Multi Protocol Label Switch

(MPLS)

Ni dung :
Gii

thiu
nh tuyn v chuyn mch
Mt bng iu khin v mt bng
chuyn tip
Cc thnh phn ca MPLS
Giao thc phn phi nhn

Gii thiu v MPLS

MPLS l g ?

L mt cng ngh kt hp nh tuyn lp 3 (IP) v

chuyn mch lp 2 (ATM,FR, Ethernet)

Chuyn tip gi tin bng cch gn nhn c chiu di

c nh v ngn vo gi tin

Cc gi MPLS c th chy trn cc cng ngh lp 2

khc nh : ATM,FR, POS, PPP

Cung cp c ch chuyn mch hng kt ni

MPLS l mt cng ngh phn phi cc dch v trn

nn IP

L do pht trin MPLS

Tc

v tr ca IP
Kh nng tng thch vi s pht trin kch
c mng
Tnh n gin
S dng ti nguyn mng
K thut lu lng
Tch hp IP v ATM

Tc v tr
IP

nh tuyn IP cn mt

MPLS

Qu trnh tm kim trong

lng ln hat ng

MPLS ch cn mt ln

tm kim cho mi gi IP

truy xut bng tm kim

bin ng tr ln

bin ng tr nh

Tng thch vi s pht trin

mng

Internet mi ngy c

MPLS cho php nhm

hng ngn user v

mt s lng a ch IP

node mng mi to ra

kt hp vi mt hoc

mt khi lng cng

vi nhn

vic ng k cho router

Tnh n gin

chuyn tip gi tin

yu cu mt s hat
ng tm kim trn
bng tm kim

S chuyn tip gi tin

ch da vo nhn.

S phc tp ch nm
giai an u trong qu
trnh kt ni (thit lp
LSP, gn nhn)

S dng ti nguyn mng

MPLS khng cn nhiu ti nguyn mng thit lp cc con ng chuyn

mch nhn

Chuyn mch nhn cho php cc con ng qua mng c iu khin tt

hn

V d :

Cc thut ng

FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class): tp hp cc lut

xc nh mt nhm cc gi lp mng c th s c
chuyn tip theo cng mt con ng v cch thc
nh nhau qua mng

LSR (Label Switching Router) node mng c chc nng

x l nhn ( chuyn nhn, gn nhn), n c th l mt
b nh tuyn IP hoc mt b chuyn mch ATM h tr
MPLS

Cc thut ng

Label : l header ca gi tin c gn vi mt FEC no

.

LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) l mt giao thc c

trch nhim to ra mi quan h (php gn) gia FEC v
nhn chy trong thit b LSR v chc nng phn phi
nhn cho cc lung thng tin qua mng.

LSP ( Label Switching Path) l mt con ng i qua mng cho

mt lung thng tin. N bt u t mt LSR li vo mng, qua
cc LSR trung gian nm trong mng v kt thc LSR li ra.

Hat ng c bn ca MPLS

Hat ng c bn ca MPLS

Bc1 : Da trn kt qu a hnh nh tuyn ca giao thc nh

tuyn ng chy trn mng, cc thit b bin mng s dng giao
thc phn phi nhn to mt bng cc gi tr nhn gia cc thit b
k cn nhau.

Bc 2 : Mt gi tin t Host A vo thit b MPLS li vo. Ti y

gi tin c xem xt header lp mng (a ch ch IP), yu cu
bng thng hoc lai cht lng dch v. Da trn kt qu x l,
LSR li vo chn v n nh nhn vo header ca gi tin, sau
chuyn tip n ti chng k. Cc nhn ny ch c gi tr cc b
trn lin kt gia 2 node mng

Hat ng c bn ca MPLS

Bc 3 : LSR k c nhn trong gi n v da vo bng

thng tin nhn thay i nhn mi. Sau chuyn tip gi
tin ny ti node k tip. Mi node theo sau hat ng tng
t nh trn cho ti khi gi ti LSR li ra

Bc 4 : LSR li ra lai b nhn, kho st header lp

mng (a ch IP ch) ca gi v chuyn tip gi ti ch
cui cng (host B).

Mt s khi nim c bn

Chuyn mch v nh tuyn

Chuyn mch/chuyn tip :

s dng mt bng nh tuyn hoc mt bng nhn a
ra quyt nh chuyn tip

nh tuyn :
s dng hat ng thng bo tuyn c c s hiu
bit v mng v to ra cc bng nh tuyn/ bng nhn s
dng trong qu trnh gi chuyn tip gi tin

Chuyn mch

Chuyn mch lp 2 : Bridge dng trong LAN,

ATM,FR

Chuyn mch lp 3 : chuyn mch da trn a ch

IP, s dng phn cng c thit k c bit, vd :
ASIC ( Application-Specific Intergrated Circuit)

Chuyn mch lp 4 : chuyn mch da trn a ch

IP v s cng (TCP/UDP) hoc PID (protocol
IDentifier)

nh tuyn

Gm 2 thnh phn phn bit : Thnh phn chuyn tip

(forwarding) v thnh phn iu khin ( control)

Chuyn tip
Chuyn tip gi da trn thng tin trong bng chuyn tip v
header lp 3

iu khin
Xy dng v duy tr bng chuyn tip
Giao thc nh tuyn : OSPF, IS-IS, BGP
Dng cc gii thut nh tuyn : Dijkstra, Bellman Ford chuyn
i bng topology thnh bng chuyn tip

Chuyn mch v nh tuyn

nh tuyn

Tin trnh thit lp con

Chuyn mch

ng i qua mng

Da vo s phn tch

ra ng cng ra ca n

header ca lp 3

Dng bng nh tuyn, c

Tin trnh chuyn tip gi tin

Da vo s phn tch
header ca lp 2

Dng bng chuyn mch,

thit lp do giao thc nh

c thit lp trc t

tuyn

thng tin iu khin kt ni

Hat ng chm hn

Hat ng nhanh hn

Mt bng iu khin v mt
bng chuyn tip

Mt bng iu khin v mt
bng chuyn tip

Mt bng iu khin v mt
bng chuyn tip

Mt bng iu khin v mt
bng chuyn tip

Chc nng ca cc mt bng iu khin

v mt bng chuyn tip trong MPLS

Mt bng iu khin
- nh tuyn v to thng tin chuyn tip
-

- Thit lp cc LSP tng ng vi FEC

Mt bng chuyn tip

- Han i nhn
- Gn v lai b nhn
- x l chng nhn
- Chuyn tip gi tin

Kin trc node MPLS

C 2 mt bng : mt bng chuyn tip MPLS v mt bng

iu khin MPLS
C th thc hin nh tuyn lp 3 v chuyn mch lp 2
(chuyn mch gi c gn nhn)

Kin trc node MPLS (tt)

Mt bng chuyn tip :

- Chuyn tip gi da vo gi tr nhn v c s d liu thng tin chuyn
tip nhn LFIB (Label Forwarding Information Base).
- Mi node MPLS duy tr 2 bng cho hat ng chuyn tip : LFIB v LIB
(Label Information Base)
- LIB cha tt c cc nhn do node cha LIB to ra v cc nhn nhn
c t cc node lng ging
- LFIB ch cha mt tp con cc nhn cha trong LIB dng cho hat
ng chuyn tip gi tht s trn mt LSP. LFIB tng ng vi bng
nh tuyn trong IP

V d v LIB

V d v LFIB

Kin trc node MPLS (tt)

Mt bng iu khin
- C trch nhim to v duy tr LFIB bng cch qung co,
phn phi nhn v a ch, v to mi tng gia chng.
- Tt c cc node MPLS phi chy mt giao thc nh
tuyn IP. Nh OSPF, IS-IS..
- Thng tin gn nhn c phn b nh mt giao thc
phn phi nhn nh LDP, RVSP,BGP

Quan h gia cc mt bng iu

khin IP v MPLS

Lp tng ng chuyn tip

(FEC)

Miu t s kt hp cc gi tin c th vi mt a ch
IP/mt lp lu lng

Dng nhn nhn din mt FEC c th.

FEC c th thit lp da vo
- a ch IP ngun v a ch IP ch
- S cng ngun v cng ch
- Nhn din giao thc PID (Protocol Identifier)
- im m (code point) ca dch v phn bit (differentiated
Service) trong IP4
- Nhn lung trong IP6

Ti sao dng FEC ?

FEC

cho php gom nhm lu lng thnh

cc lp, to iu kin phn bit cc lung

lu lng khc nhau i qua mng .
FEC

c th h tr hat ng cht lng

dch v trn mng

Header MPLS

Ty thuc vo cng ngh lp 2 :

ATM : nhn MPLS l VPI,VCI
FR : nhn MPLS l DLCI
Ethernet, PPP..: header MPLS c chn gia
header lp 2 v header lp 3 (Shim Header)

Header MPLS (tt)

Cu trc Header MPLS

Label Value : 20 bit (0-19), gi tr 0 1.048.575, cc gii tr c bit 0 15
EXP (Experimental) : 3 bit (20-22) dnh ring cho nghin cu v thc nghim.
S (Stack) : 1 bit (23) dng trong hat ng chng nhn
TTL (Time to Live) : 8 bit (24-31), gii hn s hop gi MPLS i ngang qua

Header MPLS (tt)

Cc thao tc trn nhn : c 3 thao tc c bn

- Push : t nhn MPLS vo gi lp mng. Lun thc
hin LSR li vo
- Pop : ly nhn ra khi gi tin. Thc hin LSR li ra
- Swap : Han i nhn, da vo LFIB thay i nhn
c bng mt nhn mi. Thc hin LSR trung gian

Header MPLS (tt)

Khng gian nhn : c 2 cch t chc khng gian

nhn

- Khng gian nhn trn giao tip

- Khng gian nhn trn thit b

V d: To v x l header MPLS

Chng nhn (Label Stack)

Gi MPLS c kh nng mang nhiu nhn

Nh chng ta bit nhn tng ng vi FEC.

Vd : Mt nhn nh tuyn gi ti im ra, mt nhn khc
phn bit gi ca khch hng A vi gi ca khch hng B.
Cc nhn bn trong ch nh cc dch v/FEC, vd : VPN,
Fast Re-route

Nhn bn ngai dng chuyn mch cc gi MPLS

trong mng

Nhn trong cng trong chng nhn c bit S=1

V d Chng nhn

V d Chng nhn

V d Chng nhn

S tp hp cc FEC (Aggregation)

Gp nhiu FEC vo chung mt nhn

Gim s lng nhn v s lng lu thng LDP

S tp hp cc nhn (Merge)

Nhiu gi n vi nhng nhn khc nhau c th c

gn cng mt nhn trn cng mt giao tip ra

Cc thnh phn ca MPLS

Cc thnh phn ca MPLS bao gm

B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR (Label

Switched Router)

ng chuyn mch nhn LSP (Label

Switched Path)

Giao thc phn phi nhn LDP (Label

Distribution Protocol)

LSR

L thit b thc hin cc thnh phn chuyn

tip v iu khin MPLS

Chuyn tip gi da trn gi tr nhn ca gi

Theo mode hot ng LSR c 2 lai : MPLSenabled router (frame mode MPLS) v MPLSenabled ATM switch (cell mode MPLS).

Theo v tr trong mng LSR c 3 lai : Ingress

LSR, Transit LSR v egress LSR

LSR (tt)

LSR (tt)

Ingress LSR (Edge LSR)

-nhn lung thng tin ca user (vd IP) vo v phn lai vo
mt FEC
- To mt header MPLS v gn mt nhn
- Gn header MPLS vo gi IP hnh thnh mt PDU MPLS

Transit LSR (core LSR)

- Nhn PDU v da vo header MPLS a ra quyt nh
chuyn tip
- Thc hin han i nhn

Egress LSR (Edge LSR)

G b header MPLS

LSR (tt)
Cc lai hat ng ca LSR

Aggregate : lai b nhn trn cng v thc hin hat

ng tm kim lp 3

Pop : Lai b nhn trn cng v pht phn ti tin cn li

nh l mt gi c gn nhn hoc gi IP khng gn nhn

Push : thay th nhn trn cng trong chng nhn bng

mt tp cc nhn

Swap : thay th nhn trn cng bng mt nhn khc

Untag : Lai b nhn trn cng v chuyn tip gi IP ti

chng IP k

LSR (tt)
Hat ng ca Packet-Based LSR-chng
nhn n

LSR (tt)
Hat ng ca Packet-Based LSR- chng
nhn a cp

LSR (tt)
Hat ng ca ATM LSR

LSP

L mt kt ni c cu hnh gia 2 LSR. Trong k

thut chuyn mch nhn c dng chuyn tip gi

LSP l n hng.

LSP c xc nh qua tp cc nhn trn cc chng

ca LSP t LSR li vo n LSR li ra.

C th c nhiu LSP khc nhau nhiu cp nhn khc

nhau (chng nhn)

LSP c thit lp nh giao thc phn phi nhn LDP

iu khin thit lp LSP c 2 phng php : iu khin

c lp v iu khin c th t.

2 phng php iu khin

thit lp LSP

iu khin c lp
LSR t chn mt nhn trong s nhn cha s dng ca n trong
LIB (Label Information Base) cho mt FEC c th v cp nht
LFIB. Sau , thng tin kt nhn cc b ny s c thng bo
ti cc LSR lng ging ca n s dng LDP.

iu khin theo th t
Vic gn nhn c thc hin theo th t t LSR li ra n LSR
li vo ca LSP. Vic thit lp LSP c th bt ngun t LSR li
vo hay LSR li ra. Phng php iu khin ny yu cu cc
thng tin rng buc nhn lan truyn qua tt c cc LSR trc khi
thit lp LSP

V d v iu khin c lp

V d v iu khin theo th t

LDP

S dng kt hp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn

phn b thng tin gn nhn gia cc thit b LSR.

Phn phi nhn dng giao thc vn chuyn TCP

(cng 646).

LDP gip thit lp LSP bng cch dng mt s

th tc phn phi nhn gia cc LSR ngang
cp

Giao thc phn phi nhn

Cc giao thc phn phi nhn

LDP (Label Distribution Protocol)

CR_LDP (Constraint-based LDP).

RSVP ( Resource Reservation Protocol).

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

MPLS khng qui nh mt giao thc phn phi
nhn c th

Gii thiu LDP

RFC 3035 v 3036

Xc nh FEC cho cc lai gi lp 3.

Xc nh cc lng ging c kh nng MPLS

Thng lng nhn gia cc LSR ngang cp.

Cc ngang cp LDP (LDP peer) l cc LSR dng LDP

trao i nhn v thng tin nh x FEC.

C th hat ng gia 2 LSR k cn hoc khng k cn

nhau.

Cc phin lm vic LDP theo 2 chiu

Gii thiu LDP (tt)

Cc lai bn tin LDP

Cc lai bn tin LDP (tt)

Discovery : thng bo v duy tr s tn ti ca

mt LSR trn mng, dng UDP

Session : thit lp, duy tr v xa cc phin lm

vic gia cc ngang cp LDP, dng TCP

Advertisement : To,thay i v xa cc nh x
nhn cho cc FEC, dng TCP

Notification : cung cp thng tin trng thi, chun

an v thng tin li, dng TCP

V d Router : chuyn tip gi

V d MPLS : Thng tin nh tuyn

V d MPLS : Gn nhn

V d MPLS : Chuyn tip gi

Cc phng php phn phi nhn

Downstream unsolicited
Node downstream ch thng bo cc nhn c
dng cho cc prefixe/FEC c th i ti thng qua n.
Xem v d trc

Downstream on-demand
Node upstream yu cu mt nhn cho prefixe/FEC
i qua node downstream
Xem v d k

V d ATM MPLS : Yu cu nhn

In In
label I/F

In Address Out Out

label 128.8
Prefix Iface label
-

171.6
9

Address Out Out

Prefix Iface label
128.8

171.6
9

In In
label I/F

Address Out Out

Prefix Iface label
128.8

1
1

Ti cn mt nhn cho
128.89
Ti cn mt nhn cho
171.69

Label Distribution
Protocol (LDP)
(Downstream Allocation on Demand)

128.89

Ti cn mt nhn cho
128.89
Ti cn mt nhn khc cho
128.89
Ti cn mt nhn cho
171.69

Ti cn mt nhn cho
128.89

171.69

V d ATM MPLS : Yu cu nhn

In In
label I/F

In Address Out Out

label 128.8
Prefix Iface label
-

171.6
9

Address Out Out

Prefix Iface label
128.8

128.8
9

1
0

171.6
9

In In
label I/F

1
0

Address Out Out

Prefix Iface label
128.8

128.8
9

1
1

128.89

0
Dng nhn 9 cho ch
128.89
Dng nhn 10 cho ch 128.89

Dng nhn 4 cho ch

Dng nhn 128.89
5 cho ch 171.69

3
Dng nhn 7 cho ch 171.69

Dng nhn 8 cho ch 128.89

171.69

V d ATM MPLS : Chuyn tip gi

In In
label I/F

In Address Out Out

label 128.8
Prefix Iface label
-

171.6
9

4
5

Address Out Out

Prefix Iface label
128.8

128.8
9

1
0

171.6
9

In In
label I/F

1
0

Address Out Out

Prefix Iface label
128.8

128.8
9

1
1

Data
4

128.89.25.4

128.89
128.89.25.4

1
128.89.25.4

128.89.25.4

Data

Data

Chuyn mch nhn

chuyn tip da vo nhn

171.69

Data

Nhn ra v iu khin hin tng

Loop

Lp vng (loop) l hin tng lu thng i ngang

qua mng khng dt

Trong MPLS lp vng xy ra trong qu trnh thit

lp LSP

LDP h tr 2 c ch pht hin v trnh lp vng :

- Time to Live (TTL)
- Path vectors

TTL

Tng t nh trong mng chuyn tip IP, ch c 2 khc bit

:
- Gi tr TTL c gi l hop count
- Hop count c tng qua mi ln i qua mt LSR

Trong cc bn tin thit lp LSP ca LDP (Label request,

Label mapping) c vng TTL. Gi tr TTL c gia tng khi
i qua mt LSR, v nu TTL t n gi tr cc i c
cu hnh trc bi nh thit k phn mn MPLS/LDP hoc
nh khai thc mng th bn tin n s b lai b

Path Vectors

Tng t vi khi nim route recording trong internet

Path vector c trong cc bn tin Label request, Label
mapping ca LDP. N cha danh sch cc nhn ID
ca cc LSR m n i qua.

Khi mt LSR lan truyn bn tin c cha path vector

n s b xung ID ca n vo danh sch.

Mt LSR nhn ra mt bn tin lp vng khi n thy ID

ca n trong vng path vector ca bn tin ny

V d v lp vng

Cc phng php phn phi nhn

Khc- RSVP

S dng trong MPLS-TE (Traffic Engineering)

B xung giao thc bo hiu MPLS

Dng c ch iu khin chp nhn kt ni ca RSVP

to mt LSP vi bng thng yu cu.

Cc yu cu nhn c gi trong cc bn tin Path v s

rng buc nhn c thc hin thng qua cc bn tin
RESV

i tng Explicit-route xc nh con ng m cc bn

tin thit lp nn i qua

S dng RSVP c nhiu thun li

Cc phng php phn phi nhn

Khc- BGP

S dng trong MPLS VPN

Cn m rng a giao thc cho BGP.

Cc router phi l cc BGP ngang cp.

Thng tin nh x nhn c mang trong mt

phn ca NLRI (Network Layer Reacheability
Information)