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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    54 views40 pages

    Piglet Manual

    Uploaded by

    Benny Lin
    Piglet Manual

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PIGLET ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PILE GROUPS M. F. RANDOLPH VERSION 5.1 RELEASED MAY 2004 (MANUAL LAST EDITED MAY 2004) PIGLET ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PILE GROUPS M. F. RANDOLPH. VERSION 5.1: RELEASED MAY 2004 (MANUAL LAST EDITED MAY 2004) “The accuracy ofthis program hasbeen checkel over a pei of yeas an its believes tht vin the lmations ofthe analy! model, results obtained withthe program are cores. Fever the ethoraceps no responsibility fr the levance ofthe results priular ‘espineering probe. “Telnical support in relation to operon of the program, oF in respect of engineering Assistance, may be ote fom the auth, who eserves the right to make aera Fr such tssianee contact Adress: Sshoo of Civil and Resource Eaginetng, ‘The University af Wester Australi Crawl, ‘Western Aust 6008, “Telephone 461 $6488 3075, Facsimile 451 86488 1048 mal: Fandalphaevilava.eduau contents Page No. PART A: GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1 vtropuction. co = 2. IDEALISATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES 1 3. RESPONSE OF PILES TO AXIAL LOADING. _ aaa] 1 Solon for single axial loaded pis. a 32. Extension of solution pile g04p nn 5 4 RESPONSE OF FILES TO TORSIONAL LOADING. 7 6 5. RESPONSE OF PILES TO LATERAL LOADING su. 7 1 1 Deformation of single tealyonded ples, 7) ‘52 Iercton beeen tral lade les ° 6 ANALYSIS OF PILE GROUP... sD 61 Treatnent of king pies - 0 {62 Allowance fr fee-tanding length fps, a 63. Redisbutin of loads due to norte pile esponse b 7 EXAMPLE APPLICATION... 2 8 STRUCTURE OF PROGRAM... ene 9 PROGRAM INPUT, . “ 81 Data ieput and etn 7 a “ 92 Dam tems 2 15 10 PROGRAM OUTPUT. 7 6 11 REFERENCES, a ar FIGURE TITLES: ~ . 2 FIGURES... 7 E 2 ay 204 IOLET MANUAL (Yeon. RANDOLPH PART A: GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1 INTRODUCTION “The computer program, PIGLET, analyses the Toad defomation response of ple groups ender oneal leaing condition The program is bas on a number of approximate, bu compat ‘Eton forthe respons of single lest xi, sional and lata loading, wth du allowance Tinie forthe ofecte of ineraction between ples in the group. In these solutions, seals roel ae ne les teil (check of {he oven ability ofthe ple groupe made within the program; such ealeulatos shoul form & separate pat ofthe design ‘The program has develope gradually over the last ten years, with the doctoral researc ofthe Tiuier (Randolph, 1977) forming the basis fo the erga version, This manual isthe sixth ‘Sven of report doserbing the program, cxiginally published in 1980. The curent mancal is fesed on the version of PIGLET that has Ben implemented within an Exel workbook, cling Fonan dynamic Ink vty (DLL). The tecnica ass of te softwar remain largely unchanged ‘fo previous version. In onder to minimise the amount of computation requie, tree separate scopes’ of analsis are deere. depending onthe typeof adn to be applied othe group. The thee cases ar: vet aang ony: <2 ert an horizontal lading ina singe plane; gene tree-dimensonl loading inlsing torsion Forthe LPS iS, cele groups ssumed cpa ym ap vith the ps cher pied rballcnsotetap. i the st case, te user may also specify» fully Mex pile ap. ‘Te pile cap is asumed away tobe clear ofthe ground surface, with no et rans fla fo thesound, A non-zero -Tee-standing” lng of play be ined between he pile capa the cefetve round surface. 2 IDRALISATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES ‘Soils by nae noninar in Us srese-svain behnvou. even at low ses levels. This owincar may’ be modelled in an approximate fashion fer the analysis of single piles y the use Urlond tater methods of alysis, here the el comowum is replaced by 2 series of sings ising alg the length ofthe pile Extension of such analysis to pile groups sony possible by ‘oping hybrid sol model, combining east interactive ffs with the fad transfer aay of Sachse ile (OW etal 197). This epproch fs compuationslly abortus ands ited by the inconsistency ofthe approach In most applicaiors, its sucent to adopt ear elastic mods forthe soil for ealuting (efomaons and lad distribuions among piles ina group, under working fad conditions Tependen checks sould be performed to ensure that th esti assumption f resonable atte Oe 1 load and defomntion levels determined For ple groups of practical size (in trms of numberof piles) addtional defonation due to interactive effets will ganeally dominate tht due 19 ‘omlinear effets. A possle exception to tis where sglfeane piste deformation cecus ‘ewe pile and sol “Alough he soi hasbeen assumed 1 deform elsticaly less esction has bean imposed on the reve homogeneity ofthe soil deposit. It hasbeen atime that the sil nay be modelled by 2 material where the stitfess varies realy with deh, While this doesnot allow layered oi profiles to be treted rigorously, such deposits may be analysed by chooslg a suable avenge ‘tne h ‘hat eles the general tend presen ia the scual profs. In addon, the spoil cae of ud-bearing (paral end-Bearing) ples hasbeen catered fr by the inlsion oa faci for Speclyng solo inressed tines below the eel ofthe pile bases Insummary, the sis ideatined sa lac material where theses ares as shown n Figure 1, The ass characterised by sn Poise atioe, (tng tat the Shear moni elated tothe Youngs modus The popes which sed tobe specified are 9 the ve of sear modus athe pron surtice, (0) therate oF increase of her mods with ep {© teva of shear modula the ile bse, Ga tite; (Poisson's rato forthe solv, assumed constant wth det, Treen of te aia a en eons of i Foals do tas sfercooahe Tere mj fps el np nnn ne Idec ty mets i dw alow hah “cr oe ert sey aes pl, ranges ales pay Stow sl popes nasi he al kn deren ene tre ts often avible 0 dopt a vale fimo fo the shear modulus Hf OGRE Weel, Gwen ccm Inthe program, sie popes ae asin x wl and ° ie GEA as AE nye seed for hen ang (eating the same value of Poison to). 3 RESPONSE OF PILES TO AXIAL LOADING SA. Solation for single axially loaded pies An approximate closed form solution fo single anal lone piles bas been described in detail for Aoaing piles by Randolph and Wrots (19788), and extended to enbearing piles by Randolph and \Weoth C1979). The soli i based onthe tecbogueof resting Toad tans frm the pile staf separately fom that tthe pile base. The sol i eetvely considered in wo liye, dived ‘yan iaginay line dawn a the level ofthe ple base (ee Figure 2). The upper layer, above the line AB, is considered to be deforma solely bythe shersteses acting down the pile shaft. while the lower layer is deformed bythe loud transmit tothe ile base, Some interaction wil occu May 204 PIOLET MANUAL (Yeni 3.1) ue RANDOLPH between the upper an lower layers, which wl serve f imi the rail extent of he deformation in ‘he upper ayer. To lsat the method of analyss, the sltion fra igi pile wl be developed The load etement ratio forthe pl bse is bined directly from the Boussnes solution as or) Game 7 5 0 whee Piste Load the semen and eth ile ada, the subsp b firing tothe ple base ‘Turning tothe PHB, considerations of vere eglieium enl that he sea sts, ty ph fl off inversely withthe ais, a (Cooke 1974; Baguoin etal, 1975; Frank 1978) sok ® whee th bss 0 deacon te pls. The sar sa, 7 = /G, ered om the equator my. be negated 10 pve the vera eoeaton ‘fel, wich i ay uty witha Tn parca sumed ha hr some i ty hich ‘tl atin ae eel mh heen fe sama be ten Sata @) aot o whee & = ft). Eetvly, this equation Senta to that assumed in Linear load transfer Analy, oc a Winkler spring model forthe sll espoase. In such 2 model, he lod tansered ‘fom the pleat any depth i 8° = 2 and he stiles is given by w _25, acca o Equation (3) may be combined with equation (Ito give the overall lead setement ato fragt plleot minor Gam TE Pe 6 where 91 = ts the rato of undeream, §~ Guy is the ratio of endearing, andthe subscript Senotes oniion atthe top ofthe pl Development ofthe fl solution, which aks sssout of cmpresion ofthe piles ven in del by Randoiph ané Wroth (1978). fete, equation () taken fo ac each plat down the length ofthe pil, jas 8 in “he final express forthe lad 4n_ 24 anh) EES wg a Terowe |, abi -e ul ‘whee, summarising the various dimenslonles parameters ito (so of underream fr underresmed pls) GyG, ato of en earng for en. bering ples) Gis, (aration oF sol modal with depth) YG. (piles stfaes to) {measure of radius of inuenee of pis) 7G.) (eeanae of pile compeessibliy), 1 should be noted that Ei the Young's moduls of solid pile with equivalent cross-section! ty othe tun pile. “Thus Fy ~ (EA), (at) where (EA) is the acta cross-sectional igity ‘ofthe ple. A suitable expresion or the maximum radius of inher, oi t= (025 +8259(1-») -025DL 4.2 o Figure 3 shows the variation ofthe load setlement io with slendeess rae Li for) =8~ Lv 03, thas been found tat these vale rein teasoebly good agreement with Hose computed ‘sing chars ftom Poulos and Davis (1980), i pte ofthe simpijng assumptions adopted fhe lytical solution given above, and making allowance for the pose scope fr err when wing ‘the various mulpitive factors akn rom the charts in Poulos and Davis For long compre Pils, the results ftom Poules and Davis, wich are based on boundary clement analy Eve higher values of ple sites than obtzned using expation (6). The higher values ma be pay eo relatively coarse dieretstion ofthe very lng ples, leading fo qumercl inaccuracies, From Figure 3 t may be seen ht there recombinations of seems ro, Land stiffs ‘at, beyond which the loa setement aio becomes independent of te ple length It canbe stow 5 ling behaviour isthe converse ofa sf rigid pile, and corresponds tothe a the ple sure behaving as it were infinitely long, with no lad reaching te lower re ‘THEW fms maybe quantified. Piles may be ake a essentially sigh where Lisi ess than 05(E/G.). Equation (6 then reduces to equation (5). A the othe exten, for pes wher Lin, is greater than out 3(E GJ", tan.) approsshes “unity and equation (6) reuces sypoximately (exactly for p= 1)t2 F— = aoBTE o Gira Aneapetes, ‘sine 9 oad ‘The modulus G, shouldbe interpected asthe soil shear modules tte boom ofthe sstive art ofthe ple that is ate depth hat coresponds to zs ~ Ey) rather 3 May 204 JOLET MANUAL (Yeo 51) sur Raxpour tan at2=L, An alematve form of equation (6) for homogeneous has been presented by Mylonas & {Gusts (1998), with the ple hed eitfes, K= Py expressed as xs nhl) KLE Ly o “The parameters and yl. representnondimensona base stithess and slendemess rato forthe plexes % [= waite" Yea, where Pad mar espestively he load and displacement at he ile hase an (EA) is the ers sectional ty ofthe ile a9) 212. Extension of solution pile growps for ile erupt ies of chile sede bese nannies. Mylo & Gans 99) ve dest ha tintin ct a is by Fos, 168) st fect not ony he asic) Ings ety spacer bal heer ef of Ihewiitourng pile Ts lead to mdaion te lead piconet iow at elated ‘oma opine dcy. or pl fhe me length a Sameer the tent ft fo 8 enough mayen be xed a of ve ome pring he gute Scan sinton co oaks Gaze, 198), ein (fat oo ‘en war the dracon factor, § ia function of and pL, asorng to 2 sin) +0 find(2u) 2a] 20s yt) I] te ‘2sinh(Qul.}+ 207 sinh Qu.) 4€Qeosh(2pL.) Randolph (2003) has ako extended histo deal with piles ferent diameters. ‘The analysis presented by Mylonakls & Gaze (1998) is for piles of decal embeded length However the general approach may also be used fr piles of ferent length, provided interaction is int ealeuited forthe effect onthe shorter ple of loading the longer ple The reverse ineraction, where the sore pi i loded and cases displacement ofthe longer pile, may then be ‘vated ising te reciprocal theorem, oensre x symmetcsifhess mati te say a0 NGLET MANUAL (Veo) RANDOLPH ‘The ove approach hasbeen used o eat the stiffness of square groups of piles, rom 2x2 up 1 30x30, fr Lid ~25, EG, = 1000, p= 0.75 and v= 0.3. The results are shove in Figue a) hee the pile group sifhess, Ky (ato of total applied load to average settlement) has been normalized by GyB, whore B i the wid of the pile group. Plating the normalized sifess ‘gains the normalized width, BL, leads to an envelope of curves tt tends fo theses of « Surface af as BL becomes fre. Thesis envelope may alo be matched storely by arng an quivalen pier approximation ofthe pile group (Poulos & Davis, 1980; Randoiph, 1994), semonsraing the robusnes of calculations of pile group siffess even with quite approximate models Figure 4). 4 RESPONSE OF PILES TO TORSIONAL LOADING ‘The next pe of loading to be considered is that of tson-sbowete pleas. An aaltcl solution forthe torsional response of piles has ben resented by Randoiph (19810). Development ‘ofthe slton follows the same Hines a for the ese of aly faded ples, wth the lad arse own the pil shaft being considered separtely fom thatthe ple base Ate ple base, te trqu,T; may be elated othe angle of wis, sing the established solution forthe torsion o igi pans 4, 13 out o ov he pit sh it my be shown that te ange of wit i ela oe nerfacilShear tes, ‘by (Rando, 19818) oe a For ig pies, te above two egttions maybe combined o give an overall torscnlstiaess of Ton gk T2160) pgp Gud a here the parameters ae as defined previously for ax louding Jn practic, few ples wil behave as rgd ples under tsonalading. Usually, deformations Inluced by torsion reduce to negligible magne at some level down the ple shat The ston 's then similar to that for mos laterally loaded piles, wit the ple length no longer ating the Perfomance of teil. For pls of ined length, the trina sites ay be writen Uo, gt) 3 Saat « Gudh 5, 32 9G, tomb) Bo Gy te tu Gi ie str mds of id pile of hese onl ity a eal pie, The ‘eg partes ae he sae nut (), excep the uty HL nw avn by iL= 80, /GpiL!y). The silat ofthe above cxpressin wih ht rail aed pls {equaon(@)iseviet “Te torsional tess TY(G.%.) for homogonsus sol conditions is plated aginst he sites rio GG fer varius pile slndemes ato, Ln Figure 5. The tasion ftom Nexble fehaviour (ere the ple lenath does not fst the stifess), for Life® (GyG)", trig behaviour for Li © 0.125(6/G)", may be ley seen. The lining for of equation (16) for long piles is a Guat a7 an where Gti interpreted asthe sear modus at a depth of 2 £AGy) Gi). In applying these solutions tothe osonal response of ples within group, wo results noted by Poulos (1975) are of benef First, he showed fr 2 zis of mode ess, that ales of sear ‘mods foc the soil dedoced from axial oa ess, gave good prediction ofthe response of pile ‘irs dn The seson observation made by Poulos (1975) was that there was no evden ofan intraston This nding eonforms with what might ‘eanlipaedittvely, ard enables the torsion response of piles within group tobe exited dlety fom the equations sivas above, with no addtional faciors to allow for effecs of intracon, ‘5. RESPONSE OF PILES TO LATERAL LOADING ‘51. Deformation of single aterally faded pies “The analysis of tray leaded piles is much more complex thin that fr axily or trsionaly loaded piles. Even fr sol idealised as an else continuum, no simple closed form sluton is forthcoming. The acon which hs been sloped i th program sone developed by Randsph ‘ot in elment nays of ata leaded ples ebedded In a) by curve iting the resus Rese "sf tar a wich eve xy ude ert ple power Taw rebtinsips cau be Geveloed giving telat efecto, nd the oan, 0, of thee tthe soil rice, intra of the ile stfness und thes proper. The relationships ae snlar in form to thou aisng fom considering the soil as # Winkler material characterised by 2 May0t OLE MANUAL (Vent 5) ur RANDOLI latter type of analysis, the concept of a ‘critical length Of pile 186d, this depth being the jena a a eae mo Sine the sluion is by is mature, sproximate, 2 further simplicaion has been intooced soncerning the seit properics~ the shear modal, G, and Poisons aio, v- Randel (977) sowed thatthe effet of Poissons aio auld be allowed foo sulicint accuracy by conideing a singe ela propery given by oat =3uia) as) ‘The solution dealed below is in teens of the single parameter G* rather than the te etc parameters G and. Terie ego eile mins Le =2y/@,P” « test et Younes ais ft pil gan by Eye (EDyler) 20) (Ed, being the Nose ig ofthe ple. Th quantity Gein equation (19) isthe valve of Gata eh of hal the eal ple length. Fee sil ieee an elec materi, with «Test varying linearly with depth as G=Co+me en the parameter Gis given by osm't. a. ‘The evaluation of th rca length fom equations (19) and 22) requires some tration exept in the extreme eases of a homogeneous sol (whee G.=G,) of a sil where the modu roporinal depth (G,"= 0 thn = 2eE) For pls which are longer than thee rl length the eral dlc, u and eotton 0, the sel surface may be evaluated as, 1+314916,+ 05m1,) ey ay 0 PIGLET MANUAL (Yio) sur kaNnou (pty ay H M «fd antares] co Ge | Wel G where H and M ae, respectively, the trl lad and bending moment ating at he si sure ‘The faetorp gives the degree of homogeneity er the ol ina similar manner othe factor pin the mlysis of tually lode piles, Its conveniently defined asthe rat of the valu of Gat pth of Ly! the value oF Gat depth of L2(se Figure 6. Ths fete H some t| tm Lg Gh +m'Les4 pe Ga tmbeld GyrmLel4 en) Gewt2 Ge should be noted that varies rm unity fre homegencous sil down to . for a sil where the stiffs is proportional to depth. In equations (23) the prodct pi is merely he value of Gata Aleph of Ly Thus fr piles ofa given rt length esis ratio, EG), the deformation ‘nde given lading conditions i inversely prepotonl to ch sll sifness ata depth of one quarter ofthe active or ric length file ‘Comparison of resus calcul from equation (23) wth existing solutions obinned ty boundary ‘emt analyses shows good agreement over a wile range of piles stiness ratios. Detiled ‘este fom such comparisons have been reprted by Rendelph (1981), ‘2 Interaction between laterally loaded ples “The complexity of the diplacement fled acund a laterally ade pile precludes similar treatment ofthe interaction beter laterally lade ples as was possible for sxially loaded pls, However fr ples that ar oad ately ith hell xd resrined gain rotation (oad fixed head or socked piles), Randolph (19818) hs shown that the infraction factors, y may be estimated 0 sfisienttcuacy fom te expression nly! G4)" co?) es wheres isthe spacing between the axes ofthe ples and isthe angle which the direction of loafing makes ine passing ough the pe axes (See Figure) ‘Te ame frm of expression may be wo fr imran of deflection between vo fee head piles subjeted to free loading (2a moment tthe sil uric), In thease, is ound thatthe ficient 0.6 fn equation (25) should be replaced by 04 to give @ reasonable ft to factors ‘ome by Poulos program DEFPIG (Poulos, 198). In adn at very clase spacings, the Vs ‘arton of can lead to uneasily high interaction factors. In ere to oi this, an to ‘low to en to uty aes tends to zr, the hyperbole variation of is replaced by a parole ‘aiatonwhercver ai calcd to be ger tan 1/3 To mma, the neracton fe a ving the incre in deflection or te head piles subjected toate oad His ealeulated fom 2204, G,/6,}" (+00? po eH whee eui-a fora 50353 snd saeoaie pees Randolph (98a) has compared values of cus cleat from these expressions with vals ‘tained fom Poul program DEFPIG. ‘Te oer interaction for, cy (deflection due to moment Ioaing). ca (tation diet ce loading and ag (rotton due to moment loading) maybe ested to Suit surcy by sunt = a= et? and @ Poulos and Randolph (1983) hae compared tbls vals of intercon factors obtained fom ‘his approsch and from the boundary element program DEFPIG. In genera the mre! fs ‘reasonably good, witha tendeney for interaction factors given by the preset appre o Say ‘more rapidly with nereasing pile spacing, han shown by the DEFPG results. 6 ANALYSIS OF PILE GROUP ‘The seperate soltons fr wx, rsonal and ltl response of ples must be combined in der {0 amlyse pile group under general loading conditions. The program cates for import Practical festures of pile groups - namely the presence of raking ples, the posi, of & fice-standing length of pile between pile cap and bearing sa, and alo redisbuton of ood say from highly lade ples dust nonlinear response, 61 ‘Treatment of raking piles ‘The main ensons for using aking ples insead of vert piles ae (@) totranserapeton ofthe hrzanta ad athe ple ap nto axial od down he ples (©) tw increase he average spacing between ples, thus transfering the lad fom the foundation ‘over a greater volume of soll nd, effect, dressing the amount of inaction between wavaon NOLET MANUAL (Yo) ue RANDOLPH eightooring piles ‘The teaent ofthe fsa these fen the analysis is saighforward The solutions cutie’ inthe rviou sections are usd to cae thesifbess matics in terms ofa pile anes iin terms of xia osonl nd lel on and defections). When the overal group sfness mtx 'sFomed, the coordinate axes ofeach ple re wanformod to global axes (vertical and horizontal) 1 should be noted that the bending moments indies inthe ples by Dorion lading are revel sensitive tothe angle of rk of th piles. The wseof raking pls instead of vert ples for prtclar foundation ry wel enable economies ote made inthe choice of ile sexton. To Salace this bene of raking piles, the dificult (and pssble inaccuracies in pstonng Instling such piles must be bore in mind, at must the danger of wing raking piles io ‘reumsanees where large vetal movement of pls or sil are posible. Fleming ea (1985) ‘isos thi pont ia more ea. Some discussion concering reason (0) above Is appropriate. Raking pls may be used to spread the foundation load over a greer volume of so, The ability ofthe program to cope wit ies ‘aking in ny direction (ate than nay one parca eral plane) ian important on, sie it males te Pe sping beeen ie cents to be calculated ata given depth. Consider, for rample, «square 2 x2 gro of ples wth Lt,= 40 and pile spacing t ground level of = 6 Tie pies rake diagonally outwats a 1 a8, the tre average spacing down the shafts ofthe pls at ajacent comers is Ut, If the analysis retritd to ples raking in one diction only, the Spacing between adjacent comer piles normal otis diction would remain athe sure spacing 816 Its also necessary to consider the made in which itraction is assumed to tke plae. Fortwo piles which rake nay fiom each eer se Figure 8) axial and Inter loading on pile Amy be sume fo cause interactive diaplacement of ple B in mode (i) (Pigure Sb) - where the induced movements are parallel and normal pile A) or in mode (i) (Figure (2) - where the induced Imovements ave parallel and nora to pile B). Poulos (1979) hs discussed the mess of eer Choice inthe analyse of pile groups wit raking pis. He points ou hat the assunpton of {mteacion in mode Gi confonne withthe repo taorem of Bet, wile that in mode () does ‘ot Cleay both modes ae iealisaions ofthe el stutio. However, in onde oss the ‘ecica theorem, the second mod hasbeen adopted inthe present analysis. Adoption ofthis Inode of interaction between piles har the addtional advantage of enabling the axial load {efomation Behaviour of the’ piles to be considered independerty from the lateral load ‘efomaton bshaviou, befare combining the sof obtain te overall deformation characteristics ofthe foundation. 62. Allowance for free-standing length of piles In may sustions he soit immediately below the ple eap may be relatively sof ad shoul be ‘nord inthe analysis ofthe Toa deformation carters ofthe ple group. In effet the ple Cap considered suspoded above the top ofthe sol saa in which the pies are founded (see Figue 9) The resulting feeding lng of pile mast be ken into account, This i achieved ‘by mediing the axl, torsional and intral extliy matrices of the piles which rele {fomations ad loadsa the top ofthe tenting stun), eating the freestanding section of pile fase simple canlever. New fexiiiy matics are formed relating the deformations and oes st iH ‘he underside of the pile cap before combining these to give the required loud deferaton ‘hraterisies ofthe complete group. To allow forthe sitation where the upper pat of ie cased as it pases through sofer sal, i is posible in the progr to specify diferem pile Properties inthe freestanding seston than inthe main prt abe pile (63. Redistribution offloads due to non-linear ple response PIGLET is peimaritytinitd to elastic response ofthe pile-sol s)stem, and hence i is geraly Inappropriate to design inivdual piles 10 withstand the high lads predicted atthe edges and Somers ofthe pile group. In order t assess what maximum axial load the piles shoud be designed for, the cure version ofthe program allows the wer to specify ining axial lad (or "pile apa’) foreach pile within the pup. The program then perfoms an incremental elt analysis eliminating any ple within the rou that aches he specified lining loa. This eu ins nonnear group response. This fete Is rested to analyses that (tonal) ince horizon lading scopes’ 2 or 3 se nrodvction. However, ply vet Tone roupe a be analyse inthis way, by specifying a “scope of 2 but applying ony vet load 1 he up (gh sid pile ep), 7) EXAMPLE APPLICATION ‘Asan example ofthe pplication of PIGLET, model ests on group of six pls embeded in sand (Davisson and Salley, 1970) have ben ara. A group of sx tubular alia ples of exter ameter 12.7 mm (5 in) and wall hickness (08 mm (0.03 in, embeded in aan of dy fine snd oa depth of 0.533 m QI a), were led trough pile exp suspended jst above the lve of the snd surfice Figure 10 shows the pile ‘ayoutand applied loads. Equivalent Youngs modulus forthe ples maybe eleuated as ‘Ain Hoading: Ey Eyl - (tg = 16300 MPa 2.37 x 108i) ‘ater foading: Ep= Ea = (rt) =28:900 MPa (4.19 10 Eich ofthe sx pls in the group was lod tested any, peor farming the pl ap in ede to determine the axial sie. Davison and Salley (1970) report average thas of O82 ‘nm (4860 In) with a standard deviation of 0.15 kNinm (840 Thin Iti reasonable 10 'ssume ta the shear moduls ofthe andi proportional ote effective sess evel (an this to ep blow the sand surface). With this assumption, and adopting value for Poisons ati of (025, equation (6) may be used to deduce te shear modulus profile maces Yo yield the above ‘ale of exists forte pls. This process lads oan expression fer he shear mous, G, of = 4.22MPa (1532 ps). [einmaves in ‘The above vation of sear modulus hasbeen use to analy the complete group of piles under ‘he lading shown in Figure 10. ‘oble |summatises measured values ofa Jon, latera load and being moment athe tops of 2 ay mot PLOLET MANUAL (Veson 3) ur RANDOLPH the sx piles, These results compare favourably with those obtained fram tbe program PIGLET, the ‘cor inthe predicted bending moments ad inthe lagest axial loads being generally less than 1%, The computed lateral detection of 0.28 mn (0.011 i) isome 1.2 standard deviations Inger than the meaeued deflection o 0.23mi (0.8 In). ‘Also shown in Table 1 ae loads obtined from he progam PGROUP (ie vals ae taken from the POROUP users manu, Although preditions of axial and later loads are good, tee is ‘oidrable discrepancy inthe values of bending momens. Much of this discepaney may be ttributed ote assmption of = homogenceus vale of sear modulus fer the sol nthe POROUP thabsis. This sumtin Is il tobe a est good approximation forthe sad tha aking shear modus whichis proportional o depth and this case leads wo significant unde prediction ofthe ‘eng moments cel i the ples. ‘Table Comparison with Model Test Rests of Davisson and Salley (1970) LOADS AT HEAD OF EACH PILE. iteNo.| Aviat ond Ny | Later Shear Lead (N) | Bending Momert (Nim) 1 [sor [rs [ooo [oor [tes [re r23 [ris _lor9 2 |s9 [ns feoo [oss [ua |i [rar [is los 3 |oso [a2 [are [ies [iso [iso [20 [119 [om luo [2 [a6 |ro [49 [160 fis _|119 loz s_|n2 [so lo [esi [ise [2s |ia9 [iss [ose 6 [ne [so [a0 fies lis [20s _fi22 [is _loos May 204 MOLET MANUAL (Yen) MF RANDOLEH 8 STRUCTURE OF PROGRAM, ‘The program PIOLET hasbeen structured so that the complet. o sep, of analysis may te chosen bythe user. The wser may choose between thre aeratvs: (1) analysis for vera fading only ies ae asad o be verted) (2) analysis for vical and horizontal leaing in one plane aly (ile are assed to beaks only inthe plane of oding, (8) fl aiysisof pile group under vera, horzctl and arson lading (piles may be raked ‘nany direction) ‘The advantages ofthis choice ar thatthe amount of input data, compute ft and output ae ecrmined bythe scope ofthe analysis, being a minimum fr (1) aad maximum for (3) In dion, for vertical lading only, the feogram allows specication of lly Nexble Cay ao ‘ppose tothe rigid cap asmed inthe Gtr options As noted belo, the later two alates allow a nonlinear response obe compute, by SpecitVing liniting axial ads for ech ile ‘ata forthe program snp onthe Dat’ worksheet andthe program is run by means ete of he burton on th spredsheet or by typing “Cul A Checksun” comprising te sum ofall inp data iter is ouput o the “Loadeases' worksheet, pd that valu Is checked before the ropa fon, {0 ensure ha the dat ave changed since te freviou analysis. A numberof ferent loading ‘ses may be considered in any given analysis A ow chat forte progam Is shown in Figure 1. The only major branch point occurs forte cae of vertical loading only (SCOPE = 1), where the extra option of fly lexibl pile cp entails dfret approach tan fra isi pile cn. ‘As supple, the maximum problem sz is 1 500 piles, which requires about $ Mb of RAM to un Aliermtive versions ean be supplied that ca enlye lager proups, athe out of eater memory regurements. ‘The program rns fom an Excel workbook, where a mar calls « Foran ‘namic link trary (DLL) in ede 10 perform the analysis In eder for Excel to Sad the ‘sppropriate DLL, it is most convenient if copy of the file is stored in the same decry a he workbook, andthe workbook ise i opened by follwing the ll Fl’, ‘Open’ sequence win Excel, rather than aking any shores (se te Readme worksheet within he workbosk) 9 PROGRAM INPUT 9.4. Data input and editing ‘Datu input is on the worksheet “Data and is confined tothe areas with yellow backsound ‘Standard Excel techniques, neuting formulae (or example, to give the coordinates of les large group) may be wed Is imporant within te main ile geometry and lading say ars noo leave any gaps betwen suctessve eis, ‘The description ofeach item of datas intended to be seexplastory. However, adnan eae err eNES ay ane PIGLET MANUAL (Yen) ir eanoLe re provided n te folowing pages to guide new wes ofthe progam. As in any engnesng problem, a consent set of wie must be wen tbe input data. No stem of unt i assumed by the propa. Essentially, the user mist decide what nit of fore (F) and what unt of length (-) tre tobe adopted, Data ae then input appropiate unis according tothe typeof it. Ths "ls of mods shoud ben units of FL, Beading moments in FL, and o fot 92 Dats tems Problem Tile and Scope The tie may comprise any sequence of alphanumeric characters or punctuation mks. The “seoe’ ofthe problem has been dacsted in Seton 8 ofthe manual. Essel it defines th Complexity of the applied loading, with options of (I) vertical loading only, 2) vet and ‘ovina odin in one pling or) fl three mensional loading ineling tin Pie Parameters “The maximum number of ples thatthe program can aalye i eto $00 in he standard version. ‘The oveal length ofeach pl isthe sum ofthe embedded portion anda fee-standing length (sien nay be 20 pile, It shouldbe noted that evaluation of interaction eects fox pls of diferent enbesod Teneths i only approximate, and results fr groups where te ple legis der by more than favor of about-4may lose accuracy. The Youngs modolis of the pile i tht of pile having taquvelenerns-sectonal igiiy (axial loading) or beding ty (for ter loaing) athe reall Thu, for ail of ray he vale of Young's modulus frail leading i oy os hile for ter aang ey, £e oo mii In onde tallow forthe possibility ofa change in pile cross-section at ground level, dren ‘ales of Young's modus may be specified forthe estandng lengths of pil For frsonal Tandng the torsional rg ofthe pile i obtained fom the bending rig taking Poison’ rato fr he ile materia 50.3, For nonsrculr pls, its important thatthe dametr ofthe idealised pl is chosen reais Teis soggeted thatthe crst-setonal area ofthe idealised pile shoud be chosen so as to eu the tos eneosed) aes ofthe acl pl. For H secon pls, the poss ares shoul! be ake that othe encompassing rectangle Forte loading, theresa sic betwen wheter the piles ae ob asued fed int the ile Couceare (stone fase cle) ee 6 5 E> Athe) qooemta | \sue Es 4ehe: Qovoo MPa at Spat | may amne PIGLET MANUAL Vesa) sur Rawpoure «ap or pine to the ile cap (ze momen at ile ep level) Soi Parameters “The vale of Poissons rato forthe sol assed the same fe al types of loading - nial, ater cr trsona, item profiles of shear modulus may be seid fo axl and for lateral oading (Qhe profile for torsional loading is easumed the same at foe axl lwding). As cussed in ‘Section 2, the shear medals pre iassumed 1 nceasetnealy with dh, The wor peifis the value at the ground surfice (which must be non-negative) andthe gradient with depth also non-negative). In aden for vertical lasing sudden incase in modulus atthe base ofthe ile (for endearing ples) may be input. IF chi value i sett fee than the value tit would be ‘aleltd fom the liner variation of shear madulus, then the program coc 0 that we (thus the program does nat permit ay decrease inthe vale of shear modulus at he pile bse). For iegular soil profiles it is important that te near variation of sil meus with depth chosen soa to reflect the tue average shear modulus over the depth of penetration ofthe ples, and als the vend of varnion of sol meus wit depth i In many instances pls ar insule so that they finish at sme depth ove a sigitcaly tier satu of si. Whilesoch ples ae not sity ene-earig’ piles the tier stratum of sil wil reduce the overall setlement of the group. For a rata with sear modulus Gy. at a depth h (Qreatr than he ple length L) iis ecommended thatthe vale of shear mds below the pile ‘ses Gy, isehasen by meas of te expesion (Lee, 1991) 20) For values oh greater than AL, he presence ofthe if strat of sil may be ignored For stutions where no values of shear modulus are avallabe for the soil values of G must te ‘hose by inspection ofthe avaliable Si data. For cbesve silt common practice comets sear modulus with he shee stength 5. AL working lod evel te axial defermaton of ples may be estimate reasonably wel by taking shear mode vals inthe range 200

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