The International Review of Ancient Art & Archaeology MINERVA SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1999 PUBLISHED IN GREAT BRITAIN £3.50/$6.00 USA VOLUME 10 NUMBER 5 INCLUDING A SPECIAL SECTION DEVOTED TO NUMISMATICS THE VALLEY OF THE § MUMMIES AMORIUM AND ISTANBUL: EXCAVATIONS IN TURKEY THE EATING HABITS OF THE MINOANS AND MYCENAEANS DIGGING AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM GALATIAN MASTERPIECES REUNITED MUSEUMS AND COLLECTORS IN ANTIQUITY SPRING | AUCTION REPORTS ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM { COIN COLLECTION fj Il, | ] Irr09sr' il i Gilded cartonnage on a male mummy fom the Raharlya Oasis. 9ere O)") LAR CHALCIDIAN BLACK-FIGURE AMPHORA BY THE PHINEUS PAINTER with two registers of animals including winged sirens, felines, deer, a goat and a swan. Ca, 520-510 BC. H: 25.4em (10”) Intact. Ex CF. collection, Monte Carlo Ran RRC oR LC ed era 14 Old Bond Street, London W1X 3DB — Tel: (44) 171 495 2590 — Fax: (44) 171 491 1595 CUNO Ont aL Cnt ny~ MINERVA | VOLUME 10 NUMBER 5 FOUNDER, The Valley of the Mummies Ene Necropolis of thousands of mummies at FOuLSHER Bahariya Oasis Naglaa Habib El Zahlawi —_pisenberg, Ph.D . . CONSULTING Recent Discoveries of the Pan, Byzantine city of Amorium FSA. Chris Lightfoot ASSOCIATE Sophia Rescue Archaeology in (Witbariess) Istanbul _ ken park and Ferudun Ozgimiis pe uciano de Marsillac Excavations at the Stephen C. Rossi British Museum ‘Tony Spence snoquate Emma Beatty Museums and Collectors in ABER Sawn Antiquity Conference Report pnt ee Dominique Colon 2 acct, br ater Meyers, Galatian Masterpieces or Du te: Reunited Hilippo Salviath Si i Minoans and Mycenaeans: ratio : Flavours of their Time commavonbants Holley Martiew Paral The Spring 1999 oe Antiquities Sale jerome. tisenberg — Ffese Montcio, Sheds and Showcases geet i The Verulamium Museum Extension ‘Laura Wynn, Litole, David Thorold pyishodn tagland Aurora Pains The Coin Collection in the 14 01 Bona St, venom Web Ashmolean Museum, Oxford BeGhym8 Peter A, Clayton “Unuuenccont News ~ 61 Book Reviews Numismatic Section 65. Calendar IN FORTHCOMING ISSUES: + Roxie Walker Galleries of Egyptian Funerary Archaeology «The Rossetta Stone * Christian Wall Paintings in Georgia + The Yarmukians + Masterpieces from the Getty Museum MINERVA 1ep of Tharo at East Qantara, Paypl’s gate- NEWS FROM EGYPT say for travellers from the Delta, at the beginning of a military road to ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION Predynastic cemeter) ancient Palestine once known as the (G issues) tera et Yat Hons LU E18; Lope £20 Cajon cemetery containing over Mestof wor ToD arse as far back a6 ce Goffin and mummy of nobleman ‘ir 27/USS 44 SurceEDD/USS33 {Sho ens Bech Toented at San. dscovered near Sagara see Mon near t-Simbellaweln in Dang the 24th eervation campaign Pulsed bimonthly, nvSineal Nicaea According Dr ofthe Riksmuseum van Oudeden Giostiah Ab Gaballah, Secetay-Gen- (he Natlonal Museums of Angus eatnegina ts Soar ral ofthe Supreme Counc of Anti. tr Leiden), and the fst ln conjunc. aia ver ates teow tities, the site could change the tn with the University of Laden, @ cepted time fame ofthe unification coffin vith the mummy of & man of Apvereisewnivr sas or Pharaonte Paypes Many Predynas. hgh state 1490 Bey was found {ic and Early Dynastic objects have acemeteryn the desert near Saqgara. (Wrravide except US) hen excavated, including eyinder ‘The head ofthe mummy rested on 4 Cinma Beaty, seals, pottery, and funerary objects, wooden headrest and he was adorned 14 Old Bond Stet, Some of the pots were in the form of with a gold-plated chest ornament london, WIX SDB, Tel: (0171) 495 2590 fish; others were inscribed with hiero- and @ heart scarab. The cemetery can ee slyphic texts and signs. Also found now be dated 100 years earlier than ‘were sehst and marble vessels with previously supposed. It Is one of ten ws the name of the Ist Dynasty phataoh ural complexes the muscum had Suzanne Verdugo, King Den. ‘been investigating since 1975 In col Suite 28, 153 Fast 87th St, laboration with the Egyptian Explo- ‘New York, NY 10022. Chephren (Khajie') pyramid closed ation Society. Tel: (212) 358 2083 for restoration The restoration of the tomb of Fax: (212) 688 0412 ‘The pyramid of Chephs sn (Rhafre) Naya, teasurer to Tutankhamun, and has been closed for restoration for a his wife Mert, with the reconstruc: ‘TRADE DISTRIBUTION period of one year. Several cracks tion of the burial chambers and their United Kingdom have appeared in the inner walls. The richly decorated reliefs, will be fin: nond Magavine Bistabution Ltd ‘modern graffiti on the walls of the ished in 2000 and will then probably "pel. (01797) 225229 ‘corridor and the burial chamber willbe opened to the public. The excep- Fax (01797) 225687 be removed, except forthe famous lo group of sculptures from ths ae Trscapton onthe south wall of the tomb on Glpley tn Lelden were ise cade: Dura chamber by Gtovanni Belzoni, que bythe muscu aly the : ‘who was the first to enter in 1818. A 19th century. Egypt & the Near East: ttew entiation system will be Ameren Univesity in Cao Pes, installed, similar to that which was Tutankhamun exhibition to be held ‘Cairo, Egypt placed in the Great Pyramid of inJapan Spcops Khufu, which was eopencd Inthe next two years four diferent Injune.D1 Zan avasy the Decor exhibitions of angus fom Cairo General of the Giza Plateau, noted Museum will be held in different Printed in England by that each of the more than two mil- cities in Japan. In 2000 Japan will Simpson Drewett, lion visitors to the pyramid each year sponsor a yearlong exhibition of the Richmond, Surey. fexhales about 20 grammes of water treasures of Tutankhamun, which will vapour, causing both increased take place as part of a major exhibi- Aight seed; no pat of this public humidity, now as high as 80%, and tion of the ancient clvillzations of eonney tort Ina ay he epedce, sted na eteval salt encrustations up to 3cm thick A China, India, Iraq, and Egypt. In Spite, eae aan om ory any new lighting system will be put In return the Supreme Council of Antiq- na, mechanical, pe place and the wooden staiway will be ulties will receive LE 34,000,000, eying roti other wit Improved. Aircraft are now being which will be used for archaeological ete the ator wmitenperision of the Fbsesor cence pring ested ‘ging bythe Capri iesing gency La 338A ee, rerouted from above the area to avold projects in Egypt the possible damage caused by their ‘ibrations. When reopened, only 300 ibis Temple to be restored and Tonon,WeAE 7DF visitors a day will be allowed entry, relocated the same as with the pyramid of The Hibis Temple, bullt during the sssvons7 7738 Cheops (Khufu), in sharp contrast to reign of King Darlus, the Persian ruler the five thousénd admitted previ- of the 25th Dynasty, 521-486 BC, Is asso aca PST ously the best preserved of all of the tem- ples in the Western Desest to te west emple to Horus unearthed in Sinai of Thebes, Located In el-Kharga Oasis, ‘Secon cls pasage pal South Hackensack, A/New Kingdom temple dedicated to it was also used by the Egyptian {US Posts, please send change of des to Royal Nal teat fa Yowstone Intemational 87 Buens ‘Cur, Hackensack 0760, the falcon-headed god Horus has been troops as a garison Until early in the discovered in North Sinat at Tell reign of Alexander the Great. In the Habwa, three kilometres east of the late 1980s it was noted that serious Suez Canal. The monumental tuln, deterioration was taking place due to he pif Mine ate 2400 square metzes, has a pylon eight the rising level of ground water in the gc wi api red ‘metres wide and walls several mettes oasis and some initial attempts at essen eneel thick, According to hieroglyphs emtewaton took lace. As the water 2 Inscribed on statues found in the tem- _Tevel continued 10 rise, a drainage ple, it was located in the ancient city crannel was created and the sacred MINERVA 2 lyce a _ News Jake ofthe temple was reexcavated in Afi. A LE 12,500,000 restoration of of Antiquities, “The tomb was proba 1979 to take some ofthe excess water. the mosque, which will take place bly part of a previously unknown However, It dld not help very much over the next year, involving over SOO ancient necropolis in the Sylotymbou and physical damage became quite architects, engineers, workmen, and area’, he said. Also unearthea were evident in tilting columns, cracks in consultants trom the Supreme Coun- 152 artefacts, including bronzes, the walls, and damage tothe reliefs by cl of Antiquities, will hopefully cor- necklace beads, knives, and pottery salt in the water. proposal initially Tect the many ertors made In previous which have been taken into the cus made in the 19806, when the temple repairs and restorations, the most ody of the Cyprus Department of was placed off-limits to visitors, to retent of which were undertaken In Antiquities in Nicosia Imove ito higher ground has finally the 1980s and 1990s. A 15-metre bheen adopted and a 21/2 year project square section ofthe roo collapsed in Christopher Folet, Coperagen will be undertaken to rebuild the tem- 1996 resulting in injuries to three ple after conservation on a ste about workers. Very little of the original Soo metres to the north, The temple mosque remains, as major changes will be insulated feom further water were made ove a period of 1300 years Gamage and a nev system of lighting including an expansion of the origi Will be utilized to bring out the nal bullding in 1779 by the Mamelsk STONEHENGE DEBATE Important reliefs. Ths will be the Emir Murad Be. most important salvage operation to All ofthe columns of the diwan a- ROLLS ON fake place in Egypt since Abu Simbel. gibla, or prayer hall, which support the arcades leading tothe main court- On 19 July, RESCUE, the British Ptolemaic settlement found at yard, will be taken down, restored, Archaeological Trust, aranged amet Beronike and ‘reassembled, with damaged Ing on ‘Stonehenge: The Master Plan’ ‘A team of Egyptian and Belgian columns belng replaced by similar at the Society of Antiquaries in Lon- archaeologists nave uncovered the ones of the same period from other don. Many interested parties and remains ofa Ptolemaic setlement at monuments, now in storage. The individuals had been invited, an the Berenike, dhe east of Flephantine and restored cement ceiling of the mosque room was filled to capacity. Haxvey on the Red Sea coast, atthe south-east will be replaced by one of wood, more Sheldon, Chaisman of RESCUS, into tip of Polemate Faype (ott be con- in Keeping with the orginal achitee- duced the concept and the five major fused with Hereske in Cyrenaica, pre- re. The Noor ofthe prayer hell will invited speakers outlined their partic sent-day Libya). In the limestone be reinstalled on the same ground ular cancems, They weve: Dr Geoeey hhouses they have discovered the level as that of the mosque and the Wainwright (tecently retired as Chie? statue of an unidentified deity, roof wll be waterproofed to prevent Archaeologist of English Heritage); Dt papyrus scrolls and pottery sherds problems with rainwater. In addition, Peter Stone (co-ordinator for the ‘with Greek texts, silver colns, andthe sewage system will be updated to Council for British Archaeology pottery. Following the completion of prevent the leakage of sublevranean regarding proposed developments for the excavations, the site and the water into the mosque. Finally, new Stonehenge, see Minera, May/June, adjoining Ptolemaic harbour will be lighting and secusty systems will be 1999, pp. 22-8); David Thackeray of ‘pen to the pub installed. This project continues the The National Trust; Ms Gill Swanton, conservation work of the Supreme local archaeologist, and Ms Kate Graeco-Roman Cemeteries to be Council in Old Cairo, inliated three Fielden, Wiltshire Archaeological excavated in Alexandria years ago with the restoration of the Society Following the consteuction of the ter- Ben-Ezta Synagogue and the Coptic Fach speaker was allowed 12 min- minal of the Qabbari bridge in Hanging Church, utes to present his view and then Alexandria, excavations will continue there was an open forum, The essen- ‘on what is believed to be the ancient Jerome M. Eisenberg, Ph.D, Ul point that emerged was that, of City of the Dead (the Necropolis), the two major consultative docu recorded by Strabo following his visit ments involved, the Management to Fgypt in 30 BC. So far 37 Hellenis Plan and the Master Plan, the former tie tombs have been found, The ‘was largely accepted whilst the latter tombs, which usually have tW0 OF YNTACT BRONZE AGE “35,!H€ f00t of controversy from three chambers, many with inscrip many and various interested pasties ~ tions, surround the azea of the teem TOMB FOUND IN Ba oaks eset ons Bt nal and could even extend as far a3 Deu, suitably garded, was present Ihe coothove. One of the tombs con, SOUTH-EAST CYRPUS eine contributor put it, Master Plan tains @ bed-shaped coffin, popularly meant the plan of our mastees! The Called the ‘wedding bed inside which An intact Bronze Age tomb probably Overall feeling was that more work the groom was supposedly buried, from the 16th century BC has been Was needed on the Master Plan, Much Hathor, the goddess of love, was discovered by workers building a of it hinged on the vexed question of depicted on the celling of the tomb, slurry lagoon at Xylotymbou in the & cut-and-cover tunnel to take the The Governor of Alexandria has Dhekelia British military base area in 4303 road that passed uncomfortably promised the Supreme Council of —south-est Cyprus. Described as a rare lose to the monument, versus a long ‘Antiquities that a residential ares four find of great archacologieal signifi. deep bored tunel. The former was in sqjuate kilometres to the east of the cance, the tomb chambers, which the Master Plan and the present sug bridge will be evacuated so that they were intact, contained about 20 skele- gested solution, largely due to finan. ‘may resume thelr excavations tons thought to be of the earliest pre. lal considerations. The emphasis, Earliest Egyptian mosque to be Mycenaean inhabitants of Cyprus, overall was that there was a need and restored dating back to 1600-1400 BC. ‘ts a fequlement to present the archaeol- The Amr Ibn Al-As Mosque, con- transitional period from the early 98 afd environment of Stonehenge structed in AD 642 by Amr ibn Al-As, Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age 1d that there was no intent to try the Arab conquesor of Egypt, was the and such finds are rate,’ said George a1 restore the ancient landscape of first mosque to be built in all of Flourenzos of the Cypnis Department the environment. MINERVA 3A ‘straw poll’ of the meeting showed an overwhelming majority in favour of a long deep bored tunnel despite the additional cost involved, since it would do the least damage i the environment and the monuments ‘of a major World Heritage Site. It was suggested in view of the accepted international significance of the site of Stonehenge and is surroundings, that international co-operative finance should be sought and cou be the solution if the UK Government Still could not be influenced towards the proposed and preferred tunne Peter A. Clayton AMUN AND MUT REUNITED IN CAIRO An important foursmetre-high lime: stone statue group of the Egyptian delties Amun and his wife Mut has Deen reassembled for the first time since it was broken up by stone rob bers in the Midlle Ages and is now on display In the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, It was originally set up in the Karnak Temple at Luxor in the Columned Hall to the north of the obelisk af Hatshepsut by the late 18th Dynasty pharaoh Horembeb (1321 1293 BC), The head of the goddess Mut was excavated by Auguste Mariette in 1870 and the head of Amun, 35 well as parts of the torso and throne, were found about thirty years later. Ini attempts to reassemble the group in the 1890s were abandoned and the hhead of Mut, misattributed as Queen iy, wife of Amenhotep Ill, was placed on exhibition in the Egyptian Museum, The other pieces, and a number of fragments found in later years, remained in the basement of the Museum and in the storerooms in Karnak ~ in 2 total of six different locations! Then, in 1994, some of the fragments were ee-identified and the attribution was confirmed, While over 250 pieces were gath- fred together, only 78 of them were used t0 reassemble the group follow ing the measurement, drawing, pho- ography, and recording of each piece. The’ surfaces were then cleaned andl a protective coating of microcrys talline wax was applied. A frame-like structure twas used, for the frst time Egypt, to support the group with ‘minimal intervention and it does not ‘materially detract from the overall appearance. Since such a large patt of this unique group was still missing about 20 per cent of the surfate, this method was thought to be the best, since the filing in of missing areas would be speculative at best. The conservation project took place trom September 1998 to June 1999 under the direction of Houring Sourouzian Funding for LE 250,000 was secured ny a USAID grant for the restoration and preservation of Egyptian mont ments and antiquities under the supervision of the American Research Center in Egypt in collaboration with the Supreme Council for Antiquities, the first grant to be made for the restoration of a statue rather than of a Jerome M, Eisenberg, Ph.D. MINERVA 4 NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM ON IOS ‘The Greek Minister of Culture, Mrs lizabeth Papazoe, opened a new archaeological museum on the south: fem Cycladic island of fos. A large pro- portion of the collection consists o offerings found at the early of Prato- CCycladie settlement of Skackos dating m the third millennium BC including @ most interesting coin minted by the lotes around 380 B which depicts Homer with a laurel wreath circling the word ‘IHTON’ he permanent exhibits are housed "Amoiradakeion Megaron’, one of the Island's five neoclassical buildings restored to serve as a museum ip Chora, the capital of los Tos was among many Greek city states which Inid claim to being the bisthplace of Homer. As palm leaves are featured on many ofits coins, its thought that its first name’ was Phoenike' (Greek: palm tree). The Romans called the island ‘Arsinoe and Marc Anthony actually offered it back to the Athenian confederation from which the lotes had walked away in the 4th century BC, Address: Chora, tos. Hours: 8.00-14,00 Tuesday to Sunday. Tel: 28691246, Professor'Theo An Laura Wy Litohoro-en-Olpraps “DAME DU VATICAN’ SALVAGED FROM OBLIVION lange Coptic funerary cloth of dating t0 225-250 AD, nick named the ‘ame du Vatican, which lay forgotten inside a glass case in the Vatican, has, after two years of restoration, been placed on view. The life-size portrait of the lady fall (18 m, or $ ft 9 inches) 1s painted fully dressed wearing all her Jewels. The cloth was discovered by Albert Gayet in the necropolis of Ant noe. He gave it to the Musee Guimet in Paris in 1899. The Guimet, in turn, donated the Coptic funerary cloth to the Vatican Museum in 1903. Ft was then rolled up, put inside a glass case and forgotten, It 1s now on view inside a special adapted case at the Vatican Museum DL PataNews SPIRIT AND MYSTERY OF BUTRINT PRESERVED BY ENLARGED BORDERS On 18 june this year the Albanian gov- ermment passed a law making the unspoilt buffer zone around Butrint prt and parcel of the national mone ‘ment. Enlarging the boundaries of the this site in south-west Albania in effect preserves the beauty of Butrint set- ting, safeguarding i fom the threat of egal construction work, or the threat of the building of a tourist village. The Albanian government is hopeful that when approached UNESCO will Inseribe the enlarged area as part ofthe World Heritage Site Tn the 1998 Saranda workshop the participants agreed to lobby the Alban. fan government and UNESCO to enlarge the protected area around the World Heritage Site— In effect, to make the site an area stretching from the Straits of Corfu to Lake Butrint, @ mat ter of more than 20 square kilometres as opposed to 20 hectares. It so hap- pened that the Butrint Foundation’s eophysical survey during 1998, of the ‘open felds south of the Vivasi channel, revealed a further 14 hectares of the (buried) Roman town, Evidently, a its zenith the classical port had occupied Doth sides of the channel, not just the oll inscribed in1992 as a World Her- tage site. Everyone visiting Butrint, ancient Butivotum, the World Heritage Site in south-west Albanla, Is struck by the beauty of its setting. The ancient and medieval city occuples a knoll beside the Vivar channel some three kilome- tres in from the Strats of Corfs, and ‘guards the passage into Lake Butrint, 2 ‘mere idlometre further up the channel Under the communist regime, the area Was off-limits to most Albanians. Only party members were permitted to pass through the customs post located ten kilomettes north of Butrint. When asked at a Getty-sponsored workshop in Saranda in April 1998 what visiting the site was like in those days, al replied that it was mysterious. More than any aspect of the many archaeo- logical monuments, they spoke of the special sprit of the place. The unspoilt coridor of land either side of the archaeological site adds immeasurably to this sense of the ‘unexpected. In the 30s, these were marshes where Gerald Durtell, as he describes in My Family and Other Ani mals, hunted for birds and reptiles. Under the influence of Chinese agron omists, the Albanian goverament rained the marshes in the 60s, but intentionally retained the spicit of a great archaeological site within a pro- fected natural setting. When Nikita Kuschev asked to bullel @ submarine base in Lake Butrint, he met with a damning tefusal from Enver Hoxhe, ‘bana’ ruthless dictator, Lobbying in favour of protecting hutrint’s. setting coincidentally appeared in Europa Nastra 1 (1999), the first edition of the pressure group's new magazine, Antonio Marchinl Camia, Secretary-General of Europa Nostra, describes the view of Butsint as ‘one of the most beautiful landscapes at risk in Europe.’ The Albanian government sympathetically noted all these efforts Thanks to the vigorous efforts of Ed Rama, the energetic minister of culture, and his director of national heritage, De Tris Poyani, the government passed a Jaw on 18 June 1999 making the unspoilt buifer zone around Butrint prt and parcel of the national monte ment. This will ow be presented to UNESCO In an attempt to have the enlarged area also inscribed as part of the World Heritage Site. Thankfully, the threat of the Building @ tourist vik lage clase to the archaeological sit, as ‘well as other illegal construction ~ & MINERVA 5. View ofthe Vena menace that commonly aflits the set. Plante bufer” ings of geat sites ~ has now passe mae Butrint, thanks to Rama's determina- tion, will remain a magical haven where visitors will be able to watch migratory bieds as well as vsit one of the Mediterranean’s finest archacologi- cal sites, Richard Hodges ts Slee Director of the Butrint Foundation end Profesor in the Schoo! of World Art Studies and Museology atthe University of East Anglia, WHITHER VENUS? Reparation of war-looted teeasites, notably paintings, is much in the news at the moment, and only to a lesser degree other art objects such as stat ary. Where, one wonders, do or should such reparations cease? In a recent case, {1.7m (ft 7ins) white marble statue of the goddess Venus emerging from her bath In the well-known coy icono- sraphie stance of discreetly hiding her charms with her hands, has been returned from the Pergamon Museum (Gormesly in East Berlin) to be put on show; after restoration, In the National Museum of the Palazzo Massimo In Rome, The statue has a chequered history tt was found in the Roman baths at Lepeis Magna, to the east of Tripoll in Libya, Ieis but one item amongst the thousands that were looted from Italy by Germany during World War I. The allan Government has made strenu ous elforts to recover these Items, Po: fessor Mario Bondliol-Osio, president of the Italian inter-ministetial commis: sion pursuing the return of looted works of att, noted that the German Governments decision was in line with the Wiesbaden Manifesto -an open let ter written by an American aemy off cot, Wiliam Farmer, to President Harry 5. Truman, saying that the removal of works of art, a country’s patrimony, was akin to a war rime, Venus, however, had been given to Herman Goering in 1940 by Italo Balbo, who had been Governor of the Ialian-ruled province of Libya since 1934, The question now arises as 10 whom the statue should be rightfully retumed «to Italy oF to Libya, whence the Italians had appropriated it. The Libyan Government had laid claim to the statue as long ago as 1965. tt has taken $9 years for the statue to be returned from Germany to Italy ~ hove ‘many years will it be before It goes ‘nome’, if at all, to Libya and the museum at Tripolt? Peter A. Clayton——$—$—$ News | EXCAVATIONS AT AMORIUM HALTED AS NEW SPONSORS ARE SOUGHT July this year. The building will con: The 7 " Alexander the tain a museum of original and copied AMxander the artefacts, temporary exhibitions, sev- “Founaltion eral research and lecture halls, and & brary containing over $0,000 titles, all focussed on the life and times of the great Macedonian king. Visiting Scholars, researchers, and students, as well as the general public will be able to use its rich resources in the near future. In the opening ceremony the Presi- ent of the Greck Parliament, Aposto los Kaklamanis, outlined the principles and the aims of the Foune , dation, referring to Alexander the Great's memorable speect in front of 9000 dignitaries at Opis, in 324 BC: "May all mortals live in ‘harmony as ‘one nation for the commen good... I | «do not divide peoples into Hellenes or Darbarians as do the narrow-minded, T judge them by one criterion only, virtue. To me every good foreigner is Greek, and every bad Greek Is worse than barbarian...” The ides of constructing a memor \ Jal in honour of Alexander was origi nally conceived by the | Pan-Macedonian Association of the United States and Canada, Thanks to “Examples ofthe potery vessels recovered from a oom bein the city walls at Amorium {1998 (ovo are now on display in the Afyon Museum). The 1999 field season at the impor. Chris Lightfoot, has devoted much of tant Byzantine site of Amorlum in his time, eneggy and resources to car ‘central Anatolia (Turkey) has had to rying the project forward since 1993, be cancelled, and not only is the — despite the fac that since 1995 he has short-term future of the project now only held an unsalaried post as in doubt but also the long-term research associate attached to the preservation and safety of the site is Department of Archaeology at the also threatened. University of Durharn. This state of affairs Is extremely Dr Lightfoot has recently been regrettable, especially in the light of appointed to a new curatorial post in the finds that have been made inthe Department of Greek and Roman, recent years (ee ‘Recent discoveries at Art at the Metropolitan Museum of the Byzantine city of Amorim,’ pp. Artin New York, Itis to be hoped that 16-19), which have clearly demon- this move will act as a fresh stimulus strated the potential of the site to for the Amorium project, although it reveal new and important evidence may mean that a new field director, about the survival of urban life in based at an American university, will Anatolia between the end of antiquity be recruited in the already impressive inthe frst half of the 7th century and list of American digs in Turkey. For the arrival of the Turks after their vic- the moment, however, Amorium’s tory over the Byzantines at the Battle record as the longest lasting British of Manziket In 1071. excavation in Turkey safe; Catal. United States a r Plans for the 1999 summer season hey will only pass it in the year eit generous donations and to the \ tie Ea SS Eocnaa im, ooh efforts of Professor Dimita Panter- ‘malls, MP and President of the Paria ‘mentary Committee on Grecks living abroad, governmental funds con \ tributed an additional one million the kind permission of the Tuksh Ministry oF Culture, the projet has now been tigen, Despte a growing ieteenstioanl. epauticn' seal totus forthe ulding ote escre ' Sealine that (ie wlceaay, Bete centre. Set in 20 acres near the achae- geste oat eee cheney ee slog pork of Dion the site Wil ewe on wT THR beable to edmire the veored Macee Suman unaing for tls as ed: THE ALEXANDER THE — Gonian site, visit its Maseum and Meant with poblenelor caunie GREAT RESEARCH opercar theatre, and finish with a 30- oof years, mainly as a result of inade- — FOUNDATION OPENS ™nte walkat the ‘Alexandreion’ gate funding end support from Satan, At the Foothills of Mount Olympus The death of Profesor Martin Har. fh nulls of Mount Olympus sion sony after the completion of "atteen Dion. the sacred cy the 1992 field season wasa great blow ern city of Litohoro lies the newly amd sad loss Hs leadership, deve, nnugr rated ‘Alexondtelon Dome fod enthuslasin brought the projec: inaugurated “Alexandrelon Doma, ‘through its first six years, and it is Alexander the Great and his ecument- largely because of his death that the aj accomplishments. Built in less Publication ofthe final report of | Stegecomplishments, Bull In tess those years work has been sp long sq, ft, research centre was ‘opened in } Aclayed. The present director, DE ‘Address: Alexandreion Doma, Lito- hhoro-on-Olympus, GR:60200 HELLAS, Telephone: (30) 35153 206. Laura Wiynn-Antikas Litohoro-on- Olympus MINERVA 6 eyRECENT DISCOVERIES IN THE ROMAN FORUM 2 iA ‘ig 1 Excavations n the temple ‘associated with Trajan’s Colum (in the ‘backgroud seer plat fora large Ironze equestrian state ofthe emperor hasbeen found. Tig 2 Fragments of fine imported marble ‘lana fond inthe temple assotated sth Trajan’ Column Fig 3.4 101h/00h century BC gave, ante dating the legendary date of the founding ‘of Rome in 255 8C, beng excused on 28 Truly 1998, ‘Over the past few months archacolo- ists have been working in the Roman Forum in areas previously covered by public gardens, The recently launched new plan will clear these areas for excavation and make a large archaco: logical park out of the Via dei Fort Imperiall which links Piazza Venezia to the Coliseum. Important discover Jes are being made daily In June the plinth for a gigantic bronze statue of the emperor Trajan ‘on horseback placed on a direct axis with Trajan’s column was found (Fig 1). Fragments of marble that probably covered the floor of Trajan’s temple have also been retrieved. Together with the other recent finds, notably sections of monumental columns of precious yellow marble from Aftica (Fig 2), these discoveries completely change previously held theories about ‘Trajan’s Forum and temple complex, ‘causing new adjustments to be made to the existing plans of it. Additional finds Include an 8th ‘century HC well in Caesar's Forum ‘with material dating from the time of the founding of Rome. Beside It, #0 10th to 9th century graves have also ‘been found, The second grave com. plete with pottery grave goods was found on 28 July (Fig 3). [At the Temple of Peace, the least known of the temples in the Forum, plinths have been found bearing Greek inscriptions with the names of famous Greek sculptors. The implica: tion is that they supported master: pieces foumerly taken by Nero for his Domus Aurea and later moved here by the emperor Vespasian (AD 69-79) ‘Thus the temple garden and the stat tues beeame one of the first open air museuims which was open to the pub: lic, Intigation channels and intriate fountains discovered in the same agea provide nev insights on the plans of monumental imperial gaidens in the capital. Fragments from the Forma Urbis were also found, allowing areas of the original marble map of Rome to be further filed in, Mustrations: Pigs 1-2; Flip Saat; lg 3:D.L-Patane. MINERVA 7 Italy News — - SUNKEN ROMAN SHIPS FOUND AT. PISA Tn Roman times the eity of Pisa, more famous nowadays for its leaning tower, had a prosperous harbour, AS 50 often happened in late antigult the harbour silted up and its commer cial viabilty declined and then came to a stop. Recent excavations for new offices for one of the city’s train star tions came down on the ancient har. Dour and, buried in the deep silt, the remains of a Roman ship were discov fered, Halla law requires in instances of archaeological discoveries that ‘work be halted while the archaeolo- gists are called in, This was done, and Uree further ships, several still with cargo, and part of an ancient quay were found, Sixtecnth century accounts of Pisa refer to an area called Porto delle Conche (Port of the Basins) and apparently referred to an inland hare our whose whereabouts have since been lost, All indications are that the new find has relocated the ancient harbour. Because of the ships being buried In river silt (of the ancient ‘user River), the woodwork is espe- dally well preserved (Fig 1). The tlm. bers of one hull are 46 ft long with a breadth of 26 ft and are in excep- tional condition. The design suggests tat it may be a warship and pottery associated with it indicates a date in the mid-2nd century AD. The find is ‘therefore of prime importance since it Vig 1 The wel pre Served tnbers of ‘one ofthe Sa ‘Rossore ships,—— | News | would be the first example of an imperial warship known to survive, MUSEUM OF ANTIQUI- LETTER TO THE conten mace MSS TIES IN LEIDEN BEGINS EDITOR Ing Intact amphorae (wine jars usu». TQ OPEN REFURBISHED | goods sucha ollves) was found GALLERIES [wrt to thank you for Minna. The | 2). The other two ships included past is our most precious heritage, And with each issue a relative ignora- | mus like myself may enter more deeply into this heritage. The maga- | zine can obviously be appreciated at various levels: there are scholars who ate challenged or enlightened as well } as thsoe less fortunate who are at the beginning of an exciting journey. | Minerva is s0 sure a guide ~ and so | entertaining, too. (1 specially enjoy the numismatic notes.) I usually lay | down my copy to more swiftly move to the libray, to ead up on what you | other cargo ship, but this ime lack+ In November the National Museum of ing any evidence of its cargo, and a Antiquities in Leiden, in the Nether much smaller boat that produced — [ands, opens is newy renovated exh some wickerwork, ope, and a eatner bition halls with the exhibition Sandal. ‘Ritual and Splendour Ancient Mas- Among the finds from these terpieces fiom the Miho Museum In ancient ships at San Rossore, Piss, ate Japan’, previously exhibited in Austria variety of pottery that Includes fag- at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in. ‘ments of an Etruscan painted crater, Vienna various types of Spanish domestié The exhibition's collection of 56 pottery (including amphorae), Horan works of att from the ancient Neat terra siglata (Samnian ware cups) a East, Egypt and the Classieal World, gold fibula, and glass vessels that mainly made of silver and gold, come Include two pillar-moulded bowls, from the collection of the Miho B#ve told us fone red, one blue, and a flagon wit Muscum in Shiga, near Kyoto in [ try in my own fumbling way to ‘moulded facing Medusa mask at the Japan, and are of a remarkable beauty build a bridge between art and every | base ofits handle. and quality man/woman, and 1 salute a major “The discovery of four Roman ships" The collection was assembled by Pontifex. Jn such an excellent state of presexva- Ms Mihioko Koyama, with the advice tion is of major importance. The pro- of international specialists in the field Gratefully yours Ject director, Stefano Bruni, of the of ancient art and based on the funda- i Tuscany Archaeological Superinten- mental concept that the beauty of art Sister Wendy (Beckett) dency has a huge conservation, prob- inspires the soul (see coverage of the Camelte Monastery, Quiderar, } Jem on his hands since only by a Miho Museum in January/February Norfolk process of slow drying can the timbers 1998 issue of Minerva). On show in Of the ships be preserved and, ho2e- Leiden are jewellery, amulets, bowls, Past books of Sister Wendy’s include fully, then put on public display inan dishes, and reliefs, Sister Wendy's Odyssey, and The Story appropriate setting. There is also the bine Walvis, of Painting. Two new publications ate archaeological problem of excavating Rijksmuseum van Oudheden. due out in the autumn. and recording the remains and the finds and, not least, in safeguarding the latter against attack by robbers Peter A. Clayton PROFESSOR BARRI JONES 2 prt of the cof tha ters it eget that we announce he deat of Foes Ban Jones, Pots of sith mca amphore.Thematoriy— Secnasology in Manchester University on 1 july. Batt was engaged in ed arc of Spanish manufacture sera ofthe workin North Wales where he sere hast atack and was dend on artval type known cs Dre 4 Boe erg ree (ur long term subsriers wil recall that Bar Jones played a significant role in the ealy days of Minerva He joined the foundation team with our Consult in Edtor, Peter Cayton (an old res! of his an fellow gues lecturer on Swan Hellenic criss). arr brought not only his wide archaeological expertise and Dublication knowlege tothe ist two Years but also the incorporation of the tnagazinescacology Tata (ormetly Popular Archaenegy) ith which he had ben closely associated before its demise. Bart Jones was strong and guiding force asthe Secretary in the early days of RESCUE, the British Trust for Archaeology, setup in 1971, and as subse Guently a Trustee ofthe group. Amongst hls many publications his popu Book, Past Inprct The Sty 9 Rese rchaolgy (1904, was semi ork that examined the path of media coverage and Palarentary debate leading up to the longsvaited legltion of 19791 stil a book tha can be ead th prot, He was parculry noted for his archaeological work in his native Wales, ‘bn Hladnan’s Wal and in Roman Libya where he was co-dueetor of the Unesco Libyan Valleys Survey. Tic wil be greatly mised amongst the archaeological fraternity. Fall obitwar- lesan sport appeared in The Coad, 23 uly, The Daly Telraph 2 uly, nd The Times, 3 August 1999. MINERVA 8 a O———O———eeeeeeeererrrrrrrlrc_c cll ll_ =| [New Excavation THE VALLEY OF THE MUMMIES An accidental discovery leads to an important new excavation of a necropolis of thousands of mummies at the Bahariya Oasis. Naglaa Habib El Zahlawi, who works for the Supreme Council of Antiquities, reports on this important find. Fig 1 The Bahariya Oasis is an incredibly ich ‘tn fertile area the midst of desert, and attracted setters rom the ile ale ne famous Giza plateau lies the Semen is etn eee SP Bahariya Oasis, 200 kilome- tres further to the south-west is Farafra Oasis, Together they form the northern oases of Egypt located 200kms from the Libyan border, Bahariya is a region of exquisite beauty from the surrounding moun. tains down to the valley of 4000 square kilometres lush with palm, olive and apricot trees (Fig 4). Civil: Isation flourished here as early as the Old Kingdom. In the hieroglyph texts the place is called Djesdjes; El Wahat, the actual name of the ‘oasis, derives from the hieroglyphs, wa hat, which simply means oasis, It is mentioned in the Edfu texts and the relative wealth of the region {s alluded to in wall paint- ings in Theban tombs where the Oasis representatives are seen pre- senting tribute, The earliest documention for the area dates to the Lith Dynasty, ©. 2040-1991 BC, when the Egyp- tlans were defending thelr borders nthe western desert 365 a nthe western desert 365 pio Za amas examines one ofthe mummies closely MINERVA 9 from the constant Libyan attacks, In it Mentuhotep Il (¢. 2010-1998 BC) refers to his victory over the Libyans, In the 12th Dynasty Amenemhet I (¢. 1991-1962 BC) sent his son Senusret | to control the area and reaffirm his supremacy ‘over Egypt's borders. In the 19th Dynasty, Seti I (¢. 1291-1278 BC), realising the importance of the ‘western borders, built forts there Merneptah (1212-1202 BC), the 18th son of Ramesses Il, drove back invaders attempting to migrate to the area as mentioned in his Victory stele exhibited in the Calto Museum. The pharaohs continued to struggle against the same Invaders but the highly organised Libyan sol diers succeeded in gaining a foothold that enabled them to form==] New Excavation — DY 340m. thete researches in the Bahaiya and Fucavations —— Farafea oases, began excavations {0 flowing Feconstruct a mote detailed Mstory dscnerofthe of the region. Beginning al the necropots after necropolis, situated 6 kins from el- donkey put its foot Bawiti, immediately east of el-Qast, ‘nto one of the many tombs were found cut in the recites. Tocks. Coffins bused on a supert ‘aid outin neat’ cial level were unearthed together rows in separate with large amounts of pottery, chambers. coloured beads, and makeup imple: ‘ments (kot foes Coffins without any decoration were also found, which is where problems began nce excavated mummies which need scientific recording and mea Surements before thelr removal because of possible damage by humidity or sunlight, also need & special onsite laboratory to be con structed before such studies could Degin. A specialist was urgently needed to follow meticulously the ‘whole operation which was being tun by a team of very enthusiast nd efficient archaeologist, Meanwhile, according to Dr Zahi Hawass (Fig 2), Undersecretary of State for the Gira monuments, the be ne Valley of the Mummies was dco g6,Omeof the ered by chance, when a donkey Put lucy wrapped jes hoof into one of the grave entttttviey shafts, Many additional tombs were Tinenbands’ then revealed in the necropolis ‘IGS. Laid out se by sein seyral chambers, many ofthe musmmles were covered i ‘rightly covered cartonnage (a form of aper mach). the 22nd Dynasty. A noted Egyptol. of the 2th Dynasty Pharaoh coaist, Dr Ahmed Fakhri, discovered Shabaka (712-698 BC), are to be 4 23rd Dynasty monument of the seen in el-Qast, at the crossroads of Libyan pharzoh Sheshong IV (793. theo 787 BC) located in el-Eyoun, north- “Beginning in 1993, the Supreme west of Baharlya, and monuments Council of Antiquities, continuing MINERVA 10 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm ll yei ~ New Excavation i Pig 9, Detall ofthe top of cartonnage covering ofthe male mummy from tomb 58 showing ‘ailded Horus falcon with wings outstretched anda sacred rcs (cba) ring fom ‘ach wing and the feather of Truth ofthe goddess Mat om is hew (Figs 3, 4). Each of four tombs exca- significant as It symbolises Maat — vated contained about $0 mummies justice, truth, and correct behav- crepe fami consequec tthe lea edmintran of stacked in piles which were classi-_ tour. The crown aver the deceased's Pe st eas weeny. fied into four categories: those Head (Fig 8) has floral decorations gilded with a thin layer of gold, and e figure of Horus wearing a possibly belonging to members of 1 solar-disk with the sacred uraeus huling family; those covered with bearing the Maat feather on its Finely detailed painting on carton- head (Fig 9) The face Is covered by nage; anthropold coffins made of a fine veneer of gol pottery, and linen-wrapped mum- "The second mummy was of a mies (Figs 5, 6). Some specimens lady wrapped with linen bandages; were removed and exhibited tem her gilded face is turned toward het orarily in one of the Bahatlya stor- husband (Fig 10), who was buried ge depots by her side, thus suggesting the tra Details of some of the decorated dition then eurrent that husbands mummies have been released. A and wives are bound together In the Tinen-wrapped mummy from tomb Afterlife. The husband also turned no, 84 has no decoration but stuc- towards his wife. The chest of the Coed cartonnage covers the head, lady's mummy. is covered by 4 face, and chest (Fig 7). A poly: brightly decorated cartonnage panel chrome scene presented in four ver- with three columns and her breasts tical ‘columns depicts aman are moulded in rellef and gilded worshipping the gods. Two of the (Fig 11) but the cartonnage was Four Sons of Horus appeat each side partly damaged when the necropo of a central square with a squatting lis roof fell in, Between her breasts figure of Osiris and above three the cartonnage fs decorated with a huge royal ureet (cobras) with solar painted Apis bull with a sun dise on disks complete the grouping, Thiee lis head and the jackal-headed god Squares beneath show a priest hold: Anubis shown with a square on Yop ing a standard of Anubis on the left of his head, The soul delivered fcom and the deceased worshipping onthe body fs symbolised by & man ite right between them squats an coming out of a box Inscribed ibis, the bird of Thoth, god of wis- within the square, and spreading dom. The feather in font of him is his arms. The Four Sons of Horus ae depicted facing each other on ig. Thecequartervew ofthe ign the other two columns; and three irom tom another square, The details of the lg 7. Male mummy fram tomb $4. The fine qualty ofthis artonnage ad ts decoration almost cetaly ident} me MINERVA 11New Excavation -—— MINERVA 124g 14 (top lef). The headdress of the male muamy (Fig 12) has ‘he umutual decoration of double ral (sacred cobras) on the forehead, normally «symbol only of royalty in earlier periods Fig 15 (above). The cartonnage om this chila’s mummy i. lecnate with painels of rearing srae and gods seated I alts Fig 16 (right Looking down in tothe excavation at Baharlya in ‘March 1998 with burtal chambers arranged ‘om elie side ofa central room. MINERVA 13 gilded face are exquisitely done. The lady weats eatrings and a crown with four rows of red coloured beads over her curled hals, dressed fn the style seen in terracotta stats ‘ues of the petiod. The goddesses Isis. and Nephthys spread their wings in a protecting attitude over the car- tonnage that covers the neck and the lower part of the head. "The husband's mummy (Pigs 12, 13, 14) Is very cloquent, even in the grave, as the position testifies to the good relationship between them. ‘The vignettes depicted on his chest are those of the judgement of the deceased before Osiris seen seated on his throne while Anubis is weighing the heart against the Maat feather in the other pan of the scales, Thoth is recording and reporting the judgement results to Osiris. Priests wearing masks of Anubis, Lord of the Necropolis, are pletured performing rites over the‘mummy masks and coffins. Anubis was in charge of embalming, weigh ing the heart in the Hall of Judge- ment, and protecting the body of the deceased. Dr Gaballah Ali Gabatlah, Secre- tary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, announced that 10S mummies, including children (Fig 15), have'now been unearthed under the direction of Dr Hawass, together with many objects from this area now called the Valley of the Mummies. Another 10,000 or so ‘mummies are expected to be event ally located in the necropolis, which Is four miles in length and dates from c. 330 BC to ¢. AD 400, Most probably the next exeavation season will reveal more detalls, So far the objects found have been mainly funerary offerings for women: beau- tiful pottery, statuettes representing the god Bes childbirth), bracelets and earrings, semi-precious stones, amulets, pot tery and perfume containers. Also found were bronze censors, small bronze statues of major deities in the Osirian mythology, and coins of the Graeco-Roman period, Each tomb usually consists of an entrance and a room preceding two burial chambers (igs 16, 17). A temple dedicated to Bes containing a lifesize statue of the god was also uncovered, as well as & nearby factory for producing wine. Dr Gaballah praised the efforts of the SCA staff: ‘Our knowledge of the history of the area has grown and will continue to grow as we gain ‘more important details ~ our efforts will not stop here and our team of archacologists, restorers, and schol- ars are always ready.” ‘Monuments from many dynasties cover the Bahariya and Farafia Oases such as at el-Qasr where a 26th Dynasty temple was erected. In Qaret Helwa (‘the beautiful hill), 4 kins north-west of el-Bawiti, is the 28th Dynasty tomb of Amenhotep luy, Governor of the oasis. The walls still retain the bright coloured scenes depicting rituals, as well as aspects of everyday life. Graffith on the walls referring to wine storage reflect one of the economical pur suits of the region, wine was exported from the oasis to the Nile Valley. With these dynastic records nearly all of Egyptian pharaonic his- tory cam be read. throughout Bahatiya. It continues into the Greek period with the Temple of Alexander te Great (Fig 18), which was proba- bly built during his return from Siwa Oasis. There stil exists the remains of a destroyed Roman triumphal arch. At el-Hayz, located between Bahariya and Farafea, there aresa few Christian remains, but the Arab pres: | New Excavation j — Fig 17. The cartonnage coverings om a number ofthe mumonles found in he burial chambers had been damused | ‘by falls of debris and need careful conservation and restoration, Fig 18. The Temple of Alexander the Great at Bahariya was probably built when he returned from his Journey to the temple and orate of mon in Sia Oasis 332 Be cence is apparent in several locations, mainly at el-Qast, where the forts and fortifications of Qasr Allam Qasr Mesguesheb, and others are notable As Dr Gaballah noted, ‘the oasis hhas a long history and its location MINERVA 14 over the Egyptian borders attracted everyone because of the life-giving springs that exist in the Oasis, but now we also gain nourishment from the information unlocked from the ‘monuments ofthis ancient land.” AU ilustrations courtesy of Marc DevillefESP eyTake the Interactive Collector ~ The first to bring the auction industry online | ‘The big boys are having to play ‘catch up’ to newer Internet specialists... 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The time to take advantage of this exciting and powerful medium for global business has come. @ : . interactive COLLECTOR, www.icollectorcom,Excavation Report — oo RECENT DISCOVERIES AT THE BYZANTINE CITY OF AMORIUM The collapse of the ancient world saw a steep decline in the number of cities right across the Mediterranean, but nowhere was this more apparent than in Asia Minor, where, in the 7th century AD numerous cities were either totally abandoned, or much reduced in size. However, the excavations at Amorium have shown that there were exceptions to this rule. Once the capital of the Anatolic theme, the largest province in Asia Minor, the city played | an important role in the survival of the Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries. | Chris Lightfoot presents an update on the results of fieldwork at the site. | Hig 1.Amortum of Archaeology at Ankara in the UK Sinop andsomed/the and Dumbarton Oaks, acting on Tora principal tes of ehalt of the Trustees of Harvar imcipal cites of behalf of the Trustees of Harvard University, in the United States, sup plemented by generous donations ; from the Friends of Amorim in the Hellenistic and Romen pe ‘ ods Asla Minor was literally dotted | wath ites (Hg), whose wealthy | tustratins © vialty, and mutual vary should be ‘marian tegarded as Important factors in the | Excarations Project longeterm survival of classial vill sation, So it was thelr demise im the fisst half of the 7th century AD, caused by 2 combination of natural disasters, economie problems, and | P Sete tskighie Pesigus Ameyinm Yalv Paya’ 3 9 Aplustists enemy Invasions, that led to the end \ of antiquity and the onset of the so- eae Byzantine Das Age ino | * 42 Gora vey Sutn, howevet, was one OF 2 sal St imottan es umber of cities that survived the ingerss theeen.—tyansition into the medieval period lag oa ‘Other sites that are likely to have Lower Cy, with toner Cio watt semained major urban centres ‘he ancient and medieval city record as the longest continuous ‘of Amorium (the modern vil- excavation ever conducted by a Tage of Hisark6y) lies approx- British team In Turkey (a rather poor imately 180 km from the record when compared, for example, Turkish capital of Ankara in central with the Austrian achievement at Anatolia, After a preliminary survey Ephesus over the last century). season in 1987 excavations started in An international team of 15 to 20 ccarnest under the auspices of Oxford people, including a number of Turk University in 1988, directed by Pro- ish archacologists, conservators, geo: fessor R, Martin Harrison (1988-1992) physicists and students, participates and then the writer (1993-98). It isin the summer field seasons at the fone of only two British excavations site and conteibutes to the research In Turkey (the other being the and publication programme. In famous prehistoric site of Gatal- recent years the project has been hbyuk) and presentiy holds the largely funded by the British Institute ‘moundinthe include Caesarea Cappadociae (Key- | ‘background, seri), Iconlum (Konya), Attaleia Bene "amr MINERVA 16 ane Excavation Report Fig 3 (above). Present day vibagr grazing his sheep om the site of Amorium. Fig 4 (oetow). Obvers of hele seal of Meephoras Metfsenus (1070, ‘epicting the Virgin with Child D:20 mm. AM97/SI719. (Antalya), and Dorylaeum (Eskitehi). In contrast to these places, which later developed into large and impor: tant Turkish cities, Amorium dwin dled into insignificance under the Seljuks and Ottomans (Fig 2). The Turkish settlement of Hisarcyk appears to have been abandoned in ¢ 1800 and was only resettled (as His arkoy) with refugees from the Balkans in 1892. This fact makes Amorium an ideal excavation site ‘The post-Byzantine but premodern ‘occupation is restricted largely to the man-made mound or Upper Clty, while most of the much more exten sive Lower City has remained open ground (Fig 3) used for grazing or small-scale cultivation since the Byzantine city was abandoned. During the Middle Ages Amoriam enjoyed a prominent position amongst the surviving cities of Asia Minor. It had a chequered but event ful history and, standing on one of the two major military highways that Lnked the eapital, Constantinople, With the all-important eastern fron: tier with the Atab Caliphate, It was frequently visited by leading histor cal figures. The first of these was St Theodore of Sykeon, who passed through Amorium on his travels in the late 6th century. Later in the sec. ‘ond half of the 7th century it became the capital of the Byzantine province of Anatolikon and headquarters of the Army of the Anatolics, the largest Byzantine provincial army in the East, Amorium was regarded by 9th ‘century Arab sources as the greatest Byzantine city in Anatolia and was frequently attacked during the almost annual invasions that the Arabs launched Into Byzantine tert tory in the 7th.9th centuries. The city also fathered the Amorian ymasty of Byzantine emperors (820- 867), and the sack of Amorium in 838 during the reign of its most famous son, Theophilus, recorded extensively in both Byzantine and Arab literature, was the immediate cause for Iconoclasm to be discred ited and for the restoration of ortho- oxy to the Greek Church in 843, Naturally, the historical impor. tance of the Byzantine city ts matched by the richness of the archaeological discoveries, Many’ si nificant nev discoveries have been ‘made; for example, in 1995 the frst recorded specimen of a new sub-ype ff the common i1th-century copper alloy coinage known collectively as Byzantine ‘anonymous folles’ was found at Amorium, while the chance find in 1997 of a well-preserved lead seal (Fig 4) belonging to Nicephorus Melissenus, later to become brother. in-law to the emperor Alexius T (1081-1118), indicates the continued importance of the city well into the 11th century. Likewise, in 1998 six fragments from different free-blown glass ves. sels made ftom a very special type of glass that changes colour when held lup to the light were recorded from the site, Previously only one frag- MINERVA 17 Fig 5 (betow top). ‘Beales ofthe pottery vessels recovered fromm tam behind the ty als 1998 (two are now on alspay tn the Apjon Museum. ig 6 (below centre). View from ‘have of tne of vessels showing ‘arltlons nthe treatment of he top, ome beng fashioned to resemble a grotesque mask Fig 7 below bor. tom). Vow of the broken pots init ite desertion layer, ment of dichroic glass had been recorded In Turkey (from the Amet: ‘can excavations at Sardis), and world ‘wide only a hancful of examples are known, the most famous dichroic piece being the Lycurgus Cup in the British Museum. Although some ancient glass ‘experts have dismissed these findings as unlikely if not impossible, the uunexpectedness of such a discovery in Anatolia underlines the unique nature of the material at Amoriuin, especially for the Byzantine period The unusual shape and still unex: plained purpose of the pottery (See (Minerva, May/June 1999, p. 7) uncovered In a destruction layer Gigs 5-7) probably associated with the sack of Amorlum in 838 further highlights the importance of the project in shedding new light on the material culture of the Byzantine world ‘Amongst the areas excavated soon — __ Excavation Report | SSS farisa section ofthe main city als, has been thoroughly and earfully including agatenay andalrge tan excavated, revealing an ased bases ular toot that were constacted In witha smarty to the fot the late th or carly 6th century, tions but completly rebuilt a5 ‘hese are probably the malls that we domed besiicg In the ate 9th OF Iefered to in The Life of 8 Theodore. eatly 10th century ace Miner, Evidence hasbeen found during the uly/august 1996, p2528), The ing excavations to show thatthe for. Opus sets marble oor igs 9-1) cations were extensively damaged by (including unique glassonoste fre The sudden destction of the tounely the brightly painted res tity walls may, with some conf. coss on walls (1e 11 (one panel i dene, be associated withthe siege stl sla), the gol-gass and poly and cpture ofthe cy by the Abs chrome mmosaes that once adorned in See Mineva,Janury/cbriary the vaultrand domes andthe ich 1o94 p 1815) tsoortment of male forashings ig . Work in 1998 abo made it clear 12), now stored inthe depots , that the area immediately bend the emphatically demonstate that this cli ator, alls contained buldings that Were Middle Byzantine. church, wos Gereestenehite ed as living quarters inthe carly wealthy and well maotsined. dowinticopa Stn centry. these too merevilenty "In 1098-4 tomy mas discovered sete vite stayed but, he city recovered Dull ito he foo of te marten of ‘he foundations of yfter the sack, the area was again the church at the west end. The theambe nthe’ sftet the sack, the gain the church at the west end, Th re ine yeoccupied. Some rooms wereclested_bricklinec tomb (Fig 13), complete ‘hebcotnd and refurbished, while others were with an arched canopy at one end, Sinthvonon. constructed on the foundations of contained the undisturbed remains the demolished fortifications fof two indvidals, together with an Fig 9 de, ‘Also in the Lower City the main iron bracelet and five copper alloy enerat went tte poay of substantial church (fig 8) cols, al longing tothe reg of ooking west, ‘Showing the remains ofthe copa sect floor in the bern ‘and anos ig 10 (bow, Detail of he Ma dle Byzantine opus “ete floor the ynaos of the Lower ‘ity church ig 12;abore). Daluster post agent foun in dhe Lomer City church i 1998, TO S2 me AMOR TG, ig 15 (below). Tenth century tomb in the Lower ity narthex after excavation Fg 11 (elon) reserved arent of «Mle Byzantine ‘econ te ona south wal of te Lower Clty che vnerconteraton 1908 MINERVA 18ee cou al the emperor Nicephorus I! (963-968), These burials allow us to date the reconstruction of the chusch to the period between 838 and 970, for itis lear that the tomb was inserted into the building after the buttresses but belonging to the the domed basilica had been added (Fig 14). Finally, new excavations, started In 1996 and expanded during the General view of srous butngs and features, dat. sng fom the 704 to the Ith century, found inside he Midate Byzantine defensive wall Hig 14, Detail ofthe arched west end ofthe tom showing how Te was fnserted ito the lor tn font of the Midd Byzantine tudo tothe west ‘wall of the narthex, 4998 season, in the centre of the site close to the church, have exposed part of a complex series of buildings. These were surrounded by a substan- tial defensive wall (Fig 15) during the Middle Byzantine period, once the main city walls had been demol- ished. Traces of occupation stretch ing back feom the 11th century to at least as far as the 7eh century have so far been recorded (Fig 16). The stratigraphy is at times diff cult to follow or interpret, but it is Clear that at Teast one building was originally part of the Roman or Late Antique eity and, from the number ff water pipe fragments and the evi dence of the marble revetment slabs Covered in limescale, it may be sue mised that it once served as baths, However, of greater significance is the fact that this building was repalted, refurbished, and adapted for other uses in its long subsequent his tory. The area was only finally aban- doned, along with the rest of the city, when the Byzantines fled west- wards to eseape the terror of inces- sant Tueklsh ralds In the aftermath of the battle of Manzikest in 1071 Before excavations started it was ‘generally thought that the Byzantine ‘ty of Amorium was restricted to the fottified area on top of the large man-made mound that forms the most prominent feature of the site and now dominates the stall Turk: ish village of Hisarkoy, most of whose houses are evidently built on MINERVA 19 top of ancient ruins, However, recent wrovk nay proved conclusively that the much lager Lower Clty contin- tea to Be occupied throughout the Byzantine petiod and contained Some ofthe e's principal mera bulgs, Tus archaeology has been able to sustanate the css made ty Arab geographers that Armor Ws one of Ue gest cites In Anat Man the Mile Ages For the present, flelawork has eon suspended while efor are con Eniated om the final publication of these important result, Pe arehae- blogy of medval Anatoli spoon Knows, and attention fs usually | devoted to soatd strctres such a castles, palaces, and churches. At mori, om the other hand, itis possible fo see fortifications vie frat eectestascal buldings In afl tibon contest, alongside domestic trad Industrial quarters Tt would seem highiydesrable for work a thet to continue for many Years to come over that a fll Pletue as posable can be obtained of ‘at ie wo like in Byrantine tines Of course, modecn archaeology foe towards at just excavation, but though Amosum may not have te tous potent of many other fncent ces n Asa Mion the site Enjoys the unique positon of pre serving for posterty 2 record of Geban contimulty from antiquity through the Byzantine Dark Ages into the Middle Ages. As such Amor um has an important place in the caltural heritage of Turkey. Dr Chris Lightfoot isthe Director ofthe Armor Excavations sand is now working in the Department ‘of Greek and Roman Art atthe Metropolitan Museum of ‘Artin New York Fig 16. Copper ally erring. Maximum ‘mensions 4.6 and 3.6 cm Siar ‘earrings, dated tothe 110h-120hcontunes, have been recorded at Corinth. “AMOBISF396.—————[RNew bookat Ancient Fay PROBLEMS IN ITALY: ROME GETS TO GRIPS WITH ITS PAST | Richard Hodges interviews Dr Mario Serio, Director-General of Italy’s Beni Culturali taly is experiencing 2 for- _uinely friendly, talkative, and appat- this year. The increase is based. ‘ment of archaeological activ. ently open. He seems to listen and on a reforming project leading ity. The Forum of Rome is respond with a twinkle in his eye as to investment in all Italy's cul= witnessing the biggest exca- he deftly crafts a seemingly straight. tural resourees, not just in vations since Giacomo Boni forward reply. Gone, in other words, Rome, Florence, Pompeii, and. tunearthed ita century ago. Pompell isis the age of senior officials acting ike Venice, but throughout Italy, being reoganised by an energetic popinjays and speaking In riddles, This s a zegional strategy. Superintendent, Piero Guzzo, with a Serio is the sympathetic face of an Third, the Ministry Is leading helping hand from the World Monu- Italy coming to terms with globalisa- a modernisation campaign. ts ments Fund. Up and down the penin- tion and ever-increasing integration activities have to be rationalised sula, encouraged by a dispersal of _ with the European Union. In economic terms our organ regional funds from the European We met in the modest sitting rom _sation needs overhauling, and | Union, cities, towns and parishes are attached to the Director-General’s _we must modemise our techno- creating archaeological parks to make office on the first floor of San logieal systems. their local rains more visitor-friendly. Michele, the great palatal suite which ‘This reform, started by Vel: | ‘The centralised state with Its cumber- lines the west bank of the Tiber just tront, belng continued by the some bureaucracy Is being challenged south of Trastavere. It was early new minister, will replace @ by Italy's increasing emphasis upon evening, and the porter had pointed heavy centralised structure with regionalisation. me towards Scro's office, lazily walv- a light one, providing modern All this activity, along with open- ing the normal rule of taking my pass- opportunities. Pompeii is a ‘ing museums long since chiuso per port or making me dispor a good example [of these resiauro, renovating monuments, and hame-badge. San Michele is basking reforms]: it now has an generally putting some vitality into in a moment of relaxation, The Dice: autonomous administration Italy's world famous cultural property, tor-General was quick to explain why: with its own manager” hhas been at the heart of Walter Vel trons two-and-a-half years as Deputy ‘italy has made a political ‘Was this a short-term solution’, Prime Minister and Minister of Cul- choice moto forte ~not just in _asked him, ‘or part of an unfolding, ture managing its cultural patri-_longs-term plan to reap the long-term | Veltroni vacated his post in the mony but also for the country’s benefits from Italy's unequalled trea government reshulfl last November, economy. The government is sures?” but ensured that Giovanna Melandsi, determined to take a political a close colleague, was appointed © Initative which may seem a hit “There is a strong emphasis take over his programme. Strategy is tle unusual in those countries being given to celebrating the one thing; Implementation, in 2 which do not have Ministries of Jubilee [the Catholic anniver- country which prides itself on the Culture. sary that now occurs every mantra that nothing changes, is Tirst, the Ministry is Lwenty-ive yeas it 2000). We another. The Soprintendenza, after strengthening its hold over its ate fostering collaboration with | al, is very bureaucratic, bebind-the- resources in the face of new fig- ‘the Vatican to provide pilgrims ‘times, and lurking in the background ures who have entered the field with services as well as to is the unhealthy spirit of corruption. _of cultural politics ~ the towns, develop historical trails, such as Responsibility for Veltroni's revolu- provinces, regions, dioceses Investing in restoration and tion Hles with the Director-General of who are seeking to invest in development of sites ahd mon: | Beni Culturall, Dr Mario Serlo, who thelr own patrimony, We are ‘uments along the Via Francige hhas had to persuade the patchwork drawing up agreements between nia [the pilgrim route crossing | quilt of regional superintendents cov- this Ministry and these institu Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany and ering Ntaly and the army of poorly tions to encourage and contol Latium). We ate also encourage paid employees to come to terms with new initiatives, sng a trend [an English ward he the winds of change. Second, our resources for uses a lot] to network sites in Mario Serio 1S 2 historian and this vast, rich patrimony were Italy and Rome.” | archivist by training, He advanced to small and. spread thinly. From be a Superintendent of Rome's 1998, 1000 miliardi (about $600 "With this stong emphasis upon cul archives before winning the appot- million) has been added to the tural tourism helping the economy, ently poisoned chalice of Ditector- normal budget of S00 mlliardl. was It easy to persuade his colleagues General in 1994. He is a genial We now have 1500 miliardi and staf to change?” ‘mandarin; a civil servant who is gen- (about $900 milion) to spend MINERVA 20 iyt 1s 1 A New Look at Ancient Italy }——— “Thee were problems. Italy is very fragmented. A culture which must advance in the face Of globalisation; which must ‘modernise with public courses, ‘improving its language skills ~ the English language, not French, Lam affald (he smiled at the thought) ~ and the use of the computer. For us Italians, mod fernisation will inaugurate a igreater understanding of the dliversity of Italian culture rang- Ing from the Sicilians to the Lombards, We must defend local culture too. But our pat mony is ata crossroads with this fren." Js a good moment for archaeology’, suggested, ‘with many big new exca “Yes. For archaeology the exploitation of technology, the alliance between archaeology and science, helps the develop- ment of the idea of a territory, and the defence of the place, making everything accessible ‘rough the idea of archaeologi- ‘al paths, The alliance makes the ‘conditions of visting sites much more satisfying, Today vistors don’t want to contemplate archaeological ruins {he pursed his lips and nodded to express his sadness at this, they want services, With everyone coming to aichaeological sites by car, i's absolutely necessary to make a range of normal services avail- able” “Ave there sufficient students, archaeol- ‘ogists, and managers to meet this new Investment?" asked him, “tecol Certainly, there ate sut- ficlent archaeologists in Italy today, Unfortunately, great unemployment exists in this sec- tor. We are familiar with the use of managers. Today at Pompeit there is a convegno on this. We reed managers alongside our archacologiss to organise visitor services. Clty managers (he said, awkwardly annunciating the English) who will have to draw ‘upon support from the unions representing our employees.” ‘italy bas had a long famillarty with mayors running cities, something Bs which is now being {troduced in ‘Mayors, yes! City managers, ‘nol These will be people wio do not make the strategy, but serve as executives ‘Behind this idea of city sianagers, advanced in the United States, Is the importance of management plans for archaeological sites. Without doubt. The admin istrative culture of Anglo-Saxon ‘countries is well developed in placing emphasis upon the ber: befits for society as.a whole, In aly Beni Culturali has bad an ‘auto-suffenea ~ in other words the stategy in the past has been, determined to suit those work ing in this sector [not the pub- hic}. Today, If the Itallan government is to put this eco- nomic strategy Into action, changes are necessary.” "It is a very active programme. How hhave your superintendents received these changes?” “The project has been well recelved by the public. The slomand for services in the fleld of culture is growing. People are frequenting museums more often; visits to archaeological sites are Increasing. There Is a demand, The workforce must tchange in the face of this neces sity. Pero Guzzo (Superintedent at Pompeii] is convinced that the archaeological mission, the place of scientific research, remains absolutely essential Research is a guarantee that an archaeological site is in safe Trans, not just a glorious part in aly’ history. This isthe case at Pompeli_ with a management plan funded by the World Mon- uments Fund involving on- {going research excavations.” | asked him if these changes in such @ large bureaucratic juggernaut posed ‘him a great personal challenge retain that modernisation was necessary. Appropriate for these times, We must not lose this connection between cul- tural development, research which is central, and respond- ing to [public] demand, ‘These are not contrasting circum- stances but complimentary: He had modestly evaded my question, so Tasked if he thought it was an Interesting moment in Italy, a country not noted for its emphasis upon being service culture ‘Ministers Veltroni and ‘Melandr have given great polt- jeal suppott to this project as a fundamental issue for Italy; as an administrator | wholeheart- MINERVA 27 edly welcome it. This doesn’t diminish the state of research. ‘One other issue, a clear word ‘on the market in illegal antiqui- tes It Is Ialy’s responsibility to combat the clandestine theft of objects. We are more vigilant than ever, But apart from this, we have received full coopera” tion in a code to combat the purchase of objects without ‘provenances which, in any case, have no value. Museums that acquire clandestine objects should be conscious of purchas- ing objects without prove- He was at pains to signal the inherent valuelessness of unprovenanced antig- ules, I asked if there was groveth in this market, of clandestine activity? “All the information we pos sess indicates a growth in this activity. We are in the first line; wwe need the collaboration of fther states, and also the keen atvareness of museums. Muse- lums mustn’t encourage these ‘operations. We aze pleased that ‘the Anglo-Saxon countries (UK, USA) have adopted standards t0 ‘confeont this problem. But still great riches aze being robbed from Ttaly; from Apulia in par- sieulae” We ended the conversation there. 1 complimented him on creating such. ‘changes in ent Cultural, Without say- ing i, these changes are a metaphor for Italy iself. Either it changes or stagnates, Either it takes a proactive attitude to its archaeological patrl ‘mony ot, like Pompell in the past, it will decay before our eyes. Bither It makes great archaeotogical sites like the Forum of Rome accessible to visi tors oF they will not come, Fither the Ministry works with cites and towns to develop parks or these places will take the matter into their own hands, In making these changes Veltront and Serio, the architects, have turned to Anglo-Saxon terminology ~ man- agement plans, [visitor] trends, city managers, which they have deployed to modemise a state department highly conscious of the voracious appetite for regionalistion. Ina world ‘of dwindling state budgets and priviti- sation, sustaining an! investing in the states grasp om its patrimony, even in Italy, isa bold step. Professor Richard Hodges is atthe School of Werld Art Studies atthe University of East Anglia, and is Scientific Director ofthe Butrint Foundation——— Archaeology in Turkey —— ——_--— RESCUE ARCHAEOLOGY IN ISTANBUL Ken Dark and Ferudun Ozgiimi report on the difficulties archaeologists face in their race to record and preserve Istanbul's Byzantine past, and chart some major recent discoveries made by the Istanbul Rescue Archaeology Project. cay tanbul i aor Take ith ety, but from AD 830 145d was the cpt of the Eastern Roman, of Byzantine, empire, Constantinople, atthe last oman capital was thet called, was central tothe polite, cults, cco homie, and religious history of the Meiiterancan an ease Europe for tore than a millennium, Adored mith weasues of ancient at fused with magnificent palaces, churches, public squares and. monumental Columns, the city remain pace of ‘onder to contemperaces, ad I pro foundlyafected the development of neighbouring societies, from Kievan Rasa and Renaasnce Venice to he Ottoman Tusks who eventualy con ured Desplte this Musou past, Byzan tine Constantinople one ofthe east drchacoogialy explored of te peat cies of the Roman word There as ben ite excavation or archeological survey inside the city amay from the exiting churches, the pineal inpe ia resdence and the wale 0, while 3 fer nportact monument such as the great church of Hage Sopa (ig Sill survive mos tnt, any more ace known from textual sources alone ‘Written evidence sometimes enables the postion of specific complexes (euch as named monasteries) to be recognised and rete to polis, cl tual snd raion histor, bu fee. dom provides cee information sbout the daylife ofthe ity or detaled ‘reall dseptions of se complexes for the whale ofthe Byzantine pod Thus, the phyla apes of Byzantine Contantinopie ae largely unknown, dese he apart wel of wate Moen Istanbul s developing fast, Whereas for centres, much evidence of the Byzantine past has remained carthmoving for improvements In Fig 1. The conte of Tetanus the great Byzantine circ of Hagla Sophia Fy2,4 opal surveyed in 198 MINERVA 22 ee rc crc cell, transport infrastructure, and deep foun: dations for apartment blacks, hotels, and other building projects, are cutting away archacological deposits through out the city. Although a small number ff Turkish archaeologists have been ‘making gallant efforts to conduet res ‘cue excavations, the vast majority of ‘material coming to light due to con struction is lost almost at once unrecorded and unrecognised ‘The Istanbul Rescue Archaeology Project A new rescue archaeology programme for the historic core of Istanbul Began in July 1998 (Figs 2, 3). The project was initiated and is directed by De Ken. Dark, for the Late Antiquity Research Group (LARG), with Dr Fer- uudun Ozgiimuls of Istanbul Univer. sity, as €o-director. The aim is to record (through systematic survey and ‘site-watching’) Byzantine and pre-Byzantine material which is cither currently at risk of destruction ‘or damage, or which remains hith= certo unrecorded_and therefore poten: tially at risk of loss or damage in——{__ Archaeology in Turkey — | — ISTANBUL Martts Page aa fg nat EE ga The 1998 season examined the yl Iw southvet pertefthe Byeatineciyot acta ioe Gonstananople the modem deer saney arte and Yedikule and Koca Mustafa Pasa. This —— ra ed gtnanticovenes Sta Some of whe ae summarise below However it ako confirmed the extent of echacologea estuction in tis putot hea The 1998 Suny of Yeu and Koca Mist Past The Ottoman Turklsh castle at Yeaikute was found to contain many previously unrecorded sculptured blocks of Roman and Byzantine dae, both within ts courtyard and in itso eh. wralls, Among these are slabs bearing ,A/Preaauty | (Gosden) Ghitho symbols sions "Tmeniedate with animal ornament, and what may decay the outer be part of the chancel screen of an wll the Golden arly Byzantine church. At the Byzan- Gate, tine imperial ceremonial entrance (0 py (cnt the ct the Golden Gate, the cllapse “WSycemtne tek of pat ofthe outer Gate’ extertor wall Sueur exe facing revealed reused statue base Bilge eure (Fg 4). Immediately outside and agi. unlngadtacent cent to the Gate to its north, a large ae round of soll was fund to have been removed in the course of legal trea sure-hunting, exposing a ruinous Byzantine brick structure (ig 5). This appears to have been small retangu tat room, of which only two crumbling rll tubs survive ficult ite pret such fragmentary structure, but may eat furctionally tothe Gate ACAI Fakih Pasa moxgu, a BYzan tine bricklined cistern wat found in Situ, complete with its monolithle stone wralihead. Adjacent to the mosgue to the north, a length of Byzantine tick wll'sanding over 2 high In places, Fg rho, tras exposed during recent building, Byaumtne bik Mons (hig. Inside the compen ae il dicoered Several ples of Byzantine architectural Meco Sculpture which have already been “aitpali Psa published by Turkish archaeologists, A aque, MINERVA 23—— | Archaeology in Turkey | stone sarcophagus also lies, overgrown, in the same yard, and further pieces of architectural stonework are incorpo- rated in the modern walling. The site seems to be that of a previously unidentified Byzantine building, per hhaps a church. Another in sit ester, of very similar form, was found (adja cent toa Byzantine sarcophagus) in the car park immediately next to Sancak- tar mosque, also probably once 8 Byzantine church, On the very westernmost edge of in to surrounding structures, was recorded (Fig 11). These add up to a sizeable addition to the architectural fragments known from the church and its complex ‘asthe church structure i also at some rise from these illegal depreda tions, a reeard was compiled of the church and atrium walls. Due to the Toss of recent plaster from sections of the wall surface and elsewhere, more oF the structure is visible than until very recently, making a survey of this type the survey area Is the Byzantine sine very timely. This detailed inspection of Zoodochos Pege. A delaled exami- noted several ‘new’ features. An nation of the present church produced ‘ig 7. One ofthe Byzantine ‘mela the church of unrecognised ornamental brick cross the surprising discovery of a length of Zoodochos Pes was recorded in the church nave wall ‘tunnel of Byzantine date (Fig 7). This f MBER 20ci—nencath peeling mosern plaster is preserved! in the modern stairway a Byzantne pendant eross symbol was val! immediately adjacent to the holy founcl peinted onto the narthex wal ‘well, These isa smilar “tunnel” on the plaster ese to the main west door, in opposite side ofthe well. The funetio: paint identical to that ofthe Byzantine ofthese features is uncertain, but they fale jointing. A carved chistho roundel appear to represent the last visible was also recorded beneath the upper traces of « Byzantine building (presum: white marble lintol oF the west door of ably the church itself) incorporated the chuteh, During the couse of struc ino later structures. While not mune tural reconing, a piece of polychrome diately at risk, recognition should asist stone modaic anda fragment of sculp- their future preservation. tured perphiyry with possible imperial Immediately within the gate of associations ~ were found on the floor Narli Kapi, behind the standing sea ofthe ave wall, Byzantine monolithic columns ‘Other surprising discoveries were wwete lying adjacent to the maclern road). yzuntin columns lying unrecorded and at risk beside the made within the church. The floor of (Fig 8). By the roadside immediately ‘modern street at Nal Raph the north aisle was, until recently, cow across a narrow lane, a column base ered in srub, A minor fre has revealed was identified ~ perhaps in situ. These along mound in its centre comprised may be the remains of the imperial wholly cf Byzantine sculptured stone entrance to the city, textually-known This adds many new pieces to the cor to have been used when visiting the pus of sculptural and architectural monastery of St john Studs, discussed stone known feom this important site, below. Immediately outside Natt Kap, including what may be parts of the at the existing church of Surp white marble amtbo (pulpit) of the Migirdlic, a previously unrecognised Byeantine church fragment of the Byrantine sea wall (of By far the most unexpected. discov characteristic build, but now merely an cry as the wel-preserve substructure Seegular lump of masonry) was found Gf the church of St Mary Peribleptos. Jn the cellar wall ofthe church This church (built in 1028-34) was the A fine rclie-carved tombstone of Roman date Fig 9) was found incorp- rated into a wall at another modem church, Surp Agop, and many Roman and Early Byzantine architectural fag rents were also found built into the external wall of Davut Pasa mosque Column elements (columns, bases, drums, et) le both inside the mosque courtyard in Its ruinous medrese Byzantine Constantinople, the Mese rig {slamic theological college) immedi- "Many Important new discoveries 4 relfsecorated ately tothe east some of which have were also made during the 1998 survey fmbotané at already been published ~ and inthe at the ruinous church of St Jom annie Surrounding lanes. The quantity and Studlus, representing the core of one of range of architectural fragments at this the Byzantine city's most important location might suggest a Byzantine monasteries, established inthe Sth cen- sirueture in the vicinity, Similarly, at tury. Although a well-known site, principal building of one of the city’s most celebrated monasteries, and an Hekimoglu Ali Pasa mosque, column unrecorded sculptural fragments and elements were recorded in the com- column element le scattered within Pound of the mosque and in adjacent the present ruin, where they ae at sk Tanes, Of special interest isa row of of legal removal ~ despite Oey effort columns in the compound of the by the authorities to protec them. Dur. P10, Byzantine mosque (ig 10), which appear tobe ting the 1998 season all unpublished “mis perhaps Situ and les on the approximatesposts- matealIying in the monument, and yah A Pa Jated line of the principal street of all Byzantine and earie material but" wong MINERVA 24 slyFig 11. A British volunteer cording ney discovered fragments of sculpture in the rns ‘ofthe church oft John Studs Imperial burial place. However, It was belived to have been destroyed during Acknowledgements a fren the 18th century ‘The authors would especially ike to (On a building site adjacent to the thank the Ministry of Culture at south of the present church at Sula Ankara for granting a permit for the Manasti, the historically known site of 1998 season and the Government the Peribleptos monastery, demolition Representative Mr All Onder for his revealed a substantial brick substructure continual support, encouragement, standing aver 6m high ~ with deep and good humour throughout the arched niches along its exterior (Fig survey. Dr Dark would also like to 12), Further work in the basement thank Ms A. Senytiz andl Mr K. Ipek. beneath the modern building above at the Turkish Embassy in London, this substructure revealed many details and Mr H. Mftuoghn at the Turkish of its interior (ig 13), including apses_ Consulate in London, for their and a ciosein-square plan, confirming kindness and assistance, particularly that it was probably the lover portion in obtaining research vises for ofthe Pecbleptos church itset. Dr Dark and Ms Spears in time to Immediately to the south, a stump conduct the survey. of similar brick wall of Byzantine date, Our thanks are also due to all abutting the church substructure exte’ those who helped conduct the 1998 rior near the modern road line to the survey under our direction: east, preserves traces of vaulting, and -H. Getinkaya, E. Karakaya, M ‘might be part of a lage vaulted tom — Ozkahraman, J. Spears and A next to the church, Moreover, another Tirayli. Likewise, our thanks are substructure, of lesser proportions, was due to the Istanbul Archacological discovered beneath apartment build- Museum, Hagia Sophia Museum, Ings near the firs. and the bodies that generously Thus, it seems likely that the granted permission to visit their remains recorded dusing 1998 represent ulldings. Last, but not least, we the lower portion of the Byzantine would also like to thank Professors church and other structuses of the M, Ozgdogan and E, Ozbayoglu of monastery. As such, itis arguably the Istanbul University for their eontin- ‘most important discovery in Istanbul of ing and Invaluable advice, part of a Byzantine monastery (still support and enthusiasm Standing above ground) for more than decade Futare work It pension i granted, is hoped to extend the survey, ia annual seasons tom 1999 ‘nwa, to other dite ofthe ety. We hope that feeders of Mine wil give thei sup porto the proc, which cleatly has the potential to ad sigalicanty to out knowledge OF the Byzantine capital. In particular, this project urgently requires nancial assistance (despite ts low operating costs), and donations or ether financlel sponsorship - whether {tom Indiiduats or organisations ~ would be most welcome (cheques to be made payable to. Re Darky, Donations and sponsorship enquices may be male to: Ken Dar, Ital ‘Acchacologleal Project, LARO, 424 Norbury Avenue, London SW16 3RL (ema: Kk Dsrkereading atu) A preliminary report on the 1998 seaon is avallable at £50 (orice focus postage n the UN, from the sme adress (cheques, gain, made payable 10K. Dat MINERVA 25 | Archaeology in Turkey — }— Fig 12, Exterior view of the arched substructure of the church of St Mary Peribleptos, exposed through the demottion ‘ajacent Pulings ig 15. The interior of St Mary Perblepts. aN UU | Fig 14, Outline pam ofthe substructure ofthe church of ‘St Mary Porbleptos at Siu Maastir Dotted tne indicates locked windows apse“Digging up the BM | —{ EXCAVATIONS AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM Seldom can a world famous museum excavate its own ‘roots’. Tony Spence describes what has been found beneath the Bloomsbury site. tis a time of major change at the British Museum. The departure of the British Library from its Bloomsbury accommodation has permitted the redevelopment of the Department (of Printed Books storage area, Most notably this has involved the demo- lition of the book stacks around the famous Round Reading Room, and the creation of the Great Court within the inet quadrangle of gal leries, This will create a large open area capped by a glass root at the heart of the Museum. Later this year the forecourt surfaces will be replaced, and the services beneath relald. This has given the Museum the opportunity to examine the rather different from the expected rubble, Virtually no complete bricks and no stone were recovered, the ‘matrix being decayed mortar. Some painted plaster fragments, including fan acanthus scroll oss, were also found, along with post-medieval floor tile and slate and clay peg tile all in a damaged state, The dump was clearly the end product of a thorough recycling exercise; any reusable items had been sold off to fund the redevelopment. It also ralsed the present forecourt well above the level of the damp that hhad plagued the first Museum, The base of the trench was filled with a substantial brick wall, over a metre wide, orientated north to archagology underneath its own "1 Many Hea ects To eure sme Dasomentand south. At its northern extent a serles doorstep, as it were ff York stone steps descended from Something of the post-medieva history of the site was already known, The first Museums building, Montagu House, was purchased in 1754 and survived until the 1840s. Then the main north range w: demolished to make way for the final part of Sir Robert Smirke’s building, the present south entrance and colonnade, While the east to west alignment of the earlier build ing was already known ~ it shazes the same central axis as the present buildings ~ the north to south posi tion was less precise. However, sev eral plans of Montagu House, Some by Henry Keene from 1759 (Fig 1) and a further set by George Saun- ders from 1810 are held In the Museum archives. There 's much the east and formed a passage Uirough the wall to.4 basement below the original Trustees Root tthe area now occupied by the east, Side of the fone steps. The date of this passage i uncertain; It was 0 part ofthe original layout, and does hol appear on the Saunders plans | S5 probably postates 1810, Aces | ond substantial wall could be seen Emerging trom the west section, | Clearly the south front of the bud. ing. This pinpaited the east corner rower of Montagu House (isle In the centre Tel of Pig 2). The walls are of a charactnstle hand-formed brick with a white time mortar. No | traces of burning trom the Gre of | ie wom cent | Pig 2 Peni draw ‘fisg Penal dew Montagu House was gutted only ten supporting documentation, includ NE ei Gers Start ears ‘after construction. ing Building Committee papers and orth wing of The second series of excavations a series of remarkable pencil and Montagu House and were cartied out in October 1997 on watercolour drawings by George the cast wing | he Fast Lavin (Fig 3) and revealed shortly before ders: “tion n 1845 Scharf 1, drawn just before demolt the cross passage through the east wing of Montagu House, Fort Fig. view ofthe ately the walls were only some 0-3 Maton tthe Ss ote at ie ne ‘inflam athe” Cored at the epproxiaate orginal ont of he ltt ft, Courtyard surface level, None ofthis wallop iecatal Sits of a massive dump of black soil asqgenay cam ith much late 17th an 18th cen bbe seen. tury rubbish, as well as a few earlier tion (i The small trench excaval the site of the huge tower crane revealed a short sequence of fore court surfaces and construction dopasits and then a massive dump (of building debris, up to two metres thick. This was clearly linked-to the demolition of Montagu House, but MINERVA 26 (ylitems, This included thiee fragments fof Roman box-flue tile and a brick fragment stamped PPRB for Procura tor Provincia Britanniac, indicating that it may have come feom an off clal bullding within the Roman City of London. The walls forming the north and south sides of the passage were re-aligned, and converted from Stableyard access to 2 pedestrian entrance to the east wing. This work may have happened as early as 1755, for the Trustees instructed the surveyors to examine the possibility of altering the ‘great stable’ to Accommodation in that year, The other feature uncovered was the substantial brick built culvert drain ing the forecourt, running east through the centre of the trench (rg 4) Since August 1998 attention has been focused on the Great Court area itself. Sir Robert Smirke's great heo-classical building was con- structed in the formal gardens of Montagu House; these in turn were built over the line of London's Civil War defensive ditch of 1642. A series of watching brlefs and excava tons have been carried out by Museum staff, evealing much detail of the construction of the present Museum and Sidney Smicke’s Round Reading Room and the quadrant bbookstacks that surrounded it, These ‘massive building programmes of 1823 to 1856 have removed all twaces of the gardens, with the low: tring of the ground to natural clays and gravels beneath. It was hoped that some trace of the Civil War diteh might be found adjacent to the northern end of the east wing, The King’s Library, but examination proved fruitless. It now seems that this ditch tan further to the north, perhaps beneath the Nozth Wing. Some excavation was possible within the south basements beneath the front hall. These revealed fur- ther mortar based dumps of Mon- tagu House building material, here used as make-up for the slate floors. Tn amongst the broken bricks and slate were significant fragments of stucco Work, cornice, and more dec orative elements presumably adorn- ing pilasters (Fig 5). A few small pleces of flat painted plaster were also recovered, pethaps part of the elaborate interiors painted by Charles de la Fosse, Jacques Rousseau, and Jean-Baptiste Mon royer in the rebuilt Montagu House atter 1686. On completion of Sir Robert Smirke's construction programme in the 1840s, the resulting Quadrangle was landscaped to form a garden This appears to have involved the importation of massive quantities of Digging up the BM MINERVA 27 Fig 4 View from the north showing fhe east end ofthe ‘arrlage way and ‘drain beneath Fig 5. Some ofthe Sco fragments recovered from beneath the south Tbesement. Fig 6. Typleat ceramics from the back earth dumps oundin the Grewt “interior green slared Tutor pot tery late 174h/ earl 1804 century lay tac peces ‘handle ofa sat ‘laced 17th con Sry Bellarmine Hig 7. Handaxe sand ought from Dencath the Great (Court 300,000 ‘ears a *}+—_—_— black earth containing remnants of domestic refuse, This consists basi cally of small pot sherds and clay pipe fragments dating from the late 17th and 18th centuries (Fg 6). Any material that may have had any value had been removed ~ no meta work or even substantial building ‘material was recovered, despite the ‘many tonnes examined. It is uncer: tain whether the similar dumps in the front of the Museum (which are presumably four or five years later) come from the same source, How fever, both represent the final use of London's rubbish, earth brought in a5 make up from tips on the edges of the expanding suburbs. In any event the garden proved a failure, and in 1855 the area was largely taken over by Sydney Smitke’s Read ing Room and bookstacks ‘As excavation for the new Great Court facilities continued attention turned to the substantial gravel deposits Iying across the site. These approach four metres deep in places and belong to the Lynch Hill/Cor- bets Tey terrace sequence dating to , 300,000 years ago. They represent material brought down by an eat lier, unconfined River Thames, and consist largely of rounded flints with a varying sand component. Fortunately slight evidence of early human activity has been found in the form of a hand axe, a roughout (Pig 7) and halt a dozen flint flakes from the manufacture of other hand axes. These had been carried to their recovered locations by the river, and were not associated with any fauna, The coming few months will see a retuen to the front of the Museum with an examination of the west wing of Montagu House. The fore- court area is being resurfaced, allove ing a unique opportunity. to examine the archaeology beneath it In the meantime, a small exhibition ‘of some of the archaeological finds hhas been prepared as part of the Great Couct Exhibition in gallery 30 = the old Manuscript Saloon south fof the King’s Library Tony Spence isa curator in the Department of Prehistoric and Romano-British Antiguitis inthe British Museu, Al tustrations courtesy of The Trustees ‘ofthe Brisk Museum:—— Conference Report | —— MUSEUMS AND COLLECTORS IN ANTIQUITY Dominique Collon ceording to a recent defini- Museum, of faithful and of garbled not have realised that it was over a tion, a museum Is‘a publicly copies of earlier documents, the latter 1000 years ola accessible permanent estab- being responsible for the aberrant Sippar Is one of the sltes which, it lishment, whose chief con- forms on the lexical lists. Farly sign has been suggested, housed a cerns are systematic collection, lists must have been available to museum, Dominique Collon reviewed preservation, research, communica: scribes, enabling them to produce, forthe evidence given in the publications tion and exhibition’ (COM 1998). It instance, an inscription in Old Baby- and plans of the excavator, Hormuzal has often been claimed that there lonian monumental script of the early Rassam, who set his men to work were museums and, perforce, collee- second millennium BC for the Neo- there for a several months in 1881 tots in Assyria and Babyionla. The evi- Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II and 1882, He was ‘only .. able to dig dence was reviewed in an interesting (604-562 BC), Ashurbanipal claimed out about one hundred and thicty and well-attended Seminar in the {a be able to read ‘stone inscriptions chambers and halls’ from. the Department of Western Asiatic Antiq- from before the flood’ and examples Shamash Temple, discovering 4 foun- tltles i tie Baits Museurn, ongast= of Interesting selpls were seul to ian dation depust it he forth Ul a box Ised by Christopher Walke: on 30 _ for his lbrary in Nineveh. ‘containing a stone tablet (now in the June 1999, The Babylonian texts in this brary British Museum) with a representa: Julian Reade, in his paperon "The were discussed by Christopher tion of the sun-god in his shrine and Assyrians as collectors, traced back Walker. It seems possible that AShur- a long Inscription recording the the collecting interest of the Assyrian banipal Kept official letters and rebuilding of the temple by Nabu- kings to the 13th century BC. Assyi- recorils in the Southwest Palace bullt apla-ddina, a Babylonian king who lan relief show the king performing by his grandfather Sennacherib, and reigned about 870 BC. It had subse- his royal duties and recelving tax, that he housed much of his literary quently been found and reburied tribute, gifts, loot, bullion, slothes, archive in his own North Palace at under 3 ft of ‘asphalt’ by a later Baby- food, and so on. Captured objects Nineveh. Some of the texts are in lonian king, Nabopolassar (625- were dedicated in temples and Assyrian script and some in Babylon- 605 BC). There are numerous small absorbed into temple treasuries and ian, with a colophon (endnote) indi- fragments of statues of the Early palaces, such as those ransacked by cating that they were the property of Dynastic period (mid-third millen- Sargon il in 714 BC when he captured Ashurbanipal’s palace. Some 30,000 njum BC) but it is not clear whether the Uractian city of Musass, There are texts and fragments survive, including Rassamn found these together and, if records of the display of captured a list of tablets collected for the royal so, where. It may well be that Nabu- mace-heads in a city gate of assur, of libraries, drawn up in 647 BC. This apla-iddina or Nabopolassar found the mutilated statues of defeated ene- list, which has been studied by Simo’ them when rebuilding the temple, mies being exhibited, and of fsashad- Parpola of Helsinki, contains a high and reburied them together because don putting on show objects captured proportion of omen and astrological they were votive objects. Cylinders of in Egypt, In the famous Garden Party texts, Some of these texts were spe- Nabonidus (55-539 BC) and the so- relief In the British Museum, King clally written for Ashutbanipal by called Crueifor Monument (dated to Ashurbanipal (668-627 BC) is shown Babyfonian scribes, but a letter from Manishtusu (2269-2255 BC) of feasting with his wife surrounded by Ashurbanipal indicates that much of Naram-Sin (2254-2218 BC), but per- objects representing hls conquests, his Babylonian collection was begged, haps an Old Babylonian or Neo-liaby- Ineluding what may be an Egyptian borrowed and stolen, and these later Ionian “forgery’), were found ‘ina necklace, Interest ih the exotic gors texts do not have his colophon. room adjoining the one in which the back at least to the third millennium Lamia al-Gallani Werr reported on tablet was discovered,’ It has been BC, when there were several royal the excavation of a Neo-Habylonian suggested that this might be a later Assyrian zoos, and Sennacherib library at Sippar, neat Baghdad, by foundation deposit but there Is no proudly lists the plants and animals Iraqi archaeologists in the late 1980s, evidence that these abjects were Collected for the royal parks, and hls A room in the temple of the sun-god found together or at the same level technical achievements. Shamash has rows of pigeon-holes On his plan, Rassam records that Inving Finkel discussed the evi- some 35 cm wide and 70 cm deep, ‘Inscribed and sculptured monu. dence for the antiquarian Interests of disposed in four tiers round three ments’ and a ‘large number of scribes. In addition to the contempo- sides of the room, The tablets stood Inscribed terracotta cylinders’ were ary cursive cuneiform signs. lexical on thelr ends within these pigeon- found in one room, but we have no texts of the frst millennium BC give holes ike books ina modern library, details as to which of the many earlier versions ofthe signs, These are and were arranged according to con. inscribed objects from Sippar in the often aberrant and have generally tent. Some of the texts have been British Museum he is alluding, how been considered to be frivolous inven published during the last few years in they were disposed, or even whether tions, but Finkel believes that, on the the journal faq. An Old Babylonian they were found at the same level contrary, they demonstrate a serious stone cup was found in a Neo-Baby- Rassam also writes that he ‘discovered attempt at restaich. He shiowaPeaaiit Jonian house: its owaeis presunebly off anid cay, especially iar one 1004, ples from the collections oft Britsh valued itas an anctent object but may between 40 and $0,000 insribed clay MINERVA 28- Conference Report tablets! some of these may have come bulls; and fragments of what may copies of dedication Inscriptions of from a library similar to that have been a copy of the Bisitun teliey Amar-Suen (2046-2038 BC), a terra described above, but Rassam also of Darlus | (521-486 BC), tis dificult cotta of a mother and child, and a found many Old Babylonian tablets. to establish exactly where these sculp-7th-centary BC school-text on which There is, therefore, no evidence for a tures were found and at what respec- are copied a syllabary and an extract Sippar museum, tive levels. It has been suggested that from a Sumerian literary text. A mis Unfortunately Nicola Crisemann the three statues of around 2000 BC reading of the later section led to the (erin) was unable to attend but her had been built into a wall, but to belief that the objects were found im a paper on the evidence for a museum — Crisemann it seems more likely that school. [tis clear ftom the excavation In Babylon was cea! by Sarah Collins. they too were part of the collection af reports that the objects were not {disparate collection of sculpture was Nebuchanezzar Il, Crdisemann con- grouped but were scattered in differ excavated by Robert Koldewey, on the cludes that in the time of Nebuchad- ent rooms. There are no fore Hauptburg, or citadel of Nebuchad- — nezzar there probably was a collection objects among them, so they were not nevzar Il I 1927 Eckhard Unger gave of objects from other times and other booty. It Is kely that they were all Ie the name Schlossmuseumn, or Palace cegions, probably displayed on a plat- found at Ur during building activity, Museum, and in a serles of subse- form to'the east of the Palace and and had been preserved. If there Is 0 quent publications he elaborated his between It and the Processional Way, evidence for a school, nor is there for theory with Increasing enthusiasm and possibly added to by his succes. a museum and added objects found in other sors. However, this collection does The Seminar focused pacticularly parts ofthe site. The objects found on not correspond to the criteria for aon Mesopotamia, but it is good 10 the Hauptburg include the famous modern museum and, in her view, remember the sculptures and statues, Lion of Babylon which still dominates the concept of ‘museum’ should no some of them over a 1000 years old, the site ~ an unfinished sculpture to longer be used with reference to this that were on public display in the ‘which various provenances and dates collection. cities of Babylonia, whence they wore have been assigned; a Neo-Hittite Terence Mitchell looked at the evi- looted by the Flamites in 1157 BC. inscribed stele depicting the storm- dence for a museum further south, at These monuments, which include the god, of the 9th or 8th century BC; a Ur. Nabonidus had built the EGLVAR stele of Naram-Sin (2254-2218 BC) limestone relief depicting Shamash- for the priestess of the moon-god, and the Code of Hammurabi (1796. resh-usur, governor of Subu and Mati This was excavated by C. L. Woolley 1750 BC), were set up as booty in fon the Middle Euphrates in the — who, ina range of small rooms, found Susa, There they were excavated by tighth century BC; a basalt pavement a series of objects which were clearly the French in 1898 and brought £0 slab of Adadsnirari fof Assyria (911- out of context. He describes some the Louvre, where they are, finally, in 891 HC); three statues of around 2000 round school tablets which it has not areal museum. zg BC, one bearing an inscription nam- been possible to identity, a fragment ing governors of Mari (the head of of a statue of Shulgl 2094-2047 BC), a ‘Dr Danslgue Collou is a specialist this Statue isin Berlin but the body is foundation tablet, a mace-head, & In anclenteplinder sous n the in Istanbul); part of a standing male kudurru (boundary ston), a pedestal Departivent of West figuee; fragments of basalt ons and with ‘quite remarkably inaccurate Antiquities, the British Museum, The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators, 49-27 BC by David R. Sear This major new work examines the history an vrecomgeseccdoins these ATC ae throes ofthe Roman Republic and the birth of the Empire. In describing some 435 ACCOTINEY 1 coin types in the greatest possible detail, the 22 year period is sub-divided into six Ott ee ire chapters each covering a significant and fascinating episode in the story Py PNRM UKe) The story opens in January 49BC with the celebrated evossing of the Rubicon by Julius Caesar a symbolic and irrevocable act which signalled the beginning of aan era of civil conflict. This struggle, which lasted almost two decades, sets the background ayoinst which the relevance of each coin type is discussed in depth With each type and variety jon, place of mintage, and date are stated with the highest degree of accuracy, with as many coins illustrated 2s possible, Current values are provided in the Table of Comparative Rasities and Values. ‘This is an indispensable reference for the numismatie student and collector. ISBN 0 907605982 392pages Casebound £50.00/$85.00 plus postage and packing. Call 1o order your copy: Tel: 0171 747 6951 Fax: 0171 747 6920 (UK) Or contact Thomas Tesorieto at Spink America on Tel: 212 546 1056 Fax: 212 7505874 SPINK founded 1666 SPINK LONDON, KING STREEESTJAMESS LONDON SWIY QS, TEL: OF71 93077 FAALOL7U AS94455 EMAIL sinker com[Greek Sculpture) MASTERPIECES REUNITED | The Galatians defeated, from Pergamon to Rome. 8 the ist loo fe Patazzo @ Atempr in Rome vistors can tow see side by side, two famous statues that have finally been reunited after being sepa rated for centurles. Thee are the Dying Galatian’ and the ‘Galatlan stabbing himself after having killed his wife. Hoth are fram the Ludovist collection and originally belonged to the samie monumental group Im the centre of the room there is the Galatian stabbing himself’ with “The dying Galatian’ on its right. thee polished honey coloured marble surfaces gleam in the light from the palace courtyard (Fig 1). Since the Renaissance the two statues have, each in their own eight, been consid ered masterpieces and Lave been copied by leading artists from Diego Velazquez to Jacques Louls David and Gian Paolo Panini. As with the ‘Belvedere Torso’ they were among the centrepieces of a ‘Musée Imagl: nalre’for European connalscurs, The first inventory of the Ludovist collection of statuary, made In 1623 after Pope Gregorius XV (Alessandro Ludovis)) died, records the two stat- tues, However, because there is no pre vious record of their acquistion, they ‘most probably were not bought but found during early 17th contury exca- vations at the same site within the park of the Villa Ludovisi, which the Gauls: Isigonus, Phyromachus, Foughily coincided with the area of Stratonicus, Antigonus.., Historla the Horti Sallustlani. This was the Natrals, XXXIV, 89, Pay also mene | large suburban villa which first statue was later thought to represent Fig 1. Marble ellef tions that many of these Greek works ‘pelonged to Jullus Caesar, and later to the noble Roman Caecina Petus and Mars, helmeted of art were brought to Rome. At the the historian Sallust (85-35 BC), his wife Ara, the ilustious protago- M4 Bre.” Surn‘of the century scholars ied by Filippo Salviati of the 300 status in the collection, displaying. them In the. Musco Nedorale Homano which ay unt teeny, feat within the Beth of Dodi (Se ner, Maydune, | 1995. 6s ad Jugs 1998p 38.39) | tn seuprues were restored at | the beginning ofthe 7h cotury by the ast ipolto Buz, but forthe inst pat they are they mus ave iooked when they were found: Only the penton of te Sma, mising 1 the originals, is under discussion. | May Hit sued 799 tht the lela wate Cea! because ofthe tbrque which the dng marion meas trond Hs neh nd hc GI Cele omament. A NIbby ana’. Raoul ognete advanced mote ev dence for this interpretation, Eno Guisino Vscon portusted hat the two sttues ere ete and both sep recited defeated bra Finally In 1885 ont ofthe found ing tatnes of modern srchaccogy Tne Br inked the to St tes toa pargpi in liny the Her’ status ond special to teak at ‘ples ais fre Atal et Eumens takers Gals prot, ons, Py Imachus, Statonteu, Antigomter’ | Crabtany ants repented te bt tesa atas and tumenes agains’ | finally becoming imperial property. nists of a plot against the emperor "2M 218" Gore Fartwangler finally Klentified trom the beginning the sculptures Claudius, Prom acopyof the statues a6 st century BC Roman were not thought to be part ofa sine The ‘Dying Galatian’ was eventu- thestatueof Mert marble copies of the 31d century gle monument and were shown in ally sold to Pope Clement Xl who Ulterwhichstood Greek bronze originals made in Pega separate 1ooms ofthe Vill Ludovisi. bought it for the newiy established —yiM*FOr™OL mon and probably seen by Pliny The ‘Dying Galatia’ was identified as Museum Capitolinum,in 1737, where | 4MgWtMG IM Rome, Aone 4 gladiator, The ‘Galatian stabbing it has since remained, The ‘Galatian —_ fndovs Cote The Hellenistic bronze statues Tune tthe Mae sabbieg inst? othe ner hon, tae Wc» whch wee ssc thea | jus Sextus killing himself fo revenge remained In the Villa Ludovist until the honour of his dead daughter or, the villa was destroyed at the turn of tians’ were placed Inside a large sane uaa Fale? gary dicated to Athena Nikeplioros “Altemps. Phota alternatively, Piramus and Thisbe, the the century. The Italian state inter. Hille Salat. on the acropolis of Pergamon to com: mythical overs in the poems af Ovid, _vened when the Ludovis! collection memorate the victory of king Attalus 1 ‘who committed suicide together, The was dispersed in 1901 and bought 102 Soter (241-197 BC) over the Galatians MINERVA 30 i nn ll ES - Auction Reports oO Fig 14 (above lef). A large Roman bronze Nolossian hound provone, ari it century AD fone of apa) 1: 38:7 aad 24.9 am Hod and 17-2 om, rom theestate of Ms John Hay Whitey. from ine sans oletion, said to date to the Sth century BC. From the esate of ‘os Jot Bay Widen. 92 ig 13. targe Hellenistic bronze gue of Hermanublsfeatalogued as Alvanaer the (Great), 3nd cemtry BC. He 489 cm, century AD, from the estate of Mrs John Kay Whitney, also estimated at ‘only $80,000-$120,000, were acquired by an American private collector with a telephone bid of $211,500, An. unusual Geometric bronze horse (Fig 15) from the same collection, sald to date to the 8th century BC, and Fig 16 (below). A Greck bronze goat, ig 17 (above). An over lifesize Hellenic ‘marie head of prince, estimated at a surprisingly’ low probably represented as Hermes, $40,000-$60,000, was Sold to a colle. 32nd century BC. He 36.5 tor for $189,500, while a Greek bronze goat (Fig 16), § with a beautiful olive-geeen patina, bearing the same low estimate, was purchased by a European dealer for $134,500. ‘A sensitive overifesize Hellenistic male head ofa prince, probably rep: resented as Hermes (Fig 17), ¢. 3ed 2nd century BC, with an estimate of '$100,000-§150,000, was bought by an Ametican dealer for $145,500, Esti mater! at $60,000.890,000, a deli- ately carved Roman marble velled female portrait head (Fig AD 150-200, sold for $134,500 to an American collector on a phone bi. Once in the collection of Dr Jacob Hirsch, and now from the Allan Caplan ‘Trust, a handsome late Hadi anic or eaily Antonine bearded male portrait head (Fig 19), c. AD 130-145, height 35.6 em, was orginally sold at the May 1959 Ars Antiqua sale in MINERVA 40{Fi 18 (above). A Roman marble veiled female portrait hea (GAD 150:200, Hi 248 cn. Lucerne. Now estimated at $125,000. $175,000, It was purchased by another American private collector by phone for $123,500, A large Attic black-tigure squat lekythos depicting the battle between Herakles and Kyknos (Fig 20), probably misatsb. tuted to the Taleldes Painter, c, 540. 530 BC, formerly in a New York gallery, estimate $80,000-$120,000, twas sold to another New York dealer for $107,000. An unusually fine and large Egypt- fan bronze Osis with clectrirsiniaid eyes and an inscribed base (Fig 21), 3th Dynasty-Prolemalc Period, c. 380. 30 BC, from a German private collec: ‘on, estimated at §60,000-$90,000, sold for a respectable $145,500 froma fan American collector by telephone. He also purchased an unfinished large Egyptian limestone male figure (Fig 22), Sth-6th Dynasty, c. 2520-2195 BC, height 114.3 em, for the same amount, far above Its conservative est mate of $30,000-$50,000. A colourful polychrome Egyptian wood anthro: pold coffin inscribed for Ankt-Takelot (fig 23), 22nd-23ed Dynasty, 944-732 BC, estimated at an extremely low $25,000-$35,000, was actively’ con tested anc finally won by a collector fram Ohio for $112,500. A pal of lage Roman Egyptian limestone sphinxes, Auction Reports Fig 19 op right A handsome late Fade ‘ani or early Antonine bearded mol pr ‘ale head. Roman Inert Pig 20 (right). Ath Mack figure saat lekytos depicting the battle between Her (thes ad Rykoes, probly micatt buted to the Taedes Painter, © 540.830 Hs 29Sm «¢ Istnd century AD, length 87.3 em and 85.7 em, with possibly recut faces, valued at $25,000-835,000, sold for $90,500 to a London dealer. The last four pieces were part of a consigament from a Canadian private collection of Egyptian antiquities assembled from 1910 to 1932 and in 1954; part of the proceeds are being donated to Concor dia University, Montreal. The sale totalled an impressive $6,415,577, comfortably exceeding the presale high estimate of about $5,800,000, with most of the malor pleces bringing far over their estimates, 90.99 of the lots were sold by number and 85.2 by value, An unusually high pereent- age ofthe top objects were acquired by private collectors and museums, con: firming the continued strength of the Antiquities market Figs 1-3, courtesy of Christie's South Kensingion Led, London: Figs 410, heby's, New York, MINERVA 41= Auction Reports }#—— — Fig 21 (ley). A large Egyptian bronze OMFS with ‘lecrim-intad ‘yes and an inseribed base, 30th Dynasty Prolemale ‘Period, 6 380-90 RC. German private ‘allection arom Fig 22 (centre Large Feyptan limestone male figure (is 22), sthesth Dyas, 612520-2198 He. 14 Sem, Pig 23 (righ. A polychrome Exyptian wood anthropod coffin Ingeribed for Ankh Taketot, 2nd 2d Dynasty, 943-732 Be. 180.7 cm. Save with a subscription to MINERVA Glssues (1 Year) 12 Issues (2 Year) 24 Issues (4 Years) _30 Issues (5 Years) UK £18 234 £64 £77 EUROPE — £20 £38 £72 £87 USA, CANADA and rest of the world Surface £20 or US $33 £38 or US S62 £72 or US SUB £87 or US $144 Air £27 or US S44 £30 or US $82 £92 or US $150 £110 or US $180 Payments can be made by cheque or one of the following credit card: Visa, Mastercard, Access Circle the subscription rate you require Please print all details clearly in BLACK Enclosed £/US $ cheque value. Signature, Card number... swancaaarnncsnfuivatanis Expiry datbui SEND TO: Mingrva 14 Old Bond Street London WIX 3DB Tel: 0171 495 2590 Fax: 0171 491 1595 or 153 East 57th Street, New York NY 10022 USA Tel: (212) 355 2034 Fax: (212) 688 0412Roman Britain Re-presented SHEDS AND SHOWCASES The story of the Verulamium Museum extension. David Thorold nn 1929 the St Albans Clty ‘Council, Hertfordshire, show Ing commendable foresight, purchased from the Earl of Verulam on generous terms 104 acres of land consisting of the greater part Of the site of the old Roman town of Verulamium. Formerly farmland, it was to be used for, amongst other things, Excavation for objects of anti- quarian interest, including setting aside such parts of the said land for the preservation of any ancient mon- ‘uments oF other objects of antiquar. ian interest’, Work began the following year when Dr R. E. M Wheeler (later Sir Mortimer Wheeler) and his wife Tessa were contracted to oversee a series of ground-breaking excavations that continued until 1953. These produced a great deal of evidence on the layout and chrono! gy of the Roman town an led to the first detailed history of Verulamium being published in Verdamitom: a Bel se and two Roman cities” (1936), which also documented the finds Fecovesed fom the excavation, rang- ing from the mundane to the out standing, such as the shell mosaic now so familiar to visitors (Fig 1), Public interest in the excavations and the artefacts led to a need for a struc ture capable of housing the best of the finds and a temporary museum was quickly erected. This was, how ever, somewhat lacking in terms of the facilities now expected for a ‘museum, since it was, in all practical terms, a wooden shed whieh, after Its Ife as a museum ended, became the park’s cricket pavilion (Fig 2), Fortunately, the Council once again showed @ happy sense of responsibility to the matetlal exca- vated by the Wheelers and plans were Taid for a purpose-built museum of archaeology on the edge of what is now Verulamium park to display the artefacts to the public on a more per ‘manent basis. A large gallery, with storage space and an office for one curator om a small upper floor above ig 1. The famous Shell Mose excavated n the 1930s by ‘Dr later Sir) Mortimer Whecer Fig 2 (above. The wooden sed, nce the home of the museum and Subsequent used ava encket pavilion Fig 3 (righ, Sliding drawers below the desk make many more artefacts available ior exaniation. ‘the entrance, was suitably grand to do the artefacts justice. The bullding was ‘opened in May 1939 by Her Royal Highness the Princess Royal, just months before the outbreak of the Second World War. Fortunately, the then curators diastic step of sleeping in the museum, to be on hand in the event of damage by falling bombs, proved unnecessary ~ the only dam: age the building suffered over the years came from Wear and tear by visi- Pressure on display space caused by further archaeological material being added to the museum from the excavations by Professor Sheppard Frere from 1955 to 1961, resulted in MINERVA 43 the museum being expanded in 1962 when a second gallery was opened to hold the new discoveries, Also added at this stage was a lecture theatre together with a large purpose-built basement store to hold the growing collections, and a conservation labo ratory No further significant structural alterations were made to the museum tunti the recent extension, although a change dd take place in'1991 when the museum's display space was reor- ganised to provide a more up to date presentation of the excavated mater. {a}, The old main, open gallery was split into a series of smaller areas, each concentrating on a different aspect of Roman life such as 'Food and Farming’, ‘Recreation’, and ‘Mak. ing a Living’, with appropriate exea- vated material from the town being displayed, New cases were installed to display the most interesting objects from Verulamium, while duplicate ‘material was placed on open display in accessible drawers located below the main display cabinets (Fig 3). A range of interactive activities such as building a Roman arch, and examin- ing Roman coins were also incorpo-rated into the displays, ax were = umber of touchsereen computers that have gradually been added t0 over the year, and audio/visual di plays where appropriate, The second gallery was fitted out as a series of reconstcted rooms bastdl On exca vated examples from the oman toven, with appropriate artefacts on display. Both redisplayed galleries proved popular with children and Idle alike, and remain i use today although thee popularty, (epecialy Amongst school partes) cven before the National Cue nel tie Romans as a set top in school tude ies, has resulted in the museum becoming a victim of is own success. Inereased presre on the museum's resources required furthes alterations and renovation fit was Co maintain its position as-a major school and tourist attraction, Prans for further extension tothe museum structure were formulated ‘en the galleries were renovated in 1991. These identifed a umber of problems that needed to be faced by fy proposed extension, the narow ditheale entrance, lack of pute tllet and cloakroom facilites, limited space for staff to work in, and 2 need for further redisplay and renovation of the gales, Sam Malin, the Direc tor atthe time, recived funding to develop a design. This work was awarded to Melvin, Lansley and Mark, an architectural practice based In Berkhamsted. The design continued to be refined, but tere sas lack of Toca! counell capital to move it fur thers The anival ofthe National Lot tery in 1994 provided stimulus to realising the project “The avalaty of a detaled set of building plans formed the basis fora bid to the Heritage Lottery Fund for £622,000, which was approved in june 1996 and, with tis place he ‘seu was able to begin te process Of finding matching funding. This twas achieved withthe support (once ‘nore ofthe St Albans District Cu Gi, who provided £367,000, and the Verulamism Museum trust The Ist ter, a charity set-up to support and promote the St Albans Museums Ser ice and asst in furneasing for the Doe, supped £165,000, including grants from the Wollson Foundation, the Headiey Trost, the higtim Trust, Thee Valleys Water, and the Save and Prosper Educational ua, ‘Once funding forthe projet was secate, work began on the excavation of the reat ofthe Noman ten at two be destroyed by the bling of the muscum extension, the mee entrance bullding Is mosly locted on top of Roman cron we Watling Stee, the main toad io tae Roman Britain Re-presented ae ve). The dralnae system of Verulam revealed tn the ‘xcavatlons for the new extension lg S (above). Classlcal overtones are retained inthe new and ‘usual rotunda entrance to the museum {ig6 (below). The interior space ofthe rotunda, wonden Bearmed ‘of and pats walle erate an imposing ght and welemning entrance forthe vitor MINERVA 44 don. This produced little in the way of finds (a well preserved horse's hip. posandal was recovered from the makeup of the road), but sections through the road did provide consid erable information on the drainage system in use in Roman Verulamium (vooden pipes bringing clean water In, large Wood-lined drains taking dlicty water out) (Fig 4). The excava- tions also showed how deep the sur- viving archaeology is in Verulamium park =a depth of over two metres of soll was excavated, but the lowest sur viving levels of the Roman town and the Iron Age layers thought to lie below the Roman town had still not been reached and remain preserved below the foundations ofthe museum entrance, ‘A second excavation on the arca where new museum workshops were to be constructed uncovered the remains ofa series of shops that origi nally faced onto Watling Street in order to pick up trade fom the vol ume of passing traffic. Tessellated floors and white wallplaster testified to the smart, functional nature of these buildings. During the excavations in 1996, the contract for the building work hhad gone out to tender, returning with @ much higher cost than antic pated, due to building inflation, and a bid for additional Lottery funding led to the final grant being raised to £851,000. Building work began in September 1997 by the Bickerton Group Ple., and was completed in December, although the galleries had already reopened in November, 10 accommodate booked school patties The focal point of the museum's extension Is undoubtedly the new entrance to the museum. The new rotunda provides an. imposing frontage to the museum (Fig 5), evoke Jing Roman architecture but without aping it. The dominant architectural feature visible from the car park, It provides the fist reference point for most people visiting the park or museum, whereas previously the view would have been of a brick wall The new rotunda also provides space for the museum shop while maintaining a smoother flow of visi- tors thin what used to be the least negotiable area of the museum, with easy access to toilets and cloakroom from a staircase or lift In one direc- tion, and the colonnaded walk into the galleries in the other. The archi- tectural design of the interior space is also suitably grand, with the wooden bheatns of the roof and the glass walls providing an open and spacious inte- or (Fig 6). The colonnade continues the designs employed in the rotunda, with high ceiling and glass windows Doetsteen a series of brick and flint pilJars that echo the construction of the earlier 1930s museum that it adjoins (Fig 7). From here the visitor is led nto the maseum galleries. The gallery displays themselves hhave remained largely as before, work fon them mostly being limited to een ‘ovation of worn out display eases and the repair of damage caused by gen feral wear and tear. The one exception to this has been the new lon Age Gallery display; previously serving as fn introduction to the rest of the dis: plays and explaining the rise and fall ff Verulamium, this space has now heen redesigned to provide informa tion on the pre-Roman Iron Age set tlement of the St Albans district. Although occasional Bronze Age and even Stone Age artefacts do occur in the region, most of the surviving evidence relates to the activities of the Iron Age population. This was the te titory of the Catuvellaunl tribe whose leaders included Tasciovanus and, Tater, the ‘King of the Britons’ Cuno: belin, both of whom used the Iron Age settlement of Verlamion as a royal palace and mint site. Since 1991, a considerable body of Iron Age material has been recovered (one recent discovery, fragments of ceramic leon Age cauldron, meant @ last minute redesign of one of the cases in order to incorporate It into the new displays). Working with free lance designer Michael Cox, plans for the new gallery were drawn up, and mock ups of the displays prepared, The redisplay required new flooring, ceiling, electrics, fire and security lacs, as well as new cases and Tight ing. Five new cases are included within this atea, plus one open dis- play and an audio-visual introduction to Verulamium, the gallery which explains about the people who lived In the region before the arrival of the Romans ‘Topics include the early settlement at nearby Wheathampstead, which might have been the fist capital of the Catuvellauni (Fig 8), and possibly the oppidum site often claimed to be the site of Caesar's battle with Cas. sivelaunus, The case in Fig 8 shows material recovered from sites in ‘Wheathampstead, while the sophisti: cation of the local people and their contacts with the encroaching Roman Empire is made clear In a third case ‘examining links with Rome and the rest of Europe. Recent excavations, and finds by metal detectorst, have Increased our knowledge of fon Age coins from the area and a display devoted to the evelopment of iron Age coinage is in the fourth new case (Fig 9). The Iron ‘Age king or chiefain’s cremation bur fal found in 1991 at Folly Lane takes pride of place In the final case con | Roman Britain Re-presented }—— ig 7. The colonnade, flank by brick pars and knapped fit pels reflects the outer colonnade of «Roman vila and leads the viltor int the nus aller. Fig 8, Legend has it that i was atthe Oppidom of Wheathap ‘Stead that Caesar's forces clashed with Cassvlaunus, leer of the Catuvellaun Pls ease exhbtstyplcal Tron Age pottery from this and other sites in Wheathampstead ig 9. The new galleries display examples ofthe cols, metalwork and pottery of he Catuvellaunt. MINERVA 45, centrating on the Tron Age popula tion. Of particule interest i the com plete set of mail armous, and pieces of Fosse harness and chariot eqpment retrieved from the funeral pyres Most ofthe objects in all of these cases ate “lsplayed forthe fist te, ‘Opposite the ‘king's’ burial display Is located the latest audio-visual ad tion to the museum. Such displays have been used sparingly in the past bhecause of the risk of sound overs Dut, with the removal of the previous display on the rise and fall of Roman Verulamium, it was felt that a short film could chart the town’s history and utilise elements of the latest research. This was done with a combi nation of video effects live footage and computer graphics; the biggest risk with such systems is that the technology dominates and the pre= sentation becomes one of syle over content, The approach taken by staff to avoid this was to start the process with a breakdown of just what infor mation the film was to impart ~ in this ease as well as providing @ history of Verulamium, it was fet that some form of ‘virtual’ viewing of the Roman town would provide an extra dimension for visitors, and by locat- ing Hey Roman buildings into modern, day shots of Verulamium park we ‘ould help visitors to identify thele locations. Secondly, elements of Ver lamion and Verulamium’s history that could be presented to the best effect using the mediums were defined and a story line for the presentation ‘written, Only at this point did pro: uction of the visuals begin, employ- ing freelance producer Bruce Viger and 42:2: Videographlcs of Bristol 0 provide the computer visualisations. There has been little time for evalua tion as yet, but the feedback so far has been very positive “Although evidence suggests that the eventual Roman Conquest of the Tocal area was a peaceful one the level of military presence remains unknown, Various fragments of Tegionary equipment have been recov- ered, due no doubt to Verulamium’s position on Watling Street, a day's march from Londinfum. This has pto: vided material for the final case in this gallery, which displays a range of soldiers’ equipment recovered over the yeas, including a patil set of lor tea seqmentata armous from a rubbish pit just outside the Roman town. The Final section collects together the few remaining pieces of monumental building material from the Roman {own that survive (ig 10 The new entrance to the museum and the redesigned gallery space are Tikely to be the to most visible areas ‘of most people's visit, but a number ‘of other equally impostan, if less Vis{ Roman Britain Re-presented }——— ble changes have taken place, Toilets AU photos, and cloakrooms have been added, courtesy of located in the space under the new Sareea rotunds arca, while around the back Of the museum, new photographic, technical and conservation work shops have been constructed, provid ing staif with moze working space. ‘When i: is remembered that the origi nal museum was designed with space for one curator, and over a dozen staff are now based in this area, this should provide some much needed space. The conservation laboratories added Jn the 1960s have also been renovated and refited and a purpose-built dark room added, These new elements of display and work spaces, and Improved visitor facilities will enable Verulamium museun to consolidate and expand upon is roles as a major source of education, Information and entertain ment on Roman Britain not only im Hertfordshire but also In the wider context of Britain. The museums riew entrance to all ths serves as a sultably rand slatement of intent, as some of the artefacts within prepare to enter thelr th rd millennia of existence Davld Thorold is Assistant Keeper of “Archaeology, Verulamtium Museum, st Alben, ig 10. Examples of monumental building matertal displayed in the new gallery space at Venulamtume Museu: MINERVA can be bought at the British Museum, the Louvre, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Sackler Gallery (Smithsonian), anc many other fine museum shops and bookstores If your local shop or newsagent does not stock it please ask them to order it, 202290 ARCHAEOLOGY, CLASSICAL STUDIES, EGYPTOLOGY, CONSERVATION & MUSEOLOGY 36 Great Russell Street, London, WCIB.3PP Telephone: 0171 $80 4086 Fax: 0171 436 4368 e-mail address: mbooks@btconnect.com THE MUSEUM BOOKSHOP LTD MINERVA BINDERS VOLUME 10 NOW AVAILABLE We are offering dark blue rexine-covered binders with the Minerva logo and volume number on the spine. Volumes 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9 & 10 are available. Please state which volume you require. USA & rest of the world £6-50 US$12-50 Prices include postage and packing Please allow 28 days for delivery ‘Send your order to: MINERVA 14 Old Bond Street, London W1X 3DB Tel: 0171 495 2590 Fax: 0171 491 1595Se ei by banyan 83.2515 ta, ren tase 6-9 pm, every first Tuesday of the month (except January): ‘Tuesday 7 September 1999 t Prehistoric & Romano-Brtish Antiquities 1 Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone @ Decipherment exhibition Great Russell Street entrance ‘Tuesday 5 October 1999 1m Medieval & Later Antiquities = Conservation Roadshow = Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone Decipherment exhibition Great Russell Street entrance At British Museum Evening Openings you can hear free lectures and gallery talks by Museum experts and live music from exotic corners of the globe. You can enjoy buffet meals and drinks at our restaurant” and bar. You can browse in our shops. And, of course, have a privileged view of different galleries and exhibitions each month. Tuesday 2 November 1999, Tickets £5 0n the door 1 Oriental Antiquities 1 The Light of Nature: Landscape Drawings Watercolours by Van Dyck His Contemporaries exhibition 1 Gilded Dragons: Buried Treasures from China's Golden Ages exhibition Montague Place entrance Free entrance for members of the British Museum Society and a guest To join the British Museum Society please contact: The Membership Officer, British Museum Society, British Museum, London were 300. ‘Tuesday 7 December 1 Hf ca Telephone: ar71 323 8605/8195 = Christmas Evening ‘= Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone & Decipherment exhibition Great Russell Street entrance + Restaurant open on selected evenings