NGHA CA COP, PIC V IPLV TRONG

TIT KIM NNG LNG CA MY IU HO KHNG KH

PGS. TS. Nguyn c Li
1. COP v ngha ca COP trong tit kim nng lng
COP l h s hiu qu nng lng (Coefficient Of Performance) tng ng
vi h s lnh v c h s nhit trong cc gio trnh k thut lnh ca Vit nam.
phn bit h s lnh v h s nhit ca bm nhit ngi ta dng thm k hiu chn
cooling l lnh v heating l nhit hay si m.
COPcooling = (Nng sut lnh hu ch thu c dn bay hi Qo)/(in nng tiu tn
N), kW/kW;
(1)
COPheating = COPcooling + 1 = (Nng sut nhit hu ch thu c dn ngng)/(in
nng tiu tn), kW/kW.
(2) (Ti liu
Anh M hay dng tn lnh RT/kW).
COP cho trong cc catalog l h s hiu qu khi my vn hnh 100% ti. COP
ca mt my lnh hoc mt my HKK cng cao th my tit kim nng lng cng
nhiu. Thng s dng COP tiu chun so snh. Ngha l i vi h thng lnh 1
cp th nhit bay hi l -15oC, nhit ngng t l +30oC; H thng lnh 2 cp
tng ng l -35oC v +35oC; v h thng HKK gii nhit gi l nhit trong nh
+27oC v ngoi tri l +35oC. Lu : COP i khi cn c k hiu l EER (Energy
Efficiency Ratio) hoc CER (Cooling Efficiency Ratio) vi n v l Btu/h/W.
2. PIC v cch tnh % tit kim in nng
PIC (Power input per Capacity - Cng sut tiu th trn nng sut lnh) l ch s
tiu th in v c tnh theo biu thc sau:
PIC=N/Qo=1/COP

(3)

C th tnh % tit kim in nng tiu th gia 2 my c ch s tiu th in nng

khc nhau theo biu thc sau:
=(PIC1-PIC2)/PIC1

(4)

Do PIC = 1/COP nn cng c th tnh theo biu thc:

=(COP2-COP1)/COP2

(5)

V d 1: My iu ho khng kh VRVIII 18HP c COP = 2,99 kW/kW v my

VRVIII 8HP c COP = 4,27 kW/kW. Hi my 8HP tit kim c bao nhiu phn
trm in nng so vi my 18HP?
Gii:

COP1 = 2.99, COP2 = 4,27. Thay cc gi tr vo biu thc (5) c:

= (4,27 - 2,99)/4,27. 100% = 30%.

Tr li: Khi s dng my 8HP s tit kim c khong 30% so vi my 18HP.

3. IPLV v ngha ca IPLV trong tit kim nng lng

IPLV (Integrated Part Load Value) l gi tr vn hnh non ti tch hp. Chng ti
ngh gi IPLV l h s non ti hoc h s tch hp.
Theo thng k ca ARI (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute) ca M th
M cc h thng HKK thc t ch vn hnh 1% thi gian trong nm 100% ti,
cn 99% l vn hnh ch non ti, c th 42% thi gian chy 75% ti, 45% thi
gian chy 50% ti v 12% thi gian chy 25% ti. Chnh v vy tiu chun ARI
550/590 quy nh ly IPLV lm tiu chun nh gi hiu qu nng lng ca h thng
lnh v HKK thay cho COP. IPLV c tnh nh sau:
IPLV=0,01A+0,42B+0,45C+0,12D, kW/kW hoc RT/kW.
trong A,B,C,D l COP 100%, 75%, 50% v 25% ti.

(6)

Ngi ta cn tnh IPLV theo ch s in tiu th PIC (Power Input per Capacity)
n v kW in tiu tn /kW nng sut lnh (hoc kW/RT) nh sau:
1
IPLV =

,kW/kW(hockW/TR)

0,01 0,42 0,45 0,12

+
+
+
A
B
C
D

(7)

trong A,B,C,D l ch s in tiu th PIC 100%, 75%, 50% v 25% ti.

Nh vy, IPLV c th l COP gim ti li cng c th l PIC gim ti. Chnh v
vy, cn phi lu khi tra d liu t catalog v bn cht cng nh n v ca IPLV.
Cng theo ARI550/590 th cc h s ca A,B,C,D l khc nhau i vi iu kin
thi tit khc nhau v loi cng trnh khc nhau. n gin h s tnh ARI ch chia
ra 4 nhm h s nh sau: V thi tit ARI chia ra vng c nhit ngoi tri bng v
cao hn -17,8oC (0oF) v vng c nhit ngoi tri bng v cao hn 12,8oC (55oF).
V loi cng trnh ARI chia ra cng trnh ch hot ng trong gi hnh chnh (lm vic
5 ngy 1 tun v 8 gi mi ngy) v loi cng trnh hot ng lin tc (7 ngy 1 tun
v 24 gi mi ngy). Nhit ngoi tri khng bao gi xung n -17,8oC nn i vi
Vit nam ch cn dng 2 nhm h s cho 2 loi cng trnh chy theo gi hnh chnh v
chy lin tc nh sau:
- Chy theo gi hnh chnh nh cng s...: IPLV=0,018A+0,501B+0,481C+0D;
- Chy lin tc nh khch sn...:

IPLV=0,012A+0,423B+0,565D+0C.

Lu : IPLV i khi cn c k hiu l SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency

Ratio) vi n v l Btu/h/W.
4. Cc nhn t nh hng n COP

H s hiu qu nng lng COP ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t khc nhau nh:

- hon thin ca my nn,
- tng thch gia cc thit b trong h thng lnh nh my nn, dn ngng, dn
bay hi, van tit lu, ng ng, cc thit b ph...
- Cng ngh v vt liu mi (ny nn bin tn, van tit lu in t, cc thit b t ng
ho hin i...)
- iu kin lp t ng tiu chun (lp t, ht chn khng, np du, np ga ng tiu
chun...)
- iu kin vn hnh hp l.
- c bit, COP ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit ngng t v nhit bay hi. ng
cong m t COP = f(tk,to) l 1 trong 4 ng c tnh ca my nn Qo= f(tk,to); Ne =
f(tk,to); = f(tk,to) v I = f(tk,to). Sau y s gii thiu v s ph thuc (xem hnh
1.1).

Hnh 1. Cc ng c tnh ca my nn
5. COP ph thuc vo nhit ngng t
Nh hnh 1 gii thiu, nng sut lnh ca my nn lnh khng phi khng i
m lun thay i theo nhit ngng t v nhit bay hi. Nng sut lnh tng v
cng tiu tn gim khi nhit ngng t gim. Nh vy gim c n 2 ln do gim
theo nhit ngng t gim v gim do nng sut lnh tng. Hnh 2 gii thiu s ph
thuc ca nng sut lnh ring khi lng qo, kJ/kg, v cng nn ring l, kJ/kg, khi
nhit ngng t thay i vi COP = qo/l.

Hnh 2. S ph thuc ca qo v l vo nhit ngng t

C th tnh nhanh gn ng nh biu thc tnh COP ca chu trnh Carnot nh
sau:
COPc=To/(Tk-To)

(8)

Gi s my lnh hot ng ch tiu chun nn nhit bay hi l To = 27315= 258K, nhit ngng t l Tk = 273+30 = 303K, hiu nhit l 30 - (-15) =
45K. Thay vo biu thc (3.50 c h s hiu qu nng lng ch vn hnh tiu
chun l:
COPc = 258/45 = 5,73.
Gi s nhit bay hi khng i, nhng nhit ngng t gim xung 1K th
COP s l:
COPc = 258/44 = 5,86.
Nh vy khi nhit ngng t gim xung 1K th COP tng thm (5,865,73)/5,73 = 2,27%, ng ngha vi vic in nng tiu tn gim c 2,27%. T kt
lun trn, tit kim in nng tiu th cn phi h nhit ngng t xung n mc
thp nht c th c nh:
i vi dn gii nhit gi:
- Chn dn ngng t c din tch trao i nhit, kim tra din tch TN, nu thiu
phi b sung hoc thay dn khc.
- nh k v sinh dn ngng t,
- Loi b cc tr ngi li ra v li vo ca lung gi gii nhit, m bo lung gi
gii nhit phi hon ton thng thong, khng b gi qun, khng dn ht phi gi
nng t cc dn ngng khc,
- Chn v tr lp dn ph hp, khng b nh nng mt tri chiu vo, khng b nh
hng ca cc ngun nhit,khng lp gn bp, khng lp gn cc ngun kh thi c
hi, n mn, khng b b gi, khng lp ngc chiu gi v khi c gi qut s b gim
lu lng...

- Thng xuyn kim tra qut v lu lng gi ca qut.

i vi bnh ngng gii nhit nc:
- Chn dn ngng t c din tch trao i nhit, , kim tra din tch TN, nu thiu
phi b sung hoc thay dn khc.
- nh k v sinh ng trao i nhit ca bnh ngng t,
- nh k kim tra bm v lu lng nc qua bm cho bnh ngng v thp gii nhit,
- Kim tra kh khng ngng trong h thng, x kh khng ngng nu cn, c bit i
vi my lnh amniac phi x kh khng ngng nh k,
- Kim tra, v sinh thp gii nhit, bm qut thp gii nhit, khi m v cht lng
nc gii nhit...
- Kim tra v x du, x lng cho bnh ngng cc ng trao i nhit khng b ngp
trong lng...
6. COP ph thuc vo nhit bay hi
Theo hnh 1 nng sut lnh ca my lnh cng tng khi nhit bay hi tng.
Hnh 3 gii thiu s ph thuc ca nng sut lnh ring qo v cng nn l vo nhit
bay hi vi COP = qo/l .

Hnh 3. S ph thuc ca qo v l vo nhit bay hi

Tng t nh trn, y chng ta s tnh gn ng s tng ca COP khi nhit
bay hi tng ln 1K nh biu thc (1.8). Nhit bay hi tng 1K ngha l To = 259K
v hiu nhit s l 30- (-14) =44K. Vy:
COPc = 259/ 44= 5,89.
Nh vy, khi nhit bay hi tng ln 1K th COP tng thm (5,89-5,73)/5,73 =
2,79%, ng ngha vi vic in nng tiu tn gim c 2,79%.

Nhn xt: Tit kim nng lng khi tng nhit bay hi ln 1K cao hn
khi gim nhit ngng t xung 1K. V vy tng nhit bay hi tit kim
nng lng c ngha hn khi gim nhit ngng t. Chnh v vy, hiu nhit
trao i nhit cho thit b bay hi (to = 810K) thng thp hn ca thit b
ngng t (tk = 1317K) i vi my iu ho khng kh.
tit kim nng lng cn phi nng nhit bay hi ln n mc cao nht c
th c nh:
i vi dn bay hi lm lnh khng kh trc tip:
- Chn dn bay hi c din tch trao i nhit, , kim tra din tch TN, nu thiu
phi b sung hoc thay dn khc.
- nh k v sinh dn bay hi,
- nh k x bng cho dn bay hi hoc t ng x bng hiu qu theo nhu cu,
- nh k kim tra s vn hnh ca qut v lu lng gi.
i vi bnh bay hi lm lnh cht ti lnh:
- Chn bnh bay hi c din tch trao i nhit, kim tra din tch TN, nu thiu
phi b sung hoc thay dn khc,
- nh k v sinh bnh bay hi, kim tra s du, x v thi sch du nu cn bi v
mng du l lp cn tr trao i nhit lm tng hiu nhit trao i nhit, lm tng
tiu tn in nng.
- nh k kim tra bm cht ti lnh v lu lng cht ti lnh qua bm. Lu lng
gim s lm tng hiu nhit trao i nhit v lm tng tiu tn in nng.
- i vi bnh bay hi kiu ngp lng, cn iu chnh ng mc lng yu cu. Mc
lng cao lm tng nguy c va p thu lc, mc lng thp lm gim kh nng trao i
nhit ca bnh dn n tng in nng tiu tn.
7. COP v IPLV ca cc h thng lnh gii nhit gi, dn bay hi trc tip
i vi cc h thng ny COP v IPLV cho trong catalog l tng i chun xc
vi COP v IPLV thc ca h thng sau khi lp t v hu nh tt c cc thit b
tiu th in nng c tnh n khi th nghim trong phng nng lng k
calorimet.
8. COP v IPLV ca h chiller
i vi h thng chiller gii nhit nc, trong catalog ca chiller thng ch c
COP v IPLV ca chiller nn khi tnh ton COP v IPLV thc ca h thng ta phi
tnh n cc thit b tiu tn in nng khc nh bm nc lnh, bm nc gii nhit,
qut ca thp gii nhit cng nh qut cc dn lnh...

i vi h thng chiller gii nhit gi th ch cn tnh n bm nc lnh v qut

dn lnh v h thng ny khng c bm nc gii nhit v qut thp gii nhit.
9. V d so snh COP v IPLV cho h VRV v h chiller cho 1 to nha H ni
a) iu kin so snh COP v IPLV
c th so snh, nh gi cng bng c COP v IPLV gia cc h thng
HKK, ngi ta phi n nh mt iu kin vn hnh chung cho tt c cc h thng
tham gia nh gi hiu qu nng lng. Trng hp kh c iu kin vn hnh chung,
v d my th gii nhit gi, my th gii nhit nc, my th lm lnh nc, my th
lm lnh khng kh trc tip th vn phi quy v mt bng th nghim chung nh nhit
ngoi tri kh 35C, t 24C, nhit trong nh kh 27C, t 19C ri t suy
ra cc iu kin vn hnh ca tng my. Bng 1 gii thiu cc iu kin tiu chun
ca ARI 550/590. Do hu ht cc nh sn xut trn th gii u chp nhn v th
nghim cc thit b my mc ca mnh theo tiu chun ARI nn rt thun li khi s
dng cc s liu t catalog so snh v khng cn phi tnh ton hiu chnh, ngay c
khi lm trn nhit khi chuyn t F sang C.
Bng 1. Cc iu kin tiu chun ca ARI so snh COP ca cc h thng HKK
Nhit tnh IPLV

Tnh t F

Ly trn theo C

Bnh bay hi
100% ti, nhit nc lnh ra (LWT)

6,7C

7C

0% ti, LWT

6,7C

7C

lu lng

0,043 l/s/kW

Bnh ngng gii nhit nc

100% ti, nhit nc vo (EWT)

29,4C

30C

75% ti, EWT

23,9C

24C

50% ti, EWT

18,3C

18C

25% ti, EWT

18,3C

18C

lu lng

0,054 l/s/kW

Dn ngng gii nhit gi

100% ti, nhit kh vo (EDB)

35,0C

35C

75% ti, EDB

26,7C

27C

50% ti, EDB

18,3C

18C

25% ti, EDB

12,8C

13C

Cn c vo bng 1 cng nh chun nhit trong nh kh 27oC, t 19oC c th

tin hnh tnh ton so snh COP cng nh IPLV ca 2 h chiller v VRV.

b) Gii thiu cng trnh lm v d tnh COP v IPLV

l cng trnh to nh thp i 27 tng M inh H Ni (xem hnh 4.).

Hnh 4. To nh thp i M nh H ni
Thp A v B (2 thp) ca to nh u c chiu cao 27 tng, khi C c 8 tng l
khu ni gia thp A v B. Tng 1, 2 ca thp A v B dng cho thu kinh doanh
dch v. Tng 3 n 27 ca c 2 thp A v B (tr tng 18 ca thp A v tng 17 ca
thp B l tng dch v) s dng lm vn phng lm vic. Ton b khi C dng lm vn
phng hi ngh, hi tho, nh hng. Hai tng hm dng lm gara vi sc cha 618 xe
t v 268 xe my. Tng din tch xy dng 76.790m2. Tng din tch iu ho
40.637m2. Tng nng sut lnh yu cu l 10.800kW.
c) COP v IPLV ca h VRV
Phng n s dng h iu ho VRVIII c mt s c tnh c bn sau:
- VRVIII bm nhit hai chiu nng lnh, mi cht R410A
- Tng cng sut dn nng 3856HP (2836kW) vi 105 t dn nng
- Tng nng sut lnh danh nh theo ARI l 10.620 kW
- S dng thit b thng gi thu hi nhit HRV cp gi ti.
- Hiu chnh nng sut lnh theo chiu di ng ng ga, chnh lch cao gia dn
nng v dn lnh cng nh theo t l kt ni theo biu thc (5.9) ti liu [1] c h s
hiu chnh gn bng 1 nn nng sut lnh thc vn l 10.620 kW. Do COP thc
100 ti ly ng bng COP cho trong catalog k thut:
- H VRVIII thng thng COP = 3,17 kW/kW
- H VRVIII hiu sut cao COP = 4,27 kW/kW.
Tnh IPLV
Mun tnh c IPLV phi bit c COP chy non ti 75%, 50% v 25%.
Theo catalog k thut ca Daikin, c th tnh c COP 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%,

60% v 50% theo iu kin ngoi nh t 10 n 39C, trong nh 27C, t 19C nh

hai gi tr nng sut lnh tng TC v in nng tiu th PI. y ly t 16HP lm i
din. Theo tiu chun ARI, tnh COP 75% t nhit ngoi nh 27C ( ni suy t
80% v 70%); tnh COP 50% t nhit ngoi nh 18C v COP 25% 13C. V
Daikin khng cho s liu 25% ti nn phi ly gn ng theo [6] l COP 25% ti
bng COP 80% ti. Cc kt qu c gii thiu trn bng 2.
Bng 2. COP ca h VRVIII thng v hiu sut cao
VRV III thng

VRV III hiu sut cao

3,17

4,27

4,64

6,26

5,84

7,84

4,53

6,10

5,15

6,93

COP 100% ti

IPLV tnh theo (3)

d) COP v IPLV ca h Chiller gii nhit nc

Gii php cng ngh ca h thng Chiller gii nhit nc ny nh sau:
H thng ny dng 3 Chiller gii nhit nc my nn li tm ga R123 nng sut
lnh l 3516 kW (1000 RT) mi my. Tng nng sut lnh ca 3 my l:10.548kW.
Do thiu lnh nn phi b tr thm 01 chiller gii nhit gi, my nn trc vt ga R134
nng sut lnh 302,4kW (86RT).
Theo catalog ca nh ch to, chiller li tm khng bin tn c COP =
6,31kW/kW; IPLV = 0,472kW/RT cn chiller trc vt gii nhit gi c COP =
2,57kW/kW. Vic si m ma ng do mt ni hi un nc nng bng du DO,
cng sut 2000kW m nhn.
Tng nng sut lnh l Q0 = 10.850kW. Cng sut ng c lp t cho chiller li
tm l 621kW nhng t COP = 6,31 ta tnh c cng nn hu ch Ne = Q0/COP =
557,2kW. Chiller gii nhit gi c Ne = 118kW.
- Cp gi ti bng qut thng gi bnh thng.
Cc thit b khc ca h chiller gm:
- Tng cng sut bm nc lnh: 410kW ( s cp 3 x 45kW + th cp 4 x 65kW+
bm nc lnh cho chiller gii nhit gi 15kW).
- Tng cng sut qut dn lnh l: 325,026 kW (4AHUx11kW+42FCUx453W+
471FCUx394W+ 396FCUx193W)
- Tng cng sut ba bm nc gii nhit:240kW( 3 x 75kW+01 bm cp 15 kW)
- Tng cng sut qut thp gii nhit l 3.22kW=66kW

- Ghi ch: y cha tnh n bm nc b sung, bm x l nc, bm nc lc,

bm nc phng my ch s dng nh k.
Do phng Calorimet o COP ca Chiller li tm ch o nng sut lnh t dng
nc lnh vo 120C v ra 70C t bnh bay hi vi in tiu th ca chiller nn COP =
6,31 cha phi l COP thc ca h thng. Mun tnh c COP thc ca h thng ta
phi tnh c nng sut lnh ti phng iu ho ngha l phi tnh c nng sut
lnh tinh v in tiu th b sung t cc thit b khc ca h thng nh bm qut.
Nng sut lnh tinh bng nng sut lnh l thuyt tr i cng sut bm nc lnh v
cng sut ca cc qut dn lnh. Cn cng sut b sung l cng sut ca tt c cc
thit b nh bm qut cc loi. COP thc ca h thng c th c tnh gn ng theo
biu thc sau:
COPt =

Qo (N1 + N2)
Ne + N1 + N2 + N3 + N4

Ne Cng sut my nn: (3 x 557,2) + 118 = 1789,6kW

N1 Tng cng sut bm nc lnh: 410kW.
N2 Tng cng sut ca dn lnh AHU v FCU = 325kW
N3 Tng cng sut bm nc gii nhit = 240kW
N4 Tng cng sut qut thp gii nhit = 66kW
10.850 (410 + 325)
COPt =

= 3,57kW/kW
1789,6 + 410 + 325 + 240 + 66

Theo Catalog: IPLV = 1/0,472 = 2,1186RT/kW = 7,449kW/kW. y cng l gi

tr l thuyt. C th tnh ton gn ng gi tr thc theo t l gim COP 100% t 6,31
xung 3,57 s c IPLVt = 4,21kW/kW.
Bng 3 gii thiu kt qu tnh v so snh COP v IPLV gia h chiller v VRV.
Bng 3. So snh COP va IPLV ca h VRVIII v h chiller
H s

Chiller li tm

VRV III thng

VRV III hiu

sut cao

3,57

3,17

4,27

kW/kW

4,21

5,15

6,93

So snh HQNL

100%

122%

165%

kW/kW

0,238

0,194

0,144

So snh

100%

82%

61%

0%

18%

39%

COP 100% ti
IPLV

PIC

% tit kim in
e) Kt lun

10

- Chiller li tm khng bin tn c COP l thuyt l 6,31 nhng COP thc ca c

h thng ch cn 3,57 gim gn mt na.
- Theo bng 3, d VRV III thng c COP nh hn h Chiller li tm (3,17 v
3,57) nhng nh c bin tn, nn IPLV ca VRV III thng vn cao hn h Chiller
n 22%, tit kim in nng ti 18%.
- H VRV III hiu sut cao c COP ln hn h Chiller (4,27 v 3,57), v cng
nh c bin tn IPLV cao gp ri h Chiller, hiu qu nng lng cao hn ti 65% v
tit kim in nng ti 39% so vi h chiller.
- Theo [2] th HRV c th tit kim c 9 n 13% nng sut lnh tu theo cng
trnh. Nu tnh c hiu qu nng lng do h thng thng gi thu hi nhit HRV mang
li th cc h VRV c kh nng tit kim nng lng cao hn na.
T cc phn tch trn c th rt ra kt lun l h VRV hiu sut cao c th tit
kim c nng lng t 30% n 50% so vi h chiller khng bin tn.
Ti liu tham kho
1. Nguyn c Li: Gio trnh thit k h thng iu ho khng kh Nh xut bn
Gio dc 2009.
2. Nguyn c Li, L Minh Nguyn: Phn tch nh gi cc gii php tit kim
nng lng trong HKK qua ba loi cng trnh tiu biu. Tp ch KHKT Nhit thng
9/2007, tr. 18 20.
3.

Nguyn c Li: Gio trnh K thut Lnh, NXB Bch khoa H ni 2008.

4.

Nguyn c Li: Bi tp tnh ton k thut Lnh, NXB Bch khoa H ni 2008.

5. Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam QCXDVN 09:2005 Cc cng trnh xy dng s
dng nng lng c hiu qu - B xy dng ban hnh thng 9/2005.
6.

ARI 550/590 (Tiu chun v HKK ca Vin lnh M).

7. Sakamoto (Deputy Direktor of the Heat Pump and Thermal Storage of Japan):
Introduction of high efficiency heat pump and thermal storage system in Japan.
Proceedings of the 2nd Japan Vietnam workshop on Energy Efficiency for Buildings
Application of Heat pump and Thermal storage Technologies 6-2009
8. Souzan Nicolas: Energy Saving Approach in Modern A/C VRV System.
Proceedings of the 2nd Japan Vietnam workshop on Energy Efficiency for Buildings
Application of Heat pump and Thermal storage Technologies 6-2009
9. L Nguyn Minh: Phng php xc nh tiu th in ca chiller trong h thng
HKK trung tm cng sut ln. Tp ch Xy dng 7 -2006.
10. VRVIII Daikin catalog

11. Chiller - Trane catalog

11