IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies

International Monetary Fund
Fiscal Affairs Department
How Large are Global Energy Subsidies?

Country-level Subsidy Estimates
June 29, 2015
Tables
1. Global energy subsidies by energy product, 2013 (Billions of nominal US$; percent of GDP; nominal US$ per capita)
A. Billions of nominal US$
B. Percent of GDP
C. Nominal US$ per capita
2. Global energy subsidies by subsidy component, 2013 (Billions of nominal US$; percent of GDP; nominal US$ per capita)
B. Percent of GDP
3. Global energy subsidies by energy product, 2015 (Billions of nominal US$; percent of GDP; nominal US$ per capita)
B. Percent of GDP
4. Global energy subsidies by subsidy component, 2015 (Billions of nominal US$; percent of GDP; nominal US$ per capita)
B. Percent of GDP
Comments/suggestions: Please contact Yue Liu at YLiu2@IMF.org or Amyra Asamoah at Aasamoah@IMF.org
Note:
The energy subsidy estimates reported here are based on the broad notion of post-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are
environmental damage and an additional tax applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues. Pre-tax subsidies, which a
supply costs, are also reported as a component of post-tax subsidies. These subsidies will not necessarily coincide with definitions used
subsidy numbers.
The energy subsidy estimates are not available for the following countries in 2013: Bhutan, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Er
Bissau, Kiribati, Kosovo, Lao P.D.R., Liberia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Niger, Palau, Samoa, San Marino, So T
Leone, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Swaziland, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
two addtional countries: Burundi and Togo.
The energy subsidy estimates are not available for the following countries in 2013: Bhutan, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Er
Bissau, Kiribati, Kosovo, Lao P.D.R., Liberia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Niger, Palau, Samoa, San Marino, So T
Leone, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Swaziland, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
two addtional countries: Burundi and Togo.
Fund
ment
y Subsidies?
timates
US$ per capita)
nal US$ per capita)
US$ per capita)
nal US$ per capita)
h@IMF.org
which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect
revenues. Pre-tax subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below
essarily coincide with definitions used by governments or with their reported
African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Eritrea, Fiji, Gambia, Guinea, Guineaer, Palau, Samoa, San Marino, So Tom and Prncipe, Seychelles, Sierra
or-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. In 2015, estimates are not available for
Country
Advanced
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong SAR
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan Province of China
United Kingdom
United States
Commonwealth of Independent States
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Moldova
Nominal GDP US$,

billions
Population,
millions
1505.92
416.06
508.27
1826.77
21.92
198.45
330.61
24.89
267.41
2807.31
3635.96
241.80
274.03
14.62
232.15
290.64
2071.95
4898.53
1304.47
60.40
9.65
853.81
181.57
512.58
220.06
297.94
95.81
48.00
1358.69
558.95
650.43
489.09
2523.22
16768.05
23.31
8.48
11.16
35.10
0.88
10.52
5.60
1.32
5.45
63.65
80.77
11.06
7.22
0.32
4.59
8.06
59.69
127.34
50.22
0.55
0.42
16.80
4.45
5.10
10.46
5.40
5.41
2.06
46.59
9.64
8.04
23.37
64.09
316.74
10.43
73.54
71.71
16.13
231.88
7.22
7.97
3.29
9.31
9.46
4.48
17.17
5.64
3.56
Russia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
2096.77
8.50
40.83
178.31
56.81
143.70
8.13
5.70
42.90
30.24
Emerging and Developing Asia

Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
161.76
16.11
15.51
9469.12
1876.81
870.28
313.16
11.52
56.76
19.24
15.41
272.07
66.72
387.25
170.56
156.59
0.41
15.09
1360.72
1243.34
247.95
29.95
2.88
50.98
27.79
7.35
97.48
20.82
68.30
89.69
Emerging Europe
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
FYR Macedonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Montenegro, Rep. of
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Turkey
12.72
17.91
53.05
57.37
10.21
132.26
30.96
46.51
4.43
517.70
188.89
42.49
819.99
2.79
3.88
7.24
4.26
2.07
9.91
2.04
2.96
0.62
38.06
21.29
7.16
76.06
Latin America and the Caribbean

Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas, The
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
1.20
610.29
8.42
4.23
1.62
30.82
2246.04
276.97
378.42
0.09
41.49
0.36
0.28
0.35
11.04
201.03
17.63
47.12
Costa Rica
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
St. Kitts and Nevis
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
49.62
0.50
61.26
93.75
24.26
0.81
53.80
2.99
8.46
18.49
14.20
1260.92
11.26
40.47
29.05
202.42
0.78
5.04
27.72
55.71
227.18
4.71
0.07
10.41
15.77
6.33
0.11
15.48
0.80
10.32
8.10
2.78
118.40
6.15
3.85
6.79
30.95
0.06
0.55
1.34
3.39
29.99
Middle East, North Africa, and Pakistan

Afghanistan
Algeria
Bahrain
Djibouti
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
20.73
212.45
32.79
1.46
271.43
367.10
229.33
33.86
175.79
45.02
65.52
4.19
103.82
77.12
232.76
202.45
748.45
66.75
46.99
402.34
40.42
30.55
37.90
1.17
0.91
84.70
76.98
34.78
6.53
3.89
4.47
6.12
3.54
32.85
3.59
182.59
2.05
29.99
36.16
10.89
9.03
26.66
Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola
Benin
124.18
8.31
23.67
10.32
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Congo, Republic of
Cte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
14.80
12.04
2.72
29.27
1.86
13.48
32.06
29.90
15.60
46.00
19.27
47.83
54.99
2.27
10.65
3.82
10.88
15.31
12.25
521.81
7.60
14.80
350.80
33.29
4.34
22.93
26.83
13.21
2.08
16.94
8.99
21.99
0.51
4.18
22.14
76.99
0.76
88.85
1.56
25.56
41.80
1.91
22.93
17.11
15.30
25.83
2.17
169.28
10.80
14.12
53.16
46.28
6.82
36.82
14.54
13.12
Post-tax subsidies in US$ billions (nominal)

Petroleum
Coal
Natural Gas
12.04
1.23
4.83
24.56
0.00
0.68
3.80
0.00
0.02
13.80
1.90
0.23
1.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
91.52
24.00
1.71
0.01
2.26
1.52
3.01
0.63
5.67
0.16
0.00
11.48
0.63
0.67
10.31
0.26
349.29
9.05
1.01
2.38
4.32
0.00
13.37
0.73
0.02
1.05
6.46
37.15
5.28
6.69
0.04
0.54
7.56
3.73
31.03
29.80
0.02
0.00
2.46
0.25
0.36
0.85
0.15
1.95
1.00
5.66
0.47
0.07
12.27
25.07
178.39
3.50
0.93
2.02
9.52
0.00
1.09
0.64
0.09
0.29
6.33
11.24
0.40
0.59
0.00
0.55
0.71
9.06
19.29
7.82
0.16
0.00
5.17
0.41
0.60
0.43
1.10
0.70
0.08
3.53
0.15
0.56
2.81
11.37
78.22
0.17
3.66
4.28
0.39
7.44
1.39
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.14
12.09
0.30
0.04
0.26
2.03
2.16
0.22
3.12
0.05
0.29
Electricity
0.00
1.17
0.07
1.07
0.57
1.00
0.79
Post-tax subsidies
Total
Petroleum
24.60
3.16
9.22
38.41
0.00
15.15
5.17
0.11
1.36
26.59
50.29
5.91
8.33
0.04
1.09
8.27
12.79
141.84
61.62
1.89
0.01
9.89
2.18
3.97
1.91
6.92
2.82
1.09
20.67
1.25
1.31
26.57
36.70
605.90
0.80
0.30
0.95
1.34
0.00
0.34
1.15
0.00
0.01
0.49
0.05
0.10
0.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.87
1.84
2.83
0.09
0.26
0.84
0.59
0.29
1.90
0.17
0.00
0.84
0.11
0.10
2.11
0.01
2.08
0.50
6.76
7.33
0.75
23.66
2.52
0.36
1.67
4.98
5.97
2.42
3.21
19.18
0.39
127.56
0.10
5.01
0.35
1.84
89.30
0.08
0.00
74.06
0.62
67.74
0.02
6.40
11.15
14.65
33.22
0.35
0.38
5.51
2.32
317.83
0.54
11.79
91.07
19.43
6.08
1.12
12.28
0.20
3.24
2.89
0.68
0.45
167.30
94.73
72.94
20.48
0.60
0.93
0.28
0.38
0.00
0.00
1630.43
155.16
9.12
4.11
1.10
0.26
0.17
0.00
2.95
0.22
9.01
0.00
4.28
0.38
0.00
21.40
9.38
3.68
3.72
0.00
0.18
0.00
0.02
0.35
0.00
4.13
1.30
3.19
0.10
10.74
1.16
0.45
1844.00
268.72
96.86
29.40
1.69
1.36
0.45
0.02
5.95
3.07
24.41
5.45
1.79
4.21
2.88
1.77
5.05
8.38
6.54
5.18
1.63
1.45
0.05
6.75
15.69
1.04
1.72
2.85
0.05
0.35
0.68
41.03
9.53
14.24
21.46
0.00
0.03
0.26
0.33
0.02
1.53
0.22
0.52
0.00
2.94
1.61
0.22
4.91
0.37
0.42
6.79
18.22
1.91
1.83
4.57
0.32
1.96
0.73
46.73
14.11
14.46
31.16
0.00
0.02
4.29
0.95
0.95
0.14
0.15
2.35
1.14
0.53
1.57
0.00
0.58
0.00
0.79
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.31
1.45
1.06
0.00
9.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.51
2.69
0.40
0.86
0.01
9.72
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.28
10.01
0.00
1.68
0.01
28.08
0.04
0.03
0.05
3.32
66.76
8.11
10.54
2.65
2.66
10.36
0.00
0.00
2.28
0.54
0.10
0.19
0.05
1.09
0.05
2.76
2.97
0.00
4.79
7.72
2.53
49.75
6.26
6.93
24.88
9.45
11.12
1.09
0.00
0.19
0.90
4.15
0.97
3.99
2.67
1.26
8.20
2.21
2.26
1.83
0.65
0.03
0.00
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
2.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.69
0.00
0.00
1.72
0.01
7.67
0.03
6.53
1.27
0.00
6.60
39.50
0.19
0.08
2.52
0.03
0.50
0.00
0.13
2.13
8.76
5.29
8.03
0.00
0.53
18.28
0.07
0.06
3.35
1.80
0.01
7.54
15.53
1.64
1.36
5.57
2.04
1.33
0.05
3.91
6.34
6.71
8.42
101.77
1.66
0.97
10.17
2.25
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.19
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.61
0.00
1.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.44
0.00
1.39
5.70
0.57
0.09
29.32
4.47
0.01
45.15
118.18
1.83
3.57
20.90
5.06
11.60
0.05
4.64
9.46
20.13
15.98
128.90
1.66
2.90
34.59
2.89
7.30
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.55
0.00
7.91
0.28
2.19
7.66
0.69
1.19
0.25
0.51
0.42
46.61
0.23
1.11
0.76
1.88
1.61
0.18
43.46
19.36
1.40
30.95
62.96
2.10
12.77
2.95
9.76
0.00
1.33
0.77
0.57
0.01
0.31
0.05
0.24
0.24
0.07
3.69
0.29
0.26
0.12
0.00
0.01
0.11
0.60
8.90
0.99
3.49
2.27
19.11
0.68
0.00
3.80
8.49
1.26
0.01
1.61
0.05
0.49
0.75
0.51
57.96
0.52
1.36
0.88
2.72
0.01
0.11
3.96
0.19
60.14
1.31
3.58
8.17
2.84
2.22
2.96
2.76
2.92
3.70
2.02
2.73
2.61
0.93
5.82
0.33
19.13
9.11
4.26
11.40
17.15
6.20
7.27
6.55
14.90
3.76
8.22
2.88
4.16
13.60
2.49
2.07
2.53
5.57
5.88
3.34
0.52
0.01
0.08
0.09
0.06
0.00
1.08
0.17
0.31
0.73
0.09
0.32
6.65
0.00
16.23
0.51
0.09
0.07
0.00
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
21.55
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.10
0.14
0.00
0.16
0.00
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.00
1.70
0.00
0.00
0.38
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.18
0.85
0.06
0.66
1.05
0.67
0.53
0.05
0.00
0.19
0.04
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.94
0.15
0.52
0.04
0.49
4.29
0.77
0.38
2.08
2.77
0.79
0.18
0.01
0.95
0.06
0.84
1.24
0.67
0.16
1.63
0.25
0.34
0.95
0.04
0.14
0.14
0.15
1.10
0.47
8.87
0.04
0.54
42.45
1.37
0.09
0.38
2.19
3.13
3.53
0.46
0.27
0.65
0.17
0.00
2.35
0.90
0.64
1.32
0.61
2.61
1.27
0.02
4.63
1.52
2.16
0.26
0.00
Post-tax subsidies as a percent of GDP

Coal
Natural Gas
0.60
0.24
0.47
0.24
0.00
6.74
0.22
0.08
0.39
0.23
1.02
2.19
2.44
0.30
0.23
2.60
0.18
0.63
2.28
0.04
0.00
0.29
0.14
0.07
0.38
0.05
2.03
2.09
0.42
0.08
0.01
2.51
0.99
1.06
0.23
0.22
0.40
0.52
0.00
0.55
0.19
0.37
0.11
0.23
0.31
0.16
0.22
0.00
0.24
0.24
0.44
0.39
0.60
0.26
0.00
0.61
0.23
0.12
0.20
0.37
0.73
0.18
0.26
0.03
0.09
0.58
0.45
0.47
0.01
0.00
0.44
0.88
5.22
4.15
0.49
2.45
2.76
3.02
1.35
1.35
0.64
3.62
Electricity
0.00
0.24
0.66
1.46
0.80
0.43
10.88
Post-tax subsidies in US$ per capita

Total
Petroleum
Coal
1.63
0.76
1.81
2.10
0.00
7.63
1.56
0.45
0.51
0.95
1.38
2.45
3.04
0.30
0.47
2.85
0.62
2.90
4.72
3.13
0.09
1.16
1.20
0.77
0.87
2.32
2.94
2.27
1.52
0.22
0.20
5.43
1.45
3.61
516.67
144.96
432.31
699.66
0.00
64.80
677.96
0.00
4.14
216.85
23.48
20.89
144.55
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
718.73
477.97
3137.42
21.48
134.50
341.79
590.12
60.46
1049.91
30.42
0.00
246.39
65.45
83.93
441.29
4.07
1102.75
388.34
118.49
212.89
123.21
0.06
1271.84
130.63
15.11
192.42
101.42
460.02
477.61
926.55
137.16
117.66
938.57
62.46
243.65
593.35
39.93
0.00
146.16
56.52
70.15
80.91
27.62
360.28
487.92
121.49
48.70
8.42
525.05
391.13
563.20
4.80
9.20
10.22
4.64
10.20
34.84
4.50
53.05
393.03
452.62
86.92
433.57
245.52
8.78
0.41
0.20
33.10
31.70
704.59
53.08
11.08
4.26
0.92
0.00
41.53
1.10
3.23
0.19
15.69
6.25
25.79
1.58
4.17
0.92
3.09
4.08
15.16
6.40
28.89
51.08
34.21
887.70
11.73
878.75
8.16
60.90
621.45
9.65
0.00
1726.19
20.64
0.24
0.00
0.00
17.22
8.27
1.05
1.31
9.54
0.46
0.86
0.00
1.08
0.33
2.33
0.00
2.65
2.35
0.00
0.23
0.50
0.42
1.19
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.11
0.13
0.00
1.07
0.76
1.97
0.65
6.64
7.21
2.88
19.47
14.32
11.13
9.39
14.72
2.40
2.31
0.11
2.19
4.61
6.30
3.20
18.48
1669.08
29.62
122.95
76.19
294.15
683.81
206.88
18.15
10.06
2.44
0.00
0.00
1198.21
124.80
36.77
137.29
381.13
5.13
5.96
0.00
30.24
10.64
131.98
0.00
0.38
37.68
29.58
1.81
16.81
2.15
0.17
0.76
15.34
7.93
5.04
33.50
2.62
0.01
0.18
0.48
0.58
0.15
1.16
0.72
1.11
0.00
0.57
0.85
0.53
0.60
2.88
3.27
37.89
34.36
3.33
17.91
3.45
1.04
4.22
16.48
9.03
7.47
34.03
3.80
0.00
1.13
314.60
127.85
47.01
18.96
22.20
370.05
81.39
72.60
139.71
0.00
62.96
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.52
0.28
0.00
1.62
0.00
0.05
0.00
1.65
0.12
0.14
0.23
1.23
1.59
0.50
0.57
3.35
0.90
0.45
0.00
0.45
1.23
4.60
0.50
0.62
3.35
10.76
2.97
2.93
2.78
0.26
0.50
1.28
0.35
0.00
0.28
0.23
2.44
27.21
127.98
151.65
186.01
229.15
247.47
354.94
147.12
17.24
1740.88
2167.91
243.67
830.98
287.14
25.68
119.71
1090.69
1077.99
447.49
1987.04
282.19
0.00
19.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
21.42
82.46
22.57
0.05
0.00
0.29
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.00
6.20
0.01
3.37
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.00
0.10
0.02
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.59
0.00
0.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.11
0.00
0.13
3.07
3.87
0.00
2.43
10.76
0.08
0.22
1.43
0.06
0.77
0.00
0.12
2.76
3.76
2.61
1.07
0.00
1.13
4.54
0.16
0.29
1.57
5.50
0.55
2.78
4.23
0.72
4.00
3.17
4.53
2.03
1.26
2.95
1.42
1.42
0.42
13.80
13.64
0.55
16.64
32.19
0.80
10.53
11.89
11.23
17.70
1.26
4.47
12.26
8.65
7.89
17.22
2.49
6.16
8.60
7.15
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.44
0.00
6.37
3.34
0.38
2.17
0.82
2.34
0.86
0.58
1.72
2.89
1.32
0.52
0.29
2.62
0.64
0.40
0.00
0.82
2.11
2.15
3.92
1.28
1.50
1.12
2.55
1.37
0.38
6.20
9.05
5.18
0.86
3.00
1.72
5.85
4.08
3.57
4.60
4.63
3.37
3.02
1.34
0.82
2.11
14.29
0.35
26.47
138.39
210.33
485.81
108.80
77.13
24.28
63.02
149.10
393.71
36.95
287.01
111.74
60.84
1199.69
54.46
1449.38
5.67
0.00
17.03
0.00
0.03
0.00
6.79
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.45
19.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.66
0.00
0.00
25.98
0.26
3.60
118.95
1764.21
36.72
4114.86
3392.92
46.01
89.28
1126.64
84.49
0.00
2.18
0.00
0.00
0.81
2.52
0.00
5.40
11.16
10.20
0.00
0.00
18.50
0.00
6.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.62
48.18
0.00
308.24
26.90
0.00
0.00
510.88
1190.66
365.43
817.85
321.54
3283.40
659.95
1594.98
1.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.25
6.14
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.14
2.76
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.74
0.45
0.00
1.01
0.00
0.16
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.44
0.00
0.33
0.00
0.01
0.11
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.69
1.50
2.89
3.20
4.86
3.26
2.25
1.15
0.25
0.00
0.34
1.88
1.32
3.62
1.35
6.13
1.23
0.10
0.48
3.35
1.22
2.32
1.64
7.74
20.98
5.35
1.50
0.46
3.26
3.20
6.26
3.88
2.25
1.01
3.55
1.31
0.72
1.73
1.88
1.32
3.62
1.35
7.19
3.86
1.70
0.48
3.63
12.10
4.12
2.16
1.64
8.15
23.74
251.07
1.41
3.62
21.02
2.49
0.00
12.19
110.80
11.94
17.42
3.62
147.37
39.26
0.21
305.39
10.94
13.76
4.87
0.00
80.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.25
0.00
0.15
0.85
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
1.15
0.03
0.00
2.63
405.44
0.26
0.00
0.00
2.63
27.79
-tax subsidies in US$ per capita (nominal)

Natural Gas
150.25
109.29
180.86
271.37
0.00
104.12
113.36
70.55
52.99
99.41
139.19
35.92
81.81
0.00
119.11
88.16
151.80
151.49
155.76
291.07
0.00
307.77
92.16
118.37
41.43
204.36
129.85
41.23
75.74
15.44
70.02
120.39
177.45
246.96
77.88
218.06
228.50
48.43
182.06
8.18
80.96
Electricity
0.00
50.22
20.81
115.17
60.45
58.12
139.28
Total
1055.26
372.74
826.06
1094.23
0.06
1440.76
921.95
85.65
249.55
417.68
622.68
534.41
1152.91
137.16
236.77
1026.73
214.26
1113.88
1227.08
3468.42
21.48
588.43
490.46
778.64
182.79
1281.89
520.55
529.15
443.62
129.60
162.36
1136.96
572.64
1912.91
152.16
726.46
774.67
167.04
1378.33
446.06
100.81
471.43
2.01
1122.80
259.93
484.35
231.18
43.53
66.12
128.49
76.63
2211.76
66.92
2067.67
2122.77
642.52
27.33
932.69
0.00
15.73
7.55
14.86
124.21
0.00
3.46
0.00
2.25
3.63
0.00
60.49
14.49
20.34
256.63
68.59
2858.40
29.62
1355.16
216.13
390.65
981.72
588.01
26.74
16.02
2.25
61.08
147.67
357.34
60.81
0.65
8.35
35.29
77.55
7.44
154.74
109.96
174.20
0.00
77.12
75.60
31.26
64.54
131.33
149.23
1750.35
2517.79
449.07
885.44
460.83
157.85
663.96
1172.08
1227.71
662.81
2018.30
409.69
0.00
237.57
0.00
6.88
0.00
46.20
13.40
22.55
18.20
168.69
234.20
118.20
87.24
154.95
25.15
49.81
0.00
35.75
168.69
676.82
118.20
94.12
154.95
300.50
332.10
459.94
223.64
18.28
7.60
44.87
36.41
0.00
9.04
13.22
46.32
0.00
0.00
9.78
3.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
45.42
0.00
0.00
0.00
22.25
0.00
0.00
1278.87
2.14
255.64
26.60
127.60
48.97
89.84
66.24
20.18
64.48
23.69
30.08
26.58
31.19
47.90
67.16
17.34
0.00
108.97
194.03
443.19
296.93
144.06
26.60
364.74
537.96
198.67
66.24
104.11
64.48
47.97
93.11
182.12
489.55
84.84
354.17
129.08
87.76
108.97
194.03
2947.72
56.86
2005.55
0.86
172.33
1080.88
0.00
77.88
513.10
5.46
11.53
647.66
5.64
82.27
0.00
3.81
591.64
47.95
2588.44
267.57
0.00
48.69
2024.44
2.47
1.99
88.27
1536.24
8.73
88.96
201.77
47.21
207.64
1431.21
456.13
217.31
14.88
127.37
630.88
21.47
2.84
773.66
3807.77
8.73
533.09
1535.23
52.67
546.11
5373.44
1131.93
1894.56
14.88
141.26
2631.48
110.26
7811.40
4297.46
46.01
265.97
3830.14
108.43
2.60
0.00
23.13
0.00
333.97
26.90
275.63
19.11
1108.09
636.98
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.25
0.00
23.98
6.49
0.01
208.92
0.00
19.57
1.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.62
0.00
10.07
0.00
0.15
7.16
1.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
49.28
10.64
38.51
116.11
156.66
47.21
8.73
5.94
31.10
0.00
4.50
22.37
6.15
8.08
9.60
36.31
69.19
3.06
3.37
35.04
80.63
16.67
10.22
142.86
211.19
380.76
10.64
1.41
43.38
116.11
201.66
56.19
8.73
208.92
18.38
161.47
13.46
22.78
22.37
6.15
8.08
9.60
42.63
217.71
52.41
3.37
38.03
798.62
29.60
13.76
10.22
150.35
238.99
Country
Advanced
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong SAR
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Nominal GDP US$,

billions
Population,
millions
1505.92
416.06
508.27
1826.77
21.92
198.45
330.61
24.89
267.41
2807.31
3635.96
241.80
274.03
14.62
232.15
290.64
2071.95
4898.53
1304.47
60.40
9.65
853.81
181.57
512.58
220.06
297.94
95.81
48.00
1358.69
558.95
650.43
489.09
2523.22
16768.05
23.31
8.48
11.16
35.10
0.88
10.52
5.60
1.32
5.45
63.65
80.77
11.06
7.22
0.32
4.59
8.06
59.69
127.34
50.22
0.55
0.42
16.80
4.45
5.10
10.46
5.40
5.41
2.06
46.59
9.64
8.04
23.37
64.09
316.74
10.43
73.54
71.71
16.13
231.88
7.22
3.29
9.31
9.46
4.48
17.17
5.64
Moldova
Russia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
7.97
2096.77
8.50
40.83
178.31
56.81
3.56
143.70
8.13
5.70
42.90
30.24

Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
161.76
16.11
15.51
9469.12
1876.81
870.28
313.16
11.52
56.76
19.24
15.41
272.07
66.72
387.25
170.56
156.59
0.41
15.09
1360.72
1243.34
247.95
29.95
2.88
50.98
27.79
7.35
97.48
20.82
68.30
89.69
Emerging Europe
Albania
Bulgaria
Croatia
FYR Macedonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Montenegro, Rep. of
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Turkey
12.72
17.91
53.05
57.37
10.21
132.26
30.96
46.51
4.43
517.70
188.89
42.49
819.99
2.79
3.88
7.24
4.26
2.07
9.91
2.04
2.96
0.62
38.06
21.29
7.16
76.06

Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas, The
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
1.20
610.29
8.42
4.23
1.62
30.82
2246.04
276.97
0.09
41.49
0.36
0.28
0.35
11.04
201.03
17.63
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
St. Kitts and Nevis
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
378.42
49.62
0.50
61.26
93.75
24.26
0.81
53.80
2.99
8.46
18.49
14.20
1260.92
11.26
40.47
29.05
202.42
0.78
5.04
27.72
55.71
227.18
47.12
4.71
0.07
10.41
15.77
6.33
0.11
15.48
0.80
10.32
8.10
2.78
118.40
6.15
3.85
6.79
30.95
0.06
0.55
1.34
3.39
29.99

Afghanistan
Algeria
Bahrain
Djibouti
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Tunisia
Yemen
20.73
212.45
32.79
1.46
271.43
367.10
229.33
33.86
175.79
45.02
65.52
4.19
103.82
77.12
232.76
202.45
748.45
66.75
46.99
402.34
40.42
30.55
37.90
1.17
0.91
84.70
76.98
34.78
6.53
3.89
4.47
6.12
3.54
32.85
3.59
182.59
2.05
29.99
36.16
10.89
9.03
26.66
Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola
124.18
23.67
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Congo, Republic of
Cte d'Ivoire
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
8.31
14.80
12.04
2.72
29.27
1.86
13.48
32.06
29.90
15.60
46.00
19.27
47.83
54.99
2.27
10.65
3.82
10.88
15.31
12.25
521.81
7.60
14.80
350.80
33.29
4.34
22.93
26.83
13.21
10.32
2.08
16.94
8.99
21.99
0.51
4.18
22.14
76.99
0.76
88.85
1.56
25.56
41.80
1.91
22.93
17.11
15.30
25.83
2.17
169.28
10.80
14.12
53.16
46.28
6.82
36.82
14.54
13.12

Pre-tax
subsidies
Global
warming
Local air
pollution
Congestion
Accidents
Road damage
0.77
0.14
2.96
1.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
3.17
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.01
0.00
0.13
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.40
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.46
10.94
11.42
1.26
1.76
14.38
0.00
3.30
1.03
0.06
0.87
6.99
19.40
1.46
1.67
0.01
0.58
1.65
7.45
37.32
18.52
0.24
0.00
4.57
0.90
0.81
0.86
1.03
1.00
0.27
5.40
0.46
0.31
9.01
11.80
185.66
3.59
0.70
2.18
5.11
0.00
10.92
0.60
0.04
0.46
7.17
22.53
4.15
5.86
0.03
0.24
6.49
2.20
44.81
26.68
0.34
0.00
2.05
0.30
1.17
0.54
2.85
1.48
0.79
6.89
0.28
0.24
8.27
20.56
180.10
3.71
0.26
0.17
11.27
0.00
0.21
1.90
0.00
0.00
4.81
0.00
0.00
0.42
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
42.60
5.43
1.01
0.00
1.25
0.51
1.40
0.21
2.23
0.05
0.00
4.43
0.24
0.04
5.39
0.00
120.94
0.66
0.08
0.04
1.55
0.00
0.12
0.15
0.00
0.00
1.24
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.52
5.32
0.05
0.00
0.21
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.35
0.04
0.00
1.10
0.02
0.00
1.45
0.00
47.84
0.79
0.02
0.02
0.72
0.00
0.05
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.47
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.25
1.02
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.27
0.14
0.03
0.19
0.01
0.00
0.38
0.02
0.00
0.23
0.00
7.90
0.01
2.27
0.27
0.00
1.89
1.07
0.20
1.27
2.06
0.22
9.21
0.40
0.10
1.06
3.24
0.22
8.19
0.20
0.00
0.35
0.07
0.00
0.19
0.05
0.01
0.72
0.66
0.09
2.48
0.32
0.00
0.03
0.13
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
43.69
0.28
6.63
8.85
10.34
0.24
62.30
0.06
2.46
11.06
4.87
0.03
150.12
0.03
0.73
66.85
0.50
0.00
3.50
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.04
0.00
25.05
0.05
0.71
0.00
0.74
0.00
0.98
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
4.29
0.44
0.00
7.21
31.99
46.12
3.55
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
1.05
1.15
2.48
0.37
0.06
355.96
73.73
16.53
8.26
0.54
0.47
0.14
0.02
2.81
0.57
8.45
1.06
1.34
0.16
0.03
1328.86
109.77
13.87
5.28
0.81
0.21
0.10
0.00
2.01
0.27
8.92
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.00
43.42
2.57
5.00
2.73
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.64
0.01
1.46
0.00
0.51
0.06
0.28
35.29
39.01
8.18
5.74
0.19
0.40
0.12
0.00
0.17
1.51
2.78
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.02
2.02
1.29
0.48
0.14
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.19
0.00
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.72
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.01
0.81
1.46
0.37
0.22
1.14
0.13
0.40
0.08
9.87
2.25
1.45
9.19
0.04
5.94
15.16
1.08
1.54
2.60
0.12
0.98
0.61
31.63
9.12
12.82
15.40
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.08
0.01
0.34
0.26
0.00
2.60
0.00
0.00
0.77
0.06
0.02
0.05
0.00
0.30
0.03
0.51
1.13
0.00
0.89
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.11
0.00
0.01
0.01
11.89
0.04
0.01
0.04
1.72
2.25
0.00
0.00
4.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.63
12.78
2.37
0.00
2.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
8.96
2.40
0.00
0.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
12.40
1.00
0.00
1.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.43
6.17
0.71
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.08
0.29
0.76
0.00
0.00
1.16
4.50
0.50
0.00
0.22
0.04
0.23
0.17
0.01
11.37
0.24
0.20
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.09
1.08
0.00
36.49
2.25
0.10
0.00
0.35
0.94
0.11
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.07
0.11
0.07
13.78
0.04
0.22
0.11
0.98
0.00
0.00
1.85
0.01
5.73
2.27
0.09
0.00
0.26
0.23
0.02
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.03
6.55
0.00
0.15
0.04
0.22
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.00
3.73
0.48
0.11
0.00
0.21
0.63
0.01
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.05
9.81
0.02
0.35
0.10
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.00
6.58
2.38
0.14
0.00
0.88
1.22
0.39
0.00
0.45
0.00
0.07
0.16
0.09
3.58
0.06
0.26
0.34
0.63
0.00
0.00
0.37
0.00
3.15
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.21
0.03
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.21
0.01
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.02
15.64
2.38
0.01
29.55
76.22
1.48
1.27
10.02
2.28
6.71
0.04
0.36
3.45
8.53
6.83
65.40
0.89
1.21
18.17
1.79
0.03
4.48
1.16
0.00
6.37
18.22
0.06
0.63
2.29
0.64
1.25
0.00
1.27
2.42
4.63
4.21
14.08
0.43
0.65
6.67
0.62
0.00
1.58
0.15
0.00
1.81
4.35
0.01
0.24
2.65
0.42
0.32
0.00
0.77
0.58
1.62
1.80
11.08
0.02
0.19
1.49
0.04
0.00
2.10
0.21
0.00
0.93
4.87
0.00
0.36
2.77
0.27
0.81
0.00
0.28
0.25
0.49
0.63
9.29
0.09
0.00
1.85
0.06
0.00
2.86
0.09
0.00
3.50
13.25
0.00
0.28
0.61
0.47
1.22
0.00
1.45
1.59
1.48
0.92
14.75
0.00
0.27
2.84
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.12
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.13
0.02
0.08
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.01
4.55
0.65
0.50
0.43
1.14
0.02
0.00
0.10
0.12
0.00
0.75
0.04
0.63
0.84
0.58
0.00
0.74
0.04
0.03
0.14
0.03
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.90
0.10
3.66
0.03
0.38
2.52
0.65
0.00
0.29
1.92
2.54
0.00
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.13
0.14
0.00
0.15
0.32
0.07
0.07
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.03
2.63
0.00
0.04
17.80
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.35
0.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.35
0.00
0.00
7.73
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.49
0.00
0.00
3.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.04
0.02
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.13
0.94
0.00
0.00
5.27
0.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
inal)
Post-tax subsidies as a percent of

Foregone
consumption tax
revenue
Total post-tax
subsidies
Pre-tax
subsidies
Global
warming
Local air
pollution
Congestion
3.66
0.70
2.10
4.03
0.00
0.54
1.42
0.01
0.03
5.76
5.20
0.06
0.23
0.00
0.16
0.12
3.14
10.20
4.48
0.25
0.01
1.77
0.07
0.18
0.13
0.28
0.23
0.02
2.07
0.23
0.72
1.91
3.88
52.53
24.60
3.16
9.22
38.41
0.00
15.15
5.17
0.11
1.36
26.59
50.29
5.91
8.33
0.04
1.09
8.27
12.79
141.84
61.62
1.89
0.01
9.89
2.18
3.97
1.91
6.92
2.82
1.09
20.67
1.25
1.31
26.57
36.70
605.90
0.05
0.03
0.58
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.09
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.02
0.07
0.76
0.30
0.35
0.79
0.00
1.66
0.31
0.23
0.33
0.25
0.53
0.60
0.61
0.10
0.25
0.57
0.36
0.76
1.42
0.40
0.00
0.54
0.49
0.16
0.39
0.35
1.05
0.57
0.40
0.08
0.05
1.84
0.47
1.11
0.24
0.17
0.43
0.28
0.00
5.50
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.26
0.62
1.72
2.14
0.20
0.11
2.23
0.11
0.91
2.05
0.56
0.00
0.24
0.17
0.23
0.24
0.96
1.55
1.65
0.51
0.05
0.04
1.69
0.81
1.07
0.25
0.06
0.03
0.62
0.00
0.11
0.57
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.87
0.42
1.67
0.00
0.15
0.28
0.27
0.09
0.75
0.05
0.00
0.33
0.04
0.01
1.10
0.00
0.72
0.19
1.07
0.90
0.22
1.62
0.48
0.50
6.76
7.33
0.75
23.66
2.52
0.06
3.08
0.38
0.00
0.82
14.76
1.95
1.73
2.88
1.39
3.97
5.49
0.94
1.44
4.52
1.34
3.53
2.82
0.01
0.48
0.09
0.01
0.08
0.71
0.09
32.19
0.12
1.16
4.31
2.94
0.36
317.83
0.54
11.79
91.07
19.43
0.00
2.08
3.34
16.23
4.96
18.21
3.04
2.97
0.71
6.03
6.20
8.57
0.32
7.16
0.40
1.80
37.49
0.88
0.00
0.17
0.01
0.24
0.00
0.07
2.04
0.09
0.05
71.23
10.36
6.69
3.71
0.11
0.24
0.07
0.00
0.22
0.41
1.49
3.22
10.74
1.16
0.45
1844.00
268.72
96.86
29.40
1.69
1.36
0.45
0.02
5.95
3.07
24.41
5.45
2.65
2.72
0.00
0.08
1.70
5.30
1.13
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.46
0.27
0.67
1.53
2.28
0.39
3.76
3.93
1.90
2.64
4.70
0.82
0.72
0.10
1.03
0.85
2.18
0.62
0.83
0.97
0.23
14.03
5.85
1.59
1.69
7.05
0.37
0.50
0.01
0.74
0.40
2.30
0.02
0.02
0.30
0.02
0.46
0.14
0.57
0.87
0.33
0.07
0.08
0.00
0.24
0.02
0.38
0.00
0.18
0.04
0.36
0.34
0.04
0.73
0.07
0.18
0.00
3.62
1.24
0.20
2.87
0.42
6.79
18.22
1.91
1.83
4.57
0.32
1.96
0.73
46.73
14.11
14.46
31.16
1.49
0.00
0.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
4.53
2.76
0.65
2.13
0.86
0.42
0.85
1.71
1.91
1.19
3.40
1.12
0.34
33.16
28.59
1.88
15.09
1.97
0.40
2.10
13.84
6.11
4.83
30.16
1.88
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.07
0.11
0.04
0.00
0.16
0.18
0.06
0.14
0.00
0.32
0.01
6.53
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.39
24.12
1.35
0.01
28.08
0.04
0.03
0.05
3.32
66.76
8.11
0.80
1.95
0.50
0.20
2.70
5.58
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.81
0.00
0.04
0.00
2.04
0.57
0.85
0.00
0.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.40
0.87
0.00
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.55
0.36
2.36
0.24
0.00
0.89
0.76
0.20
0.00
0.38
0.01
0.06
0.21
0.25
12.67
0.15
0.13
0.21
0.62
0.00
0.02
0.25
0.19
4.42
10.54
0.68
0.00
3.80
8.49
1.26
0.01
1.61
0.05
0.49
0.75
0.51
57.96
0.52
1.36
0.88
2.72
0.01
0.11
3.96
0.19
60.14
0.20
0.00
0.10
1.90
4.80
2.06
0.50
0.40
1.30
2.70
0.90
0.10
0.90
2.10
0.50
0.10
0.00
0.50
1.70
3.91
0.00
16.06
0.59
0.20
0.00
0.58
1.00
0.46
0.00
0.49
0.00
0.88
0.58
0.51
1.09
0.33
0.55
0.38
0.49
0.00
0.00
6.68
0.01
2.52
0.60
0.17
0.00
0.43
0.25
0.10
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.52
0.04
0.37
0.13
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.83
0.00
1.64
0.13
0.23
0.00
0.35
0.67
0.03
0.00
0.43
0.00
0.26
0.24
0.33
0.78
0.22
0.87
0.34
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.54
0.00
2.90
0.04
2.59
0.48
0.00
2.87
1.15
0.29
0.77
2.56
0.98
1.26
0.01
0.47
1.17
3.26
1.57
14.22
0.20
0.57
3.53
0.38
0.09
29.32
4.47
0.01
45.15
118.18
1.83
3.57
20.90
5.06
11.60
0.05
4.64
9.46
20.13
15.98
128.90
1.66
2.90
34.59
2.89
0.11
7.36
7.26
0.43
10.89
20.76
0.64
3.75
5.70
5.06
10.24
0.96
0.35
4.48
3.66
3.38
8.74
1.34
2.58
4.52
4.44
0.12
2.11
3.53
0.00
2.35
4.96
0.02
1.87
1.30
1.43
1.91
0.00
1.22
3.14
1.99
2.08
1.88
0.64
1.39
1.66
1.53
0.00
0.74
0.45
0.00
0.67
1.19
0.00
0.69
1.51
0.92
0.50
0.00
0.74
0.75
0.69
0.89
1.48
0.03
0.40
0.37
0.09
0.00
0.99
0.65
0.00
0.34
1.33
0.00
1.06
1.57
0.60
1.24
0.00
0.27
0.33
0.21
0.31
1.24
0.14
0.00
0.46
0.14
0.62
7.91
3.67
0.52
0.40
0.34
0.28
0.11
0.06
0.01
0.15
0.01
0.06
0.26
0.10
0.01
0.24
0.08
0.21
0.44
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.10
0.17
0.81
0.01
0.12
5.79
0.31
0.08
0.09
0.23
0.24
0.28
0.79
0.18
0.01
0.95
0.06
0.84
1.24
0.67
0.16
1.63
0.25
0.34
0.95
0.04
0.14
0.14
0.15
1.10
0.47
8.87
0.04
0.54
42.45
1.37
0.09
0.38
2.19
3.13
0.00
0.64
0.99
0.00
2.55
2.41
4.68
2.63
1.92
0.00
1.61
0.19
0.07
0.26
1.45
0.99
2.81
1.10
5.86
0.85
0.70
0.34
2.58
0.72
1.96
0.00
1.26
7.15
19.22
0.00
1.45
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.00
0.97
0.44
0.00
0.95
0.69
0.35
0.15
0.39
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.59
0.21
0.50
0.00
0.25
5.07
0.49
0.00
0.00
0.14
2.64
0.00
0.45
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.06
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.00
0.01
2.20
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.32
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
tax subsidies as a percent of GDP

Accidents
Post-ta
Foregone
Road damage consumption tax
revenue
Total post-tax
subsidies
Pre-tax
subsidies
Global
warming
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.08
0.00
0.06
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.41
0.08
0.00
0.02
0.08
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.04
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.29
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.03
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.24
0.17
0.41
0.22
0.00
0.27
0.43
0.05
0.01
0.21
0.14
0.02
0.09
0.00
0.07
0.04
0.15
0.21
0.34
0.41
0.09
0.21
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.24
0.03
0.15
0.04
0.11
0.39
0.15
0.31
1.63
0.76
1.81
2.10
0.00
7.63
1.56
0.45
0.51
0.95
1.38
2.45
3.04
0.30
0.47
2.85
0.62
2.90
4.72
3.13
0.09
1.16
1.20
0.77
0.87
2.32
2.94
2.27
1.52
0.22
0.20
5.43
1.45
3.61
33.19
15.96
265.55
38.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.29
39.25
21.51
0.00
0.00
23.11
1.07
0.00
1.03
3.59
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
23.99
0.74
0.00
1.21
4.62
8.62
0.00
0.00
13.47
7.17
34.54
489.90
148.51
157.46
409.62
0.02
314.00
183.46
43.12
159.76
109.77
240.17
132.21
231.54
45.24
126.32
205.25
124.85
293.11
368.86
444.49
0.23
272.06
201.10
159.63
82.66
191.05
185.11
133.04
115.81
47.56
38.61
385.52
184.17
586.15
0.06
0.97
0.92
0.56
1.07
4.44
0.01
0.03
0.18
0.01
0.03
0.02
1.78
1.46
1.26
1.34
0.70
6.59
4.80
9.20
10.22
4.64
10.20
34.84
1.82
243.54
28.96
0.00
110.25
189.01
61.82
136.33
217.93
50.04
536.51
70.33
0.00
1.19
0.59
1.73
0.00
1.30
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
1.14
1.54
1.36
2.83
2.42
5.18
4.50
15.16
6.40
28.89
51.08
34.21
0.00
304.07
34.85
1161.72
206.27
342.00
68.13
433.54
7.41
431.36
257.70
160.98
0.32
0.34
1.83
0.37
2.08
0.94
1.83
1.62
0.71
0.62
0.00
0.06
2.26
0.72
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.07
0.00
1.26
0.58
0.31
0.75
0.55
0.77
1.18
0.98
0.42
0.34
0.00
0.08
0.62
0.39
1.89
6.64
7.21
2.88
19.47
14.32
11.13
9.39
14.72
2.40
2.31
0.11
2.19
4.61
6.30
3.20
27.40
1077.04
0.00
5.30
25.73
186.01
118.52
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
14.64
15.40
12.80
15.86
904.52
4.01
261.60
59.30
66.65
275.79
187.95
9.13
5.01
2.07
28.84
27.33
123.68
11.79
0.00
0.00
1.45
0.11
0.17
0.03
0.01
0.64
0.67
0.10
0.60
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.04
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.00
1.39
0.20
0.68
0.60
0.38
0.55
0.21
0.38
0.04
0.70
0.66
0.46
0.35
3.27
37.89
34.36
3.33
17.91
3.45
1.04
4.22
16.48
9.03
7.47
34.03
3.80
68.16
0.00
26.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
18.95
0.00
0.00
2.47
2.35
209.08
202.30
87.81
105.50
114.92
63.19
133.78
121.77
259.29
105.51
201.79
120.82
0.00
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.38
0.27
0.25
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.00
0.10
0.43
1.07
0.00
0.38
0.65
1.27
1.07
0.49
1.23
4.60
0.50
0.62
3.35
10.76
2.97
2.93
109.87
286.55
118.20
30.37
124.71
155.97
11.17
0.00
0.00
119.34
0.00
6.47
0.00
56.88
63.58
134.29
0.63
0.28
0.00
1.43
1.30
1.60
0.00
0.85
0.00
0.87
0.87
0.62
0.28
0.54
0.64
1.18
0.31
0.00
0.00
1.33
0.00
1.39
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.22
0.13
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.21
0.12
0.01
0.02
0.09
0.13
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.02
0.62
0.49
0.28
1.46
0.81
0.81
0.36
0.70
0.42
0.72
1.15
1.78
1.00
1.32
0.32
0.74
0.31
0.32
0.41
0.90
0.34
1.95
2.78
1.37
0.38
6.20
9.05
5.18
0.86
3.00
1.72
5.85
4.08
3.57
4.60
4.63
3.37
3.02
1.34
0.82
2.11
14.29
0.35
26.47
16.06
0.00
7.03
111.75
284.99
78.83
38.48
13.90
48.61
22.13
20.55
5.10
96.02
38.46
52.54
4.28
0.00
66.28
156.50
806.87
0.00
1217.04
47.67
21.04
0.00
33.85
59.39
17.59
0.00
17.02
0.00
7.22
13.32
26.15
116.40
6.06
57.84
16.33
31.79
0.00
0.00
1377.92
1.56
190.93
0.00
1.34
0.27
0.00
1.29
3.61
0.00
0.84
0.35
1.05
1.86
0.00
1.40
2.06
0.64
0.45
1.97
0.00
0.57
0.70
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.18
1.22
1.47
0.12
1.06
0.31
0.13
2.29
1.46
2.17
1.92
0.30
0.45
1.51
1.40
0.77
1.90
0.30
1.21
0.88
0.94
0.42
13.80
13.64
0.55
16.64
32.19
0.80
10.53
11.89
11.23
17.70
1.26
4.47
12.26
8.65
7.89
17.22
2.49
6.16
8.60
7.15
0.78
412.69
2027.18
6.78
348.90
990.20
42.44
194.29
2574.94
510.15
1096.01
11.34
10.92
960.36
46.69
3340.86
2180.54
24.68
111.34
2012.10
67.28
0.83
118.25
985.91
0.00
75.17
236.68
1.62
96.85
588.45
143.68
204.37
0.00
38.59
673.13
25.35
2057.97
469.52
11.78
60.09
738.85
23.21
0.92
0.02
0.50
6.37
192.33
27.48
0.00
1.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.66
0.20
0.04
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
1.08
0.18
0.00
0.00
1.50
0.70
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.34
0.73
0.51
0.46
0.51
0.78
0.41
0.80
0.32
0.06
0.53
0.43
0.45
0.81
0.42
0.33
0.81
0.25
0.64
1.36
0.15
0.14
0.80
1.65
0.93
1.78
0.39
0.85
1.83
3.34
5.35
1.50
0.46
3.26
3.20
6.26
3.88
2.25
1.01
3.55
1.31
0.72
1.73
1.88
1.32
3.62
1.35
7.19
3.86
1.70
0.48
3.63
12.10
4.12
2.16
1.64
8.15
23.74
0.00
45.90
7.04
0.00
33.92
87.64
150.93
38.10
7.47
0.00
8.31
23.64
1.32
3.46
17.31
4.60
6.27
7.83
34.72
48.14
21.60
2.40
27.01
47.46
14.12
0.00
7.82
132.04
193.53
0.00
103.00
0.00
2.35
0.00
31.33
6.44
0.01
195.35
3.55
43.08
2.81
5.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.47
12.10
15.54
0.00
2.60
334.86
3.51
0.00
2.52
26.60
Post-tax subsidies in US$ per capita (nominal)

Foregone
revenue
Local air
pollution
Congestion
Accidents
Total post-tax
subsidies
153.90
82.73
194.93
145.67
0.04
1038.77
107.09
32.45
83.92
112.59
278.94
375.50
811.13
90.65
53.26
805.55
36.80
351.93
531.30
617.67
0.45
122.12
68.40
229.22
51.19
527.08
273.56
383.61
147.79
28.97
29.23
353.71
320.83
568.61
158.98
30.76
15.45
321.17
0.00
20.30
339.08
0.00
0.00
75.58
0.00
0.00
58.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
334.52
108.04
1853.15
0.70
74.58
115.00
274.00
19.72
412.21
9.26
0.00
95.12
24.98
4.64
230.49
0.00
381.81
28.45
9.57
3.20
44.23
0.00
11.77
26.68
0.00
0.00
19.54
0.00
0.00
13.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
35.53
105.88
89.64
0.24
12.43
30.86
28.73
13.83
63.94
7.43
0.00
23.57
2.08
0.61
61.91
0.00
151.02
33.80
2.83
1.72
20.62
0.00
4.68
12.53
0.00
0.00
7.45
0.00
0.00
6.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
17.68
20.29
4.60
0.21
1.91
59.70
26.82
2.64
35.40
1.04
0.00
8.22
1.68
0.00
9.97
0.00
24.93
157.04
82.38
187.75
114.82
0.01
51.23
253.11
10.09
5.86
90.46
64.33
5.19
32.29
1.28
34.09
14.86
52.61
80.08
89.12
458.87
19.65
105.34
15.41
36.25
12.02
52.21
42.94
7.88
44.48
24.34
89.26
81.89
60.47
165.84
1055.26
372.74
826.06
1094.23
0.06
1440.76
921.95
85.66
249.55
417.68
622.68
534.41
1152.91
137.16
236.77
1026.73
214.26
1113.88
1227.08
3468.42
21.48
588.43
490.46
778.64
182.79
1281.89
520.55
529.15
443.62
129.60
162.36
1136.96
572.64
1912.91
29.84
113.86
342.40
48.09
477.40
36.16
0.18
38.12
7.08
0.40
11.24
9.13
1.88
76.84
69.70
20.06
144.62
56.81
0.26
2.70
13.26
0.38
3.68
0.28
56.37
115.07
95.35
48.09
94.63
84.34
152.16
726.46
774.67
167.04
1378.33
446.06
7.18
1044.65
4.21
128.47
1558.26
16.55
0.00
24.33
0.06
17.01
0.00
1.25
0.00
174.35
6.16
123.83
0.00
24.35
0.00
6.82
0.00
2.70
0.00
0.03
25.51
224.01
14.24
202.58
100.54
97.35
100.81
2211.76
66.92
2067.67
2122.77
642.52
8.59
382.81
2.32
976.59
88.29
55.92
176.34
281.56
4.08
3.46
0.11
20.67
12.73
130.60
0.30
0.18
119.95
0.23
31.91
2.06
20.16
91.18
13.17
0.76
0.55
0.00
6.59
0.51
21.31
0.00
3.26
135.90
18.82
25.94
31.37
32.99
191.60
64.80
7.90
4.29
0.00
1.72
72.45
40.68
0.00
0.28
7.75
1.02
1.48
1.04
1.94
4.55
1.30
0.13
0.32
0.00
1.05
0.21
3.82
0.00
13.03
230.43
3.22
52.35
8.33
26.97
123.74
39.24
4.63
2.39
0.07
2.22
19.80
21.85
35.91
68.59
2858.40
29.62
1355.16
216.13
390.65
981.72
588.01
26.74
16.02
2.25
61.08
147.67
357.34
60.81
15.45
1531.93
2094.99
253.62
746.26
262.31
60.21
329.95
984.12
830.92
428.67
1789.01
202.55
0.00
0.00
36.99
9.36
5.50
4.82
0.60
25.42
13.05
8.84
11.99
0.00
34.21
0.00
0.00
106.00
14.63
8.23
4.59
0.98
100.31
47.55
13.52
53.07
0.00
11.70
0.00
0.00
1.18
2.94
1.08
0.12
0.63
14.04
2.57
0.98
5.31
0.00
0.15
63.27
9.35
50.09
80.70
18.86
74.06
32.22
60.46
3.02
95.22
58.27
27.49
37.79
149.23
1750.35
2517.79
449.07
885.44
460.83
157.85
663.96
1172.08
1227.71
662.81
2018.30
409.69
0.00
60.35
0.00
0.22
0.00
4.23
44.59
135.93
0.00
18.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.26
61.69
56.53
0.00
31.42
0.00
0.00
0.00
38.52
30.69
40.03
0.00
3.72
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.18
0.41
16.37
58.82
157.28
0.00
57.06
30.24
35.46
119.96
76.78
168.69
676.82
118.20
94.12
154.95
300.50
332.10
459.94
48.18
18.18
0.00
25.13
14.81
3.95
0.00
2.64
0.00
1.73
4.80
10.53
55.29
0.65
38.69
5.45
7.14
0.00
0.00
171.19
0.08
124.44
10.21
23.70
0.00
20.30
39.77
1.01
0.00
14.90
0.00
2.10
5.52
17.07
82.87
3.96
90.98
14.66
8.13
0.00
0.00
111.77
0.00
219.45
50.55
29.59
0.00
84.37
77.34
61.32
0.00
29.37
0.00
7.17
19.94
31.82
30.25
9.90
66.83
50.49
20.35
0.00
0.00
274.84
0.00
104.97
0.95
0.35
0.00
3.71
13.31
4.94
0.00
1.97
0.00
1.72
2.78
0.71
1.74
1.63
14.10
6.19
0.19
0.00
0.00
19.65
0.00
1.25
50.01
51.21
19.57
85.61
48.34
31.04
27.76
24.31
15.86
5.89
26.19
90.73
106.99
24.19
33.19
31.67
20.16
42.69
37.53
185.48
55.22
147.47
223.64
144.06
26.60
364.74
537.96
198.67
66.24
104.11
64.48
47.97
93.11
182.12
489.55
84.84
354.17
129.08
87.76
108.97
194.03
2947.72
56.86
2005.55
0.00
41.59
126.66
0.00
21.36
56.52
0.30
36.02
681.74
93.12
53.02
0.00
23.50
160.00
8.85
878.61
369.43
0.60
17.48
164.89
1.39
0.00
55.47
180.67
0.00
11.03
63.24
0.00
54.72
710.83
60.00
132.96
0.00
8.54
70.56
2.69
310.20
309.63
2.51
0.12
204.71
2.14
0.00
75.39
75.27
0.00
41.30
172.09
0.00
43.62
156.32
105.66
199.50
0.00
44.15
441.22
8.12
449.75
491.65
0.00
24.51
314.00
0.00
0.00
1.88
1.81
0.00
1.47
1.59
0.00
2.06
3.64
0.35
3.19
0.00
1.37
2.05
0.71
8.54
2.64
0.90
0.41
4.43
0.19
1.24
68.38
410.29
1.95
33.87
14.92
8.32
118.54
657.52
218.98
205.53
3.54
14.17
324.15
17.85
765.46
474.05
5.55
52.02
391.14
14.21
2.84
773.66
3807.77
8.73
533.09
1535.23
52.67
546.11
5373.44
1131.93
1894.56
14.88
141.26
2631.48
110.26
7811.40
4297.46
46.01
265.97
3830.14
108.43
20.97
17.99
48.09
0.85
26.27
333.97
0.00
32.29
0.00
0.35
0.00
0.47
0.04
0.00
1.15
0.21
6.96
0.12
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
1.24
2.08
0.00
0.08
145.51
0.13
0.00
0.06
0.39
0.00
13.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.62
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
9.60
0.09
0.84
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
18.28
2.87
0.00
0.00
61.15
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
133.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.54
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.44
25.23
0.79
2.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.57
61.12
5.56
0.00
0.00
99.05
5.03
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.48
0.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.73
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
26.90
52.23
3.61
1.41
6.76
28.47
13.26
11.62
1.26
12.42
2.74
52.47
8.33
10.61
5.05
1.55
1.81
1.77
3.77
76.83
4.76
0.97
8.35
108.87
6.68
11.31
2.40
15.74
18.46
26.90
380.76
10.64
1.41
43.38
116.11
201.66
56.19
8.73
208.92
18.38
161.47
13.46
22.78
22.37
6.15
8.08
9.60
42.63
217.71
52.41
3.37
38.03
798.62
29.60
13.76
10.22
150.35
238.99
Country
Advanced
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong SAR
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Moldova
Nominal GDP US$,

billions
Population,
millions
1534.60
448.08
536.14
1873.33
21.41
208.87
361.33
27.41
280.67
2935.36
3908.79
252.42
312.39
17.22
252.64
321.24
2152.99
4881.91
1560.57
66.01
10.61
891.55
211.37
523.19
231.97
320.24
103.21
50.71
1421.71
572.69
680.11
545.64
3002.95
18286.69
23.87
8.56
11.24
35.88
0.90
10.53
5.63
1.32
5.51
64.21
81.36
10.98
7.31
0.33
4.65
8.37
60.24
126.73
50.64
0.57
0.43
16.94
4.56
5.21
10.40
5.52
5.42
2.06
46.39
9.83
8.19
23.49
64.94
321.24
11.47
85.44
81.63
17.46
248.68
8.24
8.11
3.30
9.46
9.42
4.46
17.68
5.76
3.56
Russia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
2098.85
9.69
54.24
136.07
67.89
143.70
8.48
5.89
42.68
30.97

Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
209.32
17.54
18.35
11285.13
2247.58
914.97
375.63
12.22
73.62
21.23
20.33
330.26
78.50
397.47
204.54
159.86
0.42
15.54
1374.96
1276.27
255.08
30.78
2.97
51.85
28.43
7.72
101.42
21.11
68.84
91.58
Emerging Europe
Albania
Bulgaria
Croatia
FYR Macedonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Montenegro, Rep. of
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Turkey
14.52
20.47
57.60
59.91
11.83
132.18
34.12
51.00
4.95
593.76
215.30
42.96
861.08
2.76
3.86
7.17
4.24
2.07
9.86
2.03
2.93
0.63
38.02
19.83
7.16
77.74

Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas, The
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
1.28
539.94
9.31
4.40
1.73
37.31
2356.78
279.65
427.14
0.09
42.43
0.36
0.28
0.36
11.46
204.45
18.01
48.21
Costa Rica
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
St. Kitts and Nevis
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Afghanistan
Algeria
Bahrain
Djibouti
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Tunisia
Yemen
Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola
Benin
54.40
0.53
64.17
106.87
26.24
0.87
62.63
3.33
9.42
20.26
14.19
1367.30
12.28
49.14
34.85
217.61
0.85
5.65
30.71
58.06
226.32
4.84
0.07
10.79
16.28
6.38
0.11
16.27
0.80
10.60
8.43
2.81
121.09
6.30
4.01
7.02
31.91
0.06
0.56
1.36
3.42
30.93
23.23
238.46
35.07
1.74
324.27
417.27
240.01
39.34
180.97
50.81
63.04
4.46
121.88
81.64
227.10
805.22
64.50
50.03
440.18
50.97
32.01
39.47
1.22
0.97
88.43
78.97
36.98
6.82
4.11
4.55
6.31
3.71
33.50
4.23
190.01
2.41
31.39
38.44
11.11
9.58
28.28
141.76
10.13
25.11
10.86
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Congo, Republic of
Cte d'Ivoire
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
17.74
14.83
34.40
2.11
15.12
38.17
35.57
13.85
55.52
21.72
32.61
69.98
2.66
11.82
4.98
13.07
18.60
13.07
657.22
8.76
16.85
352.53
40.24
26.92
28.86
14.38
2.13
17.93
23.11
0.52
4.37
23.31
81.68
0.80
92.98
1.61
26.89
44.08
1.92
24.24
18.11
16.29
27.12
2.21
178.72
11.40
14.97
54.86
49.10
39.19
15.52
13.41

Petroleum
Coal
Natural Gas
15.65
1.71
5.50
30.30
0.00
1.27
4.28
0.00
0.00
16.65
2.97
0.28
1.15
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
102.08
29.01
1.94
0.02
2.14
1.74
3.57
0.81
6.40
0.25
0.00
14.14
1.15
0.83
12.51
0.28
406.73
10.45
1.11
2.58
4.92
0.00
15.16
0.82
0.02
1.13
6.93
40.80
5.88
7.82
0.05
0.62
8.53
4.02
34.06
34.88
0.02
0.00
2.69
0.29
0.39
0.93
0.17
2.22
1.11
6.27
0.54
0.07
14.42
28.62
203.37
3.97
1.00
2.14
10.82
0.00
1.15
0.69
0.10
0.32
6.54
11.87
0.44
0.67
0.00
0.60
0.78
9.25
20.96
9.07
0.17
0.00
5.25
0.47
0.68
0.47
1.27
0.76
0.09
3.77
0.16
0.61
3.31
12.34
89.09
0.14
2.77
2.65
0.49
8.29
0.94
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.17
14.33
0.33
0.04
0.28
1.70
2.36
0.25
3.63
0.05
0.32
Electricity
0.00
1.34
0.07
0.93
0.38
1.09
0.85
Post-tax subsidies
Total
Petroleum
30.06
3.82
10.21
46.04
0.00
17.58
5.78
0.13
1.45
30.12
55.64
6.60
9.64
0.09
1.22
9.31
13.27
157.09
72.95
2.14
0.02
10.08
2.51
4.64
2.22
7.85
3.24
1.20
24.18
1.85
1.51
31.58
41.23
699.18
1.02
0.38
1.03
1.62
0.00
0.61
1.18
0.00
0.00
0.57
0.08
0.11
0.37
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.09
1.86
2.94
0.21
0.24
0.83
0.68
0.35
2.00
0.24
0.00
0.99
0.20
0.12
2.29
0.01
2.22
0.50
5.40
5.73
0.91
27.34
2.18
0.46
1.24
3.24
3.25
2.79
3.33
11.45
1.15
138.99
0.18
5.29
0.41
1.01
92.74
0.09
0.00
66.78
0.79
70.34
0.02
6.85
10.40
13.95
33.38
0.40
0.42
5.05
2.10
335.44
0.69
12.57
82.63
17.85
6.62
1.90
9.75
0.30
1.48
1.53
0.46
0.51
111.72
72.19
48.80
14.94
1.14
1.07
0.22
0.49
0.00
0.00
2133.75
195.82
11.12
5.13
1.43
0.35
0.20
0.00
3.73
0.29
10.07
0.00
4.26
0.45
0.00
26.41
9.29
4.48
4.20
0.00
0.25
0.00
0.02
0.48
0.00
4.38
1.51
2.56
0.05
8.84
0.95
0.51
2271.88
277.31
69.22
24.27
2.56
1.67
0.42
0.02
8.58
2.56
26.34
6.33
0.73
2.60
2.77
0.99
3.21
5.33
3.98
9.30
1.45
1.04
0.06
7.53
17.40
1.07
2.02
3.27
0.06
0.41
0.78
47.64
11.44
14.67
24.16
0.00
0.04
0.29
0.34
0.02
1.57
0.25
0.60
0.00
3.25
1.75
0.24
5.33
0.22
0.28
7.57
19.50
2.22
2.22
5.21
0.46
2.24
0.83
54.20
14.03
14.91
38.88
0.00
0.00
3.14
1.35
1.55
0.28
0.42
2.41
1.00
0.56
0.39
0.00
1.09
0.00
0.65
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.59
1.67
1.28
0.00
8.96
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.53
3.00
0.45
1.02
0.01
7.37
0.06
0.02
0.05
0.23
9.45
0.00
1.84
0.01
17.53
0.06
0.02
0.05
2.53
55.44
9.27
12.67
4.37
2.27
11.88
0.00
0.00
1.81
0.81
0.18
0.37
0.14
1.23
0.05
3.31
0.84
0.00
9.39
0.55
1.77
39.40
7.15
8.54
0.00
0.00
4.82
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.82
1.32
2.90
2.99
0.10
4.74
1.67
2.56
2.00
0.77
0.03
0.00
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
2.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.82
0.00
0.00
1.97
0.01
7.08
0.03
5.79
1.48
0.00
5.76
38.35
0.49
0.09
2.00
0.03
0.45
0.00
0.15
2.46
7.40
5.17
9.50
0.00
0.61
18.22
0.09
0.06
2.36
1.44
0.01
2.94
11.16
0.00
0.61
1.68
2.12
0.00
0.06
1.09
4.37
1.35
6.78
85.99
1.37
0.10
6.99
0.10
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.22
0.00
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.72
0.00
1.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.52
0.00
1.28
3.23
0.17
0.09
23.87
3.94
0.01
32.35
108.53
0.49
1.42
14.10
5.25
6.44
0.06
1.96
7.27
10.15
14.47
106.56
1.37
2.00
28.96
0.36
3.82
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.38
0.00
4.28
0.00
2.42
5.58
0.83
1.08
0.11
0.12
0.28
22.58
0.25
1.24
0.50
0.87
1.44
0.26
31.56
15.62
1.02
23.58
58.81
0.68
10.37
3.05
6.00
0.00
1.35
0.39
0.58
0.01
0.25
0.05
0.22
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.28
0.22
0.13
0.00
0.01
0.11
0.56
6.43
0.43
0.00
2.51
11.06
0.79
0.00
4.07
6.04
1.40
0.01
1.43
0.05
0.34
0.12
0.30
30.86
0.54
1.47
0.63
1.83
0.01
0.11
4.00
0.26
45.17
1.41
3.77
5.22
3.15
1.72
1.17
0.58
2.01
1.65
2.06
2.53
1.43
0.40
4.70
0.44
13.95
6.55
2.92
7.27
14.09
1.73
5.73
6.00
9.51
0.89
5.36
2.99
10.68
2.13
0.20
1.59
0.19
2.69
0.01
0.40
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.00
1.11
0.06
0.65
0.93
0.11
0.33
2.70
0.00
17.52
0.49
0.11
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.04
24.14
0.02
0.00
0.05
0.42
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.14
0.22
0.00
0.17
0.00
0.04
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.00
1.75
0.00
0.00
0.43
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.19
0.89
0.06
0.73
1.20
0.79
0.62
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.04
0.14
0.15
0.16
1.10
0.16
0.45
0.04
0.37
4.28
0.86
0.41
2.24
2.94
0.71
0.19
0.93
0.06
0.88
1.48
0.79
0.17
1.76
0.10
0.70
1.16
0.04
0.14
0.15
0.16
1.29
0.50
4.91
0.04
0.42
46.38
1.48
0.41
2.40
3.37
2.28
0.01
0.01
0.17
0.00
2.01
0.27
1.98
1.33
0.57
2.54
0.41
0.00
4.97
1.21
0.39
0.00
Post-tax subsidies as a percent of GDP

Coal
Natural Gas
0.68
0.25
0.48
0.26
0.00
7.26
0.23
0.08
0.40
0.24
1.04
2.33
2.50
0.30
0.24
2.66
0.19
0.70
2.24
0.04
0.00
0.30
0.14
0.08
0.40
0.05
2.15
2.19
0.44
0.09
0.01
2.64
0.95
1.11
0.26
0.22
0.40
0.58
0.00
0.55
0.19
0.38
0.11
0.22
0.30
0.17
0.21
0.00
0.24
0.24
0.43
0.43
0.58
0.26
0.00
0.59
0.22
0.13
0.20
0.40
0.74
0.18
0.26
0.03
0.09
0.61
0.41
0.49
0.01
0.00
0.41
0.99
5.76
4.01
0.54
2.48
1.99
2.89
1.44
1.46
0.65
3.95
Electricity
0.00
0.25
0.62
1.09
0.47
0.44
10.30
Post-tax subsidies in US$ per capita

Total
Petroleum
Coal
1.96
0.85
1.90
2.46
0.00
8.42
1.60
0.46
0.52
1.03
1.42
2.61
3.08
0.51
0.48
2.90
0.62
3.22
4.67
3.24
0.21
1.13
1.19
0.89
0.96
2.45
3.14
2.38
1.70
0.32
0.22
5.79
1.37
3.82
655.43
200.18
489.23
844.70
0.00
120.64
759.42
0.00
0.00
259.29
36.47
25.28
157.71
110.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
805.50
572.77
3401.55
53.45
126.53
382.26
685.75
78.11
1159.23
46.59
0.00
304.86
116.98
101.39
532.66
4.25
1266.12
437.67
129.38
229.21
137.03
0.07
1439.42
145.65
16.94
205.75
107.97
501.54
535.78
1069.73
157.80
132.71
1019.49
66.68
268.74
688.78
42.45
0.00
158.94
64.07
75.50
89.82
31.13
409.39
539.40
135.17
54.44
9.01
613.84
440.71
633.08
4.35
6.32
7.02
5.22
11.00
26.41
5.64
43.05
292.43
281.74
109.34
468.81
163.92
26.17
0.46
0.23
35.49
38.60
810.32
57.44
12.41
4.42
0.95
0.00
49.08
1.17
3.35
0.19
12.64
7.64
20.55
1.59
4.12
0.78
3.71
3.09
15.98
7.15
23.17
60.73
26.29
967.20
21.67
898.44
9.59
32.53
645.36
10.83
0.00
1564.44
25.62
0.23
0.00
0.00
18.91
8.71
1.21
1.37
11.67
0.48
0.95
0.00
1.13
0.37
2.53
0.00
2.04
2.54
0.00
0.23
0.41
0.49
1.12
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.12
0.14
0.00
1.10
0.74
1.22
0.30
4.22
5.44
2.77
20.13
12.34
7.57
6.46
20.97
2.27
1.99
0.12
2.60
3.26
6.63
3.09
9.56
1085.57
32.67
81.26
56.56
191.31
485.36
382.83
20.57
7.74
3.05
0.00
0.00
1551.87
153.44
43.58
166.73
480.43
6.79
7.11
0.00
36.78
13.62
146.30
0.00
0.38
36.80
30.22
1.79
17.04
2.47
0.18
0.81
15.72
8.02
5.31
34.16
2.81
0.01
0.18
0.50
0.57
0.15
1.19
0.74
1.17
0.00
0.55
0.81
0.55
0.62
1.55
1.94
36.98
33.85
3.70
18.74
3.94
1.34
4.39
16.72
9.13
6.52
34.70
4.51
0.00
0.00
252.09
191.35
88.37
37.75
70.92
420.21
79.01
87.15
42.55
0.00
120.80
0.00
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.60
0.30
0.00
1.66
0.00
0.05
0.00
1.41
0.13
0.16
0.24
1.12
1.36
0.62
0.49
3.16
0.61
0.40
0.00
0.43
1.12
3.25
0.62
0.54
3.16
6.77
2.35
3.32
2.97
0.00
0.00
0.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.35
43.13
107.67
172.64
13.08
154.45
192.73
397.07
177.16
20.03
1950.27
2428.73
252.48
972.50
331.39
29.50
140.86
1245.20
1253.03
577.13
2048.36
310.77
0.00
15.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
17.55
92.77
26.46
0.05
0.00
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.38
0.00
0.00
6.41
0.01
3.13
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.00
0.10
0.03
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.59
0.00
0.14
2.43
4.21
0.00
1.77
9.19
0.21
0.22
1.10
0.06
0.71
0.00
0.12
3.02
0.25
0.99
4.11
0.49
0.91
2.67
0.00
1.56
0.93
4.17
0.00
1.29
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.12
0.00
2.28
1.18
0.00
1.23
4.14
0.18
1.11
1.37
2.56
0.73
0.34
0.39
10.01
11.23
0.49
9.98
26.01
0.21
3.62
7.79
10.32
10.22
1.29
1.61
8.90
0.00
6.37
13.23
2.13
4.01
6.58
0.70
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.27
0.00
3.02
0.01
0.32
2.10
0.37
2.20
0.77
0.39
1.59
2.39
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.30
0.45
0.37
0.00
0.75
1.95
1.81
2.84
0.53
1.46
0.32
6.34
5.65
5.35
0.77
2.28
1.59
3.56
0.58
2.12
2.26
4.37
2.98
1.80
0.84
0.75
1.95
13.04
0.45
19.96
158.18
223.97
342.94
129.52
66.23
10.39
13.85
101.24
186.45
40.17
310.50
71.24
27.24
1062.31
74.69
1020.39
5.58
0.00
16.61
0.00
0.03
0.00
6.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.52
16.88
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.31
0.00
0.00
29.06
0.28
3.06
32.51
1034.52
7.11
2810.29
2739.88
35.77
9.09
730.00
3.40
0.00
2.51
0.00
0.00
0.88
2.74
0.00
6.01
11.60
11.47
0.00
0.00
21.50
0.00
7.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.72
54.29
0.00
152.00
0.11
0.00
0.00
395.65
837.39
266.63
744.69
99.84
2522.13
669.08
950.95
1.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.26
6.85
0.04
0.00
0.17
2.95
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.93
0.57
0.00
1.23
0.00
0.18
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.47
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.02
0.12
0.29
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.62
1.30
2.59
2.81
4.85
3.15
2.23
1.12
0.00
0.00
0.27
1.68
1.22
2.99
1.21
5.91
1.26
0.07
0.45
2.20
1.22
2.13
1.51
7.76
20.48
4.03
1.30
2.72
2.81
5.79
3.88
2.23
1.23
3.17
0.45
2.14
1.66
1.68
1.22
2.99
1.21
6.96
3.82
0.75
0.45
2.48
13.16
3.67
1.51
8.31
23.42
190.24
0.22
0.46
2.70
0.00
11.98
36.10
24.01
21.07
3.91
150.27
15.13
0.00
319.31
9.91
7.22
0.00
93.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.18
0.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
1.38
0.03
0.00
2.96
440.07
0.31
0.00
3.08
31.61
-tax subsidies in US$ per capita (nominal)

Natural Gas
166.16
116.49
190.29
301.62
0.00
109.42
121.96
78.22
57.37
101.87
145.84
39.83
91.45
0.00
129.08
93.23
153.64
165.37
179.05
303.17
0.00
309.74
103.69
129.60
45.48
230.44
140.69
44.31
81.20
16.77
74.05
140.74
190.01
277.32
86.18
179.84
250.59
56.40
205.49
9.25
90.11
Electricity
0.00
56.92
21.47
98.44
40.75
61.76
147.52
Total
1259.26
446.04
908.74
1283.35
0.07
1669.48
1027.03
95.15
263.12
469.13
683.85
600.90
1318.89
268.08
261.79
1112.73
220.32
1239.60
1440.60
3747.17
53.45
595.20
550.02
890.85
213.41
1420.80
596.67
583.72
521.23
188.20
184.46
1344.15
634.97
2176.53
151.16
570.94
608.58
204.35
1546.39
378.13
128.69
489.49
2.14
1163.89
243.61
450.49
232.27
47.05
71.95
118.20
67.67
2334.31
81.70
2134.28
1935.84
576.31
26.68
1062.62
0.00
19.21
7.28
17.58
136.43
0.00
4.81
0.00
3.15
4.72
0.00
63.65
16.53
15.99
126.94
55.29
2275.14
32.67
1652.33
217.28
271.36
788.52
863.26
32.17
14.85
3.15
84.62
121.29
382.59
69.12
0.75
9.32
39.92
80.13
8.69
159.52
125.06
203.50
0.00
85.53
88.13
32.86
68.52
81.32
102.11
1959.59
2720.74
523.96
1069.57
528.67
225.48
764.57
1324.21
1425.71
707.81
2081.22
500.08
0.00
211.08
0.00
7.83
0.00
46.01
14.65
25.23
21.15
160.82
173.59
157.73
76.67
150.48
19.93
46.24
0.00
38.12
160.82
413.08
157.73
84.50
150.48
220.39
271.17
515.08
262.88
0.00
0.00
18.90
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
52.59
0.00
0.00
11.46
3.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
51.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
25.73
0.00
0.00
1449.48
2.34
228.89
1.02
146.70
1207.62
0.00
65.08
485.56
13.37
12.92
486.44
6.30
70.69
0.00
4.40
582.32
38.96
2143.83
302.60
0.00
55.28
1901.53
3.20
3.26
0.00
23.86
124.96
24.12
90.62
62.51
15.20
66.04
21.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
44.92
55.19
18.22
0.00
104.32
197.16
409.10
207.94
1.84
59.83
1179.72
8.84
33.20
141.34
0.00
89.90
409.78
465.14
0.00
15.53
163.75
23.86
377.00
370.73
220.17
62.51
87.80
66.04
31.59
13.85
106.76
254.87
85.09
365.68
89.46
57.29
104.32
197.16
2949.95
77.31
1460.28
115.28
337.03
6.08
2.86
604.70
3224.74
8.84
365.79
1374.33
13.37
208.67
3429.95
1151.99
1021.64
15.53
58.41
1718.97
53.41
5995.25
3395.03
35.77
180.37
3022.85
12.69
15.12
0.00
170.38
0.11
102.13
0.00
1041.12
352.54
0.00
0.00
1.61
0.00
32.16
9.27
0.01
212.22
0.00
24.76
1.82
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.21
0.00
9.81
0.00
0.19
7.90
2.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
51.58
10.78
38.60
112.93
167.90
51.51
9.69
6.66
0.00
0.00
4.36
23.35
5.96
8.22
9.69
40.52
74.27
2.50
3.43
24.75
78.10
17.44
10.37
144.29
219.65
335.49
10.78
40.43
112.93
200.52
63.48
9.70
212.22
18.95
60.86
26.01
26.41
23.35
5.96
8.22
9.69
47.74
225.92
27.48
3.43
27.90
845.37
30.08
10.37
154.60
251.26
Country
Advanced
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong SAR
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Nominal GDP US$,

billions
Population,
millions
1534.60
448.08
536.14
1873.33
21.41
208.87
361.33
27.41
280.67
2935.36
3908.79
252.42
312.39
17.22
252.64
321.24
2152.99
4881.91
1560.57
66.01
10.61
891.55
211.37
523.19
231.97
320.24
103.21
50.71
1421.71
572.69
680.11
545.64
3002.95
18286.69
23.87
8.56
11.24
35.88
0.90
10.53
5.63
1.32
5.51
64.21
81.36
10.98
7.31
0.33
4.65
8.37
60.24
126.73
50.64
0.57
0.43
16.94
4.56
5.21
10.40
5.52
5.42
2.06
46.39
9.83
8.19
23.49
64.94
321.24
11.47
85.44
81.63
17.46
248.68
8.24
3.30
9.46
9.42
4.46
17.68
5.76
Moldova
Russia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
8.11
2098.85
9.69
54.24
136.07
67.89
3.56
143.70
8.48
5.89
42.68
30.97

Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
209.32
17.54
18.35
11285.13
2247.58
914.97
375.63
12.22
73.62
21.23
20.33
330.26
78.50
397.47
204.54
159.86
0.42
15.54
1374.96
1276.27
255.08
30.78
2.97
51.85
28.43
7.72
101.42
21.11
68.84
91.58
Emerging Europe
Albania
Bulgaria
Croatia
FYR Macedonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Montenegro, Rep. of
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Turkey
14.52
20.47
57.60
59.91
11.83
132.18
34.12
51.00
4.95
593.76
215.30
42.96
861.08
2.76
3.86
7.17
4.24
2.07
9.86
2.03
2.93
0.63
38.02
19.83
7.16
77.74

Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas, The
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
1.28
539.94
9.31
4.40
1.73
37.31
2356.78
279.65
0.09
42.43
0.36
0.28
0.36
11.46
204.45
18.01
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
St. Kitts and Nevis
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Afghanistan
Algeria
Bahrain
Djibouti
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Tunisia
Yemen
Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola
427.14
54.40
0.53
64.17
106.87
26.24
0.87
62.63
3.33
9.42
20.26
14.19
1367.30
12.28
49.14
34.85
217.61
0.85
5.65
30.71
58.06
226.32
48.21
4.84
0.07
10.79
16.28
6.38
0.11
16.27
0.80
10.60
8.43
2.81
121.09
6.30
4.01
7.02
31.91
0.06
0.56
1.36
3.42
30.93
23.23
238.46
35.07
1.74
324.27
417.27
240.01
39.34
180.97
50.81
63.04
4.46
121.88
81.64
227.10
805.22
64.50
50.03
440.18
50.97
32.01
39.47
1.22
0.97
88.43
78.97
36.98
6.82
4.11
4.55
6.31
3.71
33.50
4.23
190.01
2.41
31.39
38.44
11.11
9.58
28.28
141.76
25.11
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Congo, Republic of
Cte d'Ivoire
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
10.13
17.74
14.83
34.40
2.11
15.12
38.17
35.57
13.85
55.52
21.72
32.61
69.98
2.66
11.82
4.98
13.07
18.60
13.07
657.22
8.76
16.85
352.53
40.24
26.92
28.86
14.38
10.86
2.13
17.93
23.11
0.52
4.37
23.31
81.68
0.80
92.98
1.61
26.89
44.08
1.92
24.24
18.11
16.29
27.12
2.21
178.72
11.40
14.97
54.86
49.10
39.19
15.52
13.41

Pre-tax
subsidies
Global
warming
Local air
pollution
Congestion
Accidents
Road damage
0.82
0.14
3.03
1.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
3.26
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.01
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.41
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.49
13.29
13.74
1.50
2.08
17.20
0.00
3.86
1.19
0.06
0.96
8.07
21.91
1.66
1.95
0.02
0.68
1.91
8.24
42.29
22.11
0.29
0.00
5.08
1.05
0.96
1.00
1.20
1.17
0.31
6.45
0.59
0.37
10.70
13.74
219.19
4.38
0.87
2.46
6.05
0.00
12.44
0.66
0.05
0.48
8.04
24.55
4.60
6.70
0.03
0.29
7.17
2.28
49.33
31.71
0.38
0.00
2.14
0.35
1.37
0.60
3.21
1.70
0.87
8.32
0.41
0.25
9.76
23.35
206.56
5.73
0.49
0.51
14.89
0.00
0.35
2.35
0.00
0.00
6.08
0.00
0.00
0.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
48.48
6.83
1.18
0.01
1.19
0.59
1.68
0.27
2.56
0.08
0.00
5.46
0.55
0.21
6.69
0.00
147.10
1.07
0.15
0.11
2.08
0.00
0.20
0.19
0.00
0.00
1.57
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.16
6.77
0.06
0.00
0.20
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.40
0.06
0.00
1.35
0.05
0.03
1.80
0.00
58.26
1.02
0.05
0.06
0.88
0.00
0.08
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.51
1.23
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.30
0.16
0.04
0.21
0.01
0.00
0.47
0.04
0.00
0.28
0.00
9.48
0.00
0.88
0.10
0.00
1.98
0.67
0.24
1.44
2.09
0.28
11.07
0.45
0.11
1.08
2.35
0.28
9.59
0.23
0.00
0.32
0.03
0.00
0.22
0.05
0.00
0.64
0.28
0.14
2.88
0.33
0.00
0.03
0.08
0.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
42.82
0.32
5.80
7.98
8.09
0.30
69.72
0.10
3.32
11.46
5.84
0.05
159.47
0.05
1.06
59.33
0.51
0.00
4.02
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.02
0.01
28.99
0.10
1.01
0.00
0.46
0.00
1.06
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
2.48
0.14
0.00
0.00
11.28
9.60
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.00
1.12
2.73
0.44
0.06
433.36
85.88
20.13
9.06
0.77
0.47
0.14
0.02
3.70
0.55
9.79
1.29
1.10
0.18
0.04
1733.93
135.65
16.92
4.98
1.20
0.23
0.11
0.00
2.67
0.29
9.88
0.03
0.02
0.06
0.00
25.58
2.13
6.10
2.46
0.08
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.95
0.01
1.85
0.00
0.31
0.06
0.33
21.76
33.86
9.98
5.18
0.38
0.52
0.09
0.00
0.27
1.21
3.78
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.98
0.96
0.59
0.12
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.29
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.77
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.01
0.93
1.59
0.46
0.27
1.34
0.16
0.46
0.09
11.55
2.19
1.60
11.02
0.05
6.61
16.66
1.20
1.83
3.03
0.19
1.12
0.70
36.85
10.57
13.13
17.77
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.08
0.02
0.09
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.38
0.02
0.00
4.83
0.00
0.00
0.67
0.13
0.04
0.08
0.01
0.35
0.03
0.58
0.10
0.00
1.65
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
8.76
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.70
1.70
0.00
0.00
4.42
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.76
11.97
2.79
0.00
0.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
6.84
2.66
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
9.62
1.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.51
4.86
0.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.06
0.33
0.83
0.00
0.00
1.20
1.64
0.51
0.00
0.15
0.04
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.24
0.17
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.80
0.00
23.67
2.78
0.12
0.00
0.43
1.11
0.15
0.00
0.26
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.05
11.31
0.05
0.25
0.07
0.96
0.00
0.00
2.12
0.01
6.04
2.76
0.09
0.00
0.36
0.27
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
3.88
0.00
0.16
0.03
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.25
0.00
3.31
0.63
0.15
0.00
0.23
0.72
0.01
0.00
0.21
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.03
4.75
0.03
0.40
0.06
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.00
5.85
3.26
0.20
0.00
0.96
1.40
0.49
0.00
0.43
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.06
1.69
0.08
0.30
0.19
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.00
2.80
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.24
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.01
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.03
0.03
8.79
1.62
0.01
15.67
62.32
0.41
0.48
3.28
2.28
2.69
0.05
0.25
0.94
3.21
3.73
37.19
0.53
1.04
12.64
0.11
0.03
5.31
1.36
0.00
7.39
20.74
0.06
0.18
2.59
0.76
1.27
0.00
0.81
2.84
3.98
5.30
16.89
0.53
0.58
7.57
0.13
0.00
1.83
0.17
0.00
2.01
4.72
0.01
0.03
2.79
0.46
0.25
0.00
0.34
0.60
1.08
2.08
12.77
0.03
0.05
1.25
0.01
0.00
2.44
0.24
0.00
1.04
5.28
0.00
0.11
2.91
0.34
0.63
0.00
0.04
0.26
0.07
0.73
10.70
0.11
0.00
1.60
0.00
0.00
3.31
0.10
0.00
3.89
14.37
0.00
0.12
0.64
0.61
0.95
0.00
0.18
1.64
0.17
1.06
16.99
0.00
0.00
2.63
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.09
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.96
0.73
0.55
0.42
1.06
0.02
0.00
0.10
0.14
0.77
0.05
0.69
0.99
0.68
0.00
0.67
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.04
0.11
0.12
0.13
1.05
0.11
0.92
0.03
0.28
2.51
0.75
0.32
2.06
2.70
0.00
0.21
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.13
0.18
0.00
0.15
0.40
0.05
0.22
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.03
2.41
0.00
0.04
20.34
0.18
0.00
0.05
0.41
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.00
8.37
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.18
0.00
0.00
3.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.41
0.01
0.24
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.16
0.35
0.00
0.00
6.01
0.22
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
inal)
Post-tax subsidies as a percent of

Foregone
consumption tax
revenue
Total post-tax
subsidies
Pre-tax
subsidies
Global
warming
Local air
pollution
Congestion
3.30
0.62
1.96
3.53
0.00
0.65
1.30
0.01
0.01
5.61
5.92
0.09
0.33
0.04
0.14
0.23
2.75
9.19
4.31
0.23
0.01
1.44
0.07
0.17
0.11
0.26
0.22
0.01
1.71
0.21
0.65
2.01
3.66
45.32
30.06
3.82
10.21
46.04
0.00
17.58
5.78
0.13
1.45
30.12
55.64
6.60
9.64
0.09
1.22
9.31
13.27
157.09
72.95
2.14
0.02
10.08
2.51
4.64
2.22
7.85
3.24
1.20
24.18
1.85
1.51
31.58
41.23
699.18
0.05
0.03
0.57
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.02
0.07
0.90
0.34
0.39
0.92
0.00
1.85
0.33
0.24
0.34
0.27
0.56
0.66
0.63
0.10
0.27
0.60
0.38
0.87
1.42
0.44
0.02
0.57
0.50
0.18
0.43
0.38
1.13
0.61
0.45
0.10
0.05
1.96
0.46
1.20
0.29
0.19
0.46
0.32
0.00
5.95
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.27
0.63
1.82
2.15
0.19
0.11
2.23
0.11
1.01
2.03
0.58
0.04
0.24
0.16
0.26
0.26
1.00
1.64
1.72
0.59
0.07
0.04
1.79
0.78
1.13
0.37
0.11
0.10
0.79
0.00
0.17
0.65
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.99
0.44
1.79
0.06
0.13
0.28
0.32
0.12
0.80
0.07
0.00
0.38
0.10
0.03
1.23
0.00
0.80
0.14
1.01
0.80
0.20
1.53
0.44
0.50
5.40
5.73
0.91
27.34
2.18
0.04
1.03
0.12
0.00
0.80
8.16
2.05
1.69
2.56
1.62
4.45
5.51
0.99
1.26
2.88
1.60
3.86
2.80
0.00
0.38
0.04
0.02
0.09
0.65
0.09
29.36
0.12
1.23
3.87
2.95
0.46
335.44
0.69
12.57
82.63
17.85
0.00
2.04
3.30
10.70
5.86
11.91
3.68
3.32
1.03
6.11
8.42
8.60
0.66
7.60
0.53
1.95
43.60
0.74
0.03
0.19
0.01
0.25
0.00
0.03
2.17
0.08
0.06
56.28
7.55
5.89
2.46
0.13
0.30
0.06
0.00
0.87
0.34
0.75
3.89
8.84
0.95
0.51
2271.88
277.31
69.22
24.27
2.56
1.67
0.42
0.02
8.58
2.56
26.34
6.33
1.19
0.79
0.00
0.00
0.50
1.05
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.00
0.55
1.30
2.49
0.35
3.84
3.82
2.20
2.41
6.33
0.64
0.67
0.10
1.12
0.70
2.46
0.63
0.52
1.01
0.20
15.36
6.04
1.85
1.33
9.83
0.32
0.54
0.01
0.81
0.37
2.49
0.02
0.01
0.32
0.02
0.23
0.09
0.67
0.66
0.63
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.29
0.01
0.47
0.00
0.16
0.03
0.34
0.34
0.06
0.67
0.08
0.17
0.00
4.02
1.15
0.19
3.38
0.28
7.57
19.50
2.22
2.22
5.21
0.46
2.24
0.83
54.20
14.03
14.91
38.88
0.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
4.53
2.75
0.76
2.25
1.01
0.47
0.90
1.76
1.94
1.02
3.71
1.28
0.34
32.28
28.93
2.00
15.46
2.29
0.55
2.19
14.15
6.21
4.91
30.56
2.06
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.13
0.21
0.07
0.03
0.17
0.16
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.56
0.00
3.68
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.38
20.39
1.21
0.01
17.53
0.06
0.02
0.05
2.53
55.44
9.27
0.78
1.62
0.47
0.19
2.63
1.88
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.82
0.00
0.04
0.00
2.04
0.51
1.00
0.00
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.29
0.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.41
0.46
2.36
0.21
0.00
0.83
0.67
0.18
0.00
0.33
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.13
9.11
0.12
0.12
0.23
0.55
0.00
0.02
0.23
0.26
3.48
12.67
0.79
0.00
4.07
6.04
1.40
0.01
1.43
0.05
0.34
0.12
0.30
30.86
0.54
1.47
0.63
1.83
0.01
0.11
4.00
0.26
45.17
0.20
0.00
0.10
1.87
1.53
1.95
0.48
0.24
1.25
2.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.93
0.34
0.09
0.00
0.49
1.62
2.62
0.00
10.46
0.65
0.23
0.00
0.68
1.04
0.56
0.00
0.41
0.00
0.27
0.07
0.37
0.83
0.37
0.51
0.19
0.44
0.00
0.00
6.92
0.01
2.67
0.65
0.17
0.00
0.56
0.25
0.12
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.06
0.03
0.13
0.28
0.03
0.33
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.82
0.00
1.46
0.15
0.28
0.00
0.37
0.67
0.03
0.00
0.33
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.23
0.35
0.26
0.82
0.17
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.54
0.00
2.58
0.04
2.10
0.45
0.00
2.21
0.96
0.01
0.51
1.88
0.78
0.63
0.01
0.32
0.98
1.61
1.55
11.92
0.14
0.33
3.24
0.11
0.09
23.87
3.94
0.01
32.35
108.53
0.49
1.42
14.10
5.25
6.44
0.06
1.96
7.27
10.15
14.47
106.56
1.37
2.00
28.96
0.36
0.11
3.69
4.62
0.40
4.83
14.94
0.17
1.21
1.81
4.48
4.27
1.03
0.21
1.15
0.13
2.23
3.88
0.00
2.28
4.97
0.03
0.47
1.43
1.51
2.01
0.00
0.67
3.48
0.00
0.77
0.48
0.00
0.62
1.13
0.00
0.07
1.54
0.91
0.40
0.00
0.28
0.73
0.00
1.02
0.69
0.00
0.32
1.27
0.00
0.27
1.61
0.68
1.01
0.00
0.03
0.32
1.64
4.62
0.82
2.07
2.87
0.21
2.33
2.10
0.82
1.16
1.72
0.26
0.92
1.59
0.04
0.11
0.28
0.01
0.32
1.33
0.17
0.00
0.36
0.00
0.53
4.28
0.68
0.51
0.39
0.29
0.00
0.10
0.06
0.14
0.01
0.06
0.31
0.11
0.02
0.24
0.03
0.17
0.40
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.13
0.15
0.78
0.01
0.10
5.37
0.32
0.08
0.27
0.25
0.00
0.71
0.19
0.93
0.06
0.88
1.48
0.79
0.17
1.76
0.10
0.70
1.16
0.04
0.14
0.15
0.16
1.29
0.50
4.91
0.04
0.42
46.38
1.48
0.41
2.40
3.37
0.00
0.59
0.92
2.23
2.21
4.54
2.59
1.91
0.00
1.21
0.00
0.00
0.23
1.35
0.96
2.41
1.02
5.63
0.85
0.14
0.33
1.64
0.71
1.86
1.20
7.14
18.78
0.00
1.16
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.83
0.48
0.00
1.05
0.73
0.21
0.68
0.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.55
0.24
0.37
0.00
0.26
5.77
0.44
0.00
0.17
2.83
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.01
2.37
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.10
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.36
0.03
0.00
0.00
1.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
tax subsidies as a percent of GDP

Accidents
Post-ta
Foregone
revenue
Total post-tax
subsidies
Pre-tax
subsidies
Global
warming
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.11
0.00
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.43
0.09
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.03
0.08
0.12
0.06
0.00
0.10
0.01
0.00
0.33
0.00
0.32
0.07
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.08
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.14
0.03
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.21
0.14
0.37
0.19
0.00
0.31
0.36
0.05
0.00
0.19
0.15
0.04
0.11
0.22
0.05
0.07
0.13
0.19
0.28
0.35
0.05
0.16
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.21
0.03
0.12
0.04
0.10
0.37
0.12
0.25
1.96
0.85
1.90
2.46
0.00
8.42
1.60
0.46
0.52
1.03
1.42
2.61
3.08
0.51
0.48
2.90
0.62
3.22
4.67
3.24
0.21
1.13
1.19
0.89
0.96
2.45
3.14
2.38
1.70
0.32
0.22
5.79
1.37
3.82
34.28
16.29
270.04
39.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.30
40.08
22.43
0.00
0.00
24.38
1.09
0.00
1.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
24.32
0.76
0.00
1.27
4.74
8.92
0.00
0.00
14.60
7.50
41.36
575.34
175.82
185.13
479.49
0.02
366.79
212.19
49.26
174.94
125.70
269.25
151.32
267.23
51.71
146.31
228.39
136.73
333.70
436.61
506.96
5.21
300.26
229.88
183.39
96.00
217.74
215.29
149.88
139.07
60.48
45.35
455.45
211.53
682.32
0.01
0.75
0.35
0.80
1.16
3.98
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.01
0.03
0.02
1.25
1.18
0.98
1.16
0.61
5.30
4.35
6.32
7.02
5.22
11.00
26.41
1.40
92.90
10.52
0.00
111.91
116.81
71.25
152.65
221.54
63.56
625.92
78.85
0.14
1.38
1.01
1.86
0.00
0.67
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
1.13
1.40
1.25
2.26
2.84
4.34
5.64
15.98
7.15
23.17
60.73
26.29
0.00
297.98
37.74
985.29
186.89
261.12
83.87
485.21
11.82
563.08
268.55
188.41
0.15
0.36
1.79
0.19
1.51
1.09
1.38
3.09
0.71
0.43
0.00
0.08
1.54
0.95
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.06
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.07
0.00
1.04
0.46
0.32
0.50
0.34
0.64
0.65
1.03
0.40
0.26
0.01
0.26
0.43
0.19
1.90
4.22
5.44
2.77
20.13
12.34
7.57
6.46
20.97
2.27
1.99
0.12
2.60
3.26
6.63
3.09
15.52
329.47
0.00
0.00
8.84
37.65
0.00
0.00
1.94
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.79
0.00
12.18
17.08
1043.57
4.11
315.18
67.29
78.91
294.48
260.50
9.02
5.00
2.73
36.48
26.06
142.19
14.12
0.00
0.00
1.17
0.21
0.31
0.06
0.04
0.70
0.58
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.09
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.13
0.16
0.58
0.57
0.47
0.51
0.22
0.34
0.05
0.68
0.53
0.43
0.39
1.94
36.98
33.85
3.70
18.74
3.94
1.34
4.39
16.72
9.13
6.52
34.70
4.51
21.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
20.23
0.00
0.00
2.57
2.75
240.14
221.28
107.69
128.55
135.80
79.78
157.19
139.21
303.75
110.30
222.64
141.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.36
0.21
0.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.00
0.12
0.34
0.68
0.15
0.30
0.53
1.01
0.87
0.43
1.12
3.25
0.62
0.54
3.16
6.77
2.35
3.32
111.43
206.54
119.45
29.87
125.32
61.11
8.33
0.00
0.00
104.07
0.00
7.07
0.00
66.43
58.54
154.81
0.76
0.38
0.00
1.50
1.31
1.85
0.00
0.68
0.00
0.28
0.00
0.44
0.12
0.68
0.61
0.54
0.10
0.00
0.00
1.32
0.00
1.24
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.22
0.16
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.12
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.01
0.55
0.39
0.22
1.30
0.62
0.68
0.29
0.52
0.34
0.55
0.47
0.94
0.67
1.02
0.25
0.66
0.25
0.26
0.32
0.74
0.44
1.54
2.97
1.46
0.32
6.34
5.65
5.35
0.77
2.28
1.59
3.56
0.58
2.12
2.26
4.37
2.98
1.80
0.84
0.75
1.95
13.04
0.45
19.96
17.31
0.00
7.22
111.25
100.46
80.38
39.14
9.41
51.99
19.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
37.60
42.09
4.50
0.00
68.05
164.50
591.46
0.00
765.10
57.58
25.81
0.00
40.29
68.34
22.85
0.00
15.78
0.00
2.42
1.71
18.72
93.39
7.17
61.95
9.63
30.12
0.00
0.00
1564.86
1.80
195.13
0.00
1.39
0.29
0.00
1.20
3.44
0.00
0.31
0.35
1.20
1.51
0.00
0.15
2.01
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.15
0.88
1.27
0.09
0.68
0.23
0.00
1.29
1.04
1.54
1.00
0.27
0.26
1.20
0.47
2.11
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.68
1.48
0.22
0.67
0.74
0.22
0.39
10.01
11.23
0.49
9.98
26.01
0.21
3.62
7.79
10.32
10.22
1.29
1.61
8.90
0.00
6.37
13.23
2.13
4.01
6.58
0.70
0.83
222.61
1326.15
7.14
177.16
789.19
11.20
69.88
798.61
499.91
426.67
12.34
7.51
221.95
16.87
1544.14
1185.01
13.84
93.30
1319.65
3.87
0.93
134.59
1112.58
0.00
83.61
262.62
1.65
27.01
631.06
167.98
200.97
0.00
24.32
671.79
20.93
2196.52
538.23
13.81
52.08
790.46
4.65
0.75
0.02
0.38
3.02
38.37
28.97
0.00
1.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.06
0.73
0.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
1.20
0.05
0.00
0.00
1.71
0.55
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.57
0.39
0.39
0.60
0.43
0.81
0.32
0.17
0.43
0.15
0.52
0.57
0.33
0.27
0.58
0.19
0.71
1.14
0.12
0.11
0.57
1.52
0.79
0.31
0.92
1.77
0.01
4.03
1.30
2.72
2.81
5.79
3.88
2.23
1.23
3.17
0.45
2.14
1.66
1.68
1.22
2.99
1.21
6.96
3.82
0.75
0.45
2.48
13.16
3.67
1.51
8.31
23.42
0.00
48.97
7.57
33.14
88.99
157.01
42.37
8.30
0.00
7.23
0.00
0.00
3.67
18.81
4.66
6.63
8.16
38.63
50.55
5.15
2.57
18.45
45.81
15.27
8.27
132.74
201.48
0.00
96.52
0.00
1.44
0.00
28.64
7.86
0.01
182.38
4.34
28.43
8.30
7.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.75
13.98
13.47
0.00
2.95
370.68
3.61
0.00
3.16
30.40
Post-tax subsidies in US$ per capita (nominal)

Foregone
revenue
Local air
pollution
Congestion
Accidents
Total post-tax
subsidies
183.55
101.48
219.19
168.74
0.03
1181.15
117.80
36.37
86.73
125.19
301.70
418.87
917.64
100.68
61.70
856.21
37.87
389.25
626.24
666.30
10.21
126.60
76.28
262.62
57.88
581.22
312.58
422.30
179.33
42.10
30.94
415.35
359.52
643.00
240.04
57.20
45.64
415.08
0.00
32.89
418.18
0.00
0.00
94.75
0.00
0.00
66.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
382.56
134.79
2067.85
15.73
70.06
128.34
322.76
26.30
463.18
14.22
0.00
117.67
55.58
25.70
284.56
0.00
457.90
45.00
17.80
9.45
57.89
0.00
19.06
33.29
0.00
0.00
24.49
0.00
0.00
14.79
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
40.74
133.67
100.49
5.36
11.67
34.44
33.84
18.44
72.38
11.40
0.00
29.16
4.62
3.36
76.72
0.00
181.35
42.92
5.27
5.07
24.55
0.00
7.58
14.23
0.00
0.00
9.34
0.00
0.00
7.56
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
19.82
24.27
4.98
4.63
1.79
66.63
31.60
3.52
38.90
1.60
0.00
10.17
3.73
0.00
11.86
0.00
29.50
138.12
72.19
174.22
98.53
0.02
62.00
231.34
9.52
1.45
87.36
72.82
8.29
45.67
115.69
29.40
27.04
45.72
72.48
85.02
400.59
12.30
84.82
14.45
32.34
10.53
47.37
40.31
6.80
36.91
21.67
79.10
85.63
56.42
141.09
1259.26
446.04
908.74
1283.35
0.07
1669.48
1027.03
95.15
263.12
469.13
683.85
600.90
1318.89
268.08
261.79
1112.73
220.32
1239.60
1440.60
3747.17
53.45
595.20
550.02
890.85
213.41
1420.80
596.67
583.72
521.23
188.20
184.46
1344.15
634.97
2176.53
34.49
114.11
249.28
62.84
542.42
40.06
0.04
34.26
3.50
0.61
12.67
9.28
0.29
67.31
30.18
31.51
162.85
56.93
0.29
2.87
8.84
0.49
4.19
0.32
43.40
106.85
84.72
45.34
86.44
75.89
151.16
570.94
608.58
204.35
1546.39
378.13
15.15
1109.73
6.10
179.25
1389.84
16.33
0.76
27.94
0.15
23.46
0.00
0.62
3.12
201.71
11.60
171.52
0.00
14.70
0.09
7.39
0.01
3.42
0.00
0.00
25.70
204.35
14.27
208.27
90.56
95.13
128.69
2334.31
81.70
2134.28
1935.84
576.31
6.86
420.56
2.34
1261.08
106.29
66.34
161.86
404.48
4.50
4.02
0.16
26.29
13.66
143.55
0.37
0.11
131.78
0.25
18.60
1.67
23.92
80.07
25.96
0.90
0.42
0.00
9.32
0.41
26.94
0.00
1.92
149.30
21.17
15.82
26.53
39.14
168.24
127.19
10.04
3.18
0.00
2.61
57.21
54.90
0.00
0.19
8.51
0.98
0.72
0.75
2.30
3.99
2.65
0.05
0.26
0.00
1.30
0.18
4.17
0.00
13.60
191.96
3.82
40.93
5.92
23.10
79.87
42.48
5.71
1.97
0.26
8.61
15.97
10.84
42.45
55.29
2275.14
32.67
1652.33
217.28
271.36
788.52
863.26
32.17
14.85
3.15
84.62
121.29
382.59
69.12
17.94
1710.87
2325.11
282.75
882.25
307.47
92.25
381.17
1120.52
969.38
533.09
1832.65
228.62
0.00
0.00
32.46
18.30
11.96
8.88
4.37
29.93
12.54
10.03
1.03
0.00
62.11
0.00
0.00
93.90
29.86
17.88
8.45
7.15
121.07
45.66
15.34
5.14
0.00
21.27
0.00
0.00
1.00
5.09
2.35
0.22
4.61
15.73
2.46
1.11
0.20
0.00
0.27
59.67
8.59
46.99
80.27
26.57
67.87
37.32
59.47
3.82
105.86
58.05
25.93
43.44
102.11
1959.59
2720.74
523.96
1069.57
528.67
225.48
764.57
1324.21
1425.71
707.81
2081.22
500.08
0.00
15.75
0.00
0.23
0.00
4.88
33.45
147.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.90
47.06
72.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
44.38
23.79
54.96
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.97
0.29
18.19
49.38
86.71
38.29
47.32
25.16
32.72
99.71
67.03
160.82
413.08
157.73
84.50
150.48
220.39
271.17
515.08
57.20
19.00
0.00
33.18
16.42
5.13
0.00
2.26
0.00
0.55
0.83
6.43
32.06
0.65
41.08
3.58
1.33
0.00
0.00
185.63
0.09
107.16
13.16
32.00
0.00
21.76
44.10
1.27
0.00
12.75
0.00
0.72
0.00
11.68
39.21
5.01
100.59
8.23
2.10
0.00
0.00
121.20
0.00
188.98
67.54
42.22
0.00
89.05
85.75
76.05
0.00
26.23
0.00
2.50
0.00
22.23
13.95
13.30
74.71
26.62
6.60
0.00
0.00
298.03
0.00
90.39
1.06
0.36
0.00
4.30
14.76
6.48
0.00
1.35
0.00
0.57
0.00
0.37
1.02
1.54
14.86
4.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
21.31
0.00
1.07
49.03
44.36
16.64
77.16
40.91
28.00
23.37
20.02
14.05
4.91
11.31
47.34
75.23
19.83
30.39
32.70
17.14
36.27
32.66
167.45
75.43
112.44
262.88
163.75
23.86
377.00
370.73
220.17
62.51
87.80
66.04
31.59
13.85
106.76
254.87
85.09
365.68
89.46
57.29
104.32
197.16
2949.95
77.31
1460.28
0.00
46.33
138.95
0.00
22.75
59.78
0.28
3.92
677.92
101.80
40.07
0.00
10.29
140.77
5.71
861.06
406.81
0.65
4.92
130.39
0.18
0.00
61.79
198.19
0.00
11.74
66.89
0.00
15.64
706.84
75.61
100.50
0.00
1.08
62.08
0.37
304.01
340.96
2.87
0.00
167.01
0.05
0.00
83.97
82.57
0.00
43.99
182.02
0.00
18.07
155.44
134.04
150.79
0.00
5.39
388.20
0.89
440.77
541.41
0.00
0.00
274.76
0.00
0.00
2.09
1.98
0.00
1.57
1.68
0.00
0.01
3.62
0.37
2.41
0.00
0.18
1.81
0.16
8.37
2.91
0.94
0.00
2.32
0.03
1.10
53.31
364.33
1.70
24.98
12.14
0.25
74.13
456.45
172.27
100.22
3.19
9.63
232.38
8.47
640.39
379.70
3.67
30.08
338.26
3.92
2.86
604.70
3224.74
8.84
365.79
1374.33
13.37
208.67
3429.95
1151.99
1021.64
15.53
58.41
1718.97
53.41
5995.25
3395.03
35.77
180.37
3022.85
12.69
22.08
16.59
42.17
0.94
21.27
170.38
0.00
26.21
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.00
0.83
0.27
1.75
0.48
0.45
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
1.45
1.50
0.00
0.08
152.60
0.11
0.00
0.07
0.43
0.00
9.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
2.40
1.21
1.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
21.29
1.02
0.00
0.00
66.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
106.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.39
8.03
8.90
4.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.41
71.19
1.98
0.00
0.00
109.60
4.52
0.00
1.42
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.74
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.82
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
47.64
3.21
5.85
23.93
14.86
13.20
1.40
29.01
2.56
20.25
6.37
8.98
4.54
1.30
1.59
1.53
4.88
67.45
4.36
0.86
6.43
97.93
6.47
2.10
17.20
18.93
0.11
335.49
10.78
40.43
112.93
200.52
63.48
9.70
212.22
18.95
60.86
26.01
26.41
23.35
5.96
8.22
9.69
47.74
225.92
27.48
3.43
27.90
845.37
30.08
10.37
154.60
251.26

IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies

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International Monetary Fund

Fiscal Affairs Department

How Large are Global Energy Subsidies?

US$ per capita)

nal US$ per capita)

US$ per capita)

nal US$ per capita)

Nominal GDP US$,

Emerging and Developing Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

Middle East, North Africa, and Pakistan

Post-tax subsidies in US$ billions (nominal)

Post-tax subsidies as a percent of GDP

Post-tax subsidies in US$ per capita

-tax subsidies in US$ per capita (nominal)

Nominal GDP US$,

Emerging and Developing Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

Middle East, North Africa, and Pakistan

Post-tax subsidies in US$ billions (nominal)

Post-tax subsidies as a percent of

tax subsidies as a percent of GDP

Post-tax subsidies in US$ per capita (nominal)

Nominal GDP US$,

Emerging and Developing Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

Post-tax subsidies in US$ billions (nominal)

Post-tax subsidies as a percent of GDP

Post-tax subsidies in US$ per capita

-tax subsidies in US$ per capita (nominal)

Nominal GDP US$,

Emerging and Developing Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

Post-tax subsidies in US$ billions (nominal)

Post-tax subsidies as a percent of

tax subsidies as a percent of GDP

Post-tax subsidies in US$ per capita (nominal)

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