εφηβοι σχεσεςι

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2012

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1.
1.1.
1.2.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4. , ,
2.5.
2.6.
3.
3.1. :
3.2.
3.3. , ,
3.4.
4.
5.
5.1.
5.2.

6.
6.1.
6.2. , ,

6.3.
7.
8.
9.
1
4
5
7
7
7
8
11
11
14
15
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20
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25
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46
51
51
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57
58
10.
11. - - -
12. -
B. E &
13.
14.
14.1.
14.2.
14.3.
14.4.
14.5.
15.
15.1. :
15.1.1.
15.1.2. Cronbach
15.1.3.
15.1.4.
15.2. :
15.2.1.
15.2.2. ,
15.2.3.
15.2.4.
15.2.5.

15.2.6. &
15.2.7. , ,

15.2.8.

16.
16.1. ,
16.2.
16.3. , ,
16.4. ,
16.5.
16.6. , ,
16.7. , ,
16.8.
16.9.
17.
: 1: - ,
: (...., ..., .....)
59
60
65
66
69
69
71
73
84
86
87
87
87
89
89
94
100
100
113
114
115
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121
128
142
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143
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149
151
152
156
157
158
161
191
192

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12-18 , ,
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Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003). ,
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1.
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(Nielsen, 1996).
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(Martin, 1999). , ,
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,

(Petersen & Hamburg, 1986 Graber & Brooks-Gunn, 1996). ,
(Gemelli, 1996 Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2002 , 2002).

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,
(Tucker, 1999). , 12 18 (Erikson, 1968
Spear, 2000).
10 20 .
: - (10-12 ), (11-14 ),
(14-17), (17-20) - (>20 ). ,
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(Christie & Viner, 2005 Chown, ., 2008).
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Chown, ., 2008). , ,
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Martin, 1999). , ,
(Nielsen, 1996).
7
1.2.
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, (Cicchetti &
Rogosch, 2002 Christie & Viner, 2005 Chown ., 2008).
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, 18 6 (Krapp & Wilson, 2005).
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(Martin, 1999 Tucker, 1999).
(.. , )
(.. , ) (Nielsen, 1996 , 2002 Cobb, 2010).
, (Martin, 1999 Cobb,
2010), , , ,
(Petersen & Hamburg, 1986 Casey ., 2010 Cobb, 2010).
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,
(Petersen & Hamburg, 1986 Gemelli, 1996 Christie & Viner, 2005). ,
,
- (Nielsen, 1996 , 2002).
,
() (Gemelli, 1996 Martin, 1999 Cobb, 2010).
, ,
(Nielsen, 1996).

, , (Tucker, 1999 , 2002 Cobb, 2010),
. ,
, , .
,
(Nielsen, 1996 APA, 2002 Chown ., 2008).
:
,
,
(Gemelli, 1996 Martin, 1999 Cobb, 2010).
(, ..)
(Tucker, 1999 Cobb, 2010).
() ()
(Bolognini ., 1996 APA, 2002).

, (Alasker, 1996 Martin, 1999 Cobb, 2010).
,
. , ,
,
(Hauser & Smith, 1991 Nielsen, 1996 Arnett, 1999 Spear, 2000).
,
,
(Gemelli, 1996 Martin, 1999 APA, 2002).
:

(Larson, ., 1996 Nielsen, 1996 Arnett, 1999 Steinberg, 2001).
(Martin, 1999),
(Chown ., 2008). ,

. , ,
(-, 1987 Martin, 1999 APA, 2002).
,
, . , ,
(Steinberg & Morris, 2001

APA, 2002 Chown, ., 2008). , ,
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, . ,
(Nielsen, 1996 Christie & Viner, 2005 Cobb, 2010).
. (Martin, 1999).
.
9
, ,
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, , ,
, . ,
,
(Larson ., 1996
Steinberg, 2001 Steinberg & Morris, 2001 Allen ., 2004 Scharf & Mayseless, 2007).

(Nielsen, 1996 APA, 2002 Cobb, 2010).
,
.
, , ,
,
(Rubin ., 1998 Martin, 1999 Krapp & Wilson, 2005).
(APA, 2002 Smetana ., 2006).
,
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, (Petersen &
Hamburg, 1986 Cobb, 2010). ,
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, (Martin, 1999 APA, 2002).
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(Petersen & Hamburg, 1986 APA, 2002). ,
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, (, 2002). ,
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(Tucker, 1999 Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2002).
10
2.
,
,
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2.1.

,

(Bowlby, 1988, . 120-121).
Bowlby (1969/1982)
* ,
. ,
(Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973, 1980).
Ainsworth (1989) .
, , ,
. )

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. ,
, ,
, . )
,
, (.. )
(Bowlby, 1969/1982 Weiss, 1991 Cassidy, 1999).
, ,
. Harlow Bowlby,
,
(Bretherton, 1992). ,
. Cassidy (1999, . 12)
, .
* , ,
.
11
, ,
.
,
(Bretherton, 1992
& , 1999).
Ainsworth (1978) Bowlby
, .
.

: , - -. , Main
/ (Main &
Solomon, 1990). ,
, ,
. , -
Ainsworth (1963, 1967)
(Ainsworth, 1978 Bowlby, 1988).

() (Bowlby, 1969 Bretherton, 1985).
, , ,
, ().
Bowlby (1988) ,
, ,
,
. ,
(Bretherton, 1985 Main et al, 1985
Maier ., 2004). ,
, , ,
(Bowlby, 1973, 1988). ,

(Sroufe & Fleeson, 1985).
Bowlby,
, . ,
,
,
(Bowlby, 1969/1982 Cassidy ., 1996).
12
, , (Bowlby 1969/1982),
(Bowlby, 1980).
,

(Bowlby, 1988). ,
. , ,
,
,
(Bowlby, 1969/1982 Bretherton, 1992).

(Kobak & Cole, 1994). ,
(Bretherton, 1985), (Dodge & Newman,
1981). ,

(Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973 Cassidy, 1999).
, / ,
,
(Bowlby, 1977 Bowlby, 1988 Cassidy, 1999). ,

, (Bowlby, 1969/1982). ,

(Kobak & Sceery, 1988).
, ,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
(Bowlby, 1969/1982).
, ,
(Grossman & Grossman, 2007).

13
, (Main ., 1985
Bowlby, 1973 Benoit & Parker, 1994 Hamilton, 2000 Waters ., 2000).
:

,
, (Van IJzendoorn & BakermansKranenburg, 1997).
,
,
.
(van Ijzendoorn & Sagi, 1999).
2.2.
,
. ,
(Bowlby,
1969/1982 Bartholomew, 1993 Rice, 1990 Buist ., 2004).
,
,
, , , (.. ), ,
( Bowlby, 1969/1982 Bretherton 1985 Main ., 1985 Armsden & Greenberg,
1987 Kobak & Cole, 1994 Buist ., 2004 Thompson, 2005).
Bowlby (1982/1969) , ,
,
(Bretherton, 1992 Cassidy, 1999).
. Bowlby
,
,
. ,
,
(Bowlby 1969/1982 Ainsworth, 1969 Weiss, 1991
Cassidy, 1999). (Rosenthal & Kobak, 2010).
14
2.3.
Ainsworth (1989)
,
. Allen & Land (1999), ,

, .
,
Ainsworth (1978) . ()
,

(Allen ., 2003). () ,

, ,
. ,
. ,
,
,
.
(Main ., 1985 Crowell, Fraley & Shaver, 1999
Main, 1999). ,

(Cook, 2000 Buist, ., 2004a),
, (Ainsworth, 1979 Belsky, 1999).
, . ,
,
,
(Main ., 1985 Bowlby, 1973 Allen & Land, 1999).
.
,

(Allen & Land, 1999 Dykas & Cassidy, 2007).
, ,
( ) ( ),
(Allen & Land, 1999 Waters & Cummings, 2000).
15
, ,
, , .
,
,
(Weiss, 1982 Bretherton, 1985 Bowlby, 1973).

(Bowlby, 1969/1981 Armsden & Greenberg, 1987).
,
, .
(Collins, 1997 Allen & Land, 1999),
,

(Kobak, 1999 Laible ., 2000). ,
, ,
,
,
(Ammaniti ., 2000). , ,
(Laursen & ., 1998).

, (
), (Scholte ., 2001)
(Furman & Buhrmester, 1992).
,
(Larson ., 1996),
(Noller, 1994 Kerns ., 1996). , Nickerson & Nagle (2005)
Laible (2004) ,
- , .
, ,
,
( ) (Holmbeck, 1996
Steinberg & Morris, 2001). Freeman & Brown (2001)

, .
, Barrocas (2006)
. Savin-Williams & Brendt (1990)
16

,
. , Lieberman (1999) ,
,
.
, , ,
,
(Engels & ., 2001 Scharf & Mayseless, 2007).
,
(Grotevant & Cooper, 1986 Steinberg, 2001).
,
, ,
, ,
(Doyle & Moretti, 2000).
2.4. , ,
Bowlby (1969/1982)
,
,
.
,

(Greenberg & .,1983 Armsden & ., 1990 Raja & ., 1992 Haigler & ., 1995
OKoon, 1997 Forbes & Adams-Curtis, 2000 Laible & ., 2000 Leondari & Kioseoglou, 2000
Kenny & Gallagher, 2002 Leondari & Kioseoglou, 2002 Laible & ., 2004 Liu, 2006
Nickerson & Nagle, 2005 Ma & Huebner, 2008).
,
(Rice,
1990 Paterson & ., 1994 Buist & ., 2002 -, 2005 Matsuoka & .,
2006 Shomaker & Furman, 2009).
, ,
, (Song & ., 2009).
, Freeman & Brown (2001)
. , Buist (2002)
17
,
-
.
, Bowlby (1980)
,
(Allen ., 2004). ,
, , ,
, (Allen & Land, 1999).

.
& (Furman & Buhrmester, 1992 Paterson & ., 1994 Buist & .,
2002 Joo, 2005 Van der Vorst & ., 2006 Song & ., 2009). , ,
-
(Furman & Buhrmester, 1992 Thornton & ., 1995 Barber & ., 2003).
, Allen (2004)
( ), ,
, (Greenberg &
., 1983 Armsden & ., 1990 Zimmermann & Becker-Stoll, 2002).
,

(Ammaniti & ., 2000). ,

(Laible ., 2000 Bosmans ., 2006).
- (2005) 14-18
.
Leondari Kioseoglou (2002) 15-22 .
, 4 : , , , - .
,
(Perez-Foster, 2001 Fazel & Stein, 2002). ,
,
. ,
.. , , ..,
(Aroian & Norris, 2002). ,
,
18
(.. ) (Chown ., 2008).

, ,

(Abouguendia & Noels, 2001). ,
, ,
,
. , ,
,

(, 2002 Chown ., 2008). , , ,
,
,
(Downs-Karkos, 2004). , ,

,
, (Suarez-Orozco & Suarez-Orozco, 2001).
van Ecke (2005)

. Adult Attachment
Projective ( - George & West, 2003 George, West, & Pettem, 1999)

(unresolved) ,
, .
,

(van Ecke, 2007).
,
.
,
, ,
.
Rice (1997) , ,

. ,

19
(Jacobsen & Hofmann, 1997).

(Bell
& ., 1996 Carlivati, 2001). Aquilino Supple (2001)
.
12-18
(Noom & ., 1999).

(Vivona, 2000 Mattanah & ., 2004).
, Finnegan & (1996)
,
,

(Finnegan & ., 1996).
,
(Flouri & Buchanan, 2003).
2.5.

, Freeman & Brown (2001), ,
.
Cooper (1998) Attachment Questionnaire (Hazan &
Shaver, 1987) 13-19
: 56% , 21% , 23%
.
Muris (2001)
12-14 Attachment Questionnaire for Children (Sharpe & ., 1998).
72.9% , 10.3%
16.8% .
10-13 ,
Attachment Scale (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), 34.5%
, 29.1% , 20%
16.4% (Dhal & ., 2007).
14-16 , Adult Attachment
Interview (George ., 1985), 43% ,
20
51% 6% (Shomaker & Furman, 2009).

, 18-24
Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), 70.6% (108
)
. , 51.6%
19% (Leondari & Kioseoglou, 2000).

,
.
2.6.

, .
, ,
(Laursen & Collins, 2004).
(Collins & Russell,
1991). ,
(Barrocas, 2006).
,
(Smetana & ., 2006). Waizenhofer (2004)

. ,
,
. ,
(Leadbeater & ., 1995),

. , ,
(Steinberg & Silk, 2002).
,
. , Williams & Kelly
(2005) ,
,
21
, , ,
. , Marcus & Betzer (1996)
.

(Turner, 1998). ,

(Lieberman & ., 1999),
(Amato, 1994 Rice & ., 1997).
Dekovic & Meeus (1997), , ,
,
. ,
(Verschueren & Marcoen,
1999).
, , ,
(Larose
& Boivin, 1998). ,
, ,
(Parke & Buriel, 1998 Kenny &
Gallagher, 2002).
,
,
(Parke & , 2004). ,
. ,

,
(Suess ., 1992).
,
,
, . , ,

(Hosley & Montemayor, 1997).
, ,
,
.

22
, ,
, (Paterson & ., 1994 Haigler & ., 1995 Larose &
Boivin, 1998 Allen & Land, 1999 Forbes & Adams-Curtis, 2000 Buist & ., 2002 , 2005 Ma & Huebner, 2008).
(Barrocas, 2006).
,
. Barrocas (2006) 13 15
Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden &
Greenberg, 1987), ,
.
.
3.
3.1. :
,
. ,
, ,
, / .
, ,
.

.
(Bukowski & Hoza, 1989 Bagwell ., 1998 Card & Hodges, 2003).
Schneider (2001) .
, , ,
. ,
, ,
(Rubin ., 2006). , Hartup (1996),
.

, (Hartup, 1996).
23
, : )
,
(), )
, () )
(Sullivan, 1953 Furman & Buhrmester, 1992 ,
2005). , 1) ,
, 2) , 3)
, 4) , 5)
, , 6)
7) (Newcomb & Bagwell,
1995 Rubin ., 2010). , ,
(Newcomb & Bagwell,
1999). , :
(Hartup, 1996).
Ainsworth (1991)
, , ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
(Buhrmester, 1992 Hazan & Zeifman,
1999 Nickerson & Nagle, 2005). ,

(Hartup, 1996).

, . , Bowlby
(1969/1982) Ainsworth (1991)
.
, .
, ,
, . ,
, ,
,
,
.
24
3.2.
Sullivan (1953)
,
(Furman & Buhrmester, 1985 Hazan & Zeifman, 1999 Barrocas, 2006). ,

, (Nickerson & Nagle, 2005).
, ,
,
(Smollar & Youniss, 1982).
.
, , ,

(Furman & Buhrmester, 1992 Nickerson & Nagle, 2005 Scharf & Mayseless, 2007).
Hartup (1993 Hartup & Stevens, 1997)
,
, .
, ,
, , , , ,
, .
, ,
(Bukowski & ., 1994 Berndt, 1998 Berndt, 2002).
,
.
,
, (Savin-Williams & Berndt, 1990).

, , ,
(Smollar & Youniss, 1982 Ainsworth, 1991 Furman & Buhrmester, 1992 , 2005).
, ,
(Ainsworth, 1991). ,
,

,
(, 2005).
Paterson (1994) 13-19 ,
25

, .
,
. Barrocas (2006), ,
,
, . ,

, (
)
(Greenberg & .,1983 Noom & ., 1999 Freeman & Brown, 2001 Scholte &
., 2001),
(Furman & Buhrmester, 1992 Laible, 2007).
,
. ,
,
(Lewis, 1999 La Guardia & ., 2000)
(Paterson ., 1995 Kerns & Stevens, 1996).

, ,
. , ,
,
.
3.3. , ,
, , ,
Furman & Buhrmester (1985)
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
(Clark-Lembers & ., 1991 Bakken & Romig, 1992),
, (Claes, 1992 Furman & Buhrmester, 1992 Liu,
2006) (Laursen ., 1996).

26
, . ,

.
(Maccoby, 1990).
Shomaker Furman (2009),
Rose Rudolf (2006),
.
,
(Paterson & ., 1994 Laible ., 2004).

(Armsden & Greenberg, 1987 OKoon, 1997 Laible & ., 2000 Muris & ., 2001
Wilkinson, 2004 -, 2005 Ma & Huebner, 2008 Song & ., 2009).
, Furman Buhrmester (1992)
.
, ,
. ,
( ) ,
( ).
, .
13 19
(Paterson & ., 1994). Scholte
(2001) 12-15
, 16-17
. ,
Ciairano (2007) 14-20
.

12-18 (Greenberg & ., 1983 Song & ., 2009).

, .
,
.

. ,
27
.
, ,
, ,
.
.
, ,
,
. , ,
(Way & ., 2005). , ,
,
(Horenczyk & Tatar, 1998). ,
, , ,
, (Tsai, 2006 Titzmann & Silbereisen, 2006).
, ,
,

(Carlivati, 2001).
,
,
, (Berndt &
Keefe, 1995 Laursen, 2005). ,
,
(Carlivati, 2001).
. Fass & Tubman (2002)

. ,
Noom, Dekovic Meeus (1999),
.
3.4.

.
Scholte (2001) 38%
,
28
,
,
.
,
6
. 47%
37% . 9%
7% . , 52%
, 48% (Ciairano ., 2007).
,
,
.
4.
, ,
, ,
, . ,
,
, (Bowlby, 1980). , Bowlby
(1979)
.
, ,
,
. , ,

. ,
, , ,
. ,
,
,
(Lieberman ., 1999).
29

(Furman & Buhrmester,
1992 Barrocas, 2006 Rosenthal & Kobak, 2010).

.
17-25 ,
(Kerns & Stevens, 1996).
, .

, .
Lieberman, Doyle Markiewicz (1999) ,
,
, .

,
.
.
, ,
.
Markiewicz, Doyle Brendegen (2001) (12-16 )
, .
,
, .

,
,
.

,
.
, (Schneider ., 2001).
Freeman Brown (2001)

30
. , 16 18 .
,
4 (, ,
) ,
Attachment Support Inventory,
. ,
. , ASI,
.
. ,
.
, 1/3
. .
Furman (2002)
. , ,
, .

, .
Meuus, Oosterwegel Vollebergh (2002)
,

, Brittain (1968)
. ,
.
,
,

(Zimmermann, 2004).

.

(2006) 18-25 ,

.
Dykas Cassidy (2007)
(.. ,
31
, ..) , , ,
.
Shomaker Furman (2009)
- (Network of Relationships Inventory: Behavioral Systems
Version-Furman, 2000), ()
(Adult Attachment Interview-George & ., 1985) (Attachment Style
Scale Behavioral Systems Questionnaire-Furman & Wehner, 1999)
.
,
. ,
, .

.
,
( )

(Allen
., 2007).
Parker Benson (2004), ,

(Allen ., 1998).

, ,
,
.
5.
5.1.
(Buchanan
., 1990 Buchanan & Holmbeck, 1998 Spear, 2000 Larson ., 2002). Hall (1904)
32

. , ,
. , ,
(Petersen & Hamburg,
1986 Offer & Schonert-Reichl, 1992 Nielsen, 1996 Giedd ., 2008 .,
2008). , Hall ,
,
. , , ,

(Arnett, 1999 Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2002).

, ,
( ., 1988 Compas
., 1993 Kessler ., 2005 Knopf, 2008 Bansal & Barman, 2011),

,
(Offer & Schonert-Reichl, 1992 APA, 2002 ., 2008 Eaton ., 2008).
, , ,

(Achenbach ., 1995 Hofstra
., 2001), .
.

,
, , , , .

, : ) ,
, , ,
, ) ,
, ) ,
(.. DSM-IV, ICD-10).
(Kovacs, 1989 Compas ., 1993 Merrell, 2008).

. , ,
33
,
(Nolen-Hoekema & Girgus, 1994). ,
,
. ,
, ,
.

.
,
, . ,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
, (Zahn-Waxler
., 2000 Bongers ., 2003 Crick & Zahn-Waxler, 2003 Merrell, 2008).

,
(Roussos ., 2001 Bongers ., 2003 Crick & ZahnWaxler, 2003 Verhulst ., 2003 Rescorla ., 2007, Sarra ., 2008).
5.2.

. ,

, . , , ,
, , ,
, , / .

. ,

.
34

1980.
,

(Son & Kirchner, 2000 & , 2001).
,
(Avenevoli ., 2001),
(Kovacs,
1996 Zahn-Waxler ., 2000 Dunn & Goodyer, 2006).
,
.
,
, . ,
, . ,
, , . ,
, ,
(Son & Kirchner, 2000
& , 2001 Bhatia & Bhatia, 2007).
1 3 (Spear, 2000).
, 30%,
( , 2008). , 1.326 12-17
, 20,3% (Madianos ,
1993), 713 (15-18 ) 26.2%
(Lazaratou ., 2010).
2% 8% , 8%
(Son & Kirchner, 2000 Zahn-Waxler ., 2000).
40%
5 (, 2000).

.
( &
, 2001).
10-19 (Bhatia & Bhatia, 2007 Knopf ., 2008). ,
35
, (, 1994).
,
. ,
,
(Compas ., 1993 Crick & Zahn-Waxler, 2003). ,
. ,

. , (Bongers ., 2003
Crick & Zahn-Waxler, 2003 Garber, 2006).
(Rutter & Sroufe, 2000 Zahn-Waxler ., 2000 Larson
., 2002).
,
(Crick & Zahn-Waxler, 2003 Bhatia & Bhatia, 2007 Knopf ., 2008).
, .
,
, ,
.
, , , , ,
, .
( ,
) (
, , ),
,
(Nolen-Hoeksema & Gircus, 1994 Zahn-Waxler ., 2000
Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2002 ., 2008).
,
(Compas ., 1993 Steinberg & Morris,
2001 Bongers ., 2003). ,
, 14 , , ,
. ,
.
14 (Cohen ., 1993 Graber & BrooksGunn, 1996 Larson ., 2002).
,
(Cohen ., 1993 Rutter & Sroufe, 2000 Bongers ., 2003).
36

,
.
,
. , , ,
,
( & , 2003 Beesdo ., 2009).

. ,
, , :
(, , , , ),
(, , , , )
(, ). , ,
, ,
, , ,
(Jeffery, 2006 Merrell, 2008).
, ,
, , , ,
(Lewinsohn ., 1998 Kessler ., 2005 Beesdo ., 2009). ,
,
. Knopf
(2008), 17.2% 12-17
. Bansal & Barman (2011) 10-15
19.6%, 2.5%
, 1% 0.5% .
1995
5.7% 17.7% (Costello & Angold, 1995, Zahn-Waxler
., 2000), 15-20% (Beesdo
., 2009). 16-18 (=2.431),
19.72% , 16.70%
, 9.81% , 6.13% , 4.56% ,
3.72% 3.10% (Skapinakis ., 2011). ,
- Youth Self Report (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003),
538 9.7% (Sarra ., 2008).
37
,
(Cohen
., 1993 Roussos ., 2001 Bongers ., 2003 Kapi ., 2007 Sarra .,
2008 Skapinakis ., 2011). -,
2:1 3:1,
(Lewinsohn ., 1998 Beesdo .,
2009). .
,
,
(Lewinsohn ., 1998 Roussos .,
2001 Verhulst ., 2003 Rescorla ., 2007). ,
CBCL (Achenbach, 1991) ,
/ ,
(Bongers ., 2003). ,
13-18 (=2.522) YSR, 15-16

(13-14 17-18) (Broberg ., 2001).

20-25 . , ,
, . ,
( ) .

.
,
, .
,

(Rubin ., 2002 Rubin & Coplan, 2004).
,
,
/ (Rubin ., 2002 Merrell, 2008).
(Kim ., 2008 Oh
38
., 2008 Rubin ., 2010).

60-65%
,
(Schneider, 1999 Rubin ., 2006 Rubin ., 2010).
,
,
, . 392 , 15%
10 ,
14 (Oh ., 2008).
, 6.5%
(Sarra ., 2008).
, , .
A
, (Roussos
., 2001 Kapi ., 2007 Sarra ., 2008), (Broberg .,
2001 Helstel, 2001 Verhulst ., 2003 Hayerdahl ., 2004 Rescorla ., 2007).
, (CBCL) (TRF),
, ,
(Crinjen ., 1999 Bongers , 2003 Rudan , 2005).
,
Youth Self Report (Achenbach, 1991)

(Crinjen ., 1999 Bongers ., 2003 Verhulst ., 2003 Rescorla
., 2007).
(Roussos ., 2001).

, ,
. , ,
.
, .

, , , , ,
39
, , ,
.
(Merrell, 2008 Brown & Sargent, 2011).
,

, .
(Merrell, 2008). 10-15
11.5% (Bansal & Barman, 2011).
25%
(Perquin, 2000). 45.4% 11-15
, 34
( ., 2008).
, 69.2% (Masi ., 2000).

(Masi ., 2000 Sarra
., 2008). ,
(Crijnen
., 1999 Perquin ., 2000 Reynolds ., 2001 Roussos ., 2001 Bongers
., 2003 Verhulst ., 2003 Rudan ., 2005 Sandoval ., 2006 Kapi
., 2007 Rescorla ., 2007 ., 2008 Nixon ., 2011).
,
, (Roussos
., 2001 Bongers ., 2003 Fichter ., 2004).
,
(Verhulst ., 2003 Sandoval ., 2006 Rescorla ., 2007). ,
,
, 15-16 (Broberg ., 2001) 12-15 (Perquin .,
2000) (13-14 8-11 ),
, , , .

, ,
, . ,
40
Achenbach
(CBCL, YSR, TRF) ,
(Bongers .,
2003). ,
(, 2002).
DSM-IV
.
,
, Youth Self Report
(Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001) 3.5% 8.4% (
6%) , (Sarra ., 2008).
, Sarra (2008), ,
. , ,
Achenbach (YSR)
(CBCL) ,
(Crijnen ., 1999 Broberg
., 2001 Roussos ., 2001 Bongers ., 2003 Verhulst ., 2003 Redun
., 2005 Kapi ., 2007 Rescorla ., 2007). ,
,
.

.
(Crijnen ., 1999 Bongers
., 2003 Kapi ., 2007).
(Roussos ., 2001 Verhulst
., 2003 Heyerdahl ., 2004 Rescorla ., 2007). , ,

(Fichter ., 2004).

Caplan (1994)

/. ,
,
41

(Garca Montes & Prez lvarez, 2003).
, (DSM & ICD)
(LpezSoler ., 2009). , ,
Achenbach (1991 chenbach & Rescorla, 2003)
.
- ,
( - ),
,
(chenbach & Rescorla, 2003 Lpez-Soler ., 2009 Abdellaoui ., 2011).

,
. Dhossche
(2002) Youth Self Report Achenbach 6%
.
11 13% 1.6%
(Poulton ., 2000). , Sarra
(2008) ,
YSR (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003), 1.6% .
,
,
(Helstel ., 2001 Verhulst .,
2003 Kapi ., 2007). , ,
,
Achenbach, (Crijnen ., 1999
Broberg ., 2001 Roussos ., 2001 Bongers ., 2003 Heyerdahl ., 2004
Rudan ., 2005 Sandoval ., 2006 Rescorla ., 2007 Sarra ., 2008).
, , , . ,

(Verhulst ., 2003 Sandoval
., 2006 Rescorla ., 2007). , ,

(Crijnen ., 1999 Broberg ., 2001 Roussos ., 2001 Bongers ., 2003
Heyerdahl ., 2004 Kapi ., 2007).
42

DSM - (-).
,
,
, . ,
, : , (, 1997).
-
,
(Barkley ., 1990 Dulcan, 1997 Barkley, 2006 Harrison ., 2011).
, - .
,
, .
, (Hart
., 1995 Dulcan, 1997 Biederman ., 2000 Spencer, 2002 Langberg ., 2008).

, ,
-,
, ,

, (Harrison
., 2011). , .

- 2.2% 17.8% (Skounti ., 2007).
3-10% (Scahill &
Schwab-Stone, 2000), 10%
( & , 2002).
10-17 , ,
8% ,
11% (Connors
., 2010). , Sarra (2008)
Youth Self Report (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003), 5.7%
.
43
,

, (McDermott, 1996 Dulcan,
1997 Gaub & Carlson, 1997 Connors ., 2010).
Achenbach
.
(Cohen ., 1993 Crijnen ., 1999
Bongers ., 2003 Rudan ., 2005 Sandoval ., 2006). Roussos
(2001) , (Verhulst ., 2003
Rescorla ., 2007) . ,

(Broberg ., 2001 Helstel, 2001
Heyerdahl ., 2004 Kapi ., 2007 Sarra ., 2008).
- , ,
, ,
(Cohen
., 1993 Hart ., 1995 McDermott, 1996 Dulcan, 1997 Biederman ., 2000
Spencer, 2002). , ,
Achenbach ,
, Bongers (2003). ,
(Broberg
., 2001 Heyerdahl ., 2004 Sandoval ., 2006), ,
, ,
(Roussos ., 2001 Verhulst ., 2003
Rescorla ., 2007).
-
,
, .
, ,
(Arnett, 1999). ,
.
, , , ,
(, 1998).
44
13-20
: ) (.. ,
, ..),
(70%) , ) (.. , ,
) 20%, ) 2-10%
( & , 2005 , 2006).
, ,
, , , ,
(Spear, 2000 Christle ., 2002).
DSM-IV ,
(Fergusson & Horwood, 2002 Storvoll &
Wichstrm, 2003 Vermeiren, 2003 & , 2005).

1.8-16%
0.8-9.2% , 2.1-15.4% 1.5-15.5%
(Loeber ., 2000). Maggs (1995) 80%
11.5-15
. 11-18 ,
0.7% 72.7% , ,
(Odgers ., 2008).
4.1%
(2008). ,
90 6.4% (Georgoulas, 2009).
,
,
, 16.7% 1999,
( & , 2005).
, , ,
(Rutter & Sroufe, 2000 Crick & Zahn-Waxler, 2003
., 2008).
Achenbach (Crijnen ., 1999 Broberg ., 2001 Roussos
., 2001 Bongers ., 2003 Verhulst ., 2003 Redun ., 2005 Sandoval
., 2006 Rescorla ., 2007 Sarra ., 2008), (Cohen
., 1993 Storvoll & Wichstrm, 2003 Scholte ., 2005). ,
45
,
(Cummings
& Leschied, 2001 Landsheer & Dijkum, 2005 Cobb, 2010).
,
. , , ,
,
. , ,

(Roussos ., 2001 Bongers ., 2003 Verhulst ., 2003 Rescorla
., 2007 ., 2008). ,
(14-17 )
(Cohen ., 1993 Moffit, 1993 Broberg ., 2001 Fergusson & Horwood,
2002 Storvoll & Wichstrm, 2003 Landsheer & Dijkum, 2005).

, ,

.
, (Geen, 2001
Crick & Zahn-Waxler, 2003 -, 2008).
: (.. , ), (.. ,
) ( ) (-, 2008).
, , ,
(Loeber & Hay, 1997 Cummings & Leschied, 2001 Karriker-Jaffe .,
2008).
(Loeber & Hay, 1997). ,
, , ,
( ., 2008). ( )

, ,
, ,
, (Loeber & Hay, 1997 Cummings & Leschied, 2001 Crick &
Zahn-Waxler, 2003 Karriker-Jaffe ., 2008). , ,
, ,
46
, (-, 2008)
.
,
11-12 30%
(Kalliotis, 2000). , 11-15
: ) 24.5% 2
, ) 5.4% , ) 44.2%
(
., 2008). , , o Youth Self Report
(Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003) ,
9.5% (Sarra ., 2008).
, , ,
(.. ),
. ,
(Archer & Coyne, 2005 Meichenbaum, 2006). ,

(Crick & Zahn-Waxler, 2003). 8-12
17.4% 2% (Crick &
Grotpeter, 1995). ,
, (Crick &
Zahn-Waxler, 2003 -, 2005).
, , ,
,
(McDermott, 1996 Loeber & Hay,
1997 Crijnen ., 1999 Roussos ., 2001 Bongers ., 2003 Redun .,
2005 -, 2005 Meichenbaum, 2006 Rescorla ., 2007 .,
2008 Sarra ., 2008). , ,
(Broberg ., 2001 Verhulst .,
2003 Heyerdahl ., 2004),
(Sandoval ., 2006 Kapi ., 2007). ,
(YSR)
, .

. Karriker-Jaffe (2008),
11-18 ,
47
, 15 14 ,
. ,
(2008) 11-15 , ,
13, ,
. , 14-18 ,

,
, , , (-,
2005). , McDermott (1996) ,
, 15-17
12-14.
,
(YSR) .
,
(Crinjen ., 1999 Bongers ., 2003),
(Broberg ., 2001 Heyerdahl ., 2004 Sandoval ., 2006),
(Roussos ., 2001
Verhulst ., 2003 Rescorla ., 2007).

, , ,
,
, (Keyes, 2000
Downs-Karkos, 2004 Chown ., 2008).
,
(Guarnaccia & Lopez, 1998).
, Kirmayer Young (1998)
,
. Suarez-Morales Lopez (2009)
, ,
. ,
, ,
(Blum ., 2000).
48
,
(
CBCL),
, /, , ,
, ,
(Bengi-Arslan , 1997).
,

: , , ,
, , , ,
(Fazel & Stein, 2002 Pumariega ., 2005).
, , ,

(Hicks ., 1993 Stevens & Vollebergh, 2008). , Klimidis
(1994) , ,
,
. , .
, , Davies McKelvey (1998) ,

YSR CBCL (Achenbach, 1991) .
,

( & -, 2008). (1984, Fichter
., 2004)
.

(Van Ecke ., 2005).

,

o . ,
49
.
, ,
,
(Barriga ., 2002). ,
.

(Lazaratou ., 2010) (Birmaher ., 1996 NIMH, 2000)
. ,
(Mazzone ., 2007 Lundy ., 2010). ,

,
(Mannuzza ., 1993 Barriga ., 2002).
,

(Ollendick ., 1992 Rubin & Coplan, 2004). ,
- (,
, ) , , ,
/ ,
(Mannuzza ., 1993 Rapport ., 1999 Barkley, 2002 DuPaul ., 2004).
,
(Meichenbaum, 2006)
(Kupersmidt & Coie, 1990). , -
(.. ,
, ) (Hinshaw, 1992 Williams & McGee, 1994 Maguin &
Loeber, 1996 Lerner & Galambos, 1998 ., 2008).
Barriga (2002)
11-19 ,
, ,
,
. , ,
, .
50
6.
6.1.
.

(Rosenberg, 1979, .7). Harter (1990)
, (.255).
.
Rosenberg (1989) Harter (1990) . , Cooley
,
. , James,

. (Chubb, 1997).
,
,
, ,
(-, 2008).
Rosenberg (1989)
.
,
.
6.2. , ,
,
(Block & Robins,
1993 Bolognini ., 1996 Chubb ., 1997 Zimmerman ., 1997 Robins
., 2002 Hoffmann ., 2004 McMullin & Cairney, 2004).
-
Kling (1999), ( ., 2008).

,
51
, ,
,

(Bolognini ., 1996 Chubb ., 1997 Kling .,
1999 McMullin & Cairney, 2004).
, ,
(Williams & McGee, 1991 Dhal .,
1997 Dubois ., 1998, Laible & ., 2004).

. ,
(Cairns ., 1990), (Brown ., 1998),
(Block & Robins, 1993), ,
,
(Bolognini ., 1996 Chubb
., 1997 Dubois ., 1998).
Robins (2002)
9-90 (=326.641),
, ,
, .
, 12-79
,
(McMullin & Cairney, 2004).
( 7 ) Baldwin & Hoffmann (2002)

. , 12-17
, 11 14, 16
.
Zimmerman (1997),
,

( , ,
, ), (Hirsch
& Dubois, 1990). Pullmann (2009), ,
.

52
. ,

(Portes & Zady, 1999). ,
,
,
(Bankston & Zhou, 2002). Zimmerman , 4 .

(Klimidis ., 1994 Rumbaut, 1994 Padilla & Duran, 1995).
(, 2008).
, ,

,
(Rumbaut, 1994 Carlson ., 2000).

(Rosenberg ., 1989 Stone & LaGreca, 1990 DuBois ., 1998 Bowles, 1999
Ross & Broh, 2000). ,
,
,
(Rosenberg ., 1989 Ross & Broh, 2000).
6.3.
Hirsh DuBois (1991),
,
35% , 31%
, 13% 21%
. 4
48% ( ), 19% (
), 20% ( ) 13% ( ) (Zimmerman ., 1997).
(=110, : 10-13), 87%
13% (Dhal ., 2007). , 14-18
74.8% 92.4%
53
(. , ,
..) Rosenberg (1965),
22.5% 37.7% (..
, , ) ( .,
2008).
.

,
.
7.
, ,
, ,

(Rice, 1990).
,
, . ,
,

, . ,

,
(, ),
(Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1988 Ainsworth ., 1978 Bretherton, 1992 Cassidy,
1999). ,
.
Kobak Sceery (1988)
,
.
, ,

54
.
,
,
,
.
Allen (1998) 14-18 ,

.
.
, , ,
, .

,
(Leondari & Kioseoglou, 2000).
(Leondari & Kioseoglou, 2002)
15-23
.

. ,

.
Allen (2002)

16 18, .
Howard & Medway (2004) 14-19
.
.

.
, ,
, . ,
WHO-TO Questionnaire (Hazan, Hurt, Sturgeon & Bricker, 1991),

.
55
.
Buist (2004b)

11 15 .
.

.
(2004)
,
(Rochester Interaction Record) ,
.
,
.
11 19

(Corsano ., 2006).
DeVore & Ginsburg (2005),
, -
.
Allen (2007) 13-15
,
. , ,

.
Laible (2007)
(, ,
) 117
.
- ,

, . ,

.
, Brumariu Kerns (2010)

56
. ,
, .

. , Brown Wright (2003)
(14-20 ) . ,

.
,
(Rice, 1990 Raja & ., 1992
Kerns & Stevens, 1996 Marcus & Betzer, 1996 Fergusson & Lynskey, 1998 Leadbeater & .,
1999 Vivona, 2000 Muris & ., 2001 Arbona & Power, 2003 Parker & Benson, 2004 , 2005 Bosmans & ., 2006 Liu, 2006).
,
.
, , ,

.
8.

, , .
- Rice (1990)
.
Leondari Kioseoglou (2000), ,

.
Leondari Kioseoglou (2002)
.
, Laible, Carlo Roesch (2004)
.
, ,
,
57
.

.
,
(Parker & Benson, 2004).

(McCormick & Kennedy, 1994
Dekovic & Meeus, 1997 McCormick & Kennedy, 2000 Hollister-Wagner & ., 2001 Arbona &
Power, 2003 Rubin & ., 2004 Dhal & ., 2007 Song & ., 2009).
,
. ,
,
.
9.
,
,
,
(Sullivan, 1953). Savin-Williams Berndt (1990)
,
. ,
, ,
.
, Claes (1992) 12-18

. , Erdley
(2001)
.
,
,
(Parker & Asher, 1993 Fordham & Stevenson-Hinde, 1999 Rubin & ., 2004 Gaertner
& ., 2010) (Berndt, 1998 Bollmer & ., 2005),
58
(Berndt, Hawkins & Jiao, 2005),

(Hartup & Stevens, 1997)
(Bagwell & ., 1998 Bagwell & ., 2005).
Wilkinson (2009) 13-19 .
,
, . ,
,
.
, Laible (2007)

. ,
(Greenberg & .,
1983 Armsden & Greenberg, 1987 Raja & ., 1992 Rubin ., 1998 Liu, 2006).
,
(Paterson & .,
1995),
(Noom ., 1999).
,
,

.
10.
Sullivan (1953) , ,
. ,
, (, ),

(Bowlby, 1969/1982).

(Bishop & Inderbitzen, 1995). , Bagwell
(1998) Rubin (2004)
59
. , Laible
(2004) , ,
, , , ,
.
Fullerton Ursano (1994)

.
, - (2000)
,
,
. ,
.
(Paterson & ., 1995).

(Greenberg & ., 1983 Armsden & Greenberg, 1987 Raja &
., 1992 Dekovic & Meeus, 1997 OKoon, 1997 Rubin ., 1998 Noom & ., 1999
Fass & Tubman, 2002 Wilkinson, 2004 Song & ., 2009).

,
.
(.. , )
.
, ,
.
11.

,
, .
Bowlby (1973),

60
. , ,

.
3 : 1)
, 2)
,
3)
(Rubin ., 2004)
Armsden Greenberg (1987) Inventory of Parent
and Peer Attachment 17-20
,
, , ,
.

. ( )
,
(/ /) .
, ,
72% .

.
(Greenberg & , 1983),
12-19
.
.
Raja, McGee Stanton (1992)
, ,
.
. ,
,
.
.
13-19

, ,
61
o .
,
. ,
, ,
,

, (Paterson ., 1995).
Noom, Dekovic Meeus (1999) 12-18
,
,
. ,
,
.
.
, (12-18 )
, , ,
, . 4 .
( )
.
( )
.

.
,
,
. , (Howes,
1999)
(Laible ., 2000).
(Engels 2001)
. ,
12-14 ,
. , 15-18
, ,
.
62
Scholte (2001) 12 20
, ,
/ /, .

, , ,
.
,
, , ,
. , , ,
. ,
. ,
, , .
Rubin, Dwyer, Kim Burgess (2004) 10-11 .

.
. ,
,
.
,
. ,

. ,

. ,

,
.
Wilkinson (2004)
, , ,
12-19 , 15-18 1519 . :

. ,
.
63
.
Gomez McLaren (2007)
, 18-20 .

, .
. ,
, ,
- -.
.
(18 )
,
Youth Self Report (Achenbach, 1991).
,
, (Kapi ., 2007).
Rosenthal & Kobak (2010)
.
14-18 .
, .
(53%), (13%),
(12%), (11%) (7%).
, , ,

.

, ,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
64
12.

1.
, ,
. ,

. Phares
(2005) ,
.
,
.
2. ,
, . ,
, ,
. ,
( , , )
, .
3. ,

,

.
4. ,
,
.
.
5. , , ,
.
, (10 & ) (18 & ),
( ) .
6. , , (,
, ) ,
, ,
.
65
.
13. , &
)
, , )
, ) .
,
- .

, ,
.

, , ,
, , , ,

. , ,

, ,
.
,
:
1.
(, , ); : )
; ,
; )

;
66
2.
;
3. ,
;
, ,
;
4. (, ,
)
;
5.

;
6. )
, , )
)
;
7. , , ,
;
8.
;
,
:
1. ,

.
67
2. ,
.
3. , . ,
. ,
,
.
4. ,
.
5.
.
6. ) , ,
,
. )
, . )
.
7. ,
.

,
. ,
.
8.
,
. ,
,
.
68
14.
14.1.
, 2010 20 ,

, ,
3 (...., .., .....) .

. ,
,
, .
, ,
2010. , ( 20),
(
2010).

( II,
192), .
, 4,
. , ,
, ,
.
25-35 . ,

. , ,
.
, , 2 1
,
, .
, ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
,
69
5-10 . ,
, .
,
, , .
,
. ,
,
3 ' .
, , . ,
.
,
.
, ,
- - ,
.
, ,
,
.
(. 191) 1,
, ,
.
70
14.2.
, 450
,
. 363, 76
.
, ,
, .
, 287 12-18 (..=14.9,
..=1.53) . 115 (..= 14.8, ..= 1.45) 172 (..= 15,
..= 1.58). ,
,
( )
. , 185 102 .
' ' ,
, , . ,
,
,
.
. 1
.
60
50
50
40
34
30
29
25
24
26
26
24
19
20
14
11
10
5
'
'
'
'
'
'
1:
71
: 237 (82.6%) , 28 (9.8%)

, 9 (3.1%) , 4 (1.4%) , 1 2
: , , , ,
. , 3 .
: (90.2%) ,
, 18 (6.3%) , 4 (1.4%)
, 3 (1%) , 2 (0.7%) 1 (0.3%) .
: , 237 (82.6%)
, 23 (8%)
, 13 (4.5%) , 7
(2.4%) . (2.4%)
.
: 2
. 2
1 .
2:
10 (3.5%)
38 (13.2%)
69 (24%)
51 (17.8%)
84 (29.3%)
33 (11.5%)
11 (3.8%)
25 (8.7%)
84 (29.3%)
42 (14.6%)
88 (30.7%)
36 (12.5%)
: , 44 (14.3%)
, , 221 (77%), 148 (51.6%) / ,
47 (16.4%) 2 , 3, 4,
5 8 (2.4%, 3.5%, 1% 1% ). 25 (8.7%)
.
: , ,
10 20.
(14 ), (14.1 17) (17.1-20). , 145
(50.5%) , 81 (28.2%)
19 (6.6%) . 42 (14.6%)
.
72
14.3.
:
: 1)
, 2) , 3) , 4)
, 5) , 6)
, 7) , 8) .
, 9)
/ .

(....): Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA, Armsden &
Greenberg, 1987). ,

, . ,

(Greenberg, 2009). ,
()
(Armsden & Greenberg, 1987).
Inventory of Adolescent Attachments (Greenberg
., 1983),
,
.
28
25 . G. Armsden (1986)

,
25 , , ,
75 (Greenberg, 2009).
.... , , 3
: (trust), (communication)
(alienation). - 10
,
(.. / ). - 9 .
73
,

(.. /
). .
, 6 ,
, , (.. /
/ ).
, 10, 8 7
(Armsden & Greenberg, 1987).
( 1) ( 2),
( 3).
.
- 5-
Likert 1 = 5 = (Armsden &
Greenberg, 1987).
. (. 192).
, ,
,
3 .
, Armsden Greenberg (1987)
,
( , , ) .
, ,
, 3
. , ,
3 , (..
() ,
, .). , , ,
, .
,

.
,
.
74
,
.

, , , .
3
.
, .
3:
(Armsden & Greenberg, 1987)

16-20 . , , ....
12 20 . ,
=.87 ( ) , =.89
=.92 (Greenberg, 2009).
, Armsden Greenberg (1987)
=.91 , =.91 =.86
. Cronbach =.91, =.87
=.72 .
.... 27
18-21 , 3 ,
75
.93 .86 .
(Armsden & Greenberg, 1987)
..... , [ (r
=.56, p<.001), (r =.52, p<.001), (r = -.36, p<.001), (r =.38,
p<.001) (r =.20, p<.05)],
[Family Environment Scale] (Moos, 1974). , ,
[Tennessee Self-Concept
Scale] (Fitts, 1965) (.78 .46 , p<.001) , ,

(.62 .60 , p<.001).
, ....
,
(r =.57, p<.001). ,
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& V (, -, 2001):

. III
(13-15 ) IV (
16-18 ).
S. Harter,
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512 491 .
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n (%)
n (%)

n (%)
105 (36.6%)
112 (39%)
111 (38.7%)
79 (27.5%)
91 (31.7%)
80 (27.9%)
102 (35.5%)
73 (25.4%)
96 (33.4%)
286 (99.7%)
276 (96.2%)
287 (100%)
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27
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34
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66
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100
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23
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240
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30
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249
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18
(6.3%)
20
(7.0%)
236
(82.2%)
16
(5.6%)
35
(12.2%)
243
(84.7%)
26
(9.1%)
18
(6.3%)
240
(83.6%)
28
(9.8%)
19
(6.6%)
92
223
(77.7%)
32
(11.1%)
32
(11.1%)
212
(73.9%)
42
(14.6%)
33
(11.5%)
191
(66.6%)
30
(10.5%)
66
(23%)
165
(57.5%)
43
(15%)
79
(27.5%)
184
(64.1%)
38
(13.2%)
65
(22.6%)
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93
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10

(=287)

(%)
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94
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193
(67.2%)
74
(25.8%)
213
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51
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236
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45
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242
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94
11
r (Pearson) .... (N=286)

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r (Pearson) .... (N=287)

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5..
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8..
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12. .786** .734** .752** .829** .732** .741** .699** .824** .731** .882** .831**
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[1./: /, 2. /: /, 3. ..: , 4. ..:
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=287, p<.01). ,

97
(r=.829, =287, p<.01) (r=.824, =287, p<.01),

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.
15
r (Pearson) (N=287)

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100
.
17
/ (=287)
(%)
(%)
(%)
90
(31.4%)
150
(52.2%)
240
(83.6%)
25
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22
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47
(16.4%)
115
(40.1%)
172
(59.9%)
287
(100%)
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[2(1, =287)=6.07, p<.05],
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.
18
.
18
(=287)
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90
(31.4%)
153
(53.3%)
243
(84.7%)
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19
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44
(15.3%)
115
(40.1%)
172
(59.9%)
287
(100%)
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[2(1, =287)=5.68, p<.05]. , 1.71
101

, (=.14). 19
.
19
(=287)
(%)
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87
(30.3%)
149
(51.9%)
236
(82.2%)
28
(9.8%)
23
(8%)
51
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115
(40.1%)
172
(59.9%)
287
(100%)
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[2(5, =203)=14.71, p<.05]. 20
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(=203)

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20
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21
(10.3%)
41
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21
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13
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34
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17
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51
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21
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17
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38
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14
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10
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24
(11.8%)
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13
(6.4%)
15
(7.4%)
112
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91
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203
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(p>.05).
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[2(1, =287)=4.40, p>.01].
21
(2 ) /
(=287)
(%)
(%)
(%)
161
(56.1%)
79
(27.5%)
240
(83.6%)
24
(8.4%)
23
(8%)
47
(16.4%)
185
(64.5%)
102
(35.5%)
287
(100%)
:
[2(5, =287)=29.33, p<.001].
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[2(1, =287)=5.59, p<.05].
22
(=287)
(%)
(%)
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56
(19.6%)
(1%)
59
(20.6%)
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42
(14.6%)
(2.8%)
50
(17.4%)
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69
(24%)
(2.4%)
76
(26.4%)
104
'
35
(12.2%)
18
(6.3%)
53
(18.5%)
'
30
(10.5%)
(0%)
30
(10.5%)
'
17
(5.9%)
(0.7%)
19
(6.6%)
249
(86.8%)
38
(13.2%)
287
(100%)
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(p>.05). ,
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23
(=287)
(%)
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51
(17.8%)
(2.8%)
59
(20.6%)
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40
(13.9%)
10
(3.5%)
50
(17.4%)
'
66
(23%)
10
(3.5%)
76
(26.5%)
'
38
(13.2%)
15
(5.2%)
53
(18.4%)
'
29
(10.2%)
(0.3%)
30
(10.5%)
'
19
(6.6%)
(0%)
19
(6.6%)
243
(84.7%)
44
(15.3%)
287
(100%)
:
[2(5, =287)=22.02, p<.01].
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[2(1, =287)=11.12, p<.01]. 24
.
105
24
(=287)

(%)
(%)
(%)
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52
(18.2%)
(2.4%)
59
(20.6%)
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43
(15%)
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50
(17.4%)
'
60
(20.9%)
16
(5.6%)
76
(26.5%)
'
34
(11.8%)
19
(6.6%)
53
(18.4%)
'
25
(8.7%)
(1.8%)
30
(10.5%)
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(3.1%)
10
(3.5%)
19
(6.6%)
223
(77.7%)
64
(22.3%)
287
(100%)
:
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p<.05], [2(1,
=287)=4.25, p<.05]. ,
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25
(=287)
(%)
(%)
(%)
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48
(16.7%)
11
(3.8%)
59
(20.5%)
'
35
(12.2%)
15
(5.2%)
50
(17.4%)
'
61
(21.3%)
15
(5.2%)
76
(26.5%)
'
35
(12.2%)
18
(6.3%)
53
(18.5%)
'
24
(8.4%)
(2.1%)
30
(10.5%)
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(3.1%)
10
(3.5%)
19
(6.6%)
212
(73.9%)
75
(26.1%)
287
(100%)
106
:
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[2(5,
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,
[2(1, =287)=9.95, p<.01].
26
(=287)
(%)
(%)
(%)
'
41
(14.3%)
18
(6.3%)
59
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'
32
(11.1%)
18
(6.3%)
50
(17.4%)
'
46
(16%)
30
(10.5%)
76
(26.5%)
'
23
(8%)
30
(10.5%)
53
(18.5%)
'
19
(6.6%)
11
(3.8%)
30
(10.4%)
'
(1.4%)
15
(5.2%)
19
(6.6%)
165
(57.5%)
122
(42.5%)
287
(100%)
: ..., ,
, [2(5, =287)=11.90,
p<.05], [2(1, =287)=4.66, p<.05].
,
' (...=2.6) ( 27).
-, 1.17
(RR) .
107
27
(=287)

(%)
(%)
(%)
'
40
(13.9%)
19
(6.6%)
59
(20.5%)
'
34
(11.8%)
16
(5.6%)
50
(17.4%)
'
53
(18.5%)
23
(8%)
76
(26.5%)
'
28
(9.8%)
25
(8.7%)
53
(18.5%)
'
22
(7.7%)
(2.8%)
30
(10.5%)
'
(2.4%)
12
(4.2%)
19
(6.6%)
184
(64.1%)
103
(35.9%)
287
(100%)

.
, , (
, , , ;),
, ,
. ,

/, , , ,
, .

(p>.05).
, , 10 ,
. , ,
, ,
.
108
:
[2(1, =181)=6.48, p<.05]. ,
(RR) 1.69

. ,
. 28
.
28
(=181)

(%)
(%)
(%)
95
(52.5%)
60
(33.1%)
155
(85.6%)
(5%)
17
(9.4%)
26
(14.4%)
104
(57.5%)
77
(42.5%)
181
(100%)
:
[2(1, =284)=7.40, p<.01]. , ,
, 2.26 (RR)
( 29).
29
(=284)
(%)
(%)
(%)
208
(73.2%)
29
(10.2%)
237
(83.4%)
34
(12%)
13
(4.6%)
47
(16.6%)
242
(85.2%)
42
(14.8%)
284
(100%)
:
,
( ), [2(1,
N=284)=11.57, p<.01]. , 2.41 (RR)
109

. 30
.
30
(=284)
(%)
(%)
(%)
171
(60.3%)
66
(23.2%)
237
(83.5%)
22
(7.7%)
25
(8.8%)
47
(16.5%)
193
(68%)
91
(32%)
284
(100%)
: ,
,

[2(1, N=284)=3.93, p<.05]. (RR) 1.77
,
( 31).
31

(=284)
(%)
(%)
(%)
200
(70.4%)
37
(13%)
237
(83.4%)
34
(12%)
13
(4.6%)
47
(16.6%)
234
(82.4%)
50
(17.6%)
284
(100%)
,
, ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
. ,
.
110

(p>.05).

(p>.05).

t ,

,
.
/.
,
,
. 32
, t p,
t .
32

..
..
17.35
2.20
16.54
1.80
17.48
2.09
16.28
2.14
17.38
2.12
16.76
2.18
17.56
2.07
16.75
2.18
17.44
2.05
16.58
2.33
111
2.185
.030
3.720
.000
1.996
.047
2.969
.003
2.613
.010
: ( )
(..=16.54, ..=1.80)
(..=17.35, ..=2.20).
[t(243)=2.185, p<.05].
: ,
, [t(243)=3.720, p<.001]
(..=17.48, ..=2.09)
(..=16.28, ..=2.14).
: [t(243)=1.996, p<.05]

(..=16.76, ..=2.18)
(..=17.38, ..=2.12).
:
,
(..=17.56, ..=2.07)
(..=16.75, ..=2.18).
[t(243)=2.969, p<.01].
-:
, t ,
( )
(..=17.44, ..=2.05)
(..=16.58, ..=2.33). ,
[t(99.5)=2.613, p<.05].
,
, ,
, ,
-, .

,
112

(, , )
.
15.2.2. ,
, 2x2x2 (3-way loglinear analysis)
( ,
, )
( 33),
. 96
, .
, (1st order)
:
,
,
. 2(1)=2.033, p=.154.

.
,
,
,
. , .
113
33
(=96)

(%)
33
(34.4%)
13
(13.5%)
(6.3%)
(3.1%)
(6.3%)
(5.2%)
(5.2%)
25
(26%)
33, 96 , 58 (60.4%)
( ) . ,
, 46 ,
33 ( 71.7%) . , 30
, 25 ( 83.3%)
. , , 33
, ,
. 33
,
. ,
,
.
15.2.3.

2 142 , , ,
(
34). [2(1,
=142)=47.98, p<.001]. , (=.58).
(RR),
114
3.60 . 34,
79.5% ( )
.
34
(=142)

(%)
(%)
(%)
68
(47.8%)
16
(11.3%)
84
(59.1%)
13
(9.2%)
45
(31.7%)
58
(40.9%)
81
(57%)
61
(43%)
142
(100%)
15.2.4.
2, ,
.
35
(=122)

(%)
(%)
(%)
46
(37.7%)
16
(13.1%)
62
(50.8%)
21
(17.2%)
39
(32%)
60
(49.2%)
67
(54.9%)
55
(45.1%)
122
(100%)
2 [2(1,
=122)=18.92, p<.001], (=.39).
(RR), 2.36
.
35, 122
, 69.7% .
115
36
(=136)

(%)
(%)
(%)
54
(39.7%)
24
(17.6%)
78
(57.3%)
22
(16.2%)
36
(26.5%)
58
(42.7%)
76
(55.9%)
60
(44.1%)
136
(100%)
2,

[2(1, =136)=13.22, p<.001], (=.31).
, 1.78
.
136 , 90 (66.2%)
( 36).

, :
(,
, ); : )
; ,
; )
;
, ,
,
. ,
. ,

. ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
116
15.2.5.

,
,
. , ,
, .
. 37,

.
, ,
.
37

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-1.02 (0.32)
11.30**
1.39
(0.53)
6.94**
1.01
(0.53)
3.60**
Exp b
0.34
1.43
4.01
11.25
0.97
2.74
7.78
: R =.208(Cox & Snell), R =.278(Nagelkerke). Model (1)=22.43***
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***

1 ..
.
, 71.9%
(=96), (78%
, 65.2% ).
20.8%.
,
( ) exp b (
1). , ,
. ,
- - 0 ( ) 1 ( ),

117
0 ( ) 1 ( ).
, ,
95% exp b 1.43 11.25.
, ,
, 74.7%.
, 21.1%.

51.8% ,
42.4%.
,
,
(residuals, Cook's distance,
Leverage, DFBetas), (tolerance,
VIF).
,
,
.
15.2.6. , ,

,
. .

, .
2 (,
, ), ,
, .
(-, -, -, ,
, ) .
118
38
(=163)
26
40
12
97
(4.3%)
(16%)
(24.6%)
(0%)
(3%)
(7.4%)
(4.3%)
(59.5%)
37
66
(4.3%)
(22.7%)
(0.6%)
(2.5%)
(3%)
(4.9%)
(2.5%)
(40.5%)
14
63
41
10
20
11
163
(8.6%)
(38.7%)
(25.2%)
(2.5%)
(6%)
(12.3%)
(6.8%)
(100%)
2 Pearson
[2(6, =163)=40.195, p<.001].
.
, 38, ,
(...=5.3),
. ,
,
(...=3.2). ,
(...=2.1),
. , ,
.
.
39
(=185)
10
29
34
(5.4%)
(15.7%)
(18.4%)
(2.7%)
16
107
(3.2%)
(8.6%)
(3.8%)
(57.8%)
10
44
11
78
(5.4%)
(23.8%)
(5.9%)
(0%)
(1.1%)
(3.3%)
(2.7%)
(42.2%)
20
73
45
22
12
185
(10.8%)
(39.5%)
(24.3%)
(2.7%)
(4.3%)
(11.9%)
(6.5%)
(100%)
119
, 39, 5 (2.7%)
,
.
[2(6,
=185)=22.729, p<.01]. ,

(...=2.8).
,
,
(...=4) .
40
(=166)
54
18
11
102
(5.4%)
(32.6%)
(10.8%)
(0.6%)
(2.4%)
(6.6%)
(3%)
(61.4%)
19
21
64
(4.8%)
(11.4%)
(12.7%)
(2.4%)
(2.4%)
(2.4%)
(2.4%)
(38.6%)
17
73
39
15
166
(10.2%)
(44%)
(23.5%)
(3%)
(4.8%)
(9%)
(5.4%)
(100%)
2

[2(6, =166)=14.299, p<.05]. ,
(...=2.9). , ,
,
(...=2.2).
, ,

. ,
.
.
120
15.2.7. , &

,
,
2, ... (Achenbach, 1991)
,
(-, 2001), , , .
: 41, ,

. ,
.
184, ,
. , ,
184 , 105 (57.1%) 79 (42.9%) .
41
& ... (=184)

n

/
(%)
(%)
(%)
95 (51.6%)
48 (26.1%)
143
(77.7%)
10 (5.5%)
31 (16.8%)
41
(22.3%)
98 (53.3%)
56 (30.4%)
154 (83.7%)
7 (3.8%)
23 (12.5%)
30 (16.3%)
97 (52.8%)
57 (30.9%)
154 (83.7%)
8 (4.3%)
22 (12%)
30 (16.3%)
95 (51.6%)
53 (28.8%)
148 (80.4%)
10 (5.5%)
26 (14.1%)
36 (19.6%)
94 (51.1%)
62 (33.7%)
156 (84.8%)
11 (6%)
17 (9.2%)
28 (15.2%)
121
98 (53.3%)
53 (28.8%)
151 (82.1%)
7 (3.8%)
26 (14.1%)
33 (17.9%)
91 (49.5%)
48 (26.1%)
139 (75.6%)
14 (7.6%)
31 (16.8%)
45 (24.4%)
91 (49.5%)
42 (22.8%)
133 (72.3%)
14 (7.6%)
37 (20.1%)
51 (27.7%)
104 (56.5%)
54 (29.3%)
158 (85.9%)
25 (13.6%)
26 (14.1%)
(0.5%)
,
.
/
(=.35), [2(1, =184)=22.99,
p<.001]. (RR),
3.73 .
,
.
/, [2(1),
=184)=16.65, p<.001], 4.36
(=.30).

(=.27), [2(1, =184)=13.52,
p<.001].
3.75 , .
,
[2(1, =184)=15.67, p<.001] (=.29).
(RR) 3.46
.

[2(1, =184)=4.26, p<.05], (=.15).
, 2.05
.
,
122
(=.34), [2(1, =184)=21.10,

p<.001]. , 4.93
.
, (
) 2.94 .
(=.30) [2(1, =184)=16.38,
p<.001].
(=.37)
[2(1, =184)=25.26, p<.001].
3.51
.
....
[2(1, =184)=17,88, p<.001],
2.05.
[2(1, =184)=13.96, p<.001]
1.90.
... ,
[2(1, =184)=37.34, p<.001] (=.45),
2.79
.

,
[2(1, =184)=35, p<.001], (=.44).
, , 33.32
.
: 42,

.
2,
203 , 112 (55.2%)
91 (44.8%) .
123
42
(=203)

n

/
(%)
(%)
(%)
102 (50.3%)
53 (26.1%)
155 (76.4%)
10
38 (18.7%)
48 (23.6%)
61 (30%)
168 (82.7%)
30 (14.8%)
35 (17.3%)
71 (35%)
175 (86.2%)
20 (9.9%)
28 (13.8%)
(4.9%)
107 (52.7%)
5
(2.5%)
104 (51.2%)
8
(3.9%)
105 (51.7%)
61 (30%)
166 (81.7%)
7 (3.5%)
30 (14.8%)
37 (18.3%)
104 (51.2%)
73 (36%)
177 (87.2%)
18 (8.9%)
26 (12.8%)
(3.9%)
105 (51.7%)
62 (30.5%)
167 (82.3%)
7 (3.5%)
29 (14.3%)
36 (17.8%)
100 (49.3%)
61 (30%)
161 (79.3%)
12 (5.9%)
30 (14.8%)
42 (20.7%)
99 (48.8%)
52 (25.6%)
151 (74.4%)
13 (6.4%)
39 (19.2%)
52 (25.6%)
102 (50.3%)
65 (32%)
167 (82.3%)
10 (4.9%)
26 (12.8%)
36 (17.8%)
(=.384), [2(1,
=203)=29.97, p<.001]
/. (RR),
3.16
.
, , (=.38)
/ [2(1 =203,)=28.59, p<.001].
, 4.46
.
124
(=.21),
[2(1, =203)=9.29, p<.01].
,
2.08 .

(=.34)
[2(1, =203)=24.05, p<.001]. 3.34
.
, 1.91
, ,
(=.19) , , ,
[2(1, =203)=7.18, p<.01].
,
[2(1, =203)=22.59, p<.001],
(=.33).
3.23 ,
, .
, (=.27)
[2(1, =203)=15.15, p<.001]. ,
2.17 .
, ,
[2(1, =203)=25.73, p<.001].
(=.36).
, 2.62
.
, ,
,
.... [2(1, =203)=25.86, p<.001]
2.23 (=.36). [2(1,
=203)=15.80, p<.001], (=.28)
1.72. , [2(1,
=203)=39.26, p<.001], (=.44)
2.81.

, [2(1, =203)=13.28, p<.001],
125
(=.26). ,
2.20 ,
.
: , ,

.
191 ,
. 105 (58.1%)
, 80 (41.9%). 43
.
43
(=191)

n

/
(%)
(%)
(%)
96 (50.3%)
48 (25.1%)
144 (75.4%)
15
(7.8%)
32 (16.8%)
47 (24.6%)
99 (51.8%)
53 (27.8%)
152 (79.6%)
12
(6.3%)
27 (14.1%)
39 (20.4%)
105 (55%)
58 (30.4%)
163 (85.4%)
22 (11.5%)
28 (14.6%)
(3.1%)
102 (53.4%)
51 (26.7%)
153 (80.1%)
9 (4.7%)
29 (15.2%)
38 (19.9%)
100 (52.4%)
59 (30.9%)
159 (83.2%)
21 (11%)
32 (16.8%)
11
(5.8%)
101 (52.9%)
50 (26.2%)
151 (79.1%)
10 (5.2%)
30 (15.7%)
40 (20.9%)
91 (47.6%)
51 (26.7%)
142 (74.3%)
20 (10.5%)
29 (15.2%)
49 (25.7%)
126
90 (47.1%)
48 (25.1%)
138 (72.2%)
21 (11%)
32 (16.8%)
53 (27.8%)
101 (52.9%)
57 (29.8%)
158 (82.7%)
10 (5.2%)
23 (12.1%)
33 (17.3%)
/
[2(1, =191)=17.58, p<.001], 2.09
.
(=.30).
(=.28), [2(1, =191)=15.06, p<.001]
/.
, 2.12
.
, ,
(=.31), [2(1, =191)=19.80,
p<.001]. , 3
,
.
[2(1,
=191)=23.10, p<.001]. (=.35) , 2.82

, .
, , ,
[2(1, =191)=8.90, p<.01] (=.22).

, 1.83
.
(=.36)
[2(1, =191)=22.79, p<.001],
, 2.68
.
, ,
[2(1, =191)=8.10, p<.01], (=.21).
1.57 ,
127
, .
,
..., (=.23)
[2(1, =191)=10.31, p<.001]. , 1.65

.

,
[2(1, =191)=27.09, p<.001] [2(1, =191)=17.55, p<.001] 2.19
1.79 ,
[2(1, =191)=2.67, p>.05]. ,
,
, , .
,
, [2(1, =191)=12.68, p<.001],
(=.26). ,
2.11
, .

( , , )
.

.
15.2.8.

, ,
...,
.
128

. ,
,
/.
44.
44
/
95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-2.50
(0.50)
25.34
1.28
(0.61)
4.38
1.55
(0.62)
6.48
***
Exp b
.082
1.09
3.61
12.00
1.43
4.72
15.59
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
96 , 81.3%
.

/ .
[ (0) (1)],
, 1 ,
. exp b
, ,
5%.
, Wald exp b
,
.
22.3% (
R2 Cox & Snell) /.

. , :
7.6%
/. ,
129
58.3% .
/
27.9%, 22.8% .
/,
, , ,
(p<.05) wald.
.
45 .
45
/
95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-3.61
(0.76)
22.85
2.10
(0.70)
8.89
1.52
(0.72)
4.52
***
.027
**
*
Exp b
2.05
8.13
32.26
1.13
4.58
18.62
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
, ,
,
/
. ,
(=2.10 =1.52 ). ,
, exp b
wald, .
22.5%
/ (R2=.225).

. , ,
78.1% .
130
50,1%
, 2.6%
, 11%
, , 18% .
,
. , ,
, , ,
( ),
46.
46

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-3.35
(0.72)
21.77
1.64
(0.72)
5.15
1.21
(0.73)
2.75*
***
.035
Exp b
1.25
5.16
21.28
0.80
3.36
14.05
: R =.145(Cox & Snell), R =.244(Nagelkerke). Model (1)=15.06**
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
,
83.3% . ,
. ,
, 100%
,
,
.

(=1.64),
95% 1.25 21.28.
14.5%
.
131
,
37.7%
,
3.4%. ,
10.5%
,
15.3%.

,
. 47 .
47

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-2.71
(0.54)
25.28
1.29
(0.65)
3.94
1.54
(0.64)
5.73
***
Exp b
.066
1.02
3.62
12.87
1.32
4.67
16.50
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
, ,

.
,
78.1% .
96
. =1.29 =1.54
, .
, 95%. ,
exp b wald ,
, .
132
20.5%
.

6.2%
, 23.7% , 52.9%
, 19.4%
.
,

, , . ,

,
48.
48

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-2.89
(0.59)
23.74
1.83
(0.70)
6.85
***
.056
**
Exp b
1.58
6.21
24.35
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
, 100% ,
, . ,
86.5% ,
.

, (=1.83,
.01), (exp b=6.21,
1 5%).
8.2% .
133
, 5.3%
,
25.6%.
,
, .

. 49.
49

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-2.81
(0.57)
24.00
1.72
(0.60)
8.30
**
1.25
(0.61)
4.23
**
***
Exp b
.060
1.74
5.60
18.07
1.06
3.48
11.43
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
,
(=1.72 =1.25), , exp b
wald ,
,
( ).
20.8%
.

, , 77.1%
, (80.6%),
(66.7%).

5.7%
134
, 54.1% , 17.4%
,
25.3% .

, ,
,
. ,
, . 50
.
50

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-1.81
(0.38)
22.59
1.66
(0.50)
11.06
***
**
Exp b
.163
1.98
5.25
13.95
: R2=.118(Cox & Snell), R2=.171(Nagelkerke). Model 2(1)=12.07**
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
, ,
.01. 95%
, , 1.98 13.95.
11.8% .
, 72.9% .
, (100%)
(0%) . , ,
.
,
14% . ,
46.2% .
135

,
. ,
. , ,
51, ,
.
52

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-2.3
(0.47)
24.68
1.73
(0.60)
8.23
1.01
(0.58)
3.02**
***
.098
**
Exp b
1.73
5.65
18.42
0.89
2.76
8.65
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
,
(82.4%) (64.3%),
77.1% . ,
22.4%.
exp b,
.
, 5%.

. ,
8.9%, , 60.3%,
.
, 21.2%
35.5%
.
136

,
.
.
,
( 52).
52

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-1.82
(0.39)
21.46
1.50
(0.55)
7.32
0.93
(0.55)
2.86
***
.161
**
**
Exp b
1.51
4.47
13.24
0.86
2.53
7.44
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
,
, .01.
95% .
20.2%
. 76% ,
, (84.1%)

(60.4%). .

, 13.9%
. ,
64.6%.
, ,
, 29%, 41,9%.
137
, ...,
( )

. 53 .
53

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-1.03
(0.30)
11.72
1.61
(0.45)
12.83
***
.357
**
Exp b
2.07
5.00
12.06
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
,
exp b ,
. ,
.
69.8% ,
(75%) ,
(62.5%). ,
.
,
13.4% ( R2 Hosmer &
Lemeshow). ,
, 26.3% 64.1%
.
(...)
...,
3 ,
. ,
, 54.
138
54

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-1.92
(0.41)
22.49
1.79
(0.55)
10.48
1.30
(0.55)
5.52
***
.146
**
Exp b
2.03
5.99
17.72
1.24
3.66
10.80
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***
, ,

.
(88.1%), (62.2%). ,
,
78.1% .

, 96 ,
( 5%).
,
.

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,
R2 Cox Snell.

12.7%
, 76.2% . ,
, 34.8%
,
46.7%.
139

, ,
. ,
,
(p=.056). ,
,
55.
55

95% exp b
B
(..)
Wald
-4.50
(1.10)
16.76
2.65
(1.12)
5.60
1.65
(0.86)
3.66
***
.011
Exp b
1.58
14.11
126.31
0.96
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28.32
p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***

, ,
.
95% .
, 24.6%
83.3% . ,
, .
,
.
, ,
1.1% .
45%.
, 5.5%
,
, 13.6%.
140
,
. Cook's distance, DFBeta Leverage
, 2-6
.

, . ,
.
,
tolerance VIF
. ,
.

.
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/.
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.
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.
141
16.
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, 36.6%
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39% 31.7% .
, 1/3,
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Leondari Kioseoglou (2000)
(51.6%) . ,
,
(Furman & Buhrmester, 1992
Buist ., 2002 Barber ., 2003). ,
,
(Cooper ., 1998 Muris ., 2001 Shomaker & Furman, 2009).
, ,
, /
,
(van Ijzendoorn & Sagi, 1999).
38.7%
27.9% . ,
(Sullivan, 1953 Hazan & Zeifman, 1999),
142
,
(Furman & Buhrmester, 1992 Nickerson & Nagle, 2005 Scharf & Mayseless, 2007),

.
.
, 37%
(Ciairano ., 2007).
, Armsden Greenberg (1987) 26%
.

, , Armsden
Greenberg (1987) ....
.
,
, .
35.5% , 25.4%
33.4% . Armsden Greenberg
(1987)
, 33.7%,
(51.2%). Leondari Kioseoglou (2000)
29.4%
. ,

, .
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.

/ 13.2%,
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). ,
. ,
143

, 20.3-30%
(Madianos .,1993 Spear, 2000 ., 2008
Lazaratou ., 2010). , Knopf (2008)
17.2% . , Sarra
(2008) 9.7%
, .

5.9%. , , ,

. (6.5%)
Sarra (2008). ,
(12.2%
) Sarra (2008).

, .
,
7%,
(Perquin, 2000 ., 2008 Bansal & Barman, 2011).
, .
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Dhossche
(2002), (Youth
Self Report).
,
6.6%. ,
, / ,
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. , -
( & , 2002 Skounti ., 2007 Connors ., 2010),
Sarra (2008)
144
.
-
11.1%. 1 10 ,
, , .
(2008)
,
( & , 2005 Odgers ., 2008).
,

,
(Moffit, 1993 Moffit & Caspi, 2001 Odgers ., 2008).
, 11.5%
.
, ,
. (2008)
, Sarra
(9.7%).
,
,
.
, ,
(Arnett, 1999 Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2002).
,
12-18 ,
84.3%. , ,
.
(Dhal ., 2007
., 2008).
16.3. , , &
:
, /
, .

145
.
/,
,
,
(Broberg .,
2001 Helstel, 2001 Roussos ., 2001 Verhulst ., 2003 Hayerdahl ., 2004
Kapi ., 2007 Rescorla ., 2007 Sarra ., 2008).
,
,
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.
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.

,
.
, . ,
,
(Crijnen ., 1999 Roussos ., 2001
Bongers ., 2003 Heyerdahl ., 2004 Rudan ., 2005 Sandoval ., 2006
Rescorla ., 2007 Sarra ., 2008),
(Helstel ., 2001 Verhulst ., 2003 Kapi ., 2007).

,
(Claes,
1992 Furman & Buhrmester, 1992 Paterson ., 1994 Laible ., 2004 Shomaker
Furman, 2009 Rose Rudolf, 2006). , ,
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146
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., 1999 Bongers ., 2003 Verhulst ., 2003 Rescorla ., 2007),
.

. ,

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(Roussos ., 2001
Bongers ., 2003 Fichter ., 2004). , ,
15-16,
, (Broberg ., 2001).

,
.
147
,
(Roussos ., 2001
Bongers ., 2003 Verhulst ., 2003 Rescorla ., 2007 ., 2008).
, , ,
, .

.

.

(Roussos ., 2001 Verhulst ., 2003 Rescorla ., 2007),
13-15
(-, 2005 Karriker-Jaffe, 2008 ., 2008).
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.
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(Bengi-Arslan , 1997),
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148
(Hicks ., 1993 Klimidis .,

1994 Stevens & Vollebergh, 2008).
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(Williams & McGee, 1994 Lerner & Galambos, 1998 Rapport ., 1999 Barkley,
2002 Barriga ., 2002 DuPaul ., 2004 Meichenbaum, 2006 .,
2008).
16.4. , &
,
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. ,
, 79.5% ( 142
) -
.

.
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,
,
(Bowlby, 1969/1982).
(Barrocas, 2006 Gomez & McLaren, 2007).
149
, ,
.
. 122
, 69.7%
. 136
66.2%.
,
(Laible ., 2004)
(Lieberman ., 1999).
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., 1992 Parker & Benson, 2004). , ,
. 60.4% 96
,
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(Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1988). ,
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(Meeus ., 2002 -, 2005).
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,
(Parke & Buriel, 1998 Kenny & Gallagher, 2002 Parke ., 2004).
150
16.5.
,
, ,
.
(39.2%) .
(23.1%) / (12.1%)
(10.6%). (2.8%).

(Hazan ., 1991 Buhrmester, 1996 Howard & Medway, 2004). ,

(Freeman & Brown, 2001 Rosenthal & Kobak, 2010).
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.
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(Waters & Cummings, 2000).
,
, .
, Freeman Brown (2001),
,
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(Furman &
Buhrmetser, 1992 Nickerson and Nagle, 2005 Rosenthal & Kobak, 2010).
151
16.6. , ,

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, ,
(Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1988 Bretherton, 1992 Cassidy, 1999).
, .
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(Armsden & Greenberg, 1987 Allen ., 1998 Leondari
& Kioseoglou, 2002 Howard & Medway, 2004 Buist ., 2004b Laible, 2007 Brumariu &
Kerns, 2010 ..) (Parker & Asher, 1993
Laible ., 2000 Scholte ., 2001 Rubin ., 2004 Berndt ., 2005
Wilkinson, 2009 Gaertner ., 2010 ..)
.
, ,
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,
.

, ,
(Leadbeater ., 1995
152
Laursen & Collins, 2004 Smetana & ., 2006). ,

(Parke ., 2004). ,

.
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Greenberg Speltz (1988)

, . ,
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(Nielsen, 1996),
.
(Kobak & Sceery, 1988). ,
- (2005) .
,

(Allen ., 1998 Scholte ., 2001 Buist ., 2002 Rubin
., 2004 Brumariu & Kerns, 2010). ,
.

(Collins & Russell,
1991) (Laursen & Collins, 2004),
(Steinberg & Silk, 2002)
/ (Parke ., 2004).
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(Nielsen, 1996). , ,
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153
(Marcus & Betzer, 1996 Williams

& Kelly, 2005), ,
, (Nielsen,
1996). ,
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(Dekovic & Meeus, 1997).
Y
(Allen ., 1998 Scholte ., 2001 Buist .,
2002 Rubin ., 2004 Brumariu & Kerns, 2010 ..),
.
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-

(Bowlby, 1969/1982 1988). ,
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1999 Laible ., 2000 Leondari & Kioseoglou, 2000, 2002 Howard & Medway, 2004 Allen
., 2007 Brumariu & Kerns, 2010 ..), .
, ,
. ,

(Bowlby, 1979).
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1998 Engels, 2001 Allen ., 2002 Furman ., 2002 Parker & Benson, 2004
154
Zimmermann, 2004 Laible, 2007 ..). ,

( , ,
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Buriel, 1998 Lieberman & ., 1999 Kenny & Gallagher, 2002 Parke & ., 2004),
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Fordham & Stevenson-Hinde, 1999 Berndt, Hawkins & Jiao, 2005 Gaertner & ., 2010).
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, (Carlivati, 2001).

155
(Berndt & Keefe, 1995), Wilkinson (2009)

. Raja (1992),
, .
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.
(Paterson ., 1995 Kerns & Stevens, 1996 Lewis, 1999 La Guardia
& ., 2000 Meeus ., 2002) Brittain (1968)
. ,

,
(Greenberg ., 1983 Paterson ., 1994 Noom ., 1999 Freeman &
Brown, 2001 Scholte & ., 2001).
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1969/1982, 1988). , ,
. ,
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Smetana & ., 2006). , ,
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(Rubin ., 2004 Wilkinson, 2004),
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156
16.8.
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157

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16.9.
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). ,

/ ,
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(=287), (1 10) (Field, 2005),
,
, 96 (
).
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158
. , (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003

Beesdo ., 2009) (.. ,
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. ,

(Lewinsohn & Rosenbaum, 1987).

. ,

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., 2006). ,
(Roussos ., 2001 Beesdo ., 2009).

, .
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(2000) Armsden &
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, 16%
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.

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.
159
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160
17.
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: R =.208(Cox & Snell), R =.307(Nagelkerke). Model (1)=22.33***

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: R2=.118(Cox & Snell), R2=.171(Nagelkerke). Model 2(1)=12.07**

p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***

: R =.224(Cox & Snell), R =.320(Nagelkerke). Model (1)=24.37**

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: R =.202(Cox & Snell), R =.279(Nagelkerke). Model (1)=21.70***

p<.05* , p<.01** , p<.001***

: R =.134(Cox & Snell), R =.180(Nagelkerke). Model (1)=13.78***

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: R =.292(Cox & Snell), R =.396(Nagelkerke). Model (1)=33.14***

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York: The Guilford Press.

and Adolescence, 16 (5), 427-454.

behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, 609-629.

competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(4), 428-439.

Furman,W. (2000). Network of Relationships Inventory: Behavioral Systems Version. University of

Kobak, R. (1999). The emotional dynamics of disruptions in attachment relationships: Implications

Psychological Bulletin, 132, 98-131.

Psychology and Psychiatry, 35(3), 441-459.

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