2.1 fine dplocement velo speed and acceleration 2.12 Sian tecfrence between instatancous and average vais of sped, velocity and acceleration, 2113. Outine the conditions under which the equations fr uiery accelerated mation ray be apple, 2.14 entiy the acaeraton of a body falling ina vacuum near the Earths surface withthe acserationg of ee fa 2115. Soe pctesivlung the equatons of fori aceated moto, 2.16 Describe the effets of ai esstancson fling objects, 2.1.7 raw and anayedance-tine graphs, placement raps, veloiy-tme graphs ard aceleratin-tme ahs. 218 Clete and interpre the slopes of cpaceant-ime graphs and veloiy-time graphs andthe areas under vlaty-tme graphs and accelerate rah 2.19 Determine relate voc in one and two eens, | What is kinematics? | nematic the sy of motn As weave ally se dans sa and ‘ Dipcement = (JX 54 10s") + (108 10ms- +X 25% OMS) 2Sm+io0m+ 10m You ned to beable to etch and abel hese types of raph for vrou stations 2 Agibomatiliphtearedtecttee Sacnawectineyhinstens sani ight nen eta | i 4 ts ccppedonate erate hating tena ‘seeinegaer ered eb Acceleration vs time ‘The ast ype of motin graph we ar going to lok t aces aginst ie, Ite acedleratonis uniform o constant, the thee raph wile simpy vertical and horizontal straight nes An acleration-tne raph forthe cc in Figure 28 ‘waldo his ‘me “The are under a azceleration-tne gap gine the changin velocity Soro 0 10 he change in voy =the aren ofthe etangle = 6sx2me) = toms! From Ato 8th area under the graphs 0,0 the change in velocity ize. ‘oucan chek fr yous hat the ares from Bto Cis 105i the oposite lzction, a hat eit he dt in igure 28 the aceraton snot constant, we cannot we the sma equations to solve ‘he problems The rea unde th graph wit ls the change in vel, however. showin th ext expeWorked example — rin th hangin lock of ody hat aces shown inte raph ee | gee * . annette eee F or fe Tanto solution Sein voy = 548s) + (65% 2057) 4 see nenoinsmn ton Manette ‘teem iot 1 aime Saosin Relative velocity Trager dng antag MOK Aan vee ts Mtetwa mig to 1 re tye ed oh thea ol TMD “hin about te winger Diego stig te lator and j rane cra rough Neca kao hea matin a on 3 pre Dig he noon Digs ie 0 Feat ator pet wil beth sine bat he econ wil ety belie aratonte wn ting 0 ahh A rqest nhoe na eens" ey Jana ce Das Panobeage ' Wetdenninentrasl | ‘lag oa the patMechanis oO neon Fyure22 Tereaceata ti Sofar weave been looking at lative mation none dneson To understand bow works in two dimensions. imagine yu arin car diving down long sight road bids hing at ight an tothe read and ou can see tout of thewindow Ve vA : J A Jase Practical hints on drawing graphs When you ae se seth 1 tthia graph of distance, displacement, sped locity or aclettion? They steal asl seth agua ime but they al dire rapa Isthisa clr or vector raph? nae words do you ned to dra itjst hove the lng ofboth above andbelow? enero abl the ates with bth the name and the unit sometimes you wil et mark for jus doing tha alone Dos the pap strom the origin he eo eo point)? 5 Isthegraph ging obe a srsghtin or astooth curve? 6 Makesureyou plo the graph with seas scl se mumbets ite 2,4 an sot nimber ike 3nd? ho iat lest half the arable spc, ' Mesure the gradient or angen vat east al the pc need find tothe rae interceptor area unr the graph a stright in ifthe form y= mx + cand lnkit whenever posible tony gph you come acos, Mu ofthis appli ther types of hs graphs ote mai] @ Forces and dynamics assessment statements Dnt Cakulat the vaight of body using the expression W = ng, 322 Went he Fores acting on an abject and dro reebody dag representing the forces acting, 2123. Determine the sutant force n feet stators, Boa Stale Newton fst aw of eon 225 Desrbe eagles of Newer fst bw 226. Ste the candn fortrandatoral equi. 339 Soke problems ining trandatenal equim. 228 StateNewto’s second ow of maton 229 Sore problemsimalving Newton's secnd law 32.10. Define near momenta ad input 5.11 Determine he imulze deta ene-vring face by nterpreting 2 force-time gph 22:12 State the aw of consenation finer moment, 21213. Sole problems insohing momentum andimpuse 22:14 State Newton’ thd iw of mot, 22:15 Dicuss examples of Newton thi aw Force, weight and mass In simple terms fei apllora pus. Force sa veto quantity andi measured in newton. These are may diferent types of for, inlding tition oral or supporting oe contact force ‘esion ap compresion rresitanceor dag ‘eho or bacyaney ik thst sight. \Weht isthe pl of gaiy ona body Assuming that the body ison the surface of ther tis dred owas the centr ofthe earth. Usually we cl this lion ‘dowe. Sey peaking, weight and mass are not the same thing Wight Isavectormessied in eons and sis seal messired in logeams Mascan be descbed athe amount of matte in boa. In evry spesch, weight and mas are taken to mean the same, oti psi, we ned to emember ta theresa ifeence, Otprenmssameninien Fgure2t frecanbe spurs a‘ler og Worked example - What ithe wight ofa .Dkg mason the src of the cart where g= 9815" Solution W= 10ig x 98me* =9aN ct anotber ina sesh ie. IF i ote scerating, This isthe ‘Te um balloon at eso must be in randatonl equim The wiht ofthe balloon wll sl but ‘annt be aero the ting beds then the esion becomes eo snd the balloon wll celerate upwards eee ft“The fe boy diagram mst show only the thee el forces acing on the lock, Since the blocks aceerating the forse sor balaeed down the incline. hy ye kee isthe tonal fore and Fs the nora (or perpendicular fore sig geometry, you can see thatthe ange ofthe inline equlo the angle bese the weight vector andthe jomponent, This sbecause thee ate 190" in A ringed the normal fore at Ut the iin Using wigonometry, we can then deduce that sind Ae z= mgs eso y= mgeos Newton's laws of motion -0 Ball dour ll SSteniigbcrvesarons. 1 4 Fqure 2.16 Wrtred pane — I Sicanmesea g ee Inesn enero arte pest ne oe esr mio L tne oe apie) 4] Stiouorstmmenncrrdscrs tear rarerg cas areautenerg crt 9 BD Aissctenen I aMeshes ee) | 6 thetineaea anne Geneninetesnshecred teagan cet wel ‘nro cayenne, Dofalgecdeereabl athe ‘ovate at re ose totais min Arter? Seman © Figwre247 Peat ie <6 DE ‘eee ‘Newionsfirst nw states that body wil ther remain at eso moe with ‘constant velocity. unless acted on by an unbalanced force. ‘Wieaveaendy sen how his wo and itis simply common ese that something dos no start move ules there result force acting ont More Aico understand isthe ides tat boy canbe in eulbrium, ve hou t ismoving canbe dificult o scp that body can nove without Fore bing ere ths pes aust bok comrmon sense nthe teaching of Arto enon’ second law states that the rate of change of momentum oa body is proportional tothe applied force and takes place inthe direction n which he force ats This ow alls us what happens when a ublncd foc ats andi ‘xpesedin the mos important tion of ae mechanics: isthe relator unbslanced force mesure in N im isthe mas measured ing 1 isthe acleration measured none "ove thathe care definition of eight ia special cs ofthis gentle For constant ns his means that foci directly proportion to aclrton, Wwe takea constant oot of snple equation then we get elation thats lzaly proportional For example and misa constant then yes [Cones ittwothingsare del propctioal tach ther and wept ina costnt then meget an equality or eution. For example Fax and Kis conta hen Poke Worked example Fin the aceeration of block of mast 500 gle cross table wth force of 12M i hee ction foe of. Solution aN a5 a= 1ms? tothesigh Practical hints on calculations “Te base method fr numerical physi problems not complicated 1 Chose the care goto 2 Gaul you can fin the equations isthe Data Booklet but sometimes ou Simply have to memos them,1 Make sue you know what he bolts) stand for 3 en anag the pb, aay wre down te euation you te ing ‘penties you wil eta mak rust wring the equation. 5. Phginshe numbers 4 Sate are the units ae consistent ot change them alto Sis § Ge your Binal anor tothe correct suber of sigan gure nd make feo bedded the comet nit. 1 debreyou ave oo ask oursel wheter the answer yubavegven sensible ena sulin one mc archon te and relist + “AmnclnstSX igre sO ms whee sega aoa se aay eon tenance cl mbsow orn aN (i Clee dain era vragen anal wthesrnaty wong ne ah pe ras nat a Roun eae wpm o219X 104 Tear Sitenonaiscots 5317 sangeet wortfoc ten tated ne QBN Bh Ginter adertefarg es Oe enon oranda ear ads Ce ie noe iota esate ay Tet neve ted ce 05sec hepa fe Fri ste buratehen ermal or essa onebsoon wes orate | ‘Momentum and impulse “Temonentt of bods propery hat depends one anit ly | SS itary tuna agin | Nett the deftones ovo map moment = asx ety Q srcemnnercnts ’ 1p isthe moments mesuredin kgs"! ete as mend ing is thevelcty measure in ms" ven hat ns sly resins constant his sofen writen: p= mie Worked exampl Find the momentum of cr of mss 60 kg traveling at constant voy of a ao om eo oe Il 1 fl re = secuun a ceeicc —— Conservation of momentum Momentum is inportan for lving problems inoligclisins a expotions ‘We ay tat momentum is conervein thee interactions. This ean tht he total momentum before a erent sgl othe ol momenta at the vet Worked example Aba of as 1.0 gisdropped and his the Noor witha velocity of 8s" Icbouncesback witta vlc of 6s, Fad the change of moment, Fre28 > O Solution Tewcrpanmicts GM hangin nomenon = el mone iil mane Figre219 esrguniee + p= ny ~ mi p= (LDkg x + 6m) ~ (LOkgx Bom Ape okeme t+ stems Sp= Mtge! This idea can be expres as problem sling equation i diferent ways: aren The version we chaos depend on the problem, whtherit is clision or plsion and whather the two bodies ick togtr fer the collisionWorked example * ‘Acro ms 60k evens 29m tides had on wih atrck of mass pig otter ome oe meds seh crash wt she 1 sok of he tk ‘sotetion ae tamirtinesretetde snot ma my) eoesrtbopebrasr canis (e044 x 20 m5") # (2400Kg x — 1) = OD XO) seeenton Dl a tenewownee | Impulse ‘Thechangin mores ayia kxoen the input - 1 Impulse dtd the product ofr andthe tine daring which iat starsat Ip = Fe= my eats ‘eunitforimpubeisNeandthiscan dete essrsunitofmomentn. —— § 200 1 tnagne hat apensfa gi ies ethan aboyhidsaickofthesame } Cervgred ee enietdadtctakusnsretfonrarescay =i 7ixaxal sme i: Theda shla tn etn epttinemt —™ ~d ‘eal sng ier ptt heal tats hen cl on eee ay mt a “he goph ssa srs vn bse ne koe aye seen eons tthe boyfootsin cota with hei or O01 shen he fe wouldbe yan rch gree: Nester nba co eine Fate mie ‘rowrgenmonertr sens 1 Reine ‘runt eerie _ eee Ssienegeatoc som fig oot ageat en aati tesane che, trot eee rte tlc be gene ‘Rate iner mens apr ‘oreten fi | |Mechanics > Remember that Newton second ai Sabstuing for ain the econ we gies rowing tt: navy Notice tiscan be reueagel tog the mpue equation Farm p= mi in words we that impo isthe change n momentum wheres the rate of change of momentur Newton's third law of motion [Neton's third aw states that tbody A exerts a free on body B then body B cxertzan qual nd opposite force on boy 8. lather must lays be wo dfrent dies involve in the thie av ‘Anexy way demons th iwi vo spring balances hee are examples of thi aw pi of oes around ws he sejas fw examples + When you ick oot fr abr), our Foot ests force on he ln he ball exerts an ali oposite fore on ou foo. The ball moves, hopefiltovards the gal andy an fl he force on you fo ‘When acannon red be cannonball oes forward bt thal ees an equal and opposite farce ont cannon soit you patois our ak all andthe ball exer an ul and oppose force on our racket, ‘The xthexersaforceon the Moon andthe Moon exes an il an oposite force on the Earh We know the Ext pull the Moon becuse remains in obit rnd us and we ow the Me a pllson the Eth because Scene inluenes the tis ia he cans.i | | © Work, energy and power assesment statements B31 tine what ismeant by work 332) etemin the work done by a nonconstant fore by tere a force dplcarent raph 12.33) Sae problems veing the work done bya fore 334 Outline whats meant by knee 735, Outne whats meant by change in cyaatona potent ere. 3.36 Slate the prince of conservation of ene. 232. stalfret forms of energy and describe exes ofthe transormaton af energy rom one fer to anther. 238. Disingush bebe esc and ina caliions 239 Defnepower. 2.310 ine and apply the concept of efeney. 23: Sale problems imohing work, energy and pow Physical work Somes in ence we we words in ierent eset the wa hey are ‘ovmaly sein the English anguage. Although a wor fe ok soundsandis tpathe same itsomeimes as diferent meaningin psc, One ample ithe Afton of work the study of physi. ‘Workis deine asthe Fore times the stance moved inthe direction of the fore. “This ena tat if ther no movement in the direction ofthe foc then no srsk's doe If youreris stick in temo the sand ow can ps tas hard “yo likes get comply ebsstd, but ifyou donot move then you have “done no work (on theca Work alee quantity and is meusured in joules is independent of he mass ofthe ody being move and th path tke. Kony depends on the magnitude of the fore and the distance moved in the dieton ofthe fore. “The equation for works We Fro W isthe work measured in} Fis theforce measured in 5 isthe ditance moved measured iam {ethene beeen the aplied force andthe direction of motion Worked example force of 9 acing 6" tothe horizontal pls Bock of mast 10g distance 0f2.0m across seth suc. How much werkis done? solide Age a2 vk dove putinfe ~ rson nl Fure223 Agnonot cess fsnrcoters sche cxayrttatatesions @) erste tayan rete Solution “These ofthe mss make no diference tothe work dae, eth sort is smooth, therein ton, othe ent ac inthe iron ithe component ofthe ON force. Since the component acetone We Feast We ancoseir 2m wear Whe series of weights are ung ona sping casing to stretch, works done, The forces the weg and the distance moved the exnson ofthe sping. As longasthespngis otatethed beyond aceran point called the elastin ‘hen the forces ty proportional othe exeson. A graph ofc aginst ‘eteosion sastaightlie thro the oii. ‘The wrk done by hs nonconstant fc found om the ea unde the soph work done = xx F We lexks Woke Inphi,enegy and work ar vry cls linkedin some senses they atthe same thing Both ae sear quantities nd bh are measured in oles you have energy. youcan do work In general wey that: work done = energy comer wae ‘Wien work i done, energy isconterted a hanged to diferent types. the case ofthe sping bing tered the work done incesis the etc potenti energy ofthe sprig. lsc potential eongy = ks? Kinetic energy ‘Kinetic nrg) sth energy x boy ha because itis moving. The word kine ers t0 motion, Imagine bck of mas macerated rom ety a eat force Fer ‘ending dance the mas ba an acetone ‘The work done, W = F tut om Newton's second Iw = mt so that» ayaa for) From the swatequatons, = 42 +r then v= 2at Snce W= may = ad he energy converte isKneticenesgy etic energy = ay rentsWorked example Find tent nergy of rock of mass 400 ky tavlingata speed of m5"! Solution Balm? =| x 00g x OMS Ratex wy Potential energy Gravitational potential energy (isthe energy a body as because ofits postion, tm putt vercal eight eter given pont ‘Now iaginea msi a verti height Here work sbeing doe apist the plo avi. the work done, W= Fr ere the force isthe weight = mg andthe diane the eighth othe work W= gh “The workisincresing the gevational potential energy ofthe mas, weag, B= mg Worked example ‘The Leaning Tower of Ps i 56mbigh, (a) Fad he ravitional potential energy ofa 10 kgcannon fll atthe top ofthe (0) the cannon bal is doppe fom the top of the toe hat will bei speed he hits the ground? (Nepstar estance and ake g= 105) Solution @ B= meh AB, = 101g 1ome? 56m Ag, = 5600) o ABR 600} = J 5800) = > 10kg x + “amir si Eten ears aan He ple ‘Hruegtheuarogterste rereregece © metrtrassoyiin — * Ge gpra coment | Gteenvestaton etn Sitetanngioerattae Srerstanbathan ccs 1] loheetperartesime p Tissot @ vreereeranonnMechanics mosaic O Tluceea o Sonstmertmoreee | Motoeeney ents Corecess Conservation of energy ‘Thetea fone form of energy changing ito anothers summatied ina wey import pail of phy, the principle coneration fer ‘i saclay energy the following os 1 Kineicenrgy 2 Gravitational poten enerey 3 Elsi potent nergy 4 Theamalor ket ensey 5 ight enesy 6 Sound very 7 Chemie enrgy 8 Hectic egy 9 Magni energy 10 Nocesrenersy In any given transformation some of he energy tao incl chang a rt ‘Thera energy changes happening ll around ws llfthe ine, Hee ae ew ‘amples think about, + Abouncing ball The rviaina potenti energy changed to kinetic energy and back agin witheach bounce While he balls in contac with the grou, ome energy i stored s sti ont energy. Eventually he bal comes to res ad lhe nergy has become ow grade heat 4 An atoplane king off ‘Asfulisburned ia the engine chemical energy is covert ot ight nd ‘ound, The plane acelerts doen he ronan Kt nergy neces ‘Ther wi be est eneey det Fiction ete the tyes ad the ana A the plane tks of and cis into the its pavitational potential energy inte. 1 Asc power tation Nucla energy fom the uri fuel changes to thermal energy that used ‘bo water The kinetic energy ofthe steam males es turbines and asthe “esc enegy ofthe tarbnes nee interac with magatic energy to ie lec enery + Alapop computer “These energy form the sins chemi energy rom the bate is ‘change toight on the sen and sound through the spdkrs Ther kinetic nergy in the fn, magnetic nergy inthe motors, and plenty of het generated + buman body Mos of the chemi energy fom ou och to heat tobe us alive Somes changed to Binet energy swe move or gravitation potent energy if vee clink stirs. Thera sic oni energy in our males, ound enegy hen we talk acerca energy in our nerves an bain,ris se sombre reer nd manent ch wi Top you tose mei problems lipigtopandbatomby orgies Ee Sy Moms pow souning vs pone Finally ubitangintbeabdveeqution B= J, I Collisions I ‘he wld at omen ear, we enon it was important for vwitons Nowe must itnguish etween two difigent psf colsons I 1 q aansi cen eeu, morentum conserved and kinetic ney is abo are et This means tat 0 ceri cheged to heat in ans clsion In sey no such things prey dation, ough of ore rae alisions are more etc thn thers. Afer an dst cision the bodies ways ove separately Aneabsicatsresenarveone ing nla liom, novenun iconenehbtboticenerisn® arate a a oaareomect be kineccnetyisconeted beatnd ——_epecdymiie ce sure bat cae a inte bota may seg, snmemearonerares intcenergcin someines nee, or example teres an inp Chl energy ora or epi ate 1 Power dover isa measure of hw ast oki done ot how quences comet . overs ase gsm femisatedenermee espe 1 { ea oe Ifthe nergy or wor smeared in jules andthe time in seconds then he power wl be neared in wats (7) lwe ts 1.10 W light bul conten cri energy oat ight tthe ate of 100 ever second . 1 Sometimes yu wilt power sven in kW a ven MWMechanics Worked example Cate the power ofa worker in a supermarket who sck shel 1m high with cartons f orange juice ech of mae 60 the rato cartons per Solution tregnibgshonaseanengne Sere res Sentiocahea ine wlamamaemsrins 1 aes tera cee pone mntcetelon | s a power= B= pS By mother words power sequal to fore mes vlc providing the velit is Efficiency cine isa rato how much work energy or power wegetout of gem Computed a how mach is ptin mesemicen @ ey tour 1 | eae ey "olinpat ‘antec, Since itis tothe ino unit and we can expresefciency aa percentage by ‘rer teesm moses, ‘multipin by 00%, teeseracnogone dat Nore mache or seman ere > 10% ict because thee wll ays be some energy changed to heat eto fcon air esitaneeo other ete‘Worked example aca engin hasan fen of 2% and produces nergy of 25 of weal pe snd, How much egy coveted to best persona? ‘solution i aeee 2 ‘amie 31 = 250005 toa npot thew apt 125 Khand 258 of useful workare obtain then he eat produced mustbe: 125K) = 251) = 10081, 7 Tpit stngaris rahe mi (petcuttesom és nents grind angsbany i ces. frat 20% 10g as = 40g Insesmuton down hecttsarns 20% hg nba melee msl ‘hecapasies tr seecteomt Reero strstr nitCOCe ead tecaloa tebasdun mabe goursos eh osm. (a trees res afer eat es (Borie ne nese ace anrodby te gunden Dt | Tinga abou nso egy cheefean sc noig C8 u Team aon eps ear oe Sepentoragenthané mpoeoor {a hescrssrsomong ares nage é Car ath ete pty ‘rc epenogareh seta 006 I Clee tes ay pies : tysreenaf hx 0 Me . rorgton toe a f t (a Care homely teceabornaarie papery ingen be ester veri ti Si one sare ashe ae cbinyoure ‘hecaloretinenty seco merous een 270%. 1b Usngyuarsne it cae ramon ipeover eae ea .J Fye225 Apueroiginn @ bnitorm circutar motion > Assesment statements 241. Dawa vector daa to dustate that the acdlraton of a parle moving with constant speed in a cs dicted evar the cen of the cde, 242 Appl the epreson fr centipetalacleraton, 243 ently the fre producing Grr motion invarcus tuations. 2.44 Sohe probes imohing cur motion Motion in a circle ‘a bodyis wag ina cel path then its cont hang direction ato pot isit uaveinginsteaight ine. ve if ts tanga constant or uniform speed a ody that is moving ound cle mast he changing wl "Tiss because velciy is vector ndachagein velocity can bes change of speedor dein {fthe lacy ofthe bodys changing then by efton the boy mast be acaleating Thstype of eeeration ical cerita aceon The word ‘ere means centre vecingand the decton ofthe acelerton savas towed te entre thc © “Theeqution orcentrgetalazederaion is 4 cenit acelerton ms® speed me! F diwofthedile Sich bd ei ost ed ween ee iglesia spec = ts iets unde cic on en isan be wie te 7 2rrriethe camfrence of ide isthe perio (oie perio) ans the time ake fr one complete revolution fe quae thi gption it bcosog obsituting for inthe centripetal acceleration ad cancling neo the tems ’ ante a fatty inzecaing elo om Net znd ee hat tm eg ee gece ae eee q Sibel The Geto the ete feo re be aie miele eee) ee Sater Oierearars d faorenton Tounlund i ik stor dig andar twk Wee kinn 4 bmn Oe ean awe eevee q tener Ange neonatetena ——_ Creniearpeoutt site tonommen ‘Teficion ee ett th rin eed anid one theca beside Te ion ete eit oe j Inthe same ay when the Moon ovitsthe Fath thereisacenipett freon ermrceorsoomemsana the Moon towards the cee the Earth nthisenethe foreign fem anny ent orng ose you arbber bung oraston tid pce fstinground youre thn eset Cotte Ube cenigt fore tata the stone ising ithe tenia thes the “STENDae at wang sting eas andthe teson becomes the bug or stone ies oT sight Srotuncadecha ts a lie eden Tete equation fr centripetal accelerations and welnow that Fe ma 1 wean substitute frat give . root f This the equation for centipeal fore . Worked ccpls ee a ‘Abul of mass So ged othe end of ie of rng while bya stent ina 1 Iovate feds 2a constant speed. The al makes 15 reltions persed, j } 1 (a) Find he aceeation ofthe ball (b) ind the foe that the student must eet on the stringselution o spe = He Sieecian 5am sstanng anh lao at aay tar tan pais taught ston ithsped 20min decon shown measured eee pln, amen is waling longo ol te cages of the ran wth sped of 205! mae U ‘The velocity of Carmen relative u C +18ms-t ae r tMechanics 6 Thegathbdow shows te aan wi ine cl tedster ya. og 2 Stagfrozd. 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