M rng mng Wi-Fi

Bn mun t do di chuyn gia cc phng ban m khng phi mt thi gian ch i

my tnh kt ni li vo mng WLAN, cng nh khng lo lng vic mt lin kt d liu
khi di chuyn gia cc im truy cp khng dy (AP). Bi vit ny s gip bn tm hiu
cch thc tin hnh m rng cng nh hng dn cu hnh cho AP.
Bn mun t do di chuyn gia cc phng ban m khng phi mt thi gian ch i my tnh
kt ni li vo mng Wi-Fi (WLAN), cng nh khng lo lng vic mt lin kt d liu khi di
chuyn gia cc im truy cp khng dy (Access Point - AP). Bi vit ny s gip bn tm
hiu cch thc tin hnh m rng cng nh hng dn cu hnh cho AP.
Trc y, trong ta nh, vn phng thng lp t nhiu AP vi nhiu tn (SSID) khc nhau,
p ng nhu cu di chuyn ca nhn vin s dng my tnh xch tay (client). Tuy nhin
cch lp t AP ny thng to ra hin tng can nhiu hoc nhng vng khng c sng,
thm ch lm mt kt ni khi bn di chuyn gia cc tng trong vn phng. V sau gii php
trn c ci tin bng vic s dng mt AP vi nhiu b khuych i tn hiu (repeater)
xung quanh. u im ca gii php ny l khng gy nhiu nhng lm nghn bng thng ti
AP v tt c kt ni client u v mt im. Gn y, cc AP c thit k thm tnh nng
WDS (Wireless Distribution System) gip gii quyt bi ton m rng vng ph sng v khc
phc tnh trng nhiu .
Tuy nhin, nu bn ang s hu nhng AP khng h tr WDS m vn mun m rng vng
ph sng v khng xy ra hin tng nhiu, bn hy roaming cc AP ny li vi nhau. Bng
cch ny, bn s tit kim mt khong chi ph ng k. Mi AP vn chu trch nhim x l tn
hiu trong vng pht sng ca mnh, ch khc l cc client c th "t do" di chuyn gia cc
AP m khng phi lo mt kt ni, d tm AP v cc hin tng can nhiu nh trc.
Chc nng chnh ca AP l pht tn hiu khng dy (Wi-Fi). kt ni vi WLAN, client phi
"bt tay" vi AP (hot ng ch m ha hoc khng). ch khng m ha, client c
th kt ni ngay vi AP nhng nu AP c thit lp m ha th client phi c mt khu ng
nhp.
Vng ph sng AP
AP ch c th cung cp kt ni WLAN trong vng
ph sng ca mnh. Khi thit lp AP, cn lu v tr
t AP m bo kh nng ph sng. AP c loi
lp ngoi tri v trong nh phc v theo tng mc
ch s dng, a hnh, mi trng nhng bn cn
nh rng AP lun c nh cn client th lun di
chuyn. Vi cc my trm di ng th vic di chuyn
ra ngoi vng ph sng ca AP rt thng xy ra,
chng hn, ngi dng c th ln tng trn, ra sau
mt bc tng, di chuyn t phng ny qua phng
khc...

Hnh 1: vng ph sng AP

Khi bn cn di chuyn khp phng hoc gia cc

tng th vic s dng duy nht mt AP s khng
m bo vng ph sng cng nh kh nng phc
v kt ni lin tc.

m rng vng ph sng, bn cn lp t thm nhiu AP. Mi AP s ph sng mt khu vc.

Cc AP nn lp t sao cho hn ch ti a vng khng c sng hoc rt yu.

Khi client kt ni vi AP, bn c th thoi mi di

chuyn gia cc AP; d nhin cc AP phi c b
tr ph hp vi yu cu v mng khng dy ca
bn.
Roaming v cc tin trnh kt ni

Hnh 2: Vng sng cc AP "giao thoa" nhau.

Roaming l qu trnh x l, m bo kt ni Wi-Fi ca client khi di chuyn t AP ny sang AP

khc. Khi bn di chuyn gia cc AP, kt ni phi c thit lp trn AP mi. V vy bt k d
liu no ca bn ang gi trc khi roaming s c gi li t AP c n AP mi. iu ny
gip vic gi nhn d liu trong v sau roaming khng b mt. Khong thi gian tr hon l
khng ng k.
Khi thit k, cn m bo vng ph sng
va , khng nn s dng qu nhiu AP
trong cng khu vc s to nn ph dy
c lm client phi lin tc thay i kt ni
vi cc AP. Nhiu AP s gip tng vng ph
sng nhng n phi c cu hnh ng
bn c th roaming t AP ny sang AP
khc.
Nh Hnh 3, 2 AP c thit k giao thao
sng vi nhau v cu hnh cng knh 1.
Hnh 3: can nhiu hai AP cng knh
Nhn trn hnh bn c th cho rng hp l,
nhng thc t cu trc ny khng ng v client s khng bit c tn hiu no ca AP1 hay
AP2 v khng th quyt nh khi no th tin hnh roaming t AP1 sang AP2. Tn hiu t AP
lun lan ta trong khng gian, ty theo gn hay xa AP m bn s nhn c cng tn
hiu mnh hay yu hoc vt ra ngoi vng ph sng hon ton.
Trn hnh 3, client kt ni vi AP1 ti im A, nhng vn c th nhn tn hiu rt yu t AP2.
Khi client di chuyn n im B, lc ny client s tin hnh roaming, thay i giao kt t AP1
sang AP2. Tuy nhin do 2 AP cng knh gy nhiu ln nhau nn my tnh ca bn khng th
roaming cng nh khng th gi nhn tn hiu n nh nh trc c na. Lc ny c th
xy ra tnh trng kt ni Wi-Fi chp chn.
Tin trnh Roaming
c th tin hnh roaming, cc AP cn phi cng chun, SSID, ch m ha/ xc thc
nhng khng c trng knh.
u tin, AP1 phi c cu hnh khng trng knh vi AP2. iu ny gip my tnh ca bn
phn bit c tn hiu ca AP1 v AP2. Chng hn, 2 AP cng h tr chun 802.11g, bn c
th cu hnh AP1 s dng knh s 1 v AP2 knh 6.
Vic x l roaming s do trnh iu khin card Wi-Fi ca client m nhn (AP khng tham gia
vo qu trnh ny). Client c th thc hin mt trong hai cch chun b tin hnh roaming:
Cch 1: khi client nhn thy tn hiu t AP1 gim i, n s thc hin tm kim AP gn nht.
Cch 2: khi client di chuyn ra cn vng ph sng AP1, tn hiu yu, khng m bo kt ni,
n s tin hnh tm kim AP gn nht.
Trnh iu khin card Wi-Fi ca client s quyt nh lc no cn thc hin roaming. Gii thut
roaming l cc gii thut b mt ca nh sn xut card Wi-Fi, bn khng th nhn thy thi
im chnh xc khi no din ra tin trnh roaming. Gii thut roaming thng cn c vo
cng tn hiu, cht lng tn hiu...

Vi mi thit b di ng khc nhau s c thi im roaming khc nhau. Mt s th tin hnh

roaming ngay khi vo vng tn hiu mi; mt s th li roaming khi nhn thy tn hiu AP mi
tt hn. Khi client quyt nh tin hnh roaming th bc tip theo l n phi tm kim, d
knh AP mi. C 02 cch.
D tm th ng: client va d knh, va
lng nghe bo hiu 802.11 t AP mi.
D tm ch ng: client va d knh, va
gi frame thm d 802.11 tm kim AP
mi.
Khi client d tm th ng, n ch ch nhn
bo hiu t AP. D tm ch ng, client phi
gi thm d v ch nhn tn hiu tr li ca
AP. D tm ch ng s hiu qu hn v
client trc tip tm kim AP, gip rt ngn
thi gian tr hon vic gi nhn d liu.

Hnh 4: Client roaming gia hai AP

Trong Hnh 4, 2 AP dng 2 knh khc nhau. Client v tr A s s dng AP1, khi di chuyn
n B, client nhn thy tn hiu AP1 khng cn m bo, n tin hnh d tm tn hiu AP2 tt
hn.
V client khng th kt ni vi 2 AP cng lc nn sau khi tin hnh roaming, d tm knh, client
s ngt kt ni vi AP1 v chuyn qua vi AP2. Kt ni thnh cng, client s s dng AP2
lm im truy cp mi.
Chn knh ph hp

Hnh 5: Cc knh 1, 6, 11 khng chng ln nhau

Thc hin roaming

AP 2,4GHz (chun 802.11b/g) c

chia thnh 14 knh, mi knh c
rng bng thng l 22MHz v vy
hu ht cc knh s chng ln
nhau. Nu hai AP cng knh, tn
hiu s b can nhiu, ph v ln
nhau. Gii php s dng nhiu knh
khc nhau trnh chng ln tn
hiu. Trn hnh 5 ta thy, tn s
2,4GHz ch c cc knh 1, 6, 11
khng b chng ln nhau.

M hnh: Ta nh ba tng, khong cch gia cc tng

kh cao, tng mt c nhiu vt cn.
Gii php: bn cn mi tng mt AP, lp t AP an
xen nhau m bo vng ph sng v tin hnh
roaming c ba tng. Ring tng mt s thm mt
Repeater tng cng tn hiu. Trong m hnh ny,
Test Lab s dng AP D-Link DWL-7100AP th
nghim.
Trc tin, thit lp cu hnh cho AP, bn ni dy
mng t my tnh trc tip vo AP1. Thit lp a ch IP
tnh cho my tnh l 192.168.0.x (c th t x t 1-254,
Hnh 6: M hnh v tr t AP, Repeater v s giao thoa
tr 50 l a ch IP mc nh ca DWL-7100AP). M
sng
trnh duyt web, g a ch 192.168.0.50. Bn ng
nhp vi ID l admin v password trng. Sau khi ng nhp thnh cng, bn s thy giao
din nh hnh 7.
Thc hin tng bc thit lp sau:
Chn th Home, mc Wireless.
- Wireless band: 802.11g
- Mode: Access Point
- SSID: aproaming (tn do bn t t)
- SSID Broadcast: Enable (ty chn Enable
hay Disable. y chn Enable d kim

Hnh 7: cu hnh AP1

Hinh 8: cu hnh AP2

tra).
- Channel: 1
- Authentication: Open System (bn c th chn cc ch bo mt khc WEP, WPA...). Sau
thit lp mt khu m ha.
Bn chn th Status, ghi li a ch MAC, s dng khi cu hnh Repeater.
Cu hnh AP2 tng t AP1. Lu channel lc ny l 6, mt khu m ha phi ging AP1.
Cu hnh AP3 tng t AP1, AP2. Lu channel l 11, mt khu m ha phi ging AP1.

Tip theo, bn cu hnh Repeater kt ni AP1. Do Repeater s tip nhn gi tin t client
chuyn v cho AP1, nn cu hnh Repeater cng knh, cng ch bo mt nh AP1.
Wireless band: 802.11g
Mode: AP Repeater
SSID Broadcast: Enable (Access Point v
Repeater thit lp ging nhau).
Channel: 1 (v
kt ni vi
AP1)
Root AP MAC
Address: bn
g a ch
MAC ca AP1
Hnh 9: cu hnh AP3
hoc nhn nt
scan, Repeater s t ng tm kim cc AP ang hot ng, bn
chn AP1 t danh sch. Lu , scan c AP1 phi ang
hot ng.
Authentication: Open System. Sau xc lp mt khu bo mt
ging
AP1.
Khi thit lp xong cc AP v Repeater. Bn tin hnh lp t
chng vo v tr. AP gn trc tip vo dy mng, Repeater khng
cn dy mng.
Bn s dng my tnh xch tay tin hnh d tm v kt ni vo
Hnh 10: cu hnh Repeater kt ni vi AP1
AP vi SSID l aproaming. Bn c th th ping lin tc a ch IP gateway v di chuyn gia
cc tng. Kt qu tht s bt ng phi khng bn, khng gi tin no b "rt". Vic lp t AP,
Repeater nhiu hay t ph thuc vo v tr lp t, chng ngi vt, kh nng ph sng ca
thit b...
Vi gii php Roaming AP, bn c th t do di chuyn gia cc phng ban m khng phi lo
mt kt ni d liu. c bit, gii php ny gip bn tit kim chi ph khi c th s dng cc
AP khng c tnh nng WDS.
Quc
----------------------------------------------Tham
CCNP
BCMSN
Official
Exam
Certification
Guide
Davide
http://www.wireless-nets.com/resources/tutorials/how_roaming_works.html

Dng
kho
Hucaby