytical tools that will Predict prestress losses under conditions actually met in practice. PRACTICAL OBJECTIVE As a structure is normally checked for various construction stages and Joading con- ditions, corresponding checks for the effective prestressing force are necessary. This involves an accurate assessment of the prestress losses and gains at each stage. As an illustration, consider the construction sequence and loadings of a composite bridge built with precast prestressed girders and a cast-in-place topping. A schematic representation of the various stages is shown in Figure 1. 510srage® Srage® Consrener Teaenic eee tone aera ESS smee® tonnaey weecny Gare SMeTD, L Saray Berner armactten omer Lavo 7 Pier Testi, PEPE vant +O _ 4 Bimare o© TErmonaRy SHoeEs Figure 1: Construction stages and loading conditions Stage 1: Girders are cast, steam cured to the required transfer strength and pretensioned. Stage 2 The pretensioned girders are stored and when conerete matures to the required strength, additional prestress is applied by post-tensioning. Stage $: The girders are then transported to the site, erected to their final position, shored, and @ cast-in-place topping is placed, Stage 4: Following curing of the cast-in-plaee topping, the shores are removed. Stage 5: Preeast traffic railings ‘are fixed, the top surface is waterproofed, and an overlay of asphalt applied. Stage 6: The bridge is then opened to traffie and live loads are applied, 511For each of the aforementioned stages, there is a corresponding prestress loss or gain that may result from one or more changes in the number of tendons, resisting cross section, number of supports, loading, time and environment. An assessment of the changes in prestress at each stage will give the effective residual prestressing force locked in the tendons. Depending on the pattern of the prestressing tendons, it may be necessary to caleulate the effective prestress in more than one tendon location. (See Figure 2. This is an actual cross section snd strand pattern for bridge girders produced by Lone Star Industries.) THE NATURE OF PRESTRESS LOSSES Whenever there is a decrease in strain in a prestress tendon, there is a corresponding decrease in the prestressing foree. A summary of the various factors that produce loss in prestress and their classification is given below: 512Short-Term Losses: Pretensioning Seating of anchorages Friction at harping points if tendons are harped Heating and cooling produced by accelerated curing Steel relaxation from anchorage to trensfer Elastic shortening Post~Tensioning Friction in conduits Seating of anchorages Elastic shortening Long-Term Losses: Pretensioning & Post~Tensioning Creep Shrinkage Relaxation (from transfer to stabilization) AS short-term losses are not as complex as long-term losses, they will not be considered further at this stage. ‘Shrinkage, creep, and relaxation take place simultaneously. They interact and their magnitude decreases at @ decreasing rate over time before stabilization is reached. Their long-term interaction affects their effective magnitudes and at a given time their instantaneous combined action determines the corresponding prestress losses. ‘The long- term interaction is reflected in the concepts of elastic and creep recoveries and of reduced relaxation losses when compared to the intrinsic relaxation. 513PROPOSED RESEARCH PROGRA: ‘Two types of errors are involved in the computation of long-term losses. One error may arise from the use of inaccurate physical parameters and can be minimized through research in materials. A research program that will study the physical properties of conerete in each locality with regard to prestress losses is appropriate. ‘The other error may be caused by simplifications introduced by designers to avoid the complexities of an exact analytical method. Two analytical tasks must be accomplished. The first is the modeling of the long-term interaction of creep, shrinkage, and relaxation, and the second is the combination of their effects at any given time to obtain corresponding prestress losses. ‘There are various “approximate” and “exact” methods that deal with the mentioned analytical tasks, but their validity and extent of applicability have not been established. Applicability of any method is a mejor factor when we consider the large number of construction stages and ioadings a prestressed concrete structure may have to be checked for. It is recommended to study various available methods, compare basie assumptions and Predicted results, identify which are reliable, and make recommendations. A general computer program should be written to give solutions to cases actually met in practice. At this point it may be appropriate to mention that for the long-term interaction effects, the numerical integration step method has gained considerable recognition, while for the combination of effects to give the prestress loss at a given time the method developed in the CTA Bulletin 75~B6/7 appears to be most promising. Finally, to integrate the results of materials research and analytical methodology it is necessary to initiate a long-term program where measurements are to be taken on a completed structure and compared to predicted results. Based on the detailed problem statement for "Prestress Losses,” three distinct research phases ean be identified. 514Phase I: Design Methods for Predicting Prestress Losses. Evaluate, and possibly modify, available methods used to predict prestress losses at different construction stages, loading conditions, and ages. Phase Il: Material Physical Properties Affecting Prestress Losses. For given cement, aggregates, and climate conditions, establish experimentally the physical properties of conerete with respect to creep and shrinkage. Phase lil: Verification of Design Methods and Material Properties Used to Predict Prestress Losses. Use the results from Phases I and If as input to design and build a full-scale prestressed conerete structure. Install measuring devices that will record the effective prestressing force in the tendons at any time. Compare experimental values with theoretical results. Tasks For Phase [ ‘The program should begin with Phase 1. The following is a list of proposed tasks that describe the work involved. ‘Task A: Survey literature and select several design methods that appear promising. Task B: Survey various types of precast prestressed conerete structures and identify typical construction stages, loading conditions, and prestressing patterns for whien stresses must be checked. Survey members of the Steering Committee to obtain their opinion regarding practical cases where prestress losses are to be calculated, Task C: Use methods selected in Task A to calculate prestress losses in typical cases identified in Task B. Compare results and evaluate diserepancies. Bearing in mind general applicability and accuracy, make a final selection of methods to be used in Task D. If necessary, introduce modifications. 515,‘Task D: Derive and present principles and logic on which the selected methods in Task C are based, prepare flow charts for suggested computational procedures, and finally prepare an interactive computer program that will calculate prestress losses. Task E: Publish as a bulletin, including a selection of illustrative examples. 2,_HYPOTHETICAL TENSION STRESSES Virtually all codes of practice now permit tension stresses in prestressed concrete members to exceed the cracking level at service load. Control of the performance of Such structures is assured by establishing Limits on the "hypothetical" concrete tension stress, on live-load deflections and on erack widths. The hesitation to implement "partial" prestressing is reflected partly in the inereased burden on the designer to perform the nonlinear analyses necessary to demonstrate compliance with these limits. PRACTICAL OBJECTIVE CTA Bulletins 75B4 and 81B4 present techniques and data to assist CTA members in decoming involved in partial prestressing. The single remaining research need relates to the scarcity of test data on physical parameters necessary to implement the analytical method (FNSEG) developed in 81B4. Realistically, this data can only be obtained by performing full-seale tests of partially prestressed members, particularly double tees and/or hollow-core. Major considerations are deflections, prestress losses, crack widths, shear and flexural strength. PROPOSED RESEARCH PROGRAM ‘The research must be performed within a context which recognizes the importance of the following factors: 1, The technical/physical data which are needed The economic/market significance of particular produets, including the range of viable spans and loads 516To provide information related to the first area, there must be general agreement about which analytical approach is to be usec. That developed in 81B4, specifically the program FNSEG, is proposed, although this would be decided by action of the project steering committee. Considerations of products and markets, spans and loads must also be acted upon by the membership (steering committee). Following the establishment of a consensus in these two areas, the stage would be set for the fabrication and testing of full-seale members, followed by the evaluation of test data and calculation of the appropriate parameters. Mlustrative design examples would be prepered to facilitate application of the material to real-life marketing opportunities. In summary, the following tasks emerge for the topic "Hypothetical Tension Stresses": Task A: Establish steering committee consensus on the appropriate methodology for analysis and design of partially prestressed members. ‘Task B: Survey membership/steering committee to determine products and applications (spans and loads) upon which to focus experimental study. Task C: Fabricate and test full-seaie "partially prestressec" members. Task D: Reduce data to provide consistent, logical and easily-implemented parameters for methodology adopted in Task A. ‘Task B: Prepare bulletin, including illustrative examples. 517518